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A thesis submitted tothe Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in part fulfilment of the A c ontribution to urban r Degree of Master of Science of Master of Degree Kristina BAUMBACH Kristina Lea Urban f May, 2012 Budapest ood
p roduction esilience in Berlin? in esilience
CEU eTD Collection Supported by the European Commission’s Erasmus Mundus Programme Programme Mundus Erasmus Commission’s European the by Supported University Manchester (United of Kingdom). (Greece), the of Aegean the University by (MESPOM) operated Policy jointly andManagement successful completion the of ErasmusMundus Masters course Environmental in Sciences, of aresult as degree awarded Science of the of Master thesisfulfillment in This submitted is MESPOM Management and Policy Sciences, Environmental in Course Masters Mundus Erasmus Central European University (Hungary), Lund University (Sweden) and the (Sweden) the (Hungary), and University European Lund Central University
i
CEU eTD Collection Central European University. Policy and Sciences Environmental of Department the of Head the from available is place may exploitation take underthe disclosures conditions Further and which information on Budapest. CentralMaster European University, of Sciencethesis, L.Baumbach, K. 2012. (3) agreement. permi the writtenwithout parties use bythird for beavailable made not contrary, and may vested agreement is thethesis in Centralthe to prior European University, subject any to (2) (in writing) the Author. of the permission mayof copies suchbewithout made with not instructions made accordance in Librarian. form part page This of any made. must such copies (by Furtherany copies process) Library.Europeanlodged University Details the in Central mayobtained be from the orfull, of extracts, may made be only given instructions with accordance in by the Author and (1) Notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights:
ssion of thession University, which prescribe will the terms and of conditions any such For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be should referredForand purposesthesis reference as: to bibliographic this The ow Copyright inof text this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (byany process) either in
nership of any intellectual property rights whichthis in may described rights property anybe nership intellectual of Urban food production. A contribution to urban urban to A production. contribution Urban food resilience ii
in
Berlin? ,
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learnin of application or of any for this qualification degree another institute universityor or other other No of portion the work referred this in to thesis has been submitted supportof in an declaration Author’s g.
iii
BAUMBACH Lea Kristina
CEU eTD Collection public space, publicparticipation Berlin,gardens,community food open agriculture, actor’ssystem, networks, farming, urban Keywords: urban resilie to and thus food urban production of the enhancement drive to regulative sense) and a spatial (either,in publicopen space of theapproach. analysis provision revealed The a resilience strategic ofas part production food urban enhancing to comes it when specifically Itdisturbances. was further found thatthe interactions state with actors have be to considered Berlin amake have to high Berlin’s- potential food for framework conceptual provided their insights practices into and their stakeholder resilience seventypesBerlin.Interviews with different of of urban Berlin in food production two developments by food how urban production investigating cante urban to contribu arecitizens The growingat currentfusing vegetables and Berlin. fruits in aims these study ci in system with its well- social of sustainabledoes provide not development a strategicapproach, the conceptof resilience of has find solutions to of how prevail to a stable state of well Facinglike climateandfuture rise change,oil population onEarth, challenges humanity peak urbanA to contribution Urban resilienceBerlin? in food production. entitled: and Science of Master of degree the for BAUMBACH Lea Kristina ABSTRACT OF THESIS ties alloverties Although the threatened world. not a bya rising shortage food, of number of - ecological systems mightfoodecological systems provide industrialized a complementary framework. The
nce. Urban resilience, adaptive governance, social governance, adaptive resilience, Urban
known limitations has provoked the appearance of urban food production has provoked offood the limitations appearance urban production known
UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN CENTRAL ‘ submitted by: resilience thinking
and Year of submission: May, andMonth Year submission: 2012. of ’ , this study shows , this iv
system more resilient towardssystem unknown more resilient - being. As the normative concept -
ecological systems, urban urban systems, ecological that urban food producers in food producers in that urban - networks. Following the networks.
contribute to contribute to
CEU eTD Collection steadyhis and a Anna thesis me showing howsubmit me to in for believe . net my parties, the good simplyyou and mood being as for are. – experiences, the biking,patience, the the the the sailing, climbing, stories, the whine, the Meil Petr, Stefan, Mauricio, . . . Lundg us hostin EconomicsInstitute for in for Environmental . . . their andTojo, constructivelyfingers Aleh pointing Cherp for . . . engagement . pages, at I but least bewant the should thank following named: to th For all their passionand creativity. there but communities, are and always amazing things learn people to their doing work with and Each are so their unique cityis alesson: veryand important is finally the people community and Berlin’s urban food community. I What le – communities aboutyou aproject is community it understand sure that youI When make to paper, readwant this me the to current journey point. this took which the of final product shaping and and participating difficult, therefore inconvenient questions asking members family or teachers mates, flat friends, colleagues, were there time, the All IIofIwhateverwas projectgot of, never alone. know,thought to temporaryfound its in climax this research But project. whatever years. search My several run overand of Thessaloniki, Copenhagen Malmö, Wageningen the Istanbul, Sofia, Berlin,Budapest, Warsaw, Munich, Hamburg, as Valdivia, different cities interest in community projectsrun green and areas in cities was intensified while andyears Chile getting touchthe ago,visiting in with permaculture when scene there. My This thesis is not my alone; rather product the stage interim I ofwhich a journey started have Acknowledgements
ese insightsI want to thank so manyI that people am not sure it will all fit on these book twice from the grim forces of the world wide web forces grim of from the world book twice the my eyes for Mum keepingopenprojects allthe to new her comingmy along,Dad for Ina, Veronika, Logan, Jana, Svenja, Klara, my Johanna, Mieke, Eva, friends: Kläre, beingthe gate cityHamburg the port and to world personal my offor my DörteKornel, forand andme flatmates fed sane Gabor, Caro keeping International and the Aegean of the University University,the Central European yearsthe EuropeanofUnion for craziness financing two these Ka Peck, Philip Thanasis Naoko Kizos, my TamaraAll especially but Steger, teachers, Emily Dowding persistence guidanceandGuntra for Aistara supervision, her passion and Berlin forgardenersthe foodtheir their urban producerstime, and in and Phill Mount ren Landman and Phill
- Smith for mentoring in a me time of need ing, Saee, Sascha and finally Georgios – Georgios finally and Sascha Saee, ing,
for their inputs valuable v arned from projects, the cities the special thanks to Eiketo forspecial saving thanks
city I was in, whatever in, cityI kind was
for all the talks, the
my personal personal my
being in so being so in CEU eTD Collection 5 4 3 2 1 T
ABLE OF 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.10 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 S B I M I
NTRODUCING NTRODUCING NTRODUCTION PECIAL FOCUS ON INTE PECIAL ERLIN
ETHODOLOGY
Matching research question research Matching Definition of researchgap Urbangardening? agriculture: farming or Urban food systems cities Resilient future: uncertain an for approach astrategic Towards Normative implications of urbanization Administrative processes Information andResponsibilities, coordination Regulations of public land Urban planningand provision Funding Interim discussion Services Ecosystem Overlap Gov in Innovation Capital Social Tight Feedbacks Acknowledging variables slow Modularity Ecological variability Diversity projects producing vegetable seven The History Urbana Berlin in phenomenon: offood production Limitations of Scope framework theoretical and Analysis Semi selection study Case group Target Aim of the thesis C ’ ONTENT S URBAN VEGETABLE PR - structured interviews ......
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9.5 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.1 8.3 8.2 8.1 5.6 A R C D
PPENDICES EFERENCES ONCLUSION ISCUSSING THE IMPLIC
Appendix 2: Stakeholder 2: Appendix Questionaire 1: Appendix Websit Interview Literature Interim discussion Appendix 5: Pictures 5: of theAppendix gardening urban projects Actor 4: Appendix Stakeholder 3: Appendix es
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CEU eTD Collection FigureLocalization 1: of case studies framework Resilience 4: Figure Berlin 2011) Figure 3: Distribution allotment of area between periphericandcentral districts (based on Figure (darkgreen of gardens allotment Berlin Distribution 2: Berlin Source: spots) in (2011) L ...... IST OF F IGURES
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44 48 46 45
CEU eTD Collection Table 4: Berlin’s gardens numbers in allotment studies case seven The 3: Table foodTable production Berlin in 2Timeline of urban Typology stakeholders of 1: Table L IST OF T ABLES
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CEU eTD Collection FAO ECF L WHO UPA UNEP UA IGB IST OF
A BBREVIATIONS Efficient CityFarming United Nations‘Farmingand Agriculture World Health Organization Urban and peri United Program Nations‘ Environmental Urban agriculture Institut fürLeibniz undBinnenfischerei). Gewässerökologie
- urban agriculture urban
x
Organization
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A chainas only strong is as its weakest link xi
CEU eTD Collection dependentarea onmorethan(Rees theyactually and possess Wackernagel 1996). Th resources. When calculating the ecological footprint of cities itshows that they are highly (Sassen product consumption. environmental andsocial impacts ofactivities these are largelyunknown at p the energy especially resources, cheap fruits (Ng& Aksoy These 2008). (BÖLWGermanyafrom net world 2008). allover now is the OrganicGrowers noted, supported the world of allparts in and importers growing of producers a network being metby global a to scale networks expanded have areasof these hinterland onrural denselybased s is populated needs for the provision The populated areas. densely energy in and resources needs natural for natureWackernagel of leads and urbanization This (Rees to 1996). rest a centralization of the result into the cities which 86%with (UN network. populated area of more than 500,000 citizens which is characterized by a strong functional, transport and communication 1 lives
There are numerous definitions to be found about what exactly adensely be acity a assume to I city paper, is. this In in cities
Cities In times of ch We are an urbanized species now. Since 2007,m now. species urbanized an are We
2005: 439).2005: Rees and Wackernagel (1996) understand as cities even black holes for by
1 high
– (UN - Habitat 2011). These are the indices for a contemporary exodus of humans 2011).are exodus Thesea indices forcontemporary the Habitat not only in industrialized countries – onlynot industrialized in - - tech communication system andtech transport Habitat 2011) Habitat eap oil, these g these oil, eap for instance
in
a dramatic shift human spatial of and material relationship . In countries of the global north, this share is even higher evenglobal higher shareis the north, this In countries of 1 glob ,
an increasing need for long an for increasingneed rowing cities I alized food supply food alized are chains highly dependenton for for NTRODUCTION heir : their production, processingproduction, transport and is energyand water is demand food, fibre, for 1
ir provision ir provision the as impact aglobal have rely heavily on global a hinterland ore Earth’s than 50%of population
. s . The German Assoc . The - - importer of vegetables and of vegetables and importer distance transports of food transports of food distance iation of iation of l . The . The ace of of ace s
with e
CEU eTD Collection same time emphasize the social the emphasize time same report issuedby Commission 1987: basedin Brundtland onthe classic the definition sustainable cities” acit to declare economically socially(UNEPcitizens” dynamic, urban2005). for and future equitable our actions Accord”“Urban committing SanFrancisco, in Environmental to a Environmental DayWorld in wor urbanizing an in settlements development andCommitments the Global of Plan Action” which all” (UN 1972). socia obtaining and maximum on the environment 15 “ areExamples numerous international community therefore claims cities thatmore need sustainable. tobecome urbanizing 1.1 the case Berlinover(Schnauss 2001). of 37% city share(Schnauss important 2001). An of this footprintrelates the to provision of food, in 168- ecological forto Berlin’sexpands citizens, instance, footprintof
planning of human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects adverse effects avoiding to a with view and urbanization human settlements planning of Normative imp Normative “A sustainable city is one that is organized so as to enable all its citizens to meet their In this definition, t definition, In this 2001) Ratta and the in future” of other now or people, conditions endangering the living well their enhance to and need own reached point the is When sustainable? more become to do city a can exactly what But Facing global challenges like climate change and peak and change climate like challenges global Facing “ collaborative platform and to build an ecologically sustainable, collaborative promote anto this and build ecologically to platform sustainable, , it becomes imperative becomes it y to be sustainable? In“Urban Agriculture– book popular their y sustainable? be to
Smit, Nasr and Ratta (2001) claim In 1996,UN lications of urbanization lications . :
Already in 1972, the Stockholm 1972,the Already in he authors follow the conc follow thehe authors 2005, 50 Mayors of major cities all over the world signed the major the citiesworld allover signed of the 2005, 50Mayors - ecological system a City represents. The phrase “well phrase The represents. aCity system ecological - Habitat published its “AgendaHabitat its published and Principles, Goals
to reduce this ecological reduce to footprint of cities -
being without damaging the natural world or damaging world natural or being without the ld” inld” its Preamble (UN 2 l, economic and environmental benefits for for benefits environmental and economic l,
explicitly the definition of a sustainable city to ept of the triple bottom of the triple ept - declaration included in its principle
- addresses human “Sustainable oil while the global society is times thetimes territory the of
- Habitat 1996) Habitat list with 21 concrete
- Food, jobs and and jobs Food, line but at the
(Smit, . On the the On - . The being being Nasr Nasr
be be CEU eTD Collection Walker & 2006) Salt especially emphasize inse not when does it (ecol dimensions of the three a declare to enough the circular metabolic with cope to systemof order in nature cities sustainable concerning articles research by supplies outside an theis closing important loop theme which can be found many in cleansing and reuse less water Nasr of (Smit, and Ratta 2001). Becoming important is it close to the now In doso, orderto zero. ecologicalfootprinttowards negative its region reduces a cityor urban makingcity,governance a in the dimension. nature. a misunderstand cityand not as to natureand a hints whole cities asdetached something from endangeringwithout natural world” the emphasizesthis undertaken to achieve sustainability of a city a of sustainability achieve to undertaken quality dueglobal to climate change within destroy an instan Sudden natural di le as surprises. events unknown number of to preparecities foruncertain an future.Life more iscomplex far than this t
the the natural systems o systems natural
It becomes more and more contested that sustainabilitya as vague future stable state The authors describe the ecological dimension of a City’s sustainability to require that The emphasis of the “organization” of cities emphasizesthe structure decision of the- “organization” cities of emphasis of The issue of climate mitigation simply sasters which are expected to increas to expected are which sasters t sta vague certain, . R n which they depend. n which ecent history shows that aecent history normative conceptalone showsthat og - open ecological loops wit loops open ecological i c, social and economic) is precise and concrete enough, enough, concrete and precise is economic) and social c, e ment of The current current The But are cities able to achieve this claim? this achieve to able cities are But (take K (take
curities the reality has to offer (UNISDR 2002, offer to has reality the curities . fall Sassen (2005) claims that cities have to adopt a claimsa thatcities have (2005) adopt to Sassen the goal? goal? the 3 down theagenda political atrina in New Orleans) global financial crisis, for instance, has has instance, for crisis, financial global
interaction between human society in in society human between interaction
e absolute in numbers and their in h respect to the reuse of waste and and waste of reuse the to respect h future challenges, and not overuse overuse and not challenges, future t
all efforts which were were which efforts all . cannot
and keeps a large a large keeps and
(Stokes 2011)
dependent
do the trick do the trick
And is it on .
CEU eTD Collection of the research on the resil the on research the of failures anddesign systems to minimise failure effects state is claimed toneeded, be while this ‘fail- of how prepare to uncertainty. for the by be complemented has to development normative sustainable claim of 1.2 2 definitioncited resilience: of widely a developed and systems 1997) disturbance”(GrimmWissel & ecol of capacity the as resilience defined They systems. ecological of stability describe to terms used for ecological only. systems & Grimm Wissel (1997) found resilience be to one of three ( change climate or vu extremely are cities is capable of self of capable is desirable (Folke configurations 2006). He added furthermore the degree which to the system int innovate andand transform development how of to thechange in face emphasizes thatthe resilience howpersist approachthrough with to concerned is continuous of andattraction” called “domain structure function who the basic found (2006) byFolke
For a comprehesinve summary of the evolution of the resilience concept see Fo see concept resilience the of evolution the summaryof acomprehesinve For
ogical systems to return “ Towards a strategic approach for an uncertain R future: foran approach a strategic Towards "Resilience is the capacity the is "Resilience In the face of natural disasters and sudden, unforeseeable socio- Walker & Salt (2006) went further by researching case researching by further went (2006) Salt & Walker their highWith need imports for function and structure" This is the first and important most characteristic of social- - organization (aslack forced opposingorganization organization aof to or organization, Newman, Beatley & Boyer 200 Boyer & Beatley Newman, lnerab ience of socio of ience le to sudden changes, evenle sudden to when changes, they are expected likepeak oil
(Walker & 113) (Walker 2006: Salt to the reference state (or dynamic) after a temporary a temporary after dynamic) (or state reference the to
of aabsorb to system disturbance retain basic and its still
. Instead of a‘fail of Instead
- and their dependence supply oncomplex systems ecological systems ecological safe’ should be based on flexibility to anticipate anticipate be flexibility should based to safe’ on 4 9) . But what about the unexpected? unexpected? about. But the what
(Dorset 2011). This claim derives out claim derives(Dorset out This 2011). - safe’ . lke (2006)
2
. The term resilien term The . state of society a’safe society of state - studies of social of studies
ecological resilience as as resilience ecological economic changes, the the changes, economic esilient cities
a strategic approach approach strategic a o new more o new more ce was first first ce was - e col -
to
o - gical gical . He . He fail’ , CEU eTD Collection monography“Resilient thinking” place aparticular of dynamics and drivers economic and effective normative concept sustainability, of resilience expressively is self for capacity the with dimensi three its sustainablewith as development, configurations’ a be can interpreted which forand (Folke learning adaptation 2006). capacity the increase and build can system the which to degree the and factors), external by water, was water, the which city life systems inprovision a is on based and its citizens’ thus well- aresilien for key elements these below, seen ofseven theirfound examples some areas, they to perform very well in oneor two case Even studies. they though f not did community with respect climate to change and oil peak their resilient Cities. Concept Newman ually, - resilience applications of the found all in be changes can general adaptabilitysudden to The of theme change”rapid 2011) (Dorset volatileand and uncertain, with cope react,places respond to resilience’ social as cities to applied quickly was book Once applied to social to applied Once ‘desirable attraction’ or ‘domain of rather or state’ ‘same the calls for (2006)Folke This abstract definition, however, is still lacking abstractThis definition, ons ofons environmental, social and economic sustainability. But this he extends concept – concept te, transport and food. and te, transport it capture the differential and uneven ability of of ability uneven and differential a the “notionseeking capture to describe to “Resilient Cities” by proposing seven key byseven element“Resilient Cities” proposing must be explicitly on,and based informed by, ecological, environmental, social, (Folke 2006) (Folke - organization andorganization learning . - the case of Walker & Salt’s & Salt’s Walker of case the in as systems ecological , the concep the ind Boyer & Beatley , -
ecological systems. Dorset (2011) declared systems. (2011) Dorset ecological one t of resilience has started to gain attention t cityt are nothing different tha show 5 - capacities (Folke 2006). - case case
which they ofout a number of derived (Pickett, Cadenossa &(Pickett, Cadenossa Grove concrete best concrete
city in innovations all which shows (2008) tried closegap to (2008) this with s to create a resilient city or or city aresilient create to s strategic - practice examples for for examples practice
as
In contrast the to – n the important being: i n order to be be to order . As can be be . As can En 2004). ‘urban ‘urban ergy,
and
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CEU eTD Collection disturbances vulnerability increases thus component the single and this on dependence ahigher to lead automatically will which system components of acertain they harshly criticize beembracingchange, basedas andopposed striving to onunderstanding systems 2006) & Salt (Walker sense” make cycles adaptive and states cross a mental threshold into a systems mind space in which systems multiple with stable achieve urban resilience resilience urban achieve To & 2006). Salt threshold (Walker this towards a system drive environmen which tal forces between and structure component a parts its different which book “Resilientthinking”general they describe a certain thresholds with beyond system investigating ofcase studies socialfound five some answers by
the suddenly system would ift sh into a new regime or state different with feedbacks They the out importance point of and identifying monitoring thesocial economic, and But how are ’ ......
linkages, thresholds, and cycles. Walker and Salt (2006) found resilience thinking to thinking to found resilience and (2006) and Salt Walker cycles. thresholds, linkages, Eco greenand becomepart fibrewill of infrastructure. urban locally food provide energy and renewable harness potentialto Photosynthetic City: The systems scale small neighbourhood to - and waste and water, power, Distributed City: centralised large Cities from shift will neutral. Carbon Neutral City: Every and will business be home,carbon neighbourhood technologies the from to building the level. region “ to useto energy by sparingly offering walkable,transit Sustainable Transport neighbourhoods, and City: Cities, regions be will designed place. of sense thegenerally locala economy way and as build special to nurtureand a unique - Place provided from streams. waste systems,loop whereof amounts substantial their energy are and needs material supplemented by electric vehicles” (Newmann vehicles” electric by supplemented as a whole& as (Walker 2006) Salt The Renewable Energy City: Urban areas powered by renewable energy energy renewable by powered areas Urban City: Energy Renewable The - Efficient City: Cities andregions from will move linearcircular to closed or based City:based and regionsunderstand Cities will renewable e
these changes in the city’s systems achieved? Walker and Salt (2008) (2008) Salt and Walker achieved? systems city’s the in changes these the drive for efficienc for drive the the actors driving
’
of thinking mode . y which basically means optimize isolated to
6 ( Walker Walker based systems. based , Beatley Boyer and Beatley ,
of the system the of & Salt 2006). has to change to has - ecological systems.In their ; they need to realize the - orientated opti
for constancy. And forAnd constancy.
2008). – to shocks and shocksto and they need “to “to need they nergy more nergy more ons for all for all ons
- CEU eTD Collection historical decline human of model of social ones who provide human the- urban f the most widelyand spread likewise least visible is th 1.3 practices new institute to facilitators as serve can efficiency and de resourceandoptions, priced in lower use Their potentialfor positive economies of scale,and density the associatedpotentialfor greater problem and of pollution, overconsumption theyare declared be to able give to solutions: well how become to more resilient towards these challenges order in preserve to and improve the social make developed a factors or conceptincluding rather urban planning and design strategies - ice ood is visibleood is
cream cream - being of human- Urban food systems Urban Resilience thinking might offer framework a strategic for this planning. Based on th Of systems allthe probably urbanBoyer Newman,Beatley (2008) provision and listed Based onthese factors, human society might a have framework develop to ideas of parlours ...... -
ecological systems moreresilient: : assessments& (Walker2006) Salt be Ecosystemwould Services of commonand privatemix overlappingwith property access rights Governance in Overlap change embracing and rules, Innovation aslearning, result of subsidized locally experimentation, developed adaptability as concert (in Social Capital, n Tight Feedbacks Acknowledging variablesassociated slow thresholds with theModularity system on components based is of the Ecological variability rather than attempting to control and reduce it Diversity in all and forms: biological,economic landscape, social,
Wherever you walk, you - ecological systems with certain thresholds and the research onreasons for
and kind and the Earthkind as a whole.
restaurants, restaurants, - Walker and (2006) Salt ecosystems, Walker of breakdowns and kind
amely trust, well- eing with food. But thesebeing food. of with the are only outlets a long fast as ) - w
cafés and supermarkets. They are the They and are the food supermarkets. cafés places,
"redundancy" in their governance their "redundancy" in s ill see people eating and and eating people see ill
(Sassen 2005). include 7 developed social networks, and leadership developed networks, and social leadership sent the the sent repre cities that way In same the Everywhere in a city, city, a in Everywhere food system. e d in development proposals and and development proposals in nse networks of communication of communication nse networks
you find baker will
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CEU eTD Collection unresilient efficient its in as histo never before ry system shifts research, mentioned fashion.of however, us, Most take impactsbut life society the their urbanized inabove the nurturing only not is whole; it social Kaufman list 1999).shows This clearly & obesity) (Pothukuchi (e.g. the related health issues volume,and social the impacts in urbanlikefoodshare transportation oftrips shopping fertilizer to due ofwater resources urban , the pollution waste foodas waste a environmentalincome like dedicatedfood, issues to food- importancefood - of the factors whichthe make of named number a (1999) andadministrators. Pothukuchi Kaufman interconnec and country lush supermarket lab Onlye colourful visible. the in food are highly system to chain production reaching from population growth: for each person today, there is an additional 25% more food compared compared food more anis additional25% there today, each person growth: for population the aggregate food production has world grown by145% (FAO 2005), outpacing even global leading a to focus onf e fficiency gain fficiency shopping, the but number of employees the in food system, the percentage of overall - ecological dimension ofecological dimension the food- This canThis prove be to a highly riskyattitude.Fol Although, food production is mostly invisible in an urban setting, the the an setting, in mostlyurban is invisible Although, production food the chase for efficiency creates vulnerable systems and exposes them to sudden sudden to them exposes and systems vulnerable creates efficiency for chase the . tedness between atedness cityand food exists Starting the thein second with Green half20 of Revolution the shelves give a hint to a highly unlikely situation of free of situation aunlikely highly give ato hint shelves
(Walker &(Walker 2006) Salt the the through s - side , as as , ew high ew listed not onlynot theshareo high listed They clear. system Pollan describedPollan book“The neatly so his dilemma”.in omnivore’s Green Green - yield crops and homogenous supply Since the 1960s chains. processing . R
as as is countries industrial food in system current The and gives thus rise the to assumption of being highly evolution s ystem. It food for granted. for food , storage and transportation. These parts of the Theseand ofstorage transportation. the parts 8 were immense (Lang 2004 (Lang immense were
but but is a highly important part of the city as a lowing the argumentation of resilience stays by unnoticed citizens l s of the packaged products in the products the in the packaged of s - us
e in the rural surrounding rural e the in - ranging cows in a green green a in cows ranging
major part of domestic part of major f retailing r , Pretty 2008 th
century the and elated to to elated
public , the , the
) - , CEU eTD Collection industrialized agriculture: connectednegative to impacts environmental picture destruction,shethe summarizes when of of impacts negative the anda only of monoculturesfew pesticidesname biodiversity to well as of through the loss deforestation,water over agr environment. industrialized The scale does (although it providenot access) co was price of labour societiesa have labour to highly through2003). enabled market This specialized division our the 10l that means numbers this In concrete trend. asimilar experienced has sector retailing The increasing. is firms these of placeof and companies productiondecreasing, retailing is itself.Thein while the number size agrochemical ). (Lang, & companies Mascarnhas 2004; 2008 Busch1999,ETC (Destatis 2006).few These farmersby are provided anumber decreasing of seed and r large become has farmer per land the while decreased has instance for Germany in farmers fertilizers, the pesticides number (Langdecadestools, For and seeds of now, even 2004). 1960( in with “Increased agricultural “Increased biodiversity and their valuable biodiversity their and 2008) waterlogging causes and inefficiently al.Townsend et 2001; Victorsome disease & (Smil vectors water contaminate McNeely 30–80% 2008). of Approximately nitrogen global a food industry availabilityon Although output high secures this sufficient The consumption of fuels consumption fossil other domestic and users; industrial and agricultural
and cheap. food theme of “more with output of a minimum of theme ntinuously dropping (Bosshart andntinuously Hauser dropping2008). (Bosshart . Pretty 2008). 2008). Pretty our food production system. Pretty an overwhelming (2008) draws 2003; Giles 2005; Goulding et al. 2008). Irrigation2008). et Goulding al. Giles 2005; 2003; - consumption and pollution, contamination and degradation of soil as as soil of contamination and and degradation consumption pollution,
systems and the atmosphere as well as increasing the increasing as well as atmosphere the and systems For decades, the food variety on the market increased while the the while increased market the on variety food the decades, For Productivity has increased due to technological advancements of of advancements technological to due increased has Productivity
area contributes substantially to the loss of loss the contributes to substantially area argest retailers provide 34 % of the food in Europe (Dobson (Dobson Europe in food of the 34% retailers provide argest
in food production (Leach 1976; Stout 1998) (Leach food Stout in 1976; production iculture with its monocultures is responsible for responsible monocultures is its with iculture
environmental services (MEA 2005; Scherr& services(MEA 2005; environmental
, this comes high, this with external and salinization, as wellaswater diverts from 9
input Reuben Pretty al. 2002; 2003a; et ”
applied to farmland escapes to to escapes farmland to applied
can also be seen in the market market the in seen be also can machinery has increased the the increased has machinery
habitats, associated associated habitats, water is often used used often is water
costs for the costs for the
incidenc ” (Pretty ” (Pretty e of e of
CEU eTD Collection today about 200 million urban urban 200 million about estimates thattoday Schug (2005) citizens. urban foodof supply to host food host productionoftento is ignored due its to are rural vast the As system. food the for relevance their to respect with space rural and urban between surprising at first glance Europein Müller 2012,Rasper (BMVBS 2012). 2008, initiatives experience increasing public interest andan inflow of members in all major cities the the originrelated(BÖWL about of the to interest food2011). self or agriculture major Germanfarmer’s cities, like popularity numerous in markets andcommunity food ( continuously are and transparency up (in a rather panic 1.4 being made. offered inlocal the supermarket to its actual ecological backpack itis carrying.But effortsare ma ke the right choice food - when
city.If the in form of roof Urban agriculture: farming gardening? or agriculture: Urban B However, i These forms of food pr Another trend which might relate the is to same motivation the production of food in Since these en these Since Although widely by known industrial in consumers countries, is it still difficult to a is identified with agriculture and food production, the potential of the urban space of space theproduction, urban agriculture the potential food identified is with and a osshart &osshart Hauser 2008). Alternative
rising in Germany - harvesting projects are spreading (Rasper 2012, Müller 2012). This areis spreading2012). often projects harvesting (Rasper2012,Müller t is found is thatt urban food production contributes significantly t to - provoking manner) news onfood scandals looking for al vironmental damages have been acknowledged . As Pothukuchi and As Pothukuchi Kaufman (1999) a find, is there clear. dichotomy - top farms, as allotment gardens farms,top as or allotment community gardens, these
in the last 10 years thein last 10 (BÖWL 2011) oduction are the takingplaceinside city limits shopping. Too intransparent, unconnected the too product is ternatives.
The demandThe for organic, for instance, food wa 10 food systems are enjoyingan increasing dense populat
sealed surfaces. andion sealed , consumers struggle, consumers for more , as and the media picking is
is the demand for local for the demandis local -
s he global which is upported upported
s CEU eTD Collection nference on on could experienceworknference group Co at theonurban the in “International agriculture small- be dr for evermore technologies efficient production the focus and onincreasingproductivityas can overlooked generally is space urban systems agricultural global produced is food cities production in producepeopleinhabitants for 800million food oftenagriculture cited book“Urban – is and agriculture rural an not this issue(Mougeot is to found agricultureareas in option where this 1999). is ofa a non- outskirts citywhere rural understoodor aswithin agriculture.agriculture UAwhich carried is out the usually location feature is important agriculture andfrom an differentiate define urban to definition sprawling city (Lohrberg 2010). something contrasting li urban character scale awn from the rural agriculture. At first gla first At agriculture. rural the from awn scale character of urban gardens which usually produce food on some 100m². As I Assome 100m². on food gardens produce usually which urban characterscale of “an industry that produces, processes, and markets food, markets and produces,processes, “an that industry urbanyield wastes, a to diverse array of land- intensive production frequently methods, and using reusing resources natural and The termUA to ‘industry’ as being points a producing the with typical sector search household, and 2001). community”and Nasr Ratta (Smit, individual, the environment of and livelihood, health, food security, the contributing to Although significant in quantities throughout intra onmanyandmetropolis, bodies offound publiclyland privately and water types held largely the to daily response in demand a ofwithin town,city, consumers or an Jac Smit,an St ill a very young field of research, several authors have already attempted to give a a give to attempted already have authors several research, of field young avery ill for urban agriculture. As can be drawn from the technical term urban agriculture, urban technicalterm from the drawn be can agriculture. As urban . Especially in industrial countries, agriculture Especiallyha industrial in .
referred to as to the father agriculture,referred urban agriculture of urban defines his in urban planner work t who life dedicated his - urban and peri urban f e, and was rather as potentialextension understood area for the agricultural use of local resources is a real option; in contrast in localoption; real resources a is agricultural use of
Food, Jobs and S Food, Jobs
- in the discussion about food provision for cities and and cities for provision about food thein discussion urban areas. Typically areas.urban agricul urban worldwide (Schug05) 20 worldwide 15 to 20% of the 20% 15to of the that roughly calculates He . nce, this seems to contradict with the rather 11 , water , ustainable Cities” as
and small highlyand due its informal to - , and air , and . o the research on urban onurban o the research fuel, and other outputs, outputs, and other fuel,
s been understood as as understood been s - based fauna and flora, fauna andbased flora,
ture applies applies ture
on the
- CEU eTD Collection huge potential for agricultural activity, peri the setting, blurred however is transition and the blurry between zone urban rural and has also its understoodterm urbanas the of opposite a agriculturerural set in is different agriculture, clear were?) (never longer no are areas urban and rural urban setting.But hints italso that ingeneral the trend urbanization of the limits between typology, he 1999) urban socio- Wageningen, The Netherlands. Cf. http://www.agricultureinanurbanizingsociety.com/UK 3 urbanagricultural him to agriculturecan Due projects. be by: differentiated agriculture be sold commercially) urban from agriculture in contrast to farming is gardening thatgardens (based onthe assumption producedo not excess Agriculture an in Society Urbanizing and U to sell their access their sell to gardeners urban enabled recently has legislation the where Francisco San of city the be might gardens of inclusion an argues for whichexample An community. international research International Conference onmultifunctional agriculture in an urbanizing society 1 andrelations, urban -rural
which is comparable to the resilience concept of social of concept resilience the to comparable is which He Canadian ge
, names a number, names of conceptual blocks which helpdevelop to a typology urban of ...... emphasizes the inte
economic and ecological system and refers to this as “Eco as this to refers and system ecological and economic points t points production scale (Mougeot 1999). production scale (Mougeot product destination types systems of production practiced is it where areas of types intra food/non- typeseconomic of - food (URL SFUAA). - urban andurban peri ographer Luc Mougeot,ographer one of the world’s leading onurban experts o the important factor that the agricultural activity taking is place in an food categories offood products categories and- sub gration of urban and peri gration ofand urban activities - urban character of location of character urban
- urban agri urban
12 rban - R - cut (Meyer cut ural ural - culture. urban agriculture (UPA) into the the into agriculture (UPA) urban categories R
elations” - ecological systems ecological
So the finalSo the definition still - Renschhausen 2011).
highly contested the in
3 , this exclusion of, this food which then can - System” (Mougeot (Mougeot System”
-4 April 2012 in . In . his The The CEU eTD Collection production for selfproduction for agriculture urban multifunctional community. scientific interdisciplinary a rather have their theoretical areas body.Interestiboth ngly develop fully yet to have which areas research new very are agriculture urban on research 1.5 farminggardening. furthermore and includes both of urban agriculture term of urban the in remainder paper foodof production this lpful he for than framing the issue.I complicated more therefore, will use somehow the seem based on (van environmental 2006). purposes or Veenhuizen recreational educational, M agriculture aims at income orientation mentions criteria for this differentiation are the project’s objectives main and economic activities. He the main theme: description his as but - “Eco does exist, not ultifunctional urban agriculture combines food production with other objectives like like objectives production other with combines food agriculture urbanultifunctional
gap of research Definition “ From this research background it becomes clear that both, resilience research and and research resilience both, that clear becomes it background research this From how to about discussions conceptualizationsThese and the Van ecology and health) and poverty,as well as having impacts onecology and security effects food (having onurban vice versa system influences urban the regulations, markets, prices) have a stronginfluence and itself urban agriculture (policies, urbancitizens, conditions grown urban for is wastes, the produce Urban agriculture is based on urban resources like land, labour and urban organic and organic like land, urban labour resources onurban based agricultureUrban is count subsistence .
Ex Veenhuizen distinguishes between (2006) types three ofagriculture. The urban Urban gardeningUrban Berlin,for in from instance, initiatives different are studied cess produce can eith can produce cess less
small - consumption - oriented agri urban – - scale projects in hundreds and thousands of cities all over the world thecities world allover and hundreds thousandsof projectsscale in - subsistence commercial, - generation via production of food and non- only . Subsistence er be sold or givenawayfor or free.er sold Market be
which obviously contradicts Smit’s mere market Smit’s contradicts obviously which System UrbanAgriculture” might help to identify culture - 13 oriented agriculture describes urban food , market oriented and – oriented multifunctional - oriented urban agriculture urban oriented , which includes allthree, which includes ” (Mougeot 1999). (Mougeot define a phenomenom a phenomenom define - food produce. food produce. oriented urban oriented urban
forms forms
and and and - CEU eTD Collection 1.6 the assess to resilienceto the of contribution a urban city. of food production one of the social neededresilient are becomemore to food sys rare. The urban is what of proposals concrete and stage early avery in still is research This cities. resilient . arena development. A technologies (e.g. several institutes at UniversitiesApplied of Science try Mean VitaCity). URL ZFarm, URL Innsula, existing projects (URL with their actors Berlin started only 2005 since - intra on research the Germany, 2001). insecurity Nasrfor poor thedeveloping(Mougeotand urban in Smit, countries 1999; Ratta ( onintegration us foc special likegeographersdisciplines, respect with publicspace to
Matching research question
More concrete and strategic, t strategic, and concrete More which have In countries, industrial the issue only has started recently raise to scientific interest.I Urban Agriculture contextualized as often an is importantn to contributio a sustainable So far So . .
, in anin urban setting? how dothese interactions hinder or facilitate the local production of vegetables producers How vegetable dourban fulfilled production by? vegetable urban industrialized countryindustrialized context Do researchers focused on urban agriculture mainly onurbanresearchers food agriculture as confront focused ato way
- So far So has been not it attempted concept. resilience the in systems ecological holistic assessment es Infarming, Duisburg and
started to assess current the of initiatives, a database intending develop to
urban vegeta (Müller 2012) Müller 2002,Allmende urban food production, excepton allotme
ble production contribute urbanble to resilience an in he resilience research has started to generate a concept of of concept a generate to started has research resilience he is difficult, however, is and still missing in the researc
. Currently there are three are there Currently . IGB, Berlin). , and ifhow so, 14
perceiveinteraction the with state actors: - Kontor
(Rosol 2006) (Rosol to improve ur improve to 2012). ? Which factors for resilience are resilience for factors ? Which tem can clearly be identified as as identified be clearly can tem
research proje research , or sociologist, or with a ban food production production food ban
nt gardens,nt has cts cts based based while in in h n
CEU eTD Collection 1.8 1.7
group Target thesis the of Aim
......
agriculture,resilient cities planningand urban r Policy makersand public administrators in cities of industrialized countries P of cities countriesvegetables order in citiesenhance of in to industrialized the To producean setting urban food in structures policy and identify enhance to interventions the To the explore affecting their projects? How dogrowers local feel and national that regulations and organisations are T countries industrialized of cities in scheme understand helpproducers urban what their vegetable would enhance to orderto in of interactions form andnetwork their stakeholders important theto urban respect system urban with to res ofurban exploringhow they their contribute vegetable perception production, country aindustrialized highlyone cityin esearchers andthe in area students of sustainable urban development, urban ractitioners production offood urban o vegetable vegetable howunderstand urban the amount of locally produced amountof locally produced the increase actors governance urban help .
reality of of reality
urba n vegetable producer’s
15 producers . the different variations of identify of , variations different the
ilience are part of urban governance governance of urban are part
in in , getting know to their , a concrete case study case a concrete ir
capacity capacity resilience
of of to to CEU eTD Collection in thein form of Roof mmercial There,hadorigins theco development gone the further in Unitedand States. projects was thatcommunityme a all,but thatthis not German gardens at phenomenom had their increasin were cities German in projects production a Berlin, in l has it section in bewill shown As inspiration. for capital German projects somehow comparable other to In European capitals. food respect, urban producing this ci biggest the far by is Berlin of on urban agriculture: some emailgardenersand Hamburg in decided background takefor to ascase the it my national and context culture German the very am I research. As of my object the to distance personal of kind keep some was searching actors’ forwith a networks city unknown and detached me, in from order to ofcountry, different food where- a number case study. a as an country industrial 2.1 the in US. food urbansystems the for different types of urban food production. With 3.5 million citizens and an 3.5million area food production. different With 892km², types of urban of
Case studyselection Iresearch my started the with observation project thatcommunity The decision s to IBasedChapter onthe research background, described in
towards the the towards look to Hamburg)tend in Germanin other cities GartenDeck (e.g. in - successfully operat successfully are farms top I thati found elect Berlin elect tyjudging the Germanysize and from in this only German city ong tradition of urban agriculture inside the city ofagricultureong the inside urban lim tradition
and the alr the and n Germany, n Germany, 2
I was looking for a major city in a highly industrialized a industrialized highly cityin afor major lookingI was was based on some first investigative interviews with - exchange I had wit had I exchange M g in absolute numbers. A first i g numbers. A absolute in ETHODOLOGY projects in Germany, I I Germany, in projects of collection extensive eady producing initiatives Berlin 16 ing is expectedis show to and contribut - study. study.
h several German research projects projects research German several h
3.1
have spread in recent times. I I times. recent in spread have on the history of urban food food of urban history on the , I decided to take a city in I a1, take cityin decided to ing nternet search showed showed search nternet
a new food
the the - based gardening gardening based st greate familiar with its . - provider provider
variety variety CEU eTD Collection however, I purposefully createdI ahowever, personal, purposefully German. appointment for a face email or called themdirectly onthe phone, my explained research and idea asked for a pra perceptionsof subjective receive the enabledme(following This to 2001). Patton semi out Icarry basedis on,(seebelow) decidedto 2.2 garden garden(cf.neighbourhood 2mobile and section concepts gardens, 1roof samples. They6differentrepresent urban i.e. formsallotment ofvegetable production, were: projects the the articlestopic. I on read onlinenews projects furthermore or networks in Berlin with scientific experts emails via I communicated Berlin“.Berlin“,Lebensmittelproduktion Furthermore „Urbane Lan „Urbane Berlin”, Gärten “Interkulturelle Berlin”, “Gemeinschaftsgärten literatureproduction thewords Berlin.For I internet in googled like key foodsearch onurban ctitioners of different formsctitioners of of urban different vegetable production.
Semi 3. 2. 1. Based on this IBased onthis identi based on anint on based were interviews The the study I the framework analytical found and projects number of limited Due the to From the point of decision, I started a desk research of the currently researchI the available of a starteddesk decision, From of the point
. Charlottenburg- Friedrichshain Projects should be situated in one of the central districts of Berlin (i.e.: Mitte, as belegalProjects should organized entities. Projects should explicitly or implicitly producefood in the city centre; When I identified a project, I searched their web their I searched project, a I identified When - structured interviews -
top aquaponicfarm,top farm, 1mushroom 1intercultural garden, 1 to learn about the different projects and forms of urban food production - to -
- Wilmersdorf, or in the very North of Neukölln) Wilmersdorf, orNorth the in very face interview interview face Kreuzberg fied 30 projects of which I selected seven projects to become my my become to projects seven I selected which of projects 30 fied
, Pankow with a representative. arepresentative. with conversational erview guide (cf. (cf. guide erview , Reinickendorf; Tempelhof , Reinickendorf; 17
-
structured interviews of experts experts of interviews structured atmo site for interlinkagessite other to Ie th interviews conducted in ). 3.2). sphere I the projects contacted via Appendix
through my behavior behavior my through
Selection criteria for
1: Questionaire
- Schöneberg, Schöneberg, dwirtschaft dwirtschaft ); n
CEU eTD Collection organisational me) structure to the themexplain and let production vegetable their I the of site visited (in some cases did not stick t stick not did also I “Sie”. of instead “Du” use to way, addressinterviewee to an in formal invitation in the about the next areaabout the next of discussion. simple actors’ network, which shows how the projects are interlinked. This networkprojects This was are interlinked. which actors’ showshowsimple the network, recorded. well as was which sent themout:them and howfill theto furthergave following them instructions, interview Appendix semi same the followed interv MP3 obtained. informedes thatthe were conversation wastheir recorded, approval interviewe was The
- to the interviewee via email via interviewee the to player iews were conductedonthe telephone as a personal They possible. not meeting was The second part was either filled out directly after the interview, or prepared by me by prepared or interview, the after directly out filled either was part second The . . . In the out st fill orderto 2 Part 1 Part The twoparts: interview in structured was
.
The interviews took fromThe took half interviews an hour 3hours to and were recorded a with small
meas The stakeholders relation in areeach distributed to other, there are noquantitative ofgardening the urban current orstate change project to its (from low) to high Power/ influence relatesto the ability of stakeholder the to threatenexistence the low) production (from to high food respect urban to actor of the intention with theInterest perceived related to 2: Stakeholder2:
which only rarely picked up the attention of the interviewee attention of the the up rarely picked only which : : o close to the interview guide, let the but interview to o close follow filling ures for the axes the for ures
ing out aout Stakeholder - the interview guide. the interview structure approach.structure - Matrix
These stakeholder . akeholder This personal approach was accepted as as accepted was approach personal This
) Inend, the and then correctedby during a the interviewee phone based on the stakeholders mentioned throughout the stakeholdersthe based throughout onthe mentioned - Portfolio
- matrix, Imatrix, explained the significance of matrix the to
however, - portfolios were portfolios then manuallya transferred to - 18 Matrix with power/
the interviewee answer interviewee the I answered. all questions tried have to interest I always received the the received always I
freely . Three of the 7 7 the of . Three - dimensions
and decide decide and
-
call call (cf. (cf. , CEU eTD Collection The identified stakeholders were grouped based on the following grouped typology: stakeholders their in project. onthe identified were based The and theirfor intereststakeholders of perception understandof to the importance the projects’ Stakeholder s resilient food system in Berlin (cf.chapter 4 plans for (cf. future the proximate section their active participants,their main goals, their legal form, their sourcefinancing of and their to respect with them compared and research IFollowing under this, described the 7projects social the of 6 5 4 Berlin of system food the of state current literatureand the interviews of th might have this languages.possible, in information ledain due to the loss to differences int analysis following the in which are used the of keywoto rds extracted important quotes andfed themcitation into the software Citavi which is analytical of theframework function along the keywords 2.3 simple analysis created Understanding VUE with (Visual an open Environment), - source network
takeholder Referencemanagement program, for Microsoft Windows. Retrieved from: http://www.citavi.com/. Freeware manually to transfer recordings into written text. Retrieved from: http://www.audiotranskription.de/english/f4.htm VUE (Visual Understanding Environment) retrieved from: http://vue.tufts.edu/.
Analysis and theoretical Then followe transcribed usingtranscribed the program then were recordedThe interviews I I Comment After the coded documents Microsoft manually, using reception, Word then - - networks (cf. sections (cf. networks Portfolios - extracted information onthe historyextracted information the urban of food of system Berlin from ecological system of food of system ecological tools analytical framework (for this see below see this (for framework analytical 4 s .
) played an important role in this the analysis of the contribution of urban food production for a more formore food a urbanproduction of the of contribution analysis the e urban vegetable producers and provided an overview of the the anand overview provided of producers e vegetable urban
framework 4.2
and
). 3.2). in order to understand certain patterns certain patterns understand orderto 3)in chapter (cf. - provision in Berlin in provision over (cf. time section 4.6)
o English. Although I did it as precisely as as precisely it Idid English. Although o
. The stakeholder . 19 ) a with mainemphasis onthe projects
respect. They offered the possibility
).
I translated the direct quotes I quotes the direct translated - Appendix 3: (cf. Appendix portfolios
described described below. I also
6 F4
and connected them connected them and
5 . creator with with creator
3.1.) -
CEU eTD Collection factorsfulfilled production? by resilience are vegetable for urban contribute urban to resilience country an in industrialized context would value order in answer to research“ question the first T “Resilience in followed their argumentation resilient social- (unimportant account. and uninterested) were taken not into or influentialinterested onthe existence their in project or 4: importance for legalfood of formsthe urbanproducers. different of organizations typologyThis me g to enabled
Actor Registe administration Public Type of stakeholder Private companies The The The Table Researchers/ Foundations associations Individuals Politicians - education Churches networks Network red non- Press
stak further further 1 : Typology of stakeholders of Typology :
eholder ecological systems (cf.c (2006) followiWalker and Salt ng
profit profit
) which is based on the stakeholders, the interviewees found either either which stakeholders, basedinterviewees is found) onthe the analysis of theon interviewsconceptual was for based framework
- portfolios portfolios Chambers associations or of several other necessarily organizations,not Private Private Public bodies withPublic bodies scientificfocus on a education or research Federal, state and local administration and subdivisions and administration local and state Federal, Newspapers, television,magazines, journals, blogs etc. Small start roup the mentioned stakeholders and better understand the individuals: members of non members individuals:
also helped to derive a simple actor n actor asimple derive to helped also Other gardening initiatives, and others and initiatives, gardening Other members, former members, clients, - body organizational own an with ups, but also large multinational companies multinational large also but ups, Privately funded foundations Catholic and protestant and Catholic Individuals, not named not Individuals, hinking” a resilient onwhat world factors Clarification 20 - profit associations, family of family associations, profit
both. Stakeholders in quadrant in Stakeholders both. D D
oes ur
”
, and ifhow so, ban vegetable production ban vegetable production
etwork (cf.Appendix
r hapte
? Which Which ). I 4). CEU eTD Collection interactions the state which following: with actors, happened be to organisations are affecting their projects?”I did this by identifying important forms of and national regulations and growers thatlocal feel do “How ”third and the urban setting? an of vegetables in production the facilitate local interactions or dothese hinder actors: how research “ question interactions of food the urban producers state with actors order in answer to the second this to resilienceurban respectwith contribution food producers their to factor. includes factors which are imperative to manage the resilience of asocial of resilience the manage to imperative are which factors includes ...... In chapter In In which Walker and(2006) Salt developed the conceptural following which framework
chapter chapter Services Services tight). – Feedbacks Tight Urban of publicland planningand the provision Financial support develo More un circumstances the when fail tend theto may shortterm), noredundancywith they roles efficient but (in be in - access top Totally rights. property overlapping with “ Governance in Overlap those willingto change. to experimentationwould subsidize – deve locallyexperimentation, emphasis onlearning, placean world would resilient Innovation. A adaptibility “ termed generally is what networks, and leadership Social Capital – “ Acknowledging variables– slow world of wouldconsist Modularity modular components.resilient –a ecological variability (rather than attempting to control and reduce it). Ecological variability (biological, social, and landscape, economic). “ redundancy slow Diversity ”
“ , Iaanalysis by final5, step of than took pment proposals and assessmentspment proposals and , I introduce each factor factor each I4, introduce variablesassociated, controlling thresholds. with messy How do How – A resilient world wouldincludeA allthe resilient unpriced world services in ecosystem . –
” a resilient world wouldpromote and diversity sustain allforms in ”
in their governance structures and a mix of common and private of commonand private governance a mix and structures their in structures perform better during such times of change.Ecosystem change.Ecosystem of times during such perform better structures
the urban vegetable producers perceive the interaction with state state with interaction the perceive producers vegetable urban the
A resilient world would promote well trust, a resilient world would possess tight feedbacks (but not too too not world wouldpossesstight (but feedbacks resilient a – –
(adaptability) social capital social A resilient world wouldhave institutions that A re loped rules, and embracing change. A resilient world world resilient A change. embracing and rules, loped der which they were developed suddenly change. whichchange. der they were developedsuddenly silient world would embrace and work with with and embrace work would world silient more extensely, extensely, more A resilient world wouldhave a policy foc trying different things in ways – 21 . Individually . to attributes contribute these “ (Walker & S “ (Walker ” , but they need to act in concert to affect concert in to act theyto , but need
describ before analysing my data on the data onthe analysing my before ing down governance structures governancedown structures alt 2006: 145ff.)alt 2006:
and analys and - ecological system: - developed s
ing and offer help help offer and
.
the special special the
include us on on us ocial ocial
CEU eTD Collection misinterpretations ofinterviewee’s the statements. derived from the interviews or literature. might This have ledmisunderstandings to and are and institutions circumstances structures, theoretical, the only my local of knowledge agriculture. and urban resilience perceptions. therefore My findings are only triangled the with current of research state on producersand i left to out fromthemselves their and networks left actors unquestioned. some of the proje perspectivescan of includethe not larger therefore thegroup perception of other members one person who was one usually of of the the initiators projects. The subjectivity their of representative each. limits This the extr interviewed one I and 7 different projects selected only Finally, and their networks. identifiedexisting the forms of intra Iproject, study of the scope this limited one to In city only. the 2.4 issue. the Berlin’scitizens. All my agriculture advance to respect with productivity, to land- scheme urban Ifindings or the prevent of these respecthow in to they support discussed
Limitations of Scope Limitations . . . As IAs visited food urban the of theI perspective chose only that mention, to important I it also think Due to the limitation of time to 4 months dedicated to the fulfilment ofresearch this
Regulations Administrative processes Information, coordin cts wereI based on. only investigated the perspectives of the practitioners Berlin
findings were furthermore cross furthermore were findings only for the interviews and visits of the vegetabl the interviews for only and visits
nvestigate cross to opinion their stakeholder’s
ation and responsibilities
- urban vegetable production in this city, the main actors actors main city,the this in production vegetable urban acted informationthe to very perspective subjective of 22
-
checked with scientific literature on on literature scientific with checked area used and participation of of participation and used area
form of anI study, explorative e production sites, sites, e production - check their their check CEU eTD Collection the matrix with the intervieweesgenerally higher leda to number of identified stakeholders. alternative ofstakeholders extracting from the interview and transcript having a re distributing themonthe stakeholder The m The ethod of collecting stakeholders during the interview and then directly directly then and the interview collecting during stakeholders ethod of - matrix might have led to missing important ones. The 23 - check of of check
CEU eTD Collection predicted, only modelled with highpredicted, with onthe uncertainty basisof modelled only stocha beg l i the authors cycle dueadaptive to An a system. such of regimes system asocial of 3.1 interaction producers thewith state’s of food theactors. urban far they are able to contribute to Berlin to contribute to able are they far Walker andonto Salt this then describedof system urban food producers and how in find out what forms Berlin. ofagriculture in are urban currentlypresent summary of their differences and commongroundsorder in provide to an understanding of historical Berlin’s food system. the of weaknesses and challenges I collect aresult As intensity. and consequences their time, Industrialthe until today Revolution past. Isystemwant take to ofcity,and onstep back a faceonly major the past.from Youlearn the oops ofoops growth and adaptability back are followedof loops creative by destruction and new
innings To do so, ITo doso, first give History of a phenomeno of a n History Following the resilience framework of Walker and Salt (2006), a historical overview a (2006),historical Salt and framework Walker of Following the resilience In the last chapter of the analysis the of chapter last In the The following stepapply thenis to st next In the IBut before theget into analysis of such system a complex as the food provision Every journey starts with the first step. -
ecological (Walker & Salt 2006) Salt &(Walker
3 ep I then describe the seven selected case studies and give a short a short give and studies case selected seven the describe I ep then system is the starting is system point for understanding thecycles adaptive and I
a historical overview of the urban food production NTRODUCING NTRODUCING
. : Urban food production in Berlin in food production : Urban . I identify the disturbances the system experienced in this experienced this disturbancesin system I the the . identify T he frequency and intensity of these events cannot be eventshe be and frequencythese cannot intensity of ’ s resilience. s the conceptual framework for resilience thinking of of thinking resilience for framework conceptual the B , I take the special the I , take ERLIN 24
’ S FOOD SYSTEMS FOOD
focus onunderstanding the
stic processes and and processes stic
s a path on which which as path on in Berlin from CEU eTD Collection historical development. included some narratives from the interviewees. followinggivesan The overview table of the wh retailinggathered system be the historyFurther German trends information from of could and regarding post the and ofgathered (2008)minutes administrativea documents collection Schmidt hasvaluable gardening (Meyer Berlin)(URL andinitiatives Gartenfreunde urban u of publications food system. provision I information the The in following was collected scattered different in had difficultiesfind to quantitative data specific with the focus Berlin and on its historical and supportstructur policies of effectiveness system,which historical food supportedthe this challenges systemthefood performance of the to provide Berlin dynamics the of related description publicpolicies. This provides answers about questions to the nature and the population’sdevelopment, of thefood situation , provision system through challenges. such disturbances; World War II. I further consulted history books and ich is applicable and historyIBerlinII. consulted books to further War until World and sketch production food rban F In the following chapter, IIn the chapter, following mmarize su ew publications concentratew publications which fr come
l ped with with coformerly aped cityhas how understand to history in back ooking helps out the last 150 years.I 150 point last the out
its evolution over time; the major changes in supply and demand, changes demand, over evolution the and major its time; supply in food sector; - war years 1945 war
om
different contexts. Some sources specialize on a specific fo aspecific on specialize sources Some contexts. different e - roduction and provision in Berlin. I Berlin. in production andfood provision issueof onthe 1949 in his book “Red roots on the Olivaer square”. square”. Olivaer roots onthe book“Red his 1949 in its evolution. This was true for the allotment gardens allotment the for true was This evolution. its es
out out .
the timeline and of evolu Berlin’stion food- 25 important historical event connection in s to ’s citizens with food, with ’s citizens
the sector had to face and face to had sector the distrinct sourcesdistrinct of food and - Renschhausen 2012). Renschhausen 2012). the main players
the the r m 1920s 1910s P 1910 rior rior to to
Table Table communes, population rises to 4 1914: Greater Berlin: Incorporation of Incorporation Berlin: Greater fallow land for food production Capital in Europe; formation of of formation in Europe; Capital 1919: Founding of the Weimar 1920: Golden twenties: Berlin 1905: Populationexceed ed allowed confiscate to private was economic cultural and 1877: Berlin’spopulation 1914- 2 surrounding towns and Fast growth during the the during growth Fast Industrial Industrial
Berlin in production food urban of Timeline Public administration administration Public exceed Historical events 1918 World War I Republic Republic millions million; million; ed Revolution
1 million 1
CEU eTD Collection
was
2
Berlin was prov Berlin from its surrounding region of of region surrounding its from Berlin and Mark Brandenburg Brandenburg Mark and Berlin closely interrelated food e.g. from Spree (the surrounding region) are are region) surrounding (the 1915: food scarcity led to 750,000 Germans died of ( rationing; during WW I I WW during rationing; Allmende Food provision Brandenburg hunger - Kontor ided withided food
; inflow of ; inflow
-
2012) Region
Gartenfreunde Berlin, Berlin Berlin Berlin, Gartenfreunde 40,000 (URL Gartenfreunde 165,000 parcels on 6,239 ha gardeners association (URL for the poor were 1925: Maximum number of allotment gardens in Berlin in Berlin gardens allotment gardenersfrom fallow land 1833: First public gardens 1915: garden colonies for allotments of Weimar the 1909: Foundation of first 1917: increased from 2,000 to 1880 1921: foundation of the “Schrebergärten” workers and allotment allotment and workers central association of eviction of allotment allotment of eviction Berlin Berlin 1919: Ordinance for Allotment gardens Allotment allotment gardeners created increated Leipzig - war widows war protection against protection 1867: F 1900: Number of Republic Berlin) (Berlin 2011) 2011) 26 i
r
st st created increated
were
of 400m² enough to provide 1919: Migge found a garden Backyard and community community and Backyard for a four a for gardens - headed family
provided by the surrounding cities are growing, food food growing, are cities rural areas ( disappeared disappeared transportation networks; networks; transportation Commercial urban urban Commercial communication and urban agriculture agriculture urban to improving farming Schmidt 2008b) in Europe due due Europe in
was
1960s 1950s 1940s 1930s
1948- Eastern the Germanyintroduced reconstruction and development development and reconstruction 1961: wallThe 1961: separating East Western Germany experienced states ( states 1949: Creation of two German 1929: Black Friday introduced (only 36% food production in the Wirtschaftswunder: rapid rapid the Wirtschaftswunder: 1961: The student movement movement student The 1961: comparison to prior thewar) 1933: Hitler took power Hitler 1933: and Berlin became capital of the started in Western Germany Post “Genossenschaftsbetriebe” “Planwirtschaft” fused and the World economicthe World crisis and West Berlin was built Berlin West and 1939- Berlin and East and Berlin 1949: Berlin 1949: - Historical events war: global food crisis crisis food war: global rms to to separate farms and separation W of 1945: World War II Berlin Airlift Berlin Third Reich Third of economy - blockade and - Berlin
CEU eTD Collection
)
est
- 1962: First Aldi marke Aldi First 1962: and surrounding countryside from the occupied countries 1939- West source for food in West 1946/47: Food scarcity, le 1945- unemployed and lived in very very in lived and unemployed West Berlin, however general 1945: fallow land ordinance retailing marketwas retailing Self by transports from West from by transports stores were still the main were the still stores 6 million Germans were were million Germans 6 Beginning of the 1930s: In In hunger winter in Berlin Berlin in winter hunger surrounding of Berlin. and market regulation and - - 1945: food provision served by the direct Berlin was then provided provided then was Berlin service shops spread inservice spread shops East 1949: Rationing offood ( Food provision poor conditions Schmidt 2008b) - Germany Berlin, thefood
mainly t
-
opened Berlin Berlin
d to
-
huts due to a lack of housing housing of lack a to due huts In post allowed live to garden the in 1945:bec It used to used ly importanthigh for West parcels creation of more allotment more allotment of creation of allotment gardens on public land for for land public on gardens Also in East in Also Berlin due to its status as as its status to due Berlin (scarcity of living room) living of (scarcity 1944: lease contracts1944: for Allotment island in Russian sector Russian in island 1931: the president of Germany ordered theGermany ordered Allotment gardens Allotment in post the unemployed the - warv times,
redeemable reconstruct city the were ame - - 27 gardens were war times war -
- declared non declared gardens were Berlin the so so the Berlin
temporarily temporarily ast areas
- - Backyard and community community and Backyard their own garden for a part a for garden own their Berlin citizens were using using were citizens Berlin 1947: at least 12 % of all % ofall 12 least at 1947: self - provision ( gardens 2008b)
Schmidt Schmidt
- lacking, as well as fertilizers fertilizers as well as lacking, grow grow During the last years of the the of years last the During distribution hubs ( hubs distribution commercial had producers destroyed, work force was farms and market garden 30,000 ha of horticultural producers were producers forcedto 1947- provide them to central them central to provide Commercial urban urban Commercial war, more and more their infrastructure infrastructure their ( ( certain vegetables and Schmidt 2008b) Schmidt 2008b) 1949: commercial1949: farming 2008b)
Schmidt Schmidt
s 2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 2012
renewal process of old buildings on land during the 70s (Holm& 1973: Oil crisis led to economic economic to led crisis Oil 1973: as frontier city of Cold the War Berlin loses additional funding funding additional loses Berlin to contrast former speculation speculation former contrast to Diversi West environmentalists; leftist etc. leftist environmentalists; reunification of Eastern and student student 1991: thewall came do movement, feminists, feminists, movement, - Western Germany, Historical events Berlin starts a sensitive sensitive a starts Berlin f ication ofW ication Kuhn 2010) movement peace in downswing
-
German German CEU eTD Collection
wn, wn,
broadening (Wortmann, 2003) are appearing,are with competing in West in retailing. Direct marketing on on marketing Direct retailing. 2008: Discount supermarkets Other discount supermarkets farmersmarketshave only a diversifying, deepening and extending from regional to to regional from extending 0.5% market0.5% (Berlin share supply international (Wortmann, (Wortmann, international the still prevailing era of era prevailing the still The range of products is is products of range The are dominating the food discount supermarkets discount self Food provision - Berlin chainsfor food are - service stores. 2003) 2008)
and introduced
74,500 allotment g the families with leisure and and with leisure the families 1991: Reunion of allotment garden associations East of 3,060 ha = 3.5 % of Berlin called “Datscha” provided Allotment gardens Allotment and West Berlin West and territory food 28
ardens on
the greening of backyards as as backyards of greening the Illegal fallow land squa land fallow Illegal garden is is garden Backyard and community community and Backyard 1983: West a funding of 50DM/m² for Renschhausen 2012, Holm of community gardens and 2009: Prinzessinnengarten Prinzessinnengarten 2009: New green wave: creation children’sfarms i numerous neighbourhood 24 intercultural gardens, gardens, intercultural 24 a part ofa part the program of 1996: First intercultural intercultural First 1996: 2003: First intercultural intercultural First 2003: urban renewal (Meyer in West Berlin as side as Berlin in West phenomeno Renschhausen 2012) garden isfounded in taking the garden in in garden the taking Göttingenmodel as invents the mobile mobile the invents gardening concept gardening squatting (Meyer & Kuhn, 2010) Göttingen founded in Berlin, gardens gardens - Berlin provides provides Berlin n
of house house of
n Berlin
-
tting tting
- -
2006: BioPilze Berlin is Berlin BioPilze 2006: project Bauerngärtenproject is 2011: ECF is founded 2009: Self Commercial urban urban Commercial farming founded founded -
harvesting harvesting
CEU eTD Collection happened during World War Ihappened War during World 750,000Germans died of when hunger 2003). Due (Müller to Berlingardens 1925. in in haallotment for area than of6,000 resulted more Gartenfreunde the in maximum Berlin). This Berlin c development was 1919when in the Weimar Republic released the ordinance provide to every ofThe this climax population. the urban foodfor supply antheir important existence as allotment gardens u above, the crises During mentioned citiesthe of(Schug the2005). citizens industrialized for later retreatthechildren, proletarian developed urban thebeing healththe of improve to process phenomeno of then typical German thein development of important healthfunctioning. was and aspect work The force nurtured back gardens thanworker’s called were provided enou high receive Workers not weredid districts developing. were and workersanother theCities in urbanfor industrializing triggerfood changes system. (Lo circumstances as secured such once a crisis Urban set in. food production was always and supported reinvented thecrisis in late 1920s. economic also during Wars,but the World and Second during First happened providers. it So woor not rk did due formeranymore system destruction of to provision Berlinas the strugglesand regime shifts became a “safety valve” once the conventional systems were highly impacted by outer outer by impacted highly were systems conventional the once valve” “safety From the timeline in Table In war In IndustrialBesides impact theand onthe shifts, its these sudden cities was Revolution more more itizen with enough with itizen landcover their to demandand for potatoes (URL vegetables - relevant in the time of social or economic cris times the food hrberg 2011) sually received more public land or some kind of regulation, ensuring regulation,land orensuring of some kind public more received sually The .
allotment gardens, for instance, were always extended or legally legally or extended always were instance, for gardens, allotment - The provision of the cities was provision especi . s e
oked (partly temporary) changes in the food the changes (partlyin food provshifts oked temporary) 2, it becomes clear that urban food production alwaysthat urban clear food becomes production it of “Schrebergärten”, allotment gardens,of originally “Schrebergärten”, allotment 29 by keep to companies theindustrial the big e s gh wages, so allotment gardens, allotment gh so wages, , represented by, represented post wars, The worst food Thecris worst bad: ally
loss of of loss - war war e s CEU eTD Collection administrators The stamps. ration for given centrally out andrationed was food During wars both dead already or front were at the men force as work a of lack seeds, and tools fertilizers, of material, as such war crisesfrom during the learned be the to lessons 2005). Howeve Berlin(Krawinkel availabilityin as secure to providefood to food sufficient which startedRevolution the and in 1960s the appearing retail the present day generation has and of this thein collective memory which Berlin in “hunger1946/47 imprinted thewinter” called to so worldwidecrisis lead food war II, War Inrationed. World the yield, had be to and1915food in athe fertilizers bad lack of Berliners received an additional vegetable ordinanceBerlinersan this thanks received to additional input ( form the sur million 2008a (Schmidt ownfrom land its success found be to partly 2008b ).public food (Schmidt collection points Inend, land ordinance the fallow was the horticulturalat central them and provide farms vegetables were obliged produce only to UK (Meyer Gardensand the in US Victory the with comparable gardens vegetable to transformed were parks Whole fields. these to gardeners access provide with interested to land and fallow private allowed confiscate to growto vegetables onevery unsealed land It the Berlinpopulation ordered was 1945. in introduced whichce land ordinan theout fallow food as instance last ensure to of additionalprovision fresh vegetables - time did not so much put pressure put onfo much so not did time - T city cereals milk, to was sufficient food this not respectand transports with and meat, he public administration alwaysadministration he played public an important rolecrises. duringof times r ounding region region ounding grow grow to and formade private the public landpopulation available , weakens a food system in times of need of times in system afood weakens ,
(Schmidt 2008a (Schmidt ful, as one third of Berlin’s vegetable demand could be covered covered Berlin’s could vegetable be demand of third ful, as one were ) . necessary ( necessary i food has system Since stab then, the - ). Confronted with the enormous food demand of a 3 3 a demandenormous of food the with ). Confronted Re nschhausen 2012). The still existing 2012).functionin The and still nschhausen (Schmidt 2008a (Schmidt od provision, but the but post provision, od Schmidt 2008b). Schmidt 30 -
times is th shape ( Schmi d
). ). their consumption behaviortheir until consumption The district administration was -
at system of supermarkets seems seems supermarkets of system However, in the end 1 million However, the in end 1million dt 2008b) dt
high dependence on imports onimports dependence high - . war time did. In 1947 a Ina did. 1947 time war It ispoint important to Schmidt 2008b). Schmidt .
l i zed. The Green Green The zed. their own their
r, r, g
CEU eTD Collection tradition ended with the second World War and the following divide of Germany, at least in the Western part of Berlin. stay th of Most preachers. or teachers to either become city the (Berlin) to were sent others the and land the received son eldest between the sons of the farmers ended as the farm land became too small to support the families. Following this change, the farm the land split to tradition the advances, medical to due improved offspring farmer’s the of rate survival the Once 7 grown have numerousfounded since in of Germanythe and these in millennium projects 1990s the theyears,in end of starting In recent b also are “and policy food” “cheap national and a retailers impersonal “placeless of foodscapes” avoid the island in the Russian sector had some difficulties with respect to its food West Berlin in wasso and separated 1991 until Brandenburg” “Mark region to surrounding its rural that theyconsumers and allow producers market economic( today communitygardening from evolved a social community start, community Renschhausen & 2012,Holm Kuhn 2010). Meyer tried to realize their ideals by creating the first community gardensin Berlin (Meyer movementstudent in the late in 1960s West against speculations and onhousing and sky “establishment” the of protest against a means reappear to as However,Berlinanymore. started it food of system 2003). thewith Candy 1948-
One of my interviewees told me the story of her family who originates from the area close by Berlin called “Spreewald”. “Spreewald”. called Berlin by close area the from originates who family her of story me the told my of One interviewees ed in Berlin and thus a strong interconnectedness between the city and its surrounding rural hinterland developed. This iets blocked West blocked iets 49 the Sov II, the separation Until connected Berlin had highly of been GermanyWW following such an important role in the role the in important playurban an In recent agriculturenot such the past,did more - based fashion. Through the struggle to claim public space to create gardens, claim createto publicspace Through the fashion. struggle based to eing slowly embraced by governments in developed countries” (Donald 2010). 2010). developedcountries”(Donald in governments by embraced eing slowly - Bombers had provide to theBombers Wester Meyer - gardening wa - Ren schhausen 2004). s about reclaiming the commons, using public space in a a publicspace in using commons, reclaiming the abouts - Berlin from all provision networks provision andBerlin from the all Berlin Airlift
- Berlin started live to squatted in houses
In the US they are seen as “both subversive, in subversive,as in “both are seen Inthe they US - and East and - ecological motivation towards a political- 31 intercultural community - Renschhausen noticed (2004) thatfrom the - based andbased community - 7 Berlin food with (Müller population . - Berlin. Especially West Especially Berlin. Following II, WW Germanywas - rocketing prices. W prices. rocketing
gardens have been been have gardens - based avenues to to avenues based
provision. From From provision. - Berlin as , they also hen the
em em an an - CEU eTD Collection immigrants into the German society ine the movement recessions economic and times Further then be will provided Chapters in details 4 givean overview of the do theyreceivefinanci their the legalis projects mean of and their for form what doestheir and this activity? how Where areWho and the initiators active gardeners? What are their maingoals Whatmotivations? and projects 3.2 valve. years.agriculture 150UrbanBerlin’s the last of history economic, policiticaland social crises were challenging the food several provision in times socio when apush received andhaving cultural2010). of (Donald additional benefit breaking racial tensions the down 2010) as they food to security, contribute engageecological with practices a as Berl studies focustudies sing onthem self project each from representatives with conducted I have interviews important steps toward moving toward a more sustainable form of food capitalism (Donald capitalism (Donald sustainablefood form movingof stepstoward aimportant toward more
- These in. perception of the interviewees but also theperception but ofperception of the the interviewees othe The seven vegetable
In the following part, I want to give a more detailed description of the selected detailed of the description give aI more want to In the part, following al food production urban that clear, becomes of Berlin,it history Looking the into
Table Table in (find an overview of the students the in late 1960s new forms ofnew urban agriculture show a great variety Th motives. of
.
current theyare facing problems - al capital? Besides Where dotheyhow? alfood capital? and produce economic circumstances turned bad turned circumstances economic producing projects producing , but also during social development processes like the protest 3)
and provide insi
and the search for alternative ways of integrating integrating of ways alternative for thesearch and nd of the 20 nd 32
ghts and
th was often introduced as the saf the as introduced often was
to answerto the questions: following
and 5). century
This sectionbasedThis is onthe their . This happenedThis .
nly the the only not and include The challenges of wars, wars, of challenges The short r interviewees and and interviewees r - term future plans. s well as even even as well s ey are seen during war during war
this I ways ways
ety ety CEU eTD Collection for the company’s debts. 8 profit organization. forpoint the formerly marginalised Founded neighbourhood. 2003,i in ( neighbourhood stabilizes also and social the in meeting point ly gardenfunctionscontact andbring as The plants. social children soil fresh with theirin while othersplot are just trying themselves want out, spend to their free Biopilze Berlin Biopilze gardens Berlin Prinzessinnen
Laskerwiesen Laskerwiesen GmbH translates GmbH ECF Center Pyramiden Allotment Allmende Kontor Project garten garten „We are„We mainlya social ankor because point, of ourhave gardeners some few would
ting everyone on the same level same the on everyone ting mee is everyone Here inteaction: the social contacts and otherwise could never afford their own garden. respect And with to Laskerwiesen Table
the vegetable production of onthetheir vegetable ofSome thegardeners active are highlyproduction dependent 2012).
- - -
3 -
: The seven case studies case The seven :
into companyinto with limited liability, indicates this that the owner of the company not personall is y liable 2012). Allotment gardens Allotment Indoor mushroom Neighbourhood aqua Mobile gardenMobile Mobile garden Mobile +coordination Intercultural Intercultural
Rooftop agency garden garden ponic farm Type
farm
is ais community
Contracting organisation Gartenfreunde Berlin e.V. gemeinnützige GmbH gemeinnützige Efficient City Farming Farming City Efficient Biopilzfarm, Christian Christian Biopilzfarm, Nachbarschaftsgarten Landesverband Landesverband Laskerwiesen e.V.
Workstation e.V. Workstation Nomadisch Grün Grün Nomadisch Multikultureller Multikultureller Neukölln e.V. Neukölln - Bürgergarten Bürgergarten based garden based BioPilze GmbH
33 der der
8 with the goal to offer a social an asocial offer to goal the with
Project of aRegisteredProject non Registered non Registered non Registered non Private company Private company Private company - profit association profit Legal form association association association t is organized as a non-
- - - precarious members members precarious profit profit profit profit profit profit -
time gardening and and gardening time
”
( Laskerwiesen Founding Founding 2011 1919 2006 2003 2011 2006 2009 year cho
r
CEU eTD Collection ( applications that keeps the members from engaging themselves in the administrative activities fundings ass as of head theresponsibility want take to on garden ( year lawns fruit with trees shrubs and a and football plot a pon d, a offersgarden plot the Besides the each. 10m² 35 parcels of san paths,also fencesprovided was bythe( district. andplot excavated polluted soil and replacedwith fresh it soil; the whole infrastructure of ( workshops like ontopics pruning, potatoe old varieties and howmake to jamand chutneys garden t to open is activities The gardening or leisure. family heterogeneous social backgrounds association has 39 active members active 39 has association ( society W ItnetworkBerlin. and functionally connec of strongly locally is Laskerwiesen Laskerwiesen orkstation, i t ). ). ation is provided inside ol providedation is inside O - members but also non- but members The initiative is facing several problems, including difficulty the people who to find Lasker fallow land. ofTheformer district abandoned public It lot ona created was owns the The garden as- a organized registered is non Other initiatives see theLaskwiesen also as an important knot in the gardening Laskerwiesen for more money run to the more noneed for is there there, are tools and infrastructure the nce Allmende . It only not . is lack also ofthe but the lack time ofabout knowledgehowwrite to representing the gardens topicof neighbourhood and publicparticipation of civil wiesen is mainly financed by financed mainly is wiesen , 2012) , 2012). - Kontor e top . Th 2012). 2012).
, 2012) soil also creates problems. Due also creates the war groundsoil to water ruins, problems. member neighbours are the garden comingregularlyinto for d
sing gardeners aregarden using The on the plot. containers ship
. who are mainlydirect neighbours of the garden and have Besides the active members of the association, their their association, the of members active the Besides
member fees (10member Euros + fees 6Euros of water 34 ociation Laskerwiesen ( Laskerwiesen and offers regular regular and offers general public he ’s profit association. Currently the
board, or writing applications for board, writing or , 2012); storage facilities and ted withted association an called 2012) . n
adobe - stone oven, stone oven,
per per
CEU eTD Collection observation offauna ( the soil foundation) improve to their educationalchemical for testing, program soil analysis, public and ( private foundations Their projects, e.g. and meeting includeswith a building rooms,a for an their indidivual dcommunal activities. The owned land is and rented from the district m² 800 the are using backgrounds, varietycultural from of aindividuals broad ecologyconsultancy soil ( expertisein with contamination quality andgarden soil as the anon as of Schöneberg border district close the to Eur collection system and takes fu - a rain garden has the contamination wouldspread,therefore as cannot pumped out be and a build “bee os/per month member feeos/per member water)Euros month for + 6
„Pyramidengarten is „Pyramidengarten Other initiatives appreciate Pyramidengarten as a place to gain information about soil In the close futue, the initiatve will create a furthermore donations. gardenand byprivate byThe financed fees is the member On an area of 35members 1000m², families, summing and100- upto their get know to people andbrate cele ther, toge eat can you where place a knowledge, exchange and information receive r membe as has set its goal, to create an interculturalgarden andinvolve at least 50% immigrants Pyramidengarten bee a with their wantscooperation extend to initiative close the In future, the - profit association - house” and planta- wild house” s. We support We s. integration, we hub,we are a are communication a place to workshops on soil testing, onsoil also cooking but activit workshops
. is a is
the second Neukölln.garden in […] intercultural The association Pyramidengarten r n ther the pipe which water from the results in highest costs(10 Pyramidengarten interc ultural garden the in marginalized district Neukölln, ” - ( berry hedge Tempelhof. Tempelhof. Pyramidengarten Laskerwiesen nd - 2012) initiative is closely interlinked with a private
workshop and sanitation facilities.workshop and sanitation 2012) 35
( n Laskerwiesen environmental lab (financedby a private
. ( is organized organized and is It 2006 in founded was Laskerwiesen . 2012). 2012).
2012)
2012) i es, are partlyby funded .
. garden plots - keeper keeper water water 150 CEU eTD Collection non- of the former Tempelhof. Airport recycled material the volunteer volunteer the material recycled raised startto gardening beds. small in thefield public for a up was open to the initiators of idea The way. the on process assessment agricultureand ofgardening urbanbackgroundarea the in Airport former (Tempel ( processes ain community aonthe to current focus food active The city. the in community local a create ( make to c andgardening, how preservepracticalitiese.g. them, howplantseeds to of forminga non- Berlin where a for build knot theyto wanted allexistinggarden (future iniatives and existing)in interim use of a 5,000 m² piece of land onthe fields of the closed down Airport Tempelhof of Allmende whom profit organization . “Allmende Konto is first of allgarden a its to put
information centre in the city for these initiatives and the topic” a drop aplace, have to is idea The years. recent in Berlin over all spread Allmende Within As participants“Tempelhofer planningconceptcalled of the Freiheit” innovative Based “ to onthe idea 2012). Allmende They want to provide to They guidance want respect new with to initiatives finding to aor plot hof’s freedom)citizen initiatives in aof plot Berlin for apply can
the the applyfor gardens, to decided community organizing in are experienced most - Allmende Kontor a profit association fields to realize their ideas. Some of the group of 13 have a research a have 13 group of of the Some their ideas. realize fields to few weeks the field was covered with covered was field the weeks few - - Kontor is the idea different for urba Kontor the is the
Kontor 2012). Another of dimension the important projectto the motivation is 2012). - Kontor
is is 2012). one of the projects which are currentlysettling of whichonthe the projects one have thehave hands i gardeners could find. These gardene active
It 2010as in a subproject was of founded workstation, a ( Allmende
n the soil and ourworld heads and the in soil n the - Kontor gardeners’ focus has shifted from gardening gardening from shifted gardeners’focus has 36 - system and the relevant societal relevant the and system
2012) 2 5 raised beds, built from whatever85 raised from beds, built n gardening initiatives which have gardeningwhich have n initiatives .
They hold workshops on the workshops onthe They hold hands on Tempelhofer Feld. hands onTempelhoferFeld. which
guarantees arunni guarantees
( public land onthe Allmende r s are registered - in centre, an an centre, in ” 13 iniators 13iniators
green land land green - political - mpost ompost Kontor ng
CEU eTD Collection of a private company aprivate of capacity ( its 285beds with at field has as arrived the forplot a list on thereact the waiting to 200people strategy how to where tool the onthe of field range a the building to construction topics mobile of the the in contractwith administration).condition problem of soil which 2012). ( level of publicparticipation a to new publicopen with how cope space to and about the push discussion publicadministration the with successfully cooperate to way their herbs from their and homelands vegetables andyoung pensioners and families children with all, at experience be easily can weekend,socialcultural there ofbackgrounds.On the differenand andfrom comeallkinds active gardeners and other interested other and gardeners active engagement other critical projectsseen Berlin also in is ( coverage press is currently appearing currently is “I think, the dimension of 300 beds at one spot is enough. Actually is spot at one 300beds of dimension “I the think,
Prinzessinnengarten ” else somewhere site The short Other initiatives perceive Allmende The initiative has rented the plot from the city and is financed by donations from and financedThe hasfromis bydonations the rented initiative plot the city However, theyfear about the short for one for project. are found onthe500 people field. There - pool they want to establish can be stored. Furthermore they have to develop a theypool wanta establishcan to stored. develop to Furthermorehave be they - Pyramidengarten - contamination due war to contamination term perspective is to continue with their educational work and to extend the continue to theirextend with is educationalterm and perspective to work
“Nomadisch Allmende
(
is an community unconventional is Allmende in Berlin and other German cities
2012). The broad engagement numerous of broad in 2012). the initiators The
-
G Ko persons rün” ( rün” - Kontor ntor - - - , 2012) r an as an Kontor N term character of this “urban gardening “urban this of character term . uins by only using raised beds (which was a a wasraised (which by beds using only uins Like others, the initiative to has cope with the omadic omadic 2012) ( ly Allmende 37 . It . is .
former gardening young gardening people noformer with G
reen). reen). interpreted as a as interpreted - avan Kontor - run It was founded in 2009 and It 2009 in founded was t , supported by positive very - gardist which is creating a , 2012), , 2012), mobile also also from recycled materials materials recycled from immigrants planting
, garden garden
we ne we lack of focus of lack Laskerwiesen ed a second second a ed in the form thein form - hype” sed sed
CEU eTD Collection gardening projects in the German press. One interviewee called them even “Wanderzirkus” “Wanderzirkus” even them called interviewee One press. German the in projects gardening owners urban support. Prinzessinnengarten visible probably to is aremost able of the one kindergartens ( visit - a bee varieties, vegetable on old varietie held There are workshops harv onthe based are partly are which dishes served Here, the spot. hosted on is cafe which - Tetra and bags rice old location. Vegetables are planted containers in e.g. soil, filled with plastic old baker baskets, temporarily to orderin able be to (Meyer contributing by giving workshops. the in café out during wantlunchand hang to just younggroup of and old rogenous hete ahighly creating garden, the come usually gardeners active The Prinzessinnengarten). neighbours, intere in thein Cuban cities. resulted of out a Cuba to trip where of the founders one got touchthe in with uban agriculture ested ested products from the garden. - „ Other projects in Berlin acknowledge the high quality of publicity the compan quality publicity high Berlin acknowledge the of the Other in projects Prinzessinneng The sustainabi of forms different exchang and together arecoming where differenta people place be learned , but knows whatto is there Renschhausen 2011). The garden is based on the idea to garden i to onthe idea garden based is The Renschhausen 2011). T he basic idea is idea basic he i unused plots. If the plots. contract,unused thedoesthey extend district not moveanother can to nitiators create keeper is on the plot as well. The garden cooperates with schools with garden cooperates Theas well. onthe plot is keeper lity Prinzessinnengarten 2012). sted lay sted ” ( arten arten Prinzessinnengarten 2012) Pak. This creates a highly unusual view for the vi forunusual view the highly a creates This Pak. garden to create a place for learning, but which does not have a teacher who ateacher have not does which but learning, for aplace create to od, questions of ecological production, and seasonal of regional fo od, questions d is oneis of firstcommecial the community gardens in Berlin ing - a space for from everyone join, “children, to teenagers, adults, gardeners and passionat
on shrubble plots and be selectable for the interim use of the use interim of and for be selectable shrubble plots on
knowledge, already also about which is the they it have;
Besides this, the garden offers space for experimentation. experimentation. for garden space the offers Besides this,
38
s, a Swedish artist is growing old potatoe growing potatoe old artist is as, Swedish - break, e open from the direct neighbourhood of neighbourhood direct of from the and some and -
air enthus people who workpeople close enclosed enclosed ofsitors the n mobile containers n mobile
experts experts iast s ” (URL (URL ” who , and are are by by – y
CEU eTD Collection beginni ( material educational and abook in experience and knowledge collected the preserve to want ( with 10% theto overall are contribute but sold only and pictures projects in other cities and the by covered developing a healthy ecology interrupted and has thenoconnection soil the to natural- top critical seen also are concept mobile levels of governments gardeners the to are voiced the numerous of where the interests district, of ahierarchy exists there and association “Travelling Circus” a with smile ( Bundes f by Prinzessinnengarten, 2012) Prinzessinnengarten, 2012) ar the largest number of allotment gardens in Germanyar of gardens allotment 2011). number the largest (Berlin in
responsible 2. 1. garden allotment “An ng of the 20 have av have gardens Allotment For the short employees,The andcosts formainly company’s rentplot infrastructure of are the BioPilze the law, federal to due organized are gardens allotment The instancegrounds and association paths, play houses” locatedseveral for gardens andwith is communal a buildings, in colony single and area recreational for of edible the production products for self non as gardener) (allotment user the serves books gastronomic revenue gartengesetz (B gartengesetz and . th - Each colony way its has own organizing of community activities.
planning to improve their and educationalprogram improve planningto are they future, term century and collectingand donations funding of projects single . . is a garden which a garden is . according Pyramidenga to With 75,000allotment gardensWith over in 930colonies, Berlin has
BioPilze s ly Laskerwiesen but also through , but ery long tra . Due to the closed containers, the natural water cycle is closed water containers,thecycleis natural Due the to . gG). Each colony is organized as agG). organized non- colony Each is
from the gardeners. from The produced vegetables 39
dition in Germany regional and federal allotment federal and regional 2012). income of the company income . The company furt is - consultancy of other garconsultancy of other commercial g commercial rten alities of practic the However,
( 2012). - consumption, and as well as well as andconsumption, as ( Bundestag 1983) soil thus preventedsoil is from
ardening plot, especially especially plot, ardening reaching back into thereaching into back hermore selling hermore
dening
the . associatio
political profit profit
the the
ns ns CEU eTD Collection classes ap classes years. recent in changed a common, as well as cooking course gardeningHowever, workshops activities, on likepruning bed creation are and raised Once th Once 1983). agricultural land (Bundestag for amounts common rent the to locallyrelative anto amount amember pays tenant Each fees. and more organised. democratically important rolea as hiding placeforregime an they played bureaucratic.conservative However, and highly being as perceived were owned bythe and German railway, post also some the state. by the hous e garden with needed and additional foodbe to sources thathard. able work has to This “BackLaubenpieper than, The gardeners The In B In 2012). you people,simple law have todayyou have all different social milieus.you You have theworker, industrial have The gardens allotment from face being of a changes onpublicland. number tenants member the financed is by associations roof and colonies local of structure The whole thegardens. allotment Other rarely mentioned projects e public benefit would be higher from a highway or a new school, allotment gardens allotment highwayfrom wouldbeor benefit a higher aschool, new e public
plying to rent an allotment garden. allotment rent to an plying young families moving into the allotment gardensgardens 2012).(Allotment erlin, land the majority the of However, due to its industrial history, industrial its gardensthere to allotment However, due areonland still
formerly were mainly industrial workers who could not afford to live in afford livein to could not workerswere who mainly formerly industrial Today there are not only workers, but also people from other social social from other also workers,people but only Today arethere not In rec In ent years, andentshift seeexperienced a perceptionmore they - fee and for a rent the 400m
(allotmentgardeners in Berlin) werepeople. simple But s for jams and chutneys( and for jams y ers, you ers, ha the allotment gardens are based is owned owned is based are gardens allotment onwhich the -
opposition during opposition 40 ve doctors, everything” doctors, ve churches. Allotment gardens ² parcel which is legally limited
Third Reich and were always always and were Third Reich
G eneral ly, allotmentgardens
(Allotment gardens 2012).
-
CEU eTD Collection Administrative of Court Germany has recently stopped the clearing due to still prevailing legal dispuits (URLA100stoppen). started. This raised protest of the allotment gardeners coalition in with local environmental NGOs.The Federal farm 2006. was in started a 2012). colonies for all Berlin,possible in not is soil top this underneath most of the funding the soil lacking is planning ca from 9 income some havecertified. organically theH mushrooms cereals Berlin whichto transported a is - bio from runs thefarm mushroom more as a hobby. experimenting in with substrate interested for growing mushroom personally is gardener be confronted bysplittingare parcels if existing they enough large difficult to realize. The waiting lists in the centraldistricts ar be might Berlin, althoughthis of gardens allotment extent in on preserving the existing Dauer demolition for cleared often are
n This happened only recentlywith 40allotment gardens to make roomfor the new highwayA 100. Although the funding apartment building Pren in z
the Federal government is not yet allotted, the Senate of Berlin has ordered the area to be cleared and so the demolition demolition the so and cleared be to area the has ordered Berlin of Senate the yet allotted, not is government Federal the
BioPilze organic and organicgrocers the restaurants in same ( food district he receives from the farming mushroom however,covering hefromis, costs. receives the barely “The basic idea of o of idea basic “The
the raw materials raw the into the citya agricultureand happeningthentransport to is into the mushrooms the city For the short (URLBiopilze Berlin) Biopilze Berlin gardener. landscape a The company run is as an additionalincome source by n only declare be gartenland (permanent allotment garden land) garden allotment (permanent gartenland - term future, the future, umbrellaterm
is a private company, producing oyster mushrooms in a basement of of basement a oyster in mushrooms producing a company, is private
ur mushroom farm in the city is not to produce to not usually is farm where the the in city ur mushroom d . without soil contamination lauer Berg lauer . Dueand themunition to already mentioned ruins war
9 . This is why they struggle to be declared nd to grow the mushrooms close to the consumers” closemushrooms the to grow the nd to
(dis The mushrooms growmushrooms The onaof straw, mix hayand is clients are mainly trict Friedrichshain association association 41 dynamic was to farm. it possible Therefore, , but for, but excavation and replacement of allotment gardens focussing is e long; this high demand high cane this long; only . This statu -
Kreuzberg) private individuals but also but private individuals (Allotment gardens(Allotment 2012).
BioPilze (Allotment g s in the spatial . The mushroom The mushroom
, 2012). get get to but ardens ardens
The The The The and
CEU eTD Collection planning- and acquisition Malzfabrik). (URL centre cultural acommercial as run now is which area industrial an in factory fu as work nutrions cleaned; the and gets filtered and thus beda spread vegetable is over school show instance for program, component the to anintegrate educational wouldfurthermore to He prefer gardener. landscape afreelance as job his is occupation main rather satisfied toable be to rent out the basement( activity reservationswere against the any andprivately have not did owners The owned. carrying out the project the out which carrying was2010is in founded Berlin district Schöneberg be improved ( a do wouldbe upatThe the flat). clientsinnovation or his they to them simplymushrooms picked substr ( canmushrooms be grown and improvecommunication with habits his private his clients BioPilze rtilizers for the plants ( - it- ate. He about chang also thinks yourself
“ECF is astart is “ECF The aquaponic mushroom the challenge, greatest The The farm mushroom is located the in basement of an apartment building which is and carbon is conscious The and resulting sustainable. environmenta are innovative, values marketed. ECF’s be Berlin) ready to is and EC mainly are plans future concrete His 2012). F Center the operation of aquaponic farms in the city. The System (ASTAFpro of IGB of city. (ASTAFpro System the in The aquaponicfarms of the operation The company has started with a first small- BioPilze - kit forFor mushrooms. kit the homegrown rec this - is a yet to be realized aquaponic roof aquaponic realized yet be ato is neutral - - 2012) up company wit up system is based on a closed water a closed on based is system ECF phase for the larger farm. In close cooperation with a research aresearch with cooperation In close farm. larger the for phase - Tempelhof. TheTempelhof. start “ . (
2012). ECF 2012). The farm will beThe will located farm onthe rooftop of an malt old h the mission to promote to the construction,h the the mission planning ing ing
his retailing either (so system far brought the he focussed on his experiments his focussed with on new forms of - farmer currently faces, is his lack of time as his his as time of lack his is faces, currently farmer - 42 up company Efficient City Farming (ECF) pro BioPilze duce hasduce a . scale aquaponic this yea r the and in is this aquaponic scale - cycle: The waste water from the fish fish the from water waste The cycle: - in the of in 1000m² farm southerntop 2012) i epe epe reduced water consumption water consumption reduced . of theyet substrate has to - classes how how classes l l y
CEU eTD Collection the private companies are mainly mainly are companies private profit of associations the a other have multitude motivations, the ownerfor company personally not ofthe debts.is liablecompany’s the through members. the GmbH translates into companywith limited liability. This indicates that election ademocratic of basis the on annually elected be to has which board association Furthermore non- the the purpose association. of areand donations t fees profit. Member a make to supposed association not is thatais non- number obligations. important legal ofMost aand with rights forms come a non- food urban to production has contribute resilience to bewill helpful later receive to howa urban broader ofand picture the possibilities options projectsthey differ and what common in have scheme for fish the which will then be delivered grew it once upi gathered aresources forfishwhich“godfatherhoods” pre means area byoffering yet but not is exists actually planned. investor wouldbe apply to for Research challenge the of company. for aoption and Anprivate the alternative problem to preferred Euros. the costsofprivate investment 3million investor cover to ntly company Curre the for is looking a system. aquaponic anew developed have they Berlin) of appliedinstitute science fürIGB Gewässerökologie institute (Leibniz undBinnenfischerei, pr All projectsare focus the form either of organized, in thattheyare allformally common The have projects in To summarize the project description Currently,has the started company grow to a fishin small ofit association – (e.V. ofit sing eingetragener Verein) or as a private company (GmbH). These These (GmbH). company aprivate as or Verein) eingetragener
ex plicitly
and Development fundingfrom the state.and option This Development or or s, implicitly
in order to clarifygreat their divers I want to give a short overview of how the of how the overview give aI short want to 43 profit associations are supposed to have an an have to profit associations are supposed .
. While the non - production. While on food n autumn. n autumn. - This poses also the main scale tank. The financial The financial tank. scale
here to finance finance to here - ity which financing financing profit profit CEU eTD Collection is set on a huge green set onais area hugeonthe former airport Tempelhof. area, area industrial an in located is Center ECF The areas. commercial a hi the other projects are the in former located Western part. The areas are highly with urbanized Laskerwiesen Berlin and BioPilze are located the in former the partdividedBerlin, Eastern of Pankow, Friedrichshain . area 74,500 gardeners than 3,000 onmore allotment gardens with their historicallygrown structure are spread all over the city. With over allotherdistributed projects Berlin.While have oneonthe map, specificpoint the main goalother.all produce food oneor be one,in the way a they might different offocussing food, theof with exception Prinzessinnengarten. the Although onthe production portion of these are even locatedeven ofportion these are incentral the districts around the central district “Mitte”. gh percentage of sealed surfaces. They are surrounded by buildings, including houses and and buildings, houses including by are surrounded They surfaces. gh of sealed percentage
The initiatives and companies, selected for this study are located in located are study this for selected companies, and initiatives The Figure Figure the central one of projectsAll produce in The allotment gardens are spread all over the city (cf. (cf. city the over all spread are gardens allotment The 1 : Localization of case studies case of Localization : - Figure Kreuzberg, Figure and Schöneberg.Like Neukölln
hectar e s , they represent the UA the represent they , 44 districts of Berlin Figure Figure
- Allmende whereas - form with theform greatest 2 ). However, a large ). However, a large . The projects are projects are . The
the districts of 1
Kontor Kontor shows, shows, CEU eTD Collection of the colonies are located rather far rather located are colonies the of Wilmersdorf, Tempelhof located in the central six districts Mitte, Kreuzberg publication ( administration public providedFollowing the bythe numbers Table Table Figur Marzahn “The Colourful Green”“Thearound the Colourful overall 50% of area of and parcels number are e 4 Charlottenburg 2 : Berlin’s allotment gardens in numbers in gardens allotment Berlin’s : Friedrichshain : Distribution of allotment gardens in Berlin (dark green spots) Source: Berlin (2011) Berlin Source: spots) green (dark Berlin in gardens allotment of Distribution : Wilmersdorf Lichtenberg Kreuzberg Neukölln District Mitte - Hellersdorf
-
Schöneberg, Pankow and Reinickendorf( Schöneberg, Pankow and
- -
No. of colonies from the urban centre the urban (cf. from 116 58 41 31 96 2
45 No. of parcels of No. 6,197 3,324 2,036 8,664 9,877 127
- Friedrichshain, CharlottenburgFriedrichshain, -
Figure 2 Figure Covered area (in ha) area Covered Figure Figure Table Table ). 302.3 283.4 171.8 406.1
65.3 3.4
), although most 3), although most
) in its recent4) in its
CEU eTD Collection ens i gardyoung Theens allotment rather development. gardens, haveyears. the been otherthe 10 last within projects founded can This a beas seen allotment gardenersare who struggling to preserve the current state. even to exareforming concrete plans backgrounds waiting foran increasing a andlists long parcel. with demand shift in recentyears, growing a young interest of families, a diversification of social All projects have seen some changes in the recent times. Besides the allotment allotment the Besides times. recent the in changes some seen have projects All Figure All theAll projects have common in Tempelhof Steglitz Treptow Berlin as a whole a as Berlin 3 Reinickendorf districts (based on Berlin 2011) Berlin on (based districts central and peripheric between area allotment of Distribution : Spandau Pankow - Zehlendorf - - Köpenick Schöneberg
1663.5 ha 1663.5
54%
Central districts Central
ten 934 155 78 79 95 89 94 that they
d
theirportfolio of activities
Peripheric districts Peripheric 46 anticipa n contrast have experienced have contrast n 74,526 10,827 5,554 4,382 9,560 7,151 6,827 te t te
1400.5 ha 1400.5
46% heir heir
exist
ence , with exception of exception the , with 3,064 198.3 186.6 242.4 269.6 517.5 417.3 in thein close future
a perception
- , CEU eTD Collection Thus the projects can be identified as as identified be can projects the leisure.meant and Thus provide to food Theallotment end. gardens an show similar than characteristics,a means theyare rather is the integrationgarden, it the in immigrants. role of plays an food important production While community wants support to organized as non- gardens community “conventional” as described be can Pyramidengarden and Laskerwiesen following analysisget toa differentiated picture. redirect its profits social into and ecologicalpurposes. “gemeinnützige a GmbH”, special form of a private company with limited liability that will and the commercial UA their of type of itself. Nevertheless itbelongs to the multifunctional UA additional goal form to aof coordination point in Berlin and not is (2006) (cf. s with certain straits of subsistence tivations and typology: typology: and theirtivations mo foundprojects in are the The of contrasts This greatThis varietyactors forms, the ofmotivations, helps andin legal circumstances commercial commercial - ection activities profit association
1.4). Allmende
UA UA . , as , Prinzessinnengarte . This canThis be backed upby fact, the thattheythe legal have form of a
they are organized as private company and try to make a profit out out a makeprofit to andcompany try private as are organized they - forming the in neighbour - - Kontor also a is community oriented s
with differingwith backgrounds motivational n is somehow a fusion of the fusionof a somehow n is
UA
followingof the Van typology Veenhuizen 47 hood, the latter focus the latter hood, . are clearly the BioPilze andthe ECF clearly are - based project, however project, based has the
a non- multifunctional profit association in multifunctional es explicitly on : w hile the first
type type UA ,
CEU eTD Collection Levin (1999) generalfound resilience conferring of studies a in variety of social systems (Walker & 2006). Salt retain basiccapacity its functiona absorbstill system disturbanceand of and to structure and Walker social of resilience for basedis onthe conceptu framework al how food 4 are are resilience for factors Which ? B production contribute to urban resilience in an industrialized country context country an industrialized resilience in urban to contribute production ERLIN which contribute to the resilience of social of resilience the to contribute which They factors identified nine In the followingI analysis attempt to answer the first research question “ Innovations
Figure Figure (cf. (cf. Capital
Social Social As already described in section in described already As (2006). Salt Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden. gefunden nicht konnte Verweisquelle Fehler! . Governance ’ 4 Overlap of Overlap S URBAN VEGETABLE PR s as keyfactors Levin diversity, found and modularity thekeyfactors tightness as ofs feedback :
Resilience framework Resilience
feed
Tight - backs - social Resilience
Ecosystem Ecosystem
system services ecological
of Acknowledg variables
ing alysis anurban This alysis vegetablefulfilled production?” by
slow ODUCERS Diversity
- Modularity 48
Ecological variability :
C
ONTRIBUTING TO RESIL
, they defined resilienceas t 1.2, they defined - ecolo system: resilient social- a achieve to necessary are which factors and social to concept applied this & (2006) Walker Salt 2006). Walker Salt & in (cited ecosystems of resilience the for variability, gical systems following - ) ecological systems by by systems ecological . Three of these were were these of Three . identified - ecological systems a cknowledging cknowledging Does urban - , and if so , and if so e ecological ecological ecological six moresix col IEN ogical ogical CE he he ?
CEU eTD Collection ecosystems of a region of ecosystems “ as the understood is which regardwith biodiversity to production in the US. Due to the demand of the market a certain species with extremelywith certain species thea broad the to demand market production theDue in US. of oncein, the system suddenly changes. Walker outcome relations in a certain point in time, disregarding the impacts this choice might result (Walker & 2006). Efficiency Salt selecting means the respect one with best option input to disturbances this system It . the to refers diversity disturbancesto and reduces options diversity the open. Aoptions limits system’s lack of k changes absorb the shock. Diversity comparedcont the with crops, diversity choices, of food diversity of and actors organizations. the urban food - 4.1 comparing scientificwith findings my papersthe issue on urban food producers respect with theirthe to to nine contribution factors section variables,slow overlap innovation, social capital, governance, in e
Diversity 1.2) Increasing efficiency(optimization) inevitably leads diversityin to a reduction are there The variations more sectionThis offers a shortintro In order to answer the st In answer order to the ick in and impact the system. Diversity system. the and impact relatesick in flexibility to andyour keeping .
, the system’s processes, andbetween, the the system’s interactions nodes links then also
system with special emphasis on biodiversity ofnature, urban diversity of (
Matutinovic 2001,WalkerMatutinovic & Salt 2006) variety of people, thespecies, in number ribution to resilience to Berlin. food byurban producers ribution in ” (Miati & Miati 2011). Transferred& social to 2011). ” Miati (Miati includes functional and diversity response is also seen as seen also is ated research question I analysed the interviews with the the with interviews the I analysed question research ated available to respond to a shock, the greater the ability to to abilitygreater the the a to shock, respond available to duction of what diversity can mean in the context of context the duction of in what mean diversitycan
a a pool, major source of future once options
and Salt (2006) Salt takeand the example of the turkey 49 . . This has been specifically has This totality of genes, species, and and genes, species, of totality andstitutions in that exist in
to challenges and sudden and sudden challenges to cosystem cosystem
- and themby discuss ecological systems, ecological capacity to respond capacityrespond to This idea is th . s ervices
stated stated
(cf. (cf. e n -
CEU eTD Collection this might the havethis in framework the species. disadvantage of introducing invasive However, conventional food ( system get not which could the thein ts immigran herbs vegetables and theto planting foreign of urban setting ( diversityof gardens likeallotment plants and contributes thus to the local biodiversity an in Pyramideng pond al. 2012).such habitatset (Cameron species to comparable private gardens. were These found provide to shelter for numerous species, maybe not and UAfloraMultifunctional fauna, onthecomparablea for ground createsshelter with Kontor number preserve often to ofthe with intention different vegetables, ( varieties old urban foo and choices the diversi crops, food the diversityof answered how in far theyimpact the biodiversity changes ongoing high the wholealmost population of the US of the breasts d- - yieldcrops is losing its diversity rapid in a rate, making itmore andmore vulnerable t system. This is shown in the remainder of this chapter. the shown in remainder is This ofsystem. this is emphasized asis a gathering and for birds spot insects biodiversity
Th Biodiversity: Whe but with poorreproduction capacities (without artificial fertilization) represents 99% 2012, is is also emphasized by community gardeners by community emphasized also is is - n of Turkeys. Stopping Turkeys. n of populatio arten notes thata communitygarden natural in provides soil a high similar n applying to understanding this Prinzessinnengarten Pyramidengarten (FAO 2010)
(Berlin 2010,Barthel, andFolke Cording(Berlin et al. 2010,Cameron 2012) It It - rich semi rich is is almost needless to Allmende . The global collapse .
- 2012, evertheless as a useful complement to to complement useful a as nevertheless but habitats, natural
2012). The focus special interaction onintercultural leads - Kontor Allotment gardensAllotment 2012)
point out point
make make potentialto the intervention has human 2012). 2012). urban food producers, the question has be to producers, the question food urban 50 agricultural with its few system awhole, as of urban nature including the diversity of the including diversityof of nature urban ty of actors and organizations in Berlin’s in ty organizations of and actors Besides biodiversity to the contribution
that u : In : Laskerwiesen of the the function
rban gardensrban areto contributing
rge rge a la grow projects The . ( Laskerwiesen
2012) Allmende
while o - . CEU eTD Collection food providingtre shrubs, food during provision the harvesting season. the to concentration of Due available fruits tenants regulation obey this by to having fruit ontheircontributes trees their parcel to which B marketin food choices of byincreasingthedecentral number besides.other The are motivations commercial clearlycontributing projects the to consumer’s offer at aim clearly projects the away surplus commercial the free, expecting for sometimes for donations While it. the projects are non are projects the Berlin. how marginal alternative food outlets threshold the statisticsdecentral individual, as the onrevenues aotheralternative foodhaveminor forms outlets of only large mushrooms. modification been has (yet) not app oyster lied to growing minor. species be such might diffusion of g the garden cared cultivated settin for and of a highly BioPilze retailing system of grocers and supermarket chains ( chains supermarket and grocers of system retailing
“I could go into the forest, look for look thecutgo“I mushroom, the heartgrow here. the could forest, it into and out The gardensandframework allotment their legal (Bundes not apwould not inpear these The vegetable producers urban statistics either, as most of Diversifying choices food ( outcome“ same the have It would farm approach: is theve mushroom monocultural ha a more projects commercial The g their produce. of two local varieties (thewinter summer andthe variety)andemphasizes genetic that the assessment (Berlin 2008). (Berlin the assessment into introduced be to gG) oblige the tenant to use at least one third of his or her land for the growing for tenant the usegG) of or to third at his herof least obligethe one land - profit associations and not allowed to sell their produce. They rather give rather They their produce. sell to allowed not associations and profit es, and es,
ing an alternative source for food, the community gardensalternative an food,ing have the sourcefor community :
The food in provision Berlin mainly is hand of the the in plants (Bundestagplants 1983, (in comparison toretailing the system) shop BioPilze 51 2012) ized ized
. marketers food Berlin providers in Berlin 2008). Farmer’smarkets and share of 0.5% and are invisible in and in share are invisible 0.5% of Allotment gardens 2012). This already provides an idea of of idea provides an already This
do not BioPilze
pass
the statistical gartengesetz; gartengesetz;
and direct direct and
are in Most Most CEU eTD Collection Prinzessinnengarten based on the limited time th regardinggeneral opinion the orplot, his her potential the could tell a story contested the community within gardens. practitioner most Although 10 dis And they are numerous appear fooddo not official in contrast to the formal food a- to system diversity food contributes thus of (Matutinovic 2001) the system itself to has show a diversity of dif gardening initiatives. have choicesBerlin’s citizens which 2012). canning andjams (Allotment foodchutneys, gardens products like fruit cooking forcourses during allotment autumnmost colonies are organizing fruit exchange autumnand meetings in Assuming thatmost of them are over 18, they represent 4.3% of the voters. Definitly a critical mass. community garden to be partly provided with food, this results in 151,200 urban gardeners, formallyorganized in Berlin.
There are 75,000 allotment gardens in Berlin and 24 community gardens. Assuming 2persons per allotment and 50 per trict associations. There are different 24 communitygardens Berlin in n impact, as the people use part of the vegetables they are are they vegetables the of part use people the as impact, an makes it course, “Of The possibility becomeindependent to from the conventional food system Althoughurban marginal, food the production contribute can the to increase of surprising 10or with 20m²“ Organizational Organizational things. or other produce] used is forgarden’sgrowing jams at part home.the Another [of
But: The of dream subsistence about . The mere. The food existenceproviders ofthe conventional different besides 2012, Pyramidengarten 2012,
commercial system, the urban gardeners produce rather informally and and informally rather produce gardeners urban the system, commercial
and actor diversity one member wh member one 10 . The allotment gardens are organized in over 900 colonies and 18 coloniesgardensare over and in 18 The 900 organized allotment at at leisure statistics. Theystatistics. greatly of a organization. have form different ( Pyramidengarten
- , although is mostly this limited to the members the of gardeners can spend in the garden spend thecan in ( gardeners o is able to provide for him or herself with the help of of the herself with help or provide him for able to is : 2012). 2012). In order as prevail a to ferent organizations and organizations contributing actors it ferent to - 52 eal. real. far from is agriculture , 2012) providing organizations and actors. In andproviding actors. organizations . - self for social s sufficiency sufficiency
of multifunctionalUA Laskerwiesen -
ecological system, system, ecological
(URL Stiftung (URL Stiftung That not is is negative, is negative,
is highlyis
2012, 2012,
food food
CEU eTD Collection humans tend to control these events control these humans tend to fires forest projects. agriculture, however, for the focus ofmy study I have decided to exclude peri city.Per expanding by the impacted highly by being characterized is 11 time over changes cyclical reduce Ecological it. control and variability to attempting variability of instead relates to 4.2 2011) peri found He rates. employment and productivity land achieve higher and markets close their to set an to urban close ofopportunities being potential in the multifunctional peri- their projects might betheir re sourceforproduce hope that this local might the practitioners.mention They andorganizations their foc Interkultur)
Peri
- urban fa -urban agriculture means commercial agricultural production area. urban the of margins on the . Ecological variability
„We think it „We beto rather counter “Of course,“Of surrounding r the ecological with and embrace work theto to need also point (2006) Walker and Salt a economic high Lohrberg accordance in is thewhoThis with findingssees (2011) of of example ideal the not are ofprovision cities. We A further the to spectrum contribution of urban agricult economically and trend iflocal this continuous, becom production will rise fallow right increase prices prices enormous make now.petrol will The food of partly is which agriculturalland, Brandenburg has large food; regionallyproduced
the existence of of existence the for l usefu are which . Each newly appearing initiative will broaden newly. Each will appearing initiative the diversity of possible rms in Germanyrms in be to innovative contribute to thi to contribute ” ( ECF i . 2012) which
the unused potential of perithe unused potential . happen s awareness s
and thus interfere with naturalcycles the
egionscities of Berlin like are urban agriculture which embraces the challenges and and challenges the embraces which agriculture urban - productive, to connect to productive, agriculture and urban self naturally ting: He notes thatperi Heting: notes - certain biomes
shift: shift: 53 due their to proximity a city to (Lohrberg i -urban is usually included when discussing urban . They take the examples of fl of examples the take They - activated more vehemently and that that and vehemently more activated -urban this” - urban agriculture urban ure by pointedout is several of
-urban intra on concentrate farmers and (wetlands and pyrophytes) (wetlands ( Prinzessinnengarten 2012) an important source for sourcefor an important - urban fa urban e more interestinge more Peri . In the context - r urban agriculture agriculture urban 11 mers produce produce mers
and express express and oods andoods
but but .
- CEU eTD Collection basically basically unconnected the climate, to outside ECF Center produce will aquaponics in which are fromapart surrounding the natural ECF T variabilities. ecological these with cope and react a Berlin the projects of have foodconcrete the urban producers casesof onto globalfood are passed market on the However, prices rising variabilities rarely a tangible have impact onthe availability food (Krawinkel of 2005). variabilities food- there shoul would adaptation An consumers. of power financial the strategy the dependingnational markets on social the sphere theavailability variabilityof certain and c prices through of the in reflected are variabilities appearing naturally one crop These under conditions. fixed onlywhen producerandability produc ofabroader than the knowledge learn to the require variabil annual with cope to a strategy such as (Kandulu, Connor2012). Bryan, A broadening Kindand ofalso activitiesbe can understood of flexibility the in choice of (Kandulu, Connor2012). Bryan, Kindand by impacted of the social the of
. population ofprovision the human try to get try to detachedfrom these natural appearing variabilitiesgrowing by their produce then In developedcountrie So ter wa of system a closed d be another cheaper one availab one cheaper another be d how does urban cit food production contribute the to
Does it? ? Does be the diversi be the - climate i.e.annual rainfall rates, solar radiation but also bypestsand di ecologicalsystem food, of variability app
fication of nutrition. If onefication crop of nutrition. s
, crops, a diversification of crops has proven be to helpful where as such - tanks and green houses tanks and . While BioPilz. le cover the to demand In orderto cope with this variability, the strategy it y (Lohberg 2011). Both strategies, however, yBoth however, strategies, (Lohberg 2011). 54 my case study is situated, these n these situated, is study case my e is situated in a basement and thus rath thus and abasement in situated e is he commercial systems commercial he lies to the annual yields produce annual of the to lies .
pro ve y’s s to be too expensive, then then expensive, be to too s
and to secure the sufficient sufficient the secure to and
adaptation to ecological ecological to adaptation
the consumer. In the In the the consumer.
varying capacity to to capacity varying , i.e. BioPilze and, i.e. BioPilze rops to the rops the to seases seases atural atural ing er er
CEU eTD Collection Their strategy negotiate is to fo association of gardens allotment gardens (Allotment asprivatized theis water supply 2012). by umbreallaas the perceived rather one high a gardens,with the allotment the case of canthus steer the water supply their production. of climate. of circumstances changing andprovide testing not aspect. did information onthis phase their system of ( basis a regular on bags substrate the replacing pest artificial no organically, water system: change ( change climate global to connect they which decade last the during appeared have which changes climatic the of aware very became and years the over learning and experimenting are They with subgroupswith of components thatare s between allcomponents links (Walker & 2006) Salt understoodis as which the in manner the components 4.3 yieldcompensatedgood another. the with of
Modularity „We are strugg are „We The m The and di However, pests The multifunct And then we have[...] raise to the rent” as they much as want, itwill water not save can get cheaper. gardeners allotment the public making noone interested is watercompanies. Berlin.And arein privatized They Resilient social- Pyramide use the contracts are made in such a way, that there is high revenue. And revenue. high is there that away, such in made are contracts the use beca , ultifunctional
ngarten . ional ling to lower the extra charges which means republi means which charges extra the lower to ling Modularity Modularity components. ofdular consist mo should ecological systems If a system is h is asystem If
2012, UA projects are open are projects UA UA-
- - control can be used. BioPilze becan used. control to produce to aim their to Due with. coped be to have seases
shocks shocks r a new contract but also to ask for a re a ask for also to but contract new a r gardens have a br gardens very have Laskerwiesen
All these projects have a connection to the water grid and gridand the water connection a have to projects these All will ighly connected ighly trongly internally, linked only but connected loosely travel rapidly through the whole system. Systems Systems system. whole the rapidly through travel
(Allotment gardens 2012). (Allotment BioPilze
55 - are are and air 2012). However, comes a this with In high cost.
o 2012) while ECFCenter is still in the –
a that make up a system are linked are system a up make that T d range of crops they are planting. they are planting. crops d range of lots of of lots are there that means which he exit of one crop might be be might crop of one exit he therefore therefore e.g. cop e.g. es withes a fruitflie more exposed to these these to exposed more -
publicization cization
of the of the of the
them s by by s
CEU eTD Collection Kontor and Prinzessinnengarten) show interlinkages and common networks with each other. each with other. common networks and show interlinkages Kontor and Prinzessinnengarten) stakeholdersBioPilze of only the commercial projects show these interlinkages the with commercial on a matrix with t stakeholder ofstakeholder (cf. each project portfolios consumers. producers The offood the interlinkages urban be of can out derived the interaction infrastructure water, and other and also the dependencies to with of interconnectedness:the following forms three sub certain to connectedness & (Walker 2006) Salt else” everything to connected necessarily absorbto & shocks (Walker 2006) Salt self to achance has awhole as system the and fail, Walker and(2006), keep modules Salt individual functioning when linkedmodules loosely to each other, have a modular structurea eachto other, have
the conventional individuals individuals private are “Those surrounding. They are located all in PrenzlauerBerg, it’s ultra the in organic those small and shops Well, products. which supply priced lower chain big the not are Those Bio- for instance The community From the stakeholder Potential respectWith Berlin to s -
portfolio showsthe ac portfolio with any actor of the food system which ofmeans producers, the foodeither retailers or any system with actor the conventionalinterlinkages with food influence and shared interests shared and influence of axes two he
food food - and EC , and , Berlin in Prenzlauer Allee or the restaurant “Barsem” in Blitzstraße. Blitzstraße. in “Barsem” restaurant the or Allee Prenzlauer in Berlin - Allmende Pyramidengarten, (Laskerwiesen, projects garden based system - - knowledge. portfolios of eachportfolios food becomes producing it project, food system food ofsystems the F Farm ’s urban ’s ;
tors with which the project which tors with interacts. Theyare distributed s. They have asked o asked have They s. suppliers for their gardening material seeds, i.e. tools, soil the the wh are supermarkets are interconnectedness of urban food producers food of urban interconnectedness . To put it into a into shortsentence: it To put . ich Iich Besides there supply. are organic small shops,
and this contributes resilience to and this food producers food Appendix 3: Stakeholder 3: Appendix 56 i nterlinkages - organize and therefore a greater capacity capacity agreater therefore and organize nce, but they need different suppliers different need nce, they but , organic shops and restaurants:and , organic shops . ncentrated on on I coInncentrated following the system system
. this means to analyse their their analyse to means this the urban food producers food the urban have .
could exist in in the formexist of could - l ocal ” “Everything is not “Everything not is -
Portfolios food system ( BioPilze . As, following As, following
with each with each clear ). Each Each ). 2012)
.
The The that that . CEU eTD Collection research projects ZFarm projects research likethe show certain commonstakeholders commercial projects producers.other The food stakeholder w shareany donot other urban they forBesides development, Ministry the all from disconnected highly are gardens allotment the time, same stak certain interviews 12 modularity f of the urban 4: understood from Appendix comparison food Berlin. thein to consumed in marginal foodquantities thoughurban producersfood produce even only system the interlinkages can foodThis the system. with conventional modularity be interpreted as of individual clients as more influential. companies. How existence of whichtheir supportthestakeholders clients represent as the paying they dependent system.are ontheir twocommercial projects independently The from this allotmen showsclearlyThis modular character disconnectedness and the community of and the collection in their project on Zero theircollection projectin on note t inputs everyone. between projects with a similar interest and motivation, not everyoneis interlinked with
ZFarm is a research project, based in Berlin which is trying to connect building hat each member brings his or her own seeds, the sources range from retailers to retailers from range sources the seeds, own her or his brings member each hat
are highly decentralized. The non- decentralized. highly are The f drawn be can As t gardens from the conventional food system. It means that they can act that theyact canIt the system. conventional gardens t food means from
. It. showsclearly c the that eholders, likee.g. Attheeholders, networks the press, and certain funding opportunities. i urban urban of nterconnectedness ever, BioPilze showed little inclination for client acquisition and his 12 -acrage (Cf. agriculture URL ZFarm).
sources for the material and the financial the financial the and material for the sources interviews, rom the ood producers clear.ar becomes there Although and the organic labellingagency.
Actor -
Network This meansThis thatthe urban food producers only have few ommunity gardensare highly connected food producing organizations food profit associa . This network narratives basedthe in is onthe . This 57
tions (includingalltions the -bound urban agriculture in a data From the diagrams
other
with each other can be be can other each with urban tment gardens) gardens) otment e
existing
producers. producers. the partial and share share and - ith the r seed seed r links
the the CEU eTD Collection furthe Oncetools. a certain established, stock is the communitygarden need claimnot to anything which every use. avoids can thateach This member buygardenerto active has own his/her 2012, self to exchange includes shoes even old and cooking an bathtub, old ( pots find. This could ofkind usedthey material gardener whatever each with wereplots by built their trash (URL Prinzessinengarten). Thething true same is for Allmende potatoes. Us e.g. vegetables wast the usual urban from of containments old are recycling allkinds community projects:engarten Prinzessinn cit house. Thusbecomingfor sink the waste humus organic nt from the apartme anearby with gardens gardens2012). (Allotment compost to framework legal oblidgedthe by are gardeners allotment The fertilizers. commercial from independence ahigher results key a of plays compost near from However, some established gardening initiative has developed a rain water collection system certain makesThis varying avulnerable to themto price degree y ( Pyramidengarten r ( Pyramidengarten With respectWith the to water, allthe projects aregrid dependingof Berlin. onthe water For all the groundFor - allthe The use of urban material waste a is theme which canyounger be found the in Laskerwiesen create - by roof ually themas theyor donations collect active gardeners of collectedthemout compost - old plastic baker baskets, old Tetra baker baskets, old plastic old production ( production - tops ( tops 2012, Pyramidengarten 2012, 2012). 2012). -
; role in their production. their in role 2012). Most community gardens have or want to establish a community tool Most gardens establish 2012). to or have want rganic waste collection system system collection waste anorganic established even Pyramidengarten Laskerwiesen bound food producers (including Prinzessinnengarten) the creation the creation food producers (including Prinzessinnengarten) bound Allotment gardensAllotment 2012, 2012). , for instance,
2012). 2012). Fertilizing theirself plot s with 58 - - Rice old seedlings, for Pak Allmende gained a lot of public attention as they attentionasgained they aof public lot Allmende - Kontor - Kontor s of the few ofs suppliers
e for growing their growing their e for 2012, - Kontor. The raised Kontor. The raised 2012). All community - made compost compost made Laskerwiesen bags for bags for - pool pool .
CEU eTD Collection Salt 2012) Salt movingis towards of a a regime threshold shift di be applied secure to means monitoring food and quantities qualities. retailing processing foodthe existing production, and assessment, managementof monitoring the and disturbances (Walker Salt & 2006). Applying prepareto helps configuring variables managing of these associated thresholds with 4.4 systemprovision also rather is modular. description does provide not a quantitative overview, to possible is assume it thatthe dependingnot continue onone orderto their sourcein with single activity. Although this ( cafés increased systematically over the last 10 years 10 last the over systematically increased on the different political levels. s The used with coffee experiment company to has started from in outside brought the is c cereals) hay, (straw, substrate needed steam are much more valuable usually and In owners. bycompany’s bought ofese th Biopilze the case seases
Acknowledging slow variables BioPilze The play research community A resilient world wouldhave a policy on focus T The commercial projects in co in projects commercial The
, also with respectthealso with to long , and contamination. he projects show a variability high their of material. for sources means This they are - . fermenter for the straw the for fermenter 2012). the suffi the
which lead to the shift in a regime I ci t ent supply ofent supply quality is essent is - substrate and asubstrate labincubator andwith ( s upervision
ntrast work with privately ial for the resilience of a sys of resilience the for ial a significant role here and so does the political sphere here role the sphere a political and significant does so
- term experiences from history (cf. section 3.1) section (cf. history from experiences term
this notion to Berlin’s food system this means this system food Berlin’s to notion this
and what drivers promote this shift what driversthis and promote
(Halkier & Holm 2006; Marvin et al. 2009; al. 2009; Marvin 2006; Holm et& (Halkier This of the food onpolitical system of all levels 59 - - of of theto occurence respect also with food, powder which they receive fromreceive close they which powder
system of controlling and steering must for for . “ The monitoring and resulting slow
and owned equipment. They equipment. owned are tem ” to to , controlling variables
to note to BioPilze absorb the system’s the system’s absorb ity,
when a regime regime a when
however the
2012). (Walker & (Walker
The The - . It It . has has by by CEU eTD Collection Houghton e challenges and even thresholds of the German food system. of the Germanchallengesfood even and thresholds Berlin commercially are food sold currentlythese in reports as included not and p in Berlin like cities and a whole as Germany food of provision thechanges in for awareness and political contributes the to public this Berlin.All in system food the urban on data statistical which(Berlin provides 2008) protection an publishes annual report onthe state of agricultur andHealth, the Consumer Regional Ministry Environment In Berlin, German press. concerningthat issues the safety of food- (Halkier consumer & the Holm easier choices for does make 2006). not Ho secures wever, it and commerce for and chambers BÖWL like associations Demerer, Bioland, NGOs Naturland; likeFoodWatch and Greenpeace sector industrial and of our food- provide and organic information onthe social, labelling environmental economic and impacts ( knowledge make thewith information theyto need 2006). & Holm (Halkier (“Länder”) State Federal each with The of introduction European law based is onthe highlyis compl German system the authors2006). state, As the (Halkierof& German food policies Holm and the the consumer”focus “responsible into and of thesystem harmonization European the put consumer’s food the lawin foo trust d have liv in outbreaks and disease Federal ministry for agriculture and consumption; regionalconsumption; agricultureFederal and for for ministries consumption) ministry
the described system above might provide for a sufficient monitoring of monitoring of a for sufficient above provide might described system the , urban food producers, due to their marginal quantities ofdue their to marginal urban quantities food 3, producers, chapter in stated As complexity,Due this to numerous actors are provide to trying the German consumers t al.t 2009) system but also numerous non- but . The numerous e - stock (BSE, bird flue, food and mouth di mouth food and bird flue, stock (BSE,
food (dioxi scandals provision arts. arts. organic of (association actors state 60 - are taken rapidly and upby published the federal level, while based food choices. Not only state actors actors Not only state choices. foodbased industry
e in eggs, e eggs, in ne e , food provision and retailing, food provision ex dueex its federal to system. ). This). mass of information
sease) sease) implementation rests - coli on vegetables) vegetables) on coli s in recentyears essments. For appearing appearing growers, growers,
CEU eTD Collection improving the one. The communityen gard are bya German consumers. number acknowledged large of Kontor environmentally for option food ( provision sustainable a more find to the in hope system food existing the alternative to looking an for consciousnes feedbacks feedbacks. thati out point one in part of the system and changes to react shift within the social- 4.5 awareness press coveragegardens, themight community even intensifying of to they contribute the for communication for channels of thisand distribution information. T forwarding fast is Butessential similarly assessed. be production) to of environmental impacts for the information onthresholds, onchallenges (di timely fashion
is aboutbe to is crossed Tight Feedbacks Tight
However, the step from knowledge towards change of behaviour is a rather difficult rather difficult a of is behaviour knowledge change fromHowever, towards the step The Berlin of in expressedfood the members urbanprojects an have and initiators The resilience of framework Walker and Salt (2006) further asks forfeedbacks tight These tightness These 2012). This can be understood as the proof that the slow variables of the food - of the thatthe variables slow asbe thecan proof understood 2012). This
for the instabilities of the system. conventional the instabilities for food and leave the crossing the leave and However, c However, s for the appearing challenges to the food systems. Some gardeners foodSome systems. the challenges to appearing the for s
( participant’s nstitutions and social networks roles determining playin key Walker ecological system which inform quickly whichwhen aecological system to inform regime if anda threshold
weaken weaken havepotentialto the globalization and governance entralized & 2006) Salt of feedbacks have partly been discussed in section in discussed been partly have feedbacks of
. knowledge ongardening s The t The information material from ex
offer a low offer of of these these of ightness a threshold in a distant part of the system undetected .
- barrier approachbarrier changing for one ightn respond ess of feedback therefore asks for fast fast for asks therefore feedback of ess 61
feedbacks feedbacks and. food production seases, quantities of yields, social and social yields, of quantities seases, ECF accordingly perts. happe This
2012,
enables the system’s actors to to actors system’s the enables BioPilze . Walker and Salt (2006) Walker and(2006) Salt Due the to positive
ns on the one side side onthens one : It is essential 4.4:
s 2012,
food- the the are express are tightness of Allmende habits and and habits system system
in ly ly
a - CEU eTD Collection and leave both sides satisfied with the interaction: only i to specificallythis eth whenPrinzessinnengarten forurbanand asked of the interaction setting: facility. the visit and come easily can who consumer public administration. food- give on feedback and theireasily information forward can thus production keep to a very food formany themmoreof other and than system: local. enables This they are urban tightgeneral feedbackand sources between public? information information forwardedbe to trustworthy and has transparent. well. - sub networks the inside role! an Communication media important play new other internet and throughand amplified is andby the state commented the press systems, the between in food actors - I t is not onlythe not mere is t about existence ofchannels, these the communication but “This positive feedback, with m with feedback, “This positive „It is mainly about peop week. bright eyes. couple talked about the just We does break even not though still [...]. it I financially what even doing, was The other commerci other The urban” is audience this and ( the activities, mentioned flows about could material also happen the in countryside. of e type th But genuinelyurban.you what everything is makesThis So it living place. from the alocal on focussing are They projects. commercial the for true is thing Same come and to theirThey production andplots sites. general visit public the invite The urban have food producers one advantage dominant food over the conventional a to contribute they and how do perform themselves How food dourban producers nvite their clients onto the plot and the onto plot showa themaround,feedback receive nvite their to but clients [...] Thatcome not clients did back, [...] never happened far” so Currently we have a diabetic. When he comes, he takes 2 takes he comes, he When a diabetic. have we Currently
close their to food connection consumers local and peer. They their Not Not well. as market the to closeness their appreciate projects al le in the garden, who are enjoying the place, who are also also are who place, the enjoying are who garden, the in le who are coming from time to time, their feedback ... with with ... feedback their time, to time coming from who are to helpful very was That andushrooms stuff. system cons with and 62 Prinzessinnengarten 2012)
Prinzessinnengarten umers outside are as important
. With respect to speed, the respect. With speed, to the
related issues to the (
BioPilze (2012) emphasizes .
- 3 kilos per per 3 kilos 2012) continue continue s well .
CEU eTD Collection contributes to their transparency of motivations, issues andcontributes issues their processes. to transparency ECF motivations, the participates in of This the press. and thein web through presence their media tables also through but gardens 2012) issue ( gmovin use the citycenteropen into an the ofpublicspace question is often how to discussed andprovision urban planningprocesses discussed. Pyramiden and gardens All community like producers maintainregular interactions with public the administrat the food- ( on labelling European the of Union.Biopilze is alreadycertified whileFarms ECFare working have( not asked supplydid to for time and him them it his idea having of clients his come his facility to to harvest their mushrooms: own They just mushroom knows about BioPilze side the positive BioPilze an extension of the rules to include crops which were grown detached from natural soil soil from natural detached grown were which crops include to rules of the extension an Allmende „Side „Side Most urbanMost food producers are also keepin of t additional means anFor commercial projects the Due lack to a the time, of educational asset a site of Tight feedbacks their fish grows literacy and food environmental education spartproduction; of ECFbe a can farm visited The ECF Center states: states: Center ECF The system and consumer choices (cf. (cf. choices consumer and system
2012, - This empowersThis to garden activists voice their concerns respect food with to - growing sales, cannot for but afford theThe time. same, opposite but happene . effect effect
garten garten programs ECF - Kontor
are 2012). Both ” connected to the projects are are projects the to connected issues workshopshave where social
(
are also important towards the regulators. All types of urban food urban food regulators. also towards important types theof All are . So that interested (not only adults but also childre but thatinterested. So adults (not only 2012, Prinzessinnengarten 2012,Pyramidengarten ECF naturally the re the naturally mende 2012) companies see certification schemes as highly important for for important highly as schemes certification see companies - Kontor and Prinzessinnengarten, but also Laskerwiesen Laskerwiesen also Prinzessinnengarten, but and Kontor . . In Berlin, where currently - Appendix - the ofconnection the effects of childreneffects parents telling their about 63 g 2: Stakeholder 2: in touchadminis in with BioPilze 2012). - food food with population urban visit is no ransparency more and more people are more people and more are - Matrix io n of some sort. The t always possible. ).
trators via round
2012,
n) can see how how see can n) is the Allotment organic organic d to d to
CEU eTD Collection east once a year: obliged a once to meetat least work new with producers. and ( spell company’s nameformer as the Dach) Germanvom name pronounce (Frisch to was difficult amplifier for their message. Prinzessinnengarten giving interviews spent ( time the balance recentyears, the interest has risen significantly, so that the resulting PR give intervi 4: Appendix (cf. network actor gardens 2012). the MinistryDevelopment for and Finance Urban Ministry basis(Allotment ona of monthly gardens own hasplatform its (“ the umbrella while future agriculture the in round urban table of boards, regular meetings and round tables with their with round tables and meetings boards, regular gardens Berlinand in further Germany).work offline They with handouts yetgardenmembers are not online, print of theinitiatives urban the b the elect we “There, “Only bad is PR noPR beyond happens, ask theyto theirhave that members” For the inside organisations, all their communication the change of the to led even from press the international feedback For the ECF, The interaction with the p
and even own magazine and their
ECF ews regarding their projects. The same is true towards the scientific community. In community. scientific true the is towards same The their projects. regarding ews
2012). - media ( media
2012). All the projects, however, perceive both press and research as the and All projects, research press as however,both 2012). perceive This showshowThis well the feedback work the loops the for urban food i.e.
website ”
oard who has to administer the association and if anything if anything and administer to the association who has oard
BioPilze Actor ( Laskerwiesen ress normal is for most of the projects
s - , Network gartenbeirat”) where they meet with administrators of blogs, newsletters and newsletters blogs,
(Gartenfreund is the magazi the is (Gartenfreund 2012) ) Laskerwiesen . Regularly they are mentioned in and articles 64 . members
(Allotment gardens2012). (Allotment . 2012,
The non- The of the emails) ed media is still in use like - communication likenote communication
association of allotment of allotment association Pyramidenga
- urban foo , as can seen the be in effect does almost not not almost does effect . However, as some However, as some . ne forallotmentne the profit association are association are profit d producers d producers rten
2012, 2012, - CEU eTD Collection concert to have an impact an have to concert attributes contribute to what is generally “ termed as system of actor bycomposed understandWalker and(2006)as being Salt it 4.6 knowledge peergroups rapidly their to theirand messages media, new they to distribute Connected press). and (research system members their other, each with (Landman & Blay (Landman hubs & food community food and provision local foodOntario, in hubs Canada, evennetworking be to found keythe success of to local Landman Blay context. & policy,and econ institutional omic, social, different political, a possessing typesorganizations of within particular knowledge and of individuals interaction of the Innovations result mostlyout upcomingchallenges. facilitators to institute new practices options resourc in efficiency greater for potential associated the and density scale, of Cities offerpollution. contemporary overconsumption and of economies problem citiessupporttheof are to evolution s situation, predestined enables memory
Social Capital . Furthermore adds that she Social capital is another important promoter resi of becomesFrom it allthis clear,connected food the howurban producers tightly are Networking has been found to helpNetworking to the innovative to process hasfound been of new finding solutions our to give potentialto solutions characteristic the this in sees Sassen (2005) s
a social as as change) with dealing for experience including (as
who who a complement to the governance structure ( structure governance the to complement trust trust - to adapt to and to system shape change. ecological each other and develop and other each
and cheating has to be penalized be to has cheating and
and consumers and with the information providers on the food theconsumers onthe with information food providers and and (Sassen 2005)
dense networks of communication that can serve as as serve can that communication of networks dense
l eadership 65 . social capital social ). Individually these Individually & 2006). these Salt Walker capacities to steer the social the steer to capacities ocial networks. - These networks These 2012). Palmer an an . lient well Folke (2006) also adds s - attribute social of capital that Palmer who are resear are who Palmer - ” developed social , but they, but act to need in Due their to dense living e use and lower priced priced lower and e use - ecological systems.
social networkssocial - ecological ecological ching ching ocial of of
CEU eTD Collection were were patterns the projects have commonand in in how far. the network differ s 4: Appendix organic local or –have thing common: one in food Donaldfindsthatnetworks consumer. (2010) theyprovision, communicate to have a And regard with the together. orderto social in productive be to each leadershipcapacities and interactions show trust other The to have interlinked actors by potential. For producti highly and org of stakeholders operating at different ec social and a do the projects interact with theira stakeholders, specialdo the projectsontrust focus with interact al. 2003 mode of food(Rentinget supply producers,consumers, otherembody actorsalternatives and more to stan network. The the interconnectionsin network might further helpidentify to leaders actor of this the stakeholders and learn whichin are basedthe possibility offer identify to highly the and important interested daptive governancedaptive framework successfully contributing to a to contributing resilient successfully food system? for lacking are Which stated? “They “They articulate new forms of political association and market governance” ( governance” market and association political of forms new articulate production; thatreconvene “trust” producersand and between food consumers, that But the mere of networks sufficient not existence is guarantee to innovative this Berlin (cf. (cf. Berlin in food urban producers the thatsurrounds comes the it to network When The stakeholder The anizations (Olsson et al.,anizations 2004cited2006). Folke in
Actor redistribute through values the networks against the logic of commodity bulk - Network about the degree about onwhich happening. trust is basisthe interaction of - Appendix 3: Stakeholder 3: Appendix (cf. portfolios ) ve networks, the quality of partve of quality networks, the it is important to understand and to important interaction is whichit stakeholders relies criticallyon this form nd build especiallynd build betweenthemselves and the trust cited in
66 – ological scales in multi- Donald 2010). may called theybe quality
i ci of of patingactors is of importance. - Portfolios collaboration of a diverse set of a set diverse collaboration - ecological system of food of system ecological
Adaptation to change, to Adaptation an ) Which stakeholdersWhich and leadership? dardized industrial dardized industrial and the interviews interviews and the level institutions Donald 2010). Donald a , sustain
How How ble, ble,
- - CEU eTD Collection their field research ( research field their are ECF are contributing They researchers. the onto set trust of degree a high as interpreted be can This Center). ECF activity orgardening farming the in involved are caseseven some in interest/ low influence). They workto the contribute with press the to close and interaction. of as trust, long ase P th ( food producers urban interests the with same sharing without the amplifier as an foras and important the pro influential ject as itforms the public perception, however itis seen (ofpublic administration generally varying although levels). press, understood is The present run as part Pyramidengarten associations) thea focusfor meeting point local onbeing community ( the current stageprojects.Allmende of While the interviews, variability this explicablethroughis form and of the organization, the motivation Power BioPilze. The projectsalso differ indistribution the of their stake stakeholder the comparing when true, specifically is This of are. stakeholders numbers different the how appealing Berlin, is it urban producers in food Laskerwiesen even even
2012, Allmende - Matrix. When comparing When the with information gatheredMatrix. outcomes these through the R andresearchers the are press, each portfolio are the in present The which stakeholders At first gla esearchers are named by neverfound D quadrant (Low in and each project, are named are esearchers named individuallynamed and participate as organise - duct for sales ( sales for ononefocuses pro andduct job time , 2012). Thus it can it be, 2012). assumed Thus that the media receives currently a degree high
projects ( the to projects recognition also public but knowledge 2012, 2012, ce when comparing the stakeholder comparing whennce the Allmende - Kontor 2012). Kontor R is not negative. not is R means This food continue thaturbanproducers will Allmende
- generally generally Kontor - Kontor - Allmende of case In the 2012). share the interests with the urban food producers and
2012, 2012,
67 Allotment gardensAllotment 2012) - Kontor allthe other (and non- - BioPilze rs the in projects while conducting of types of ofportfolios the different - network of Allmende
Kontor, s 2012).
holders in the Interest/ Interest/ the in holders (e.g. Allmende ome of the researchers researchers the of ome Laskerwiesen Laskerwiesen , BioPilze is only only is , BioPilze - Kontor and Kontor and - Kontor, Kontor,
2012, 2012, 2012, 2012, profit profit CEU eTD Collection powerful the existence of for non- thes Berlin Berlin,thegardens region in between community the networking whichorganizations support Agricul gardens. T allotment and the Farm, Biopilze of ECFappear the in portfolios common, which donot gardens(Allotment 2012). ministry finances of theyas are only interested in the financial outcome from public land positive interaction with the ministry for urban development while expressing mistrust in the district with respect to the extension of the contract. ( security of pos different Prinzessinnengarten to where thesees district the project as one of a number of Laskerwiesen and Pyramidengarten circumst . time each extended The projects on public land have The onpublicland projects ll- we the leave to means public land becomes high. too are However, reluctantly theit administrators seen do to as it for once demand has movethe to administration general thatthe perception production. is The quadrants are usually on. They are producers food land, the provides the for sible tenantssible of the public space interest and are seen as highly supportive and and supportive highly as are seen and interest same the share they as e stakeholders - degree of trust in in trust degree high of gardens a show community Germany. The Brandenburg and The The The p The ture and the work group intercultural gardensBerlin- and group theintercultural ture work ances ( ances me cases, theyme so in although very lack interest the powerful , food in urban hese include hese Prinzessinnengarten community ublic administration Allmende The non- The
the privateStiftung Interkultur round foundation the table and Urban the - based urban food producers have a number of stakeholders in of in have stakeholders number urban producers a food based known paths ( - Kontor profit associations do not profit associations
2012) contracts contracts
profit associations appears often as land as often appears
. Prinzessinnengarten voiced the for wish a longer period 2012, even even
which can be interpretedwhichof towards can trust asthe a lack Prinzessinnengarten which run see districts the sharing similar interests. This is Pyramidengarten 68 . gardeners express a rather arather express The allotment gardeners from one year to another year to one from -
lord in the form of the district who who district the form of thelord in see themselves threatened by these by these threatened themselves see
2012, 2012, Brandenburg. These are Allmende Laskerwiesen appear appear -
and have to be be to have and Kontor in the lower thein lower
2012). 2012). 2012).
CEU eTD Collection Prinzessinne knowledgefor basegardening urban ( of could the interviews, ( approaches others each criticize even and projects in cooperate ideas, exchange organizations makingpreserves, raised composting, beds, pruning, following were identified: c The gardens. community the with interests of range awide share gardeners allotment the actor ourin talkabout urban food production. disconnectedness This also becomesapparent the in competition. the cooperativeand of complementarity knowledgeapproach helpful avoid might to be testing ( ( PR to regard with professional and creative highly as perceived was Prinzessinnengarten the cooperation with Senateusing ( publicspace in exp their see with gardening each other meprojects From to thatthe appeared urban it the interviews of social capital (including trust) between the community gardens. degree high a is there that conclude me let This cooperative. is approach general the interests; the same or similar as eachsharing other maybe perceive publicity. projects slightly for The Laskerwiesen Laskerwi - Appendix 4: (cf.Appendix network These networks are only the most obvious connection between the non- between connection the These obvious the are only most networks Interestingly The aspect leadership of is difficult to detectin this form voluntary of interaction. Allmende - Allmende areas. certain in ertise esen
ngarten ( ngarten . They
2012, 2012). Pyramidengarten was mentioned several was connection2012). mentioned in Pyramidengarten times soil to - Kontor , almost none of the other interviewees mentioned none the almost ofinterviewees the other , areusually highly i Prinzessinnengarten Pyramidengarten I
detect any sense of competiti of sense any detect 2012, ommunity forming
Actor Allmende - Network
2012, nterconnected with one with nterconnected theyanother; communicate,
2012) and Pyramidengarten (2012). In and respect Pyramidengarten this (2012). 2012) Allmende - Kontor was mentioned as pioneer with respect to was mentioned asrespect with to pioneer Kontor Kontor Allmende ). Through the interview). 69 , e
2012). Allmende - ractices, like like nvironmental, p ractices, education Kontor - n, not for money, not for members, for foron, not members, money, not Kontor the co the
2012); the same is true for same true is 2012); for the Laskerwiesen
nservation of old nservation 2012). - Kontor wants form to aKontor Interestingly, s it became clear that that clear became it s
allotment gar
2012), while 2012), while fruit and and fruit in none none in deners deners profit profit CEU eTD Collection vegetable about the interested Allmende people. None of the non- clients. their and companies private the for true is same The stakeholders for their projects. projects. For the non- community This shows lack trust a of and socialcapital betweenallotme (Allotment gardens 2012). exists projects other the that unaware even was gardens allotment no cooperationyet. has realized been The interviewee from the umbrella 2012, when the society is innovative. Onlythrough societyinnovative. when is the social a of resilience The 4.7 goalsthe and organizations their I and even workshops.visit in understand contribute Laskerwiesen they are new their to competitors, their countryor the world” (Mytelka 2000). Following goodsproduction of understood as the by process organiz which developmentcontinuous and (Folke innovation 2006). conserve the current state. Resilienceincludes the approach thinking persist to through willingness to confrontedchallenges the changewith not will to when be subsidized, must rules developed locally
Innovation Prinzessinnengarten The number of individual members and clients are varying greatly between the greatly are varying betweenand the membersclients The of individual number
varieties - long waiting lists to join ( of urban formsbased food production.
former members members (2012) about former told
profit associations voicedconcernprofit regarding a aof members lack or and the struggle( forand the publicland , services services it is possible to embrace change (Walker & 2006) embrace to Salt possible is change (Walker it profit associations theyusually important the most represent - ecological system facing unknown challenges can only be secured, secured, be only can challenges unknown facing system ecological 2012, - Kontor and the allotment gardeners even expressed their concern concern their expressed even gardeners allotment the and Kontor that are new to them, irrespective of whet of irrespective them, to new are that processes] [and .
Pyramidengarten Allmende
learning, experimentation, experimentation, learning, ation 70 who moved and are coming still -
s Kontor 2012,
“master and implement the design and and design the implement and “master this as showing a high degree of as atrus showing degree this high Allotment gardens
Allmende 2012, 2012, Innovation Allotment gardens - nt gardenersnt and other Kontor and and
2012, 2012, in this context is
the acceptance of of acceptance the 2012). However 2012). However The ability and and ability . The - association of of association Laskerwiesen regularly to to regularly
2012). 2012). t in t in her her
CEU eTD Collection old plastic bakeryold TetraPak arice nation - boxes, and bags transformed have into Kontor can thebecome participantsto Allmende come themselves inspires innovative. together ( material recycled ( Pyramidengarten wants to install an environmental lab to improve their educational program form of algae of form many radicalboth Innovation improvements can usually small but comprise is user, the to new change, local creating of of thenotion process ofnovelty notion Mytelka’s understanding (2000) the in contrastin other to farmers: mushroom highly innovative is the basement in growing it of the process and recipe coffee.basis of This mushroom short each interviewee Almost asked mentioned when for their abundance. in characteristics these theessential Thto neede when urbanproducers comes develop to it food innovations. show Pyramidengarten - term future plans some kind of novelty to be introduced in their projects. The The projects. their be in to introduced of some kind novelty term plans future (2012) points tot he evolution of raised bed con hestructio of (2012) tot evolution raised points bed had a bench, it was practically clear that such a raised bed is is bed raised a such that clear practically was it abench, had “When the bed first raised recently recently have „We Here Prinzessinnengarten. in Here Unusual planting constructions unusual are and not pots not ( wings” receives creativity thus then IWell, can an shoe old alsoand add the inside I shoe plant.Andgrow one extra banners. attaching also are others also have a balcony attached,I box maybe a put can banner and if it sta ECF Center is cooperating w cooperating is Center ECF 2012). ” substrate cereal them grow the onthe petriand to dish then it is transferred make and there in sterile are they heart, the out cut cloneWe We the mushrooms. Learning
- t with a bench. If it can have a bench, then it might might If it a have then bench. can bench, beit can a awith only it t but plo a box, farmer for instance is experimentingwith a - fe e d for their be fishto d for self 2012) and Allmende experimentation
while Allmende started - Kontor to use to the people people the where aplace offer to approach 2012). Their a new Sciencefor anew a Applied develop ith Universityto
Allmende and the structural be support to able are doso to
- - f roof? ofroof? some kind build to possible is it And maybe coffee. coffee. Kontor wants to build awants build shelter to t Kontor for providing in this respect ( this in providing See, - 71 Kontor
te. te. substra the in coffee already is there is fundamental to invention, but the but invention, to fundamental is
substrate his for recipe new 2012) ns: .
fundamental to innovation. innovation. to fundamental ECF 2012), 2012), (Hall heir from tools 2006). ys there, the the ys there,
( BioPilze - on the
wide wide
CEU eTD Collection The umbrellaThe gardener, byBerlin plantprotection agency specially ( the trained ass each where gardeners pruning,to collection seed and planting, cooking This courses. also appliesto the allotment healthy food. and be to delicious and them howprepare to gardening,children produce about learn different kindergar forward their knowledge their to peer practitioners improvingcontinuously and t themselves learning andquestions try out themselves know eachgetting other, of experts certain areas give to workshops provides the gardeners the with They gatheringwere But completefrom learning the people the lays. neighbourhood, from of 13 complet Prinzessinnengarten). intra first local develop varieties the old might soon and interpretation of what gardening urban like looks projects
For a visual example of how the urban gardening projects look like cf. -
open atmosphere where everyone is welcome to ask any any ask to welcome is everyone where atmosphere how a theyIt is need.very open „and to introduce to nature.„and to children For note:You seed thatthey a seed small and it are foodall urban producers. centralare Notonly is The to of aspect learning Adults are target groups for workshops on gardening areFromAdults workshops groupspractices. on makingcompost for target in thein s fruits. different about the and learn to first… comes birdsfly. That earthworm, thatthey see A comingcloser nature. to children are that shining... is sun the watered, has be to plant, a into grows, develops The ini
e ly t en
unfamiliar with the actual gardening work thegardening actual with unfamiliar s
- .. to be.. to able differentiate to a
ourses for project project for courses educational offers also gardeners allotment of association groups are mentioned by each project as essential part of their project. The The project. their of part essential as project each by mentioned are groups upermarket tiators of Prinzessinnengarten are usuallyquoted
ociation own hasgarden consul its ” ( Allo (URL Prinzessinnengarten) (URL tment gardens tment That they once see an an see s itisonce not possible they in a city. That
ples from pears.Frompples from the tree the shelf from not s.
Educational programs and school kids for 2012) 72 13 . Moreover, they w are experimenting .
Appendix5: Pictures ofthe urbangardening - urban potato- urban before startingPrinzessinnengarten. before tant (Gartenfachberater), a (Gartenfachberater), tant .
heir own practices, they also also they practices, own heir Allotment gardens as saying that saying as variety of Berlin (URL (URL Berlin of variety
they were 2012). the the ith ith
CEU eTD Collection ( management improve orderto their in member’s ability to administer suchan association 1996). challenge urban food producers. missing in the membersLaskerwiesen:of exer market and hierarchies as governing for structures authoritatively allocating re for “messy ask They governance. in overlappingwith rights the access understanding is of for Walker and(2006) an Salt overlap 4.8 urgently. needed is disturbances,potential innovative copeIn even able or these prevent challenges. confronted rapid be to with orderto changes or self Stern & Salt (Walker changes sudden facing when these fail But structures of efficiency. thewith current imperative They claim that total Allotment gardens
- cising control and co organizing, interorganizational networks complement interorganizational which organizing, ’s Overlap in Governance (2003) „II am writingapplications,I the the accounting, make make the documentati “polycentricforces associated with the ideaof making rules at multiplelevels, The can will and but innovate be also clearly learn the in to be ability identified the willing and able…“ he work,ist the rest signing. is It a is instance, problem, for find people to who are everythingWell, which dowith hast to reading writing and andthat organizing. Yes, Redundancies in governance structures and a mix of commonand private property andgovernance aRedundancies mix structures in The The learning andStern from 2003). making Ostrom& (Dietz, past decisions, policies” new resources, affecting processes the about debate scientific and political in engaging to governability as they become autonomous and resist central guidance (Rhodes guidance(Rhodes andgovernability resist central they becomeautonomous to as polycentric forces are also named by Rhodes when he refers to governance as as governance to refers he when Rhodes by named also are forces polycentric understanding of governance of as understanding 2012). The know 2012). top
These are important factors when asocial when factors important are These - 2006). They supporttheir claim by Ostromand Dietz, to referring - ordination down governance noredundancy with structures roles in comply ( Laskerwiesen
which which structures ” - (Rhodes 1996) how inhow management is what
2012).
73 . He also notes thatthese networks pose a
perform better duringchange. of times
Laskerwiesen – rather than replace than rather - ecological system is (2012) finds sources and sources
– on. on. the the
CEU eTD Collection they they seems . Thusit Berlin gardenscommunitytriesfor in general coordination to become point the ( of allotmentdemolition gardens for the so from the tenants (for Senate)a cr form also the to but self of structure appreciated an have they reinstalled once it the war wasand even lost hid ( dissidents 2011). Although theircentralized democratic was structure duringThird the andorganization also resist ( contested: taking over the The of possibility the state beyond the every democratic The way. members elect as a but as soon board, there are things be to decided producers in Berlin. Especiallycommunity the common and private overlappingwith property access rights. governance if the and structures redundancies to producers in contribute can However, a certain financial support financial acertain However, autarchyandare willing to invest their timeextending into the scheme b Allotment gardens gardensAllotment claim “It is rather like this, that they [public administrators] take onthe of topics action civil Allmende The strict top Keeping thisI in mind,want to investigate infollowing the urban food if and how and urban then they agriculturecommand, and a in typical- top The urban especially food producers, community the Without actually knowing what itis all about“ therespot be should garden. a neighbourhood
a the the as see some which task - Kontor - 2012). day administration theadministration membersday have be for to asked their opi
2012). 2012). - down approach rarely is getting when know seen to the urban food a project of a non- a of project a as organized is instance for a The allotment gardens are looking back on a history of self a of history on gardensare lookingallotment The back nce against changing regimes ( regimes changing against nce wouldbe welcomed( - organization which enables them e.g. to draw in rent rent e.g. in draw to which them enables organization responsibility ( of the state w - called heel - - basic arather in organized are projects based 74
of the urban gardening movementgardening is of the urban public good (i.e. for highways, schools) Ok, now weOk, als ( Prinzessinnengarten Allmende itical mass when itcomes to the
- Allotment gardens Allotment Pyramidengarten based gardens want to keep to gardenswantthe based - o have urban agriculture! agriculture! urbano have Kontor Allmende down- profit association but but association profit 2012) 2012). approach, at this at this approach, y
-
offer a mix of of a mix offer Kontor 2012). Today, 2012). Today, y them
2012, Berlin .
Reich, they
selves 2012) highly nion - . .
CEU eTD Collection until theyuntil (Walker ignored are lost & often too 2006). are Salt and systems. social of resilience achieve to list (2006) Salt and Walker which factor last the The of ecosystem inclusion unpriced services i 4.9 contributes, which space to the resilience public urban of system. the of picture” a“messier to But contribute mightbe suitable they partners forwill the makemost not interaction. themto idiosyncraticgovernance and behaviour independent Their overlap. arecreating of some kind pool. th Prinzessinnengarten) Berlin) varieties the to public and provide them via the Berlin seed exchange (Saatgutbörse initiative yourand also developpreserving produce the to They right own seeds. varieties old gardens. provided the in ( the path- gardens from hedges be to enjoy have lowenoughto the enablepassersby to rentedis private to However, out individuals. are they certain boundto obligations: t legal ( workscomes when the public private open ground,the is to general company plot publicand actually on public the only this for example bymixed providing and publicaccess open private to property. Prinzessinnengarten Allotment gardens
Ecosystem Services It observations clear becomes from stated thaturban the above, food producers indeed Another regarding contribution A similar situa property is private common and where examples number of a gardensalso show The They claim that ecosystem services are often the ones that change in a regime shift, shift, aregime in change that ones the often are services ecosystem that claim They trying to keep the seeds publicly available publicly the seeds keep to trying mix of common and private property private commonand of mix 2012) tion cantion be sketched thegardens, allotment for ground where the public us they bypass the established system of privatization of the genetic Prinzessinnengarten and Allmende Prinzessinnengarten and .
Prinzessinnengarten 2012). public and private property are public and property private n development assessments proposals and 75 rganized as a a as are organized they Although :
- Kontor have the specific focus on on specificfocus Kontor the have ( Allmende
-
Kontor the seeds which are are which seeds the - ecological ecological
2012, URL 2012, URL sy is is is an is stem new new heir heir
CEU eTD Collection 2012) allotment gard all. to all these of aware essarily nec a their list. services Northeasterngardens Spain. in for found 19services to cool the micro Onesummt!). of these bee central importance(district town halls, churc roof their hivesput on bee keepers to are allowed workshopspractical onbeekeeping,urbancomponent: besides a urban and nature hasbee humming!) introduced campaign called ansummt!”(Berlin is information onpollination “Berlin emphasize the importance for of pollination through trophi Calvet pollination ignored ny form of assessment or evaluation or assessment of form ny o
much to ask for knowledge about all of them, while we are still not sure not are still while we all of them, about knowledge much ask to for . - Most of the projects (besides the ofbuilding theMost projects 2) point further point Mir et al. (201 2) T T Gardens such offerservices numerous human to society. Calvet Besides the ecological impacts which the gardens show in abundance, they also help help also they abundance, in show gardens the which impacts ecological the Besides
are provided by gardens in general in gardens by provided are (Calvet
he the to contribution urban biodiversity refug as hese are, but benefits known
. It is a campai It is . of plants and trees by insects eners and some community c - - dy Mir et al. 2012) Mir et n - a ng temperatures and changing climate in the changing city and and adapt to rising temperatures m ic relations.coolingeffect The tomicro the - keepers is also on the field ofkeepers Allmende also onthe is field g n to increase the awareness for awareness the increase to n services their projects are providing. It might even be It be even might are theirproviding. projects services ecosystem . To name only a few: Most commonly quoted are the commonly are the few: quoted Most a only name . To
theyare widely or included not communicated even in more , the water purification effect water and the nutrient the cycling. ,
by state the - garden ,
to biodiversity,to refu this happens usually happens this
hes, universities and hotels) (URL Berlin (URL universities and hotels) hes, - the urban ecosystem. Berlin has 76 bound one) hav er s -
tops of public and private buildings of private of and buildings oftops public ( Although a large number of ecosystem ecosystem of number large a Although Allotment gardensAllotment . The food urban e
the importance of bees for the the for bees of importance the is mentioned by is the fauna for g e
unnoticed
ium and biological control biologicalcontrol and ium - a bee a Kontor. - climate was lacking in -
keeper on the plot to to onthe plot keeper
2012, 2012, - producers are not producers are not
Mir et al. et Mir
or
to have covered covered have to is is Laskerwiesen ungratefully ungratefully
recently recently
(2012) (2012) -
CEU eTD Collection services. andfeedbacks innovations overlap capital, and in social diversity variables,ecological variability, acknowledgment and tight slow and modularity of byand (2006) Salt Walker stakeholder the interview Berlin to contribute to the resilience of the city’sfood system.I 4.10 yet. happen to actor state by services their precarious help neighbours and Thegardenare communityexpected be to high. s benefits external the impacts, social to ct respe with Especially services. ecosystem the besides Most of the initiatives contribute greatly in this respect. monetary terms. Doing would e so, into put be easily cannot aesthetics and Leisure terms. monetary in services ecosystem land. This beentitlement to might onpublic result from their difficulties to calculate however, food production visible is and forms acknowledged of most the in urban food production, the urban food producers by known are services these All apark. to comparable gain aesthetic an and education leisure, offer They change. climate global to due happen to expected are which patterns precipitation
discussion Interim InI the former nine sections investigated the potentialof urban food production in Another area of future research and useful argumentation are other external benefits benefits external other are argumentation useful and research future of area Another The
t use t use not do themselves gardeners he
- portfolios in in how farportfolios theycontribute to idea and importance of the ecosystem services provided by gardens and urban andgardens ofidea importance servicesurban provided the ecosystem by - material of my seven case studies and the resulting actor resulting the and studies case seven my of material ( Pyramidengart is not yets is not established, especiallyenvironmental in terms. This has
(cf. sections 1.2 sections (cf. ing
nable them to argue with monetary terms for their cause. cause. their for terms monetary with toargue them nable to provideto environmental education. The appreciation of en 2012, and
77 help with integrating immigrants, stabilizing 2.3). Allmende hese in their arguments to enforce their their enforce to arguments their in hese the factors for world, developed a resilient
s I contribution the studied projects governance and finally ecosystem ecosystem finally and governance - Kontor n order I dothis, to analyzed 2012, ECF 2012) - network and and network .
their their
to to CEU eTD Collection of disturbances. the non- kindergart m They variabil ecological with cope to named be to strategies waterof supply from crops, naturaland s the detachment surrounding variabilities ecological embrace and cope to how strategies of aset developed participatingand organizations. individuals and legal forms different of variety high a show They system. food current conventional and companiesinitiatives represent nevertheless, but a marginal, existingof the extension production the in current form contributes form activities, the projects were foundalways to contribute to the resiliencefactors. Some UA and wars crises, undesired configuration. These suffi provide food to currentlyexisting system the of capacity as causes understood are reduced forthe challenges These challenges. ostly linkedvia theor publicadministration the press and publiceducat s performedone factor better while contributed another in more a to second. are organized in a modular fashion. The different types of urban food produc food urban types of different The modular fashion. a in are organized influence to expected are challenges Due to their great varie Berlin’s food show a urban producers werehigh also foundmodularity. to degree of variabilities. ecological embrace projects The Ingeneral terms, the projects were diversity to found contribute to Generally, were Berlin the cope found projects enable to to better community ens. The community gardens share more common nodes with each other than with eachgardens than community common nodeswith ens. with other The sharemore
diseas - based types. This might create high dependencies, especi dependencies, high create might This types. based e outbre climate change, change, climate are challenges Acknowledged aks. ty However, theas important unknown is a potentialsource
of motivation to theto cient availability food of the system biodiversityBerlin’s andflora fauna. The of 78 s , organizational form it y.
T and shift it towardsand it shift a different, he urban have food producers
ystems are some only in anin unknown future ion, i.e.ion, schoolsand peak economic oil, s s , location , a broad variety .
ally when it Urban food with futurewith tion are are tion
and - . CEU eTD Collection awareness awareness connectedandby funded Stiftung foundation interkultur). the(i.e. to same are them fees,allof member on based mainly be to declare althoughthey comes funding, to project. know environ the to respect urban food produc non the by ciated appre Senate, s time recent However, of the degree the accept to refuse and trust degree of high a with interacting are expertise.They areas of certain leadership in Organized interconnected in a networks, high theyof show self degree years. recent in presence press their improved and communicate offlineto have onlineand media They use possibility use. in high is exchange informationcustomers, with members and the surrounding system. This political advantage being the inside city,close their of to consumers forwa themto enables Germany demandand anin with local increase for food. organic recent in has risen food issues forawareness known for their high awareness of - how practices ongardening a high and each potential in show degree of innovation The Berlin food system The The Especially the community Urban Berlin food producersTheir arevery found in have to major tight feedbacks.
of he ability to learn and innovate was will butand alsoinnovate ability learn the to Freiheit” “Tempelhofer process pioneering the by exemplified ,
slow variables slow tion - top mental and social impacts of our food system. They collect and forward collectforward They and system. of and our socialfood impacts mental . The projects offer workshops and educated adults and children with andadults with and children The offereducated workshops projects trust down approach the administration is trying is the onto system.down approach the administration put to
leading towards thresholds of regime leading shifts. towards thresholds
between between - profit organizations. profit organizations.
- bas connected food the to urban producers show
ed projects show a large contribution to social capital. social to capital. largeed show a projects contribution political issues and social - the the administration and the initiatives has increased in
scandals and is revealed in in revealed is and yearsfood scandals due to 79
clearly clearly ecological impacts. Public found in all forms of all forms of found in Berlin’s citizens are
- organization and and organization initiated by s
a high high a rd and the the CEU eTD Collection hi no order, no is There resilience. for importance their to respect with factors the of existence other. However, Walke each by replaced be not can factors the that clear, It became other. each with them compare threat of the system. cannot the framework by supported literatureoneach factor Berlin’s to food- counter aconcrete with factor each fill and - case with social a certain to respect with food Berlin’s of resilience food producersare the showa ato contribution degree Theyvaluable high of performance. Quantification of theseeffects might helpthem to make their point. yetare not used their in argumentation strengthen to towards their their position stakeholders. integration and s by themselves. Pollination and biodiversityare present in the interviews. Social impacts, like contributethus to the resilience of the system. the administration be might make not idiosyncratic themto behaviour independent governance and Their overlap. food producers are creatingof some kind e rarchy, none of them is claimedrarchy, is be none to more of them than important another. makes This the
tell,I if missed interpret to In th In The analytical framework further lacked the approach to evaluate the factors and and factors the evaluate to approach the lacked further framework analytical The thein resiliencetors stated fac framework of nine Walker and(2006),In Salt all urban services ecosystem The An o An studies and examples but leaveown but i her theexamples to reader his/ it and develop studies to e analysis above, however, it showed that the exact interpretation of each factor factor each of interpretation theexact that showed it however, above, e analysis ve r lap in in lap ocial cohesion are acknowledged. However their positive external benefits benefits external positive their However acknowledged. are cohesion ocial . But they contribute to a will “messier picture” ofpublics urban
g overnance r and(2006) Salt provide donot r guidance evaluate to of how the - systemalthough theiractual food output might marginal. be
provided by the urban food producers are partially recognized producersprovidedare partially food recognized bythe urban - ecological systemis missing. Walker andSalt (2006) work can be stated when looking into the actors the into looking when stated be can a certain way and thus missed a certain acertain missed thus and way acertain in framework the - part from the systemI from underpart investigation. applied
80
the most suitable partners to the most
system. Currently I Currentlysystem. - network. U network. nterpretation interact pace pace
with with rban rban and and CEU eTD Collection overall Berlin in for demand vegetables) food (1947: 30%( of urban ( food production possible. self complete thata assume food producers the urban none of (2006). Salt frameworkand of Walker contributeto urban to resilience evaluation ecolog which so urbanadevelopment This system. resilient ofmight hint to a neglected factor for resilience takeres onthe issueof resiliencediscuss thinkingfacing when the - blind anythin or oil peak change, climate from crises crisis economic current agenda political topiconthe a marginal as treated farbeen so has resilience the list but wanted to learn from their reader s contribution The authors leave to it the nine aself nowadays food urban producti and for strategies advancingwith technologies folded poses a towardsit time challenges. Atthe future same ical system. Although urban to contributing the interviews resilience,became from it clear that even is i beit more acknowledged Besides to points these t Furthermore, The Even historical overview in their supports assumtpion:
far has not been investigated: the role of the state actors for a resilient social aresilient for actors state the of role the investigated: been not has far rban vegetable production has onlyaIt vegetable potential productionlarge thaturban bedifficult. can stated,
to make itten.howcontinue thatthey Theyto out ideas point numerous have - provision of the city would be possible but a but partial of the one citywouldbe would. possible provision
he ,
post WW II WW post open question remainsopen question state actors show a higher interest in this than potentialfuture in ilience shows how important state actors with are regard to the
as they show all nine factors as they show applyingthe all conceptual when
factors, in but the end of the ) s elf
- - current crisis. The need for the political arena to to arena political the for need The crisis. current provision provision community g unknown.
if they lack to identify an important factor 81 a share of the the of could only ashare contribute
(Walker &(Walker 2006) Salt This canThis be understood as - provision of cities with food is is food cities with of provision Schmidt 2008b). Schmidt ir bookthey ask for reader window of opportunity to on, it does not mean that does mean not on, it that times of mportant to state, that state, that mportant to . extreme use of of use extreme . Facing the the Facing .
Confronted Confronted being - . CEU eTD Collection oppos and the connecte toward formcapitalism (Donald of sustainable afood2010 ). more governance sophisticated with organizational capacity move approaches to and commitment more policy positive environment Berlin be to and strong leadership. political demandinginitiatives morefor options sustainable living and transport, innovative business, illuminate the steps toward resiliency w the book “Resilient Cities” N f stakeholder portfolios andplay significant a role in setting institutional the and spatial interaction for the resilience of Berlin’s food- analy The chapter. the in following open focused space is right public alternativefood and systems use the to conditions. actors state emphasizing also is research the in urbanwith setting areenhanced? What the framing conditions capacitybecan leaveshow supportedBerlin. This this urban and the question resilience in ramework for the urban foodramework urbanprojects. for the es The current fina The resilience research acknowledges this interplay of practitioners and state actors. In In actors. state and practitioners of interplay this acknowledges research resilience The resilience The important. as cases most in mentioned been has state the of role The contri characteristicsto essential production shows food urban above, As seen
to the need the to S
lacking and not welcomed by the urban food producers. Donald (2010) calls for a a calls for (2010) producers. Donald food urban welcomedbythe not and lacking 5 tate actors playa actors significant tate urban role play food about urban production, this in being being as (2006) Salt and Walker by rejected been has efficiency of scheme d S PECIAL FOCUS ON INTEPECIAL ON FOCUS sis above showed the importance of actor diversity and their forms of forms andof their diversity actor the of importance showed above sis
for diversity. for ncial crisis might lead some to question this call for food capitalism ?
ewman et concludedthatpositiveewman al. (2008) examples which InI the analysis before, found theleadership strong in political
H
which only can come about through multi owever, Donald’s callowever, for multi ere achieved by a mixture of visionary grassroots grassroots of visionarya mixture ere achieved by
for as being responsible for
are confronted with which urban confronted food producers are RACTION WITH STATE A system. The state actors were present in all all in present were actors state The system. 82
ming ming fra these changing CTORS - scaled governance
- bute to scaled scaled CEU eTD Collection actors the working a towards approachesfind resonance might with five forms of interactions whichfivefood the state urbanproducers with forms actors: have of interactions national administrators, became it clear tha affec setting? an localvegetables hinderin urban production or of how the facilitate dothese interactions “ questions respect of theBerlin and state their to actorsa perception in production Berlin? in Berlin’s vegetable proddothe urban societaluction. But managersBerlin how in – governance systems andexternal drivers; institutions social andnetworks flexible supporting in multi- surprisedeal and including continuously uncertainty with building capacity learn; adaptive to system knowledge ecological erent diff combines practices that dynamics; developing management understanding ecosystem management, w framed administrators ting their projects? When extractingWhen the forms of i In the following excurs How do growers feel that local and national regulations and organiz and national regulations and growers thatlocal feel do “How ” and ith the concept of “ the concept ith . . . . . vegetable producers perceive the interaction with state actors: actors: state with interaction the perceive producers urbanHow vegetable dothe
it consists of at least four essential parts Administrative processes Information/ coordination Regulations, planning urban especially of publicland Provision Funding – perform when confronted withperform . These are all themes which have been investigated in the analysis of of analysis the in investigated been have which themes all are These .
”
Adaptive G daptability e , I, will extract the impressions
nteractions with state actors f urban food producers. The food broa urban s
overnance”. overnance”.
of theconfronted system changesof unexpected with is to interpretto and respondfeedback ecosystem to and t the interactions can be di interactions be can the t 83 the current developm the As an As
extension of conventional extension resource , following Folke et al. (2005): nswer the following the research the thenswer following research of my interviewees with r m localom regional to and ed into the following into ed vid d number of organized of organized d number ent of increasingfood ent ations are are ations level level the
CEU eTD Collection issue funding.project institutional Prinzessinnengarten funding instead of the mainfocus documenting and granting on applying and theof resultingprocedure and the in time be found could reason for reply One this be needed. not (2012), informational support(e.g. Allmende Stakeholder i seen be can as successful actually construct the roof the construct actually project (with theof exception ECF Center currently who is searching for an investor to asurban non- foodation producerstheir perceive funding situ foundations and publicfunding which sources then are certain be to one used The for project. of answers. a in broad set answered is state the from funding if they accept even would how in much clients. The new find question investors,to and acquire funded member are mainlyprofit bytheir associations 5.1 production Berlin. in clear of picture how state actors Berlincan the in to enhancement contribute of urban food
s when he said: F „We are financed by the member the by financed are „We When asked When Some projectsSome are focus than othersand more onapplyingfor pr funding “ ( cake the on icing are projects the non- Most var highly is producers food the urban of The situation financial The following chapter b will unding Pyramidengarten - Portfolios profit associations are furthermore private applyingfor funding from project
if they for more wished financial supportfrom
) while other initiatives
(2012) Prinzessinnengarten and - top farm): farm): top n their stakeholdern interactions and interactions give of a forms these along e organized -
Kontor). - fees when it comes tot he basic necessities. And necessities. basic he tot comes it when fees Pyramidengarten - portfolio ( portfolio
84 are mainly lookingfor material and - fees, commercial the projects struggle cf. cf. (2012) clearly stated that this would would thatthis clearly stated (2012) 2012). Pyramidengarden critical for the existence of their their of existence the for critical
(2012) summarized these these summarized (2012)
the state, Laskerwiesen state, the they they - intensive process of of process intensive ied actually actually . While the non- . While
in in Appendix 3: 3: Appendix receiv e etty etty
all all or or
CEU eTD Collection BioPilze mentions the conditions which the conditions mentions haveBioPilze t a R&D of publicfunding everyonenot posse state this to initiatives. community reply most Rather not, funding system? additional producers an with c So publicfunding. comes to it considered not when is funds, some initiatives prefer to receive it from other sources, e.g. the private foundation foundation private e.g. the other sources, from receive prefer it to funds, some initiatives makenot use of themand stay the state’s subsidies. applyingWhen from independent for practit andare repelling proceduresHowever the thes condition ( forconditions funding. highly The self 2012, AllmendePrinzessinnengarten 2012, [...] or receivenational not side. [...] did communal or funding from „We support “It would not help us. Say, we would not be considere be wouldnot Say,we help us. “It wouldnot s the but men the not problem, “The is funding A project which successfullyworks project with funding Pyramidengarten. is They purpose avoided on this T of use make to capacity of problems andand that.There communicatedothis to and are several things other which exclude each an and astart has project project you of ancould think not adequate usually is funding wouldreceive partner. And the fi The flexibility and rather p This showsthatfunding This he private companies private he nd ashow new and company a last resort a last Allmende
be highly time - bound and this rather harms than helps if you want to build up something. A something. you up want build to if than helps ratherand harms this bound . se ECF , in case, in theyfind a donot private investor s. - Kontor
would - consuming and further note that specific skills are needed which which needed are skills specific that note further and consuming
(2012) states that state actor state that states (2012) see the procedures procedures the see
- only options foroptions urbanproducers food necessarily not lacking. is and did not get a not and did
art end - - that we are employed full time” ( apply for R&D apply - free even or time Kontor - … […] So, p So, […] … org ” ( Prinzessinnengarten this kind of paternalism of kind paternalism this reject often projects anized them 2012) o be fullfiledapply to for start “ 85 ( barrier to make use use make to barrier main as and conditions nythingespecially in start the because we Pyramidengarten . - rojects and sustainability, those are two
- and women and funding fr ould the state then help the urban food food help the urban then state the ould time activitytime urbanproduction of food s
2012). prefer to steer and set certain certain set and steer to prefer d. For this, we would nee would we this, For d. ioners, that theyioners, that omFederal the Ministry for
- ( power to write applications applications write to power ECF , 2012)
BioPilze
2012). 2012).
funds . -
up funding: up funding: , but we have webut have , 2012) The owner of would . - rather rather based based d to We We CEU eTD Collection however, are leased out by private companies like the German Railway (Deutsche Bahn), the the Bahn), (Deutsche Railway German the like companies by private out leased are however, t of community by Most government. the local of public land provision for this purpose should be focused purposesect be this of should in publiclandfor provision 5.2 betha should included rather the realityprojects. thelegal urban forms The of and variety the variety of of motivations uncomplicated. and short be to has procedure application the and downsized be applications to have part as their free of themwork Most in understand producers. of the specificnecessities the theyconditions need. provide community to able be to Interkultur seems Stiftung which co PyramidengartenAllmende and then have pay is to This true for a rent. thegardens, allotment Prinzessinnengarten, initiative In rentLaskerwiesen. the publicspace to cases,however, the most districts locatedIn onpublicland. rare land cases,theprovides district this for free, e.g. for ntracts are connected to some kind of obligations and of somentracts kind restrictions: obligations are connected to
he he rovision of land public and provision planning Urban - „That is Al is written in the contract” and you the state planningand urban The to offood interaction urban pruduction regard with to have financially,actors state food urban production In supportthe order to paid t to be to fee youfence ageneral and is supposedget areThere not to [...]. the soil into All the community time a allotment gardensareallotment situated onpublic land ass well. However lmende ctivity projects. the in This resultsgeneral in a lack of time
he city: An annual 1 Euro per m². That means we need to pay 5,000 Euros [...] Euros [...] need5,000 we That pay he 1Euro m². to An means city:annual per The conditions to be to el conditions The need find a to legal which than contractor person, is for the City, that’s how it why they t they why - Kontor an as is exception they havecontract a a with publiccompany run
- old us: You can have 5,000m², you are not supposed to build a a build to supposed you are not 5,000m², Youhave can us: old based projects and a major part of the allotment gardens are are gardens allotment the of part amajor and projects based n excluded from the conditions. n excludedfrom the conditions. ( - Kontor. Allmende igible - Allmende of case the in Like - gardens aretheir 75%contract districts. agardens in with - Kontor
to respect with be developed funding should for 86 28 March, 282012).
-
i based projects with the the with projects based on.
Kontor this leaseKontor this . Procedures for for Procedures . ome colonies, ome colonies, - s whichs time or time or - CEU eTD Collection of the projects. of most for uncertainty increasing projects becomes still ofhowever, success this is the there improbable, year several After end. they can so year and each extended are contracts means this a high purpose. the For projects the allowed are projects Most sehen Geld liebsten MinistryFinance, t of non and use practical another well: needs howeveras this be plot, to provided company employees.and concept mobile its However their they with easily could move to project insecurity Prinzessinnengarten, this problems f poses projects the of existence mere the projects, itthreatens of value monetary the as complications c thethen to land forwardsowner. managed the land money is The an public agency, interim by gardens pu (a formerly post a This creates creates Finance. This of the Ministry acts order in who lled “Liegenschaftsfonds” „The contract runs one year contract„The runs one and has beCurrently, to extended.[…] are there nohints “The only problem we have is the insecurity for planning.for“The the insecurity is have problem only we The perceived problem from this form of interaction is the contition of interim use. of theuse. interim contition is form of this The interaction perceived from problem say, that– createdadministration framework which a with we could work onthe long term [...] standing in the district, itwould c c the be not should that this plot.” years, four or three next the for here stay can we sure, haveWe would be employees it helpful to and b A years. eight end can contracts These
2012). The individual tenent has a lease contract with the colony association which which the contractwith colonyassociation a tenent lease has The individual 2012). ( Prinzessinnengarten disregarding this specific plot - ” ( blic company) andCatholic andProtestantchurchesblic also( the s a private company youc acannot without company work private a s he urban gardener replied: “They see to prefer money.” “ Allotment gardens - monetary for benefit the society
public land as long as there is no need for it for another another for for it noneed as is there as long public land easily and this then this and easily 2012). nymore. anymore. ase 2012) reate a public outcry” ( outcry” apublic reate
the l the . ir the to respect with uncertainty
and often becomes more important than its than important oftenits more becomes and 87
we could plan Besides, we have a comparably good good comparably a have Besides, we
result
e able to tell them: Yes, we now for
. (Rosol 2010) (Rosol Asked supportfrom for t the s or the long
and if not here, than onanotherand here, ifthan not in the final close Pyramidengarten for the next fice, sive, seven, It would make senseIt if wouldmake ertain longterm frame. - . term planning for the term For the commercial commercial the For s Die wollen am am wollen Die
- , 2012). and an with
down of the of the down future. The The future. Allotment
the the he he CEU eTD Collection problemts of understanding publicadministrators and The interaction. act very cautiously need to interact and communicate with public mentioned administrators. projects Several gardens Berlin. They of some kind stage have interim and can easier be demolishe converted “Permanent Garden into Land” (Dauergartenland)Land the in spatial - gardens Nowadaysof soil. polluted theygardeners propose use theirto raised instead ( beds excarvationsbroad were there In the 1980s, prevail. circumstances still responsible thatthese working topsoil. onnatural transportto raised and in clean beds soil. certainresults in regulations, e.g. thatgardeners allowed are not dig to into the soil and have contamination which still resultsII. from war War ruinsandWorld from munition participate forto andgardening motivation urban the in projects. activists by (2010) of findings Rosol who sees the political implicatio growfood ( to places gardenersprevent some in unregulate appreci gardeners community food The publicadministration. producers and the fallow used public landthe is in citycentre aof is discussion mainpoint between the urban 14 valu the ofto single have opposing a tradition long
This issue is currently e districts through building strategies upgrading of Another problem which was identified when it comes to the use of public land, is the the land, is of public the to use comes whenwas it identifiedAnother which problem gardens Allotment the soil is landBerlincentre in of of public out the use Anotherwhich results problem This raises the question a question raisesThis the
2012). 2012). circumstance This however has legal cannot as soil consequences be polluted d activities on fallow plots as public green has certain guidelines which even even guidelines whichgreen certain public has fallowas plots activities on d
highly discussed in German urban planning under the key
(2012) mentions the poor mentions money(2012) beBerlin to household of bout the use of public land. The community gardens in Berlin Berlin gardens in community The publicland. thebout use of
This was mentioned byalmost all projects which are - sided strategy of urban planning to create high create to urban strategy of planning sided Prinzessinnengarten 88 14
(Meyer - word of “Gentrification”. n of open space - Renschhausen 2004) Renschhausen 2012)
. This is supported is This
as inspiration d (
use plan for plan for use Allotme Allotment ate ate .
How How This This the the nt nt - CEU eTD Collection urban planning catergoryof land use for gardening use besides theof system allotment helpf be can strategies Several Berlin. space. open resource: ascarce of situation highly competitive problems due the to poses urban this In setting neighbourhood. the could be then to offeralternative plots with similar characteristics andproximity to the interim- extending the contracts to longer time years10 of the experience in Berlin the districts, feel administrators should confident in proven to beto gathered.gardens onpublicland Community are new not the to administration and have have accept to interaction follow thesethem.This based and is onexperience has which still actors trust in their contractors to planningfood producers and be urban improved? politicians and administrators was tense 2010) temporarily (Rosol quite space and criticize strongly urban Berlin, policies in development the their relations local with background. Allmende ( requests certain decline rather administrators law and if these regulations donot include certain understandable is actions, it that t not necessarily is this that emphasize respectwith anythingunknown to and irregular. However, That is why it is essential to integrate urban garden space into the However, circums State trust. on producers based is food urban state and actors The between interaction Taking this current situation in consideration in Taking between how caninteraction current situation the urban this use for plots which might be used for other purposes or even be sold. Another strategy Another strategy be even purposessold. other or used might for use be for which plots - After After districts. the liveabilitybe improve of to asuccessfulscheme precious highly Kontor As some co As some
2012). These2012). complexities andattitudesresult also of historical out the tances are not always supportive as the gardens are often seen as an an as seen often are gardens the as supportive always not are tances mmunity gardensmmunity show
accept and stick to the conditions and urban food producers food urban producers and the to conditions stick accept and - he administrations fault. administrations Theirhe action based is onpublic spans than one year. ul how to achieve this. One strategy is to create a new anew create to is strategy One this. achieve to how ul
Laskerwiesen 89
ed
a former former
2012, the urban food producers food the urban dedication dedication Prinzessinnengarten .
of squatting land - use plan for public public 2012, 2012,
also also CEU eTD Collection society and the resilience of the City the of resilience the and society imperative keep to open space for gardening activit urbanace. sp for competition high the production despite food scheme urban of as the example of Pyramidengarten shows: Pyramidengarten of example the as be to when able comesgardeners contributesuperficialUrban it contamination, to proved replac 2010).public green (Rosol the onto public of preservation the for costs their externalize not does Berlin of city challenges financially greenenable parks garden in to andarea. citizens other gardens allotment garden permanent for selectable not are which gardens allotment allotment gardeners furthermore ask for the extension of gardenersthe- allotment so ask extension for furthermore the gentrification). upgradingraiseintentional order(key in The districts rents word to of gardens formcommunity also,of thatthis is urbanbe for misused planning the not should category of permanent allotment garden land ( land garden allotment permanent of category mass of gardeners allotment for and the ask th ( category gardens. ement of soil is highlybeement is should a ofbut expensive - soil long „ “We did some clean some did “We the design show futureand to foresightfully. needs create this For it changes” unpredictable future, with flexibility cope society necessary the andwith knowledge to O needed. are plots experimental great p general a In planningposes the urban subletting two yearssubletting twoof rent” The same is true for the clean the for true is same The 2012). A last strategy could be the reduction of regulations on public green in order to greenA strategy last ofreduction regulations 2012).could orderto beonpublic in the U However this poses to be difficult as no contaminated plots can be included in this this becan included in contaminated plots no as be to difficult However poses this Allotment rban planning should (Lohrberg 2011) gardens -
2012). Here,gardeners with community could coalize the critical up and restoratup ot solelynot actadministering as ankeep to instrument order. . ( . Pyramidengarten Lohrberg notion this by summarized (2010) claiming: nly courage experimenting the urban for the provides - up of polluted plots. The excavating works and works The and plots. excavating polluted up of
ion works, this was rewardedby district works,ion this bythe Allotment gardens 90 e inclusion of contaminated plots into the into e of plots inclusion contaminated ies with regard to the well- 2012). otential to support and enhance the enhance supportandthe otential to However, itis important that the termgoal for the cityBerlin. of called called
2012). 2012). protection protection Important for the Importantfor the
land being of the being of the
- periods for periods for ( cases and and cases Allotment It is
In In CEU eTD Collection the use respectthe with to artificial of rules theirgardens own community fertilizers have or respect with choices right the make gardensallotment a gardening have each consultant in the gardeners colonywho helps to still- enforcement law of this the commercial projects but also to the allotment gardeners and community gardens. the gardeners alsocommunity to allotment but the commercial and projects agents areallowed the in private commercial growingapplies only not and to activity.This Prinzessinnengarten 2012). derives its dynamic from the absence of such strict regulations (cf. a Allotment gardens the rent a maximum of to four timesrent the for localagricultural land(Bundestag 1983, ofhut max. 24 halfm², of the rest for leisure, the other half for and food production) restricts association), the rights of and allotment obligations garden (Bundes Law onAllotment Federal producers the is additional legal guidance. food- urban based land for the important most the alreadyabove covered section production. The actors. However, itis surprisingfind to how little regulations actual food apply urban to ly 5.3 B ppre BioPilze
prevailing prejudice against allotmentgardeners ( producers: The urban planning. The interviews only revealed planning.knowledge only interviews little producers: Theabout The urban a Regulations c The Plant Protection LawThe Protection Plant (Pflanzenschutzge Such legal framework doesfor exist not other urban foodnot producers and would framework legal Such urban food for decidedlyregulation, develope legal form of The comprehensive most about state talking when ones mind come to first to are the regulations andLaw other i ated ated gG). gG). by community the In 22 paragraphs, the Federal government of Germany defines the use, the the thegovernmentGermanyFederaldefines use, ofIn the paragraphs, 22 area per parcel per area 2012).
it is valid: no complaint, n
(<400 m²) (<400 - gardens. The creativity whi gardens. The
gardens. to fertilizersto andpesticides ( , the qualitative use of , the qualitative It regulates (non - the of organization form 91 setz) defines what setz) kind o redress. The overuseof pesticides a is Allotment gardens ch is shown in these projects projects these in ch shown is
Allotment gardens the space (max. 6% sealed; a a sealed; 6% (max. space the Allmende BioPilze
2012). Nowadays, 2012). Nowadays, of plant protection of plant gartengesetz gartengesetz - Kontor
2012). 2012). For th For
2012, 2012, profit profit All All
be be – e CEU eTD Collection 5.4 andinformation, responsibilities. coordination be will argued section following on the in This foodregulations urban production. applyingto identify all relevant r for commercial an with innovative projects approach, seems be it to highly time respectwith hygiene to to t to If men they rarely. more mentioned is Berlin) of State Federal Prinzessinnengarten offor contact mainpoint publicgreenas their ( t and administration the district’s see projects gardening urbanbefore, most Berlin’s administrative structure gardening and coordinating activities. urban information of providing the task focus on a special state with of the respect responsibilities to project their ( plot the on restaurant hygieny and gastronomic cafe services andeir apply th to which number ( Inpesticides. general theyare anynatural to use opposing atpesticides alland prefer Prinzessinnengarten 2012) Pyramidengart he Agencytection Pro Plant for
Responsibilities O To sum up, legal regulations are not seen as problematic or difficult to fulfil. However, are up,legalTo sum asor seen problematic difficultfulfil. not to regulations The The of givethean practitioners will overviewThe section following a only of one is This commercial projects. also refers to Protection Law Plant The for of regulations follow to ne strategy with respect to regulations could be the central collection of relevant institutional responsibility with respect to urban food production are scattered in responsibility arescattered foodinstitutional respecturban production with to in
( ECF en 2012,
2012).
egulations 2012, 2012,
when it Laskerwiesen , Information Biopilze evenBiopilze mentioned be to surprised of the lack of regulations . ECF is still in the processaccessing of whichregulations apply to Allmende comes( mushrooms to . , when of the following hints the practitioners .
Prinzessinnengarten respect with regulations mentions to is named by practitioners some ( - 2012). Kontor and coordination and
2012). The regional (of level the City and Laskerwiesen 92 BioPilze 2012)
tioned them,thenrespect with 2012, Allotment gardens . Pyramidengarten ’ heir- sub
perception with . As mentioned - intensive to intensive to divisions divisions
2012, 2012, 2012, 2012,
CEU eTD Collection organization. understood as aof critique hint respect with the to procedures also a but sign of hi gardeners stakeholder their in actors state main the are These such. as ministries all of heads the thus the and cabinet governmentBerlin,representing whichthe means “Senate”of general in the regional the ( Finance BioPilze 2012) small- agriculture not andis food perceived production asBerlin in important Landone of the Brandenburg the whichC surrounds been the with agricultureBerlin has fused foradministrative responsibility problem in thatthe with state actors” ( of of the high and independence self gardens. This community the the landlord by Gardens association with respect tocorrect the implementation ofFederal theLaw Allotment on mainly eachguidance to allotment provide the state should actors From of their view, point Brandenburg’s agriculture is alarg is agriculture Brandenburg’s 2012) urban food production are expressing their wish and observation not to “have areandexpressing observationurban theirto muchdo not to wish food production . . The administrative unit in Brandenburg has in furthermoredifferent unit expertiseas . The a administrative scale production an in urban setting not is ontheir agenda at all One concrete responsibility for urban agriculture is missing. is agriculture responsibility urban for One concrete Their perceived“supervision”. with responsibility T be can summarized
and Protec Plant Allotment gardens 2012), the Ministry ofand Development Urban Environment and the Ministry of
for instance declare this explici this declare instance for - portfolios (cf portfolios Prinzessinnengarten Appendix 3: Stakeholder 3: . Appendix tion tion
2012, ( Allotment gardens - Allmende organization of most non- of most organization e - scale production on vast areas of the Federal State and and State Federal the of areas vast on production scale
tlyrespect with toAgency the for Plant Protection. 2012, 2012, - Kontor reduced perception of responsibility of reduced perception 93
2012). Pyramidengarten - Portfolios
ity Berlin. of This is seen as a signal that 2012) The district si mainly understood as The mainly as si district understood . Some of the practitioners refer to profit associations. Other forms ). ).
even It even is 2012). This might be be might This 2012).
( ( Allmende Allmende mentioned as a a as mentioned he allotment results out results out - - gh self gh Kontor Kontor -
CEU eTD Collection Germany. Germany. has no importance, neither academic in nor education ontheagenda political Europe in and interaction actors with state forquestioned saidabout when their Prinzessinnengarten instance knowledge about these. rural (Lohrberg 2011). area necessities. The whole subsid articles of association for instance ( instance for association of articles confronted interest as aof the with lack mushroom farmer tells: guidancegardens community emerging ofon: newly difficult identify to responsible Al department, the 2012, newly the ECF but… we have also been to symposia and workshops, but there is therebut and we symposia to workshops,is also been have but… contact, have „We „IOffice calledandme, thatthey they have the Veterinary responsible. told are not „That is our is idea„That as Allmende These findings are supported by actually no concrete coorperation concrete no actually This low profile of stateactor’s responsibility might also result out of a of lack would be know who would Th Even when searchin ( This lack of information about responsibilities is an imp have us dowith anythingto not does office veterinary The a is basic[...]. it sense product severe. abecause makes in And way, this hadBecauseI it som also thought that contact with n support themwhen theyare Prinzessinnengarten, 2012) e community gardens are also helping each other when it comes to developing their their comes developing it to when egardensarealso helpingeach communityother - There are no study programs taking the specificareagriculture onurban taking it focus There programs nostudy and the
emerged community emerged 2012, 2012, BioPilze umerous now right
2012). : g for a urbangfor responsible division, food producers find themselves y
structure of the EU and its member and ofstructure its the states EU focuses only on - projects and the commercial projects ( projects commercial the and projects
As the administration often shows a lack of interest andof interest a lack oftenadministration shows As the
. searching for a Thathappeningsearching is forplot. we anyways, are in our Laskerwiesen - Kontor: We act as consultantsfor actKontor: We new as initiatives. We
” Lohrberg (2011) who between „Nomadisch Grün“ between „Nomadisch
rson in the Senate’s Chancelery Senate’s the in rson pe contact ( Allmende ething hygiene dowith to 94
2012,
- Kontor lmende Allmende , 2012) - ” Kontor has started to take the startedKontor take to has the ( criticizes that urban agriculture
BioPilze ortant issue voiced by of most . - Kontor
and a 2012) Prinzessinnengarten . But. itis not that … we do not even even do not we …
2012). This also 2012). This . it is it is the the ” s
CEU eTD Collection online communitygardens interviews and general the in from perception bythe press their and their the network of communitygardens. frombeing Judging it mentioned by other several al learngarden practice community but the a to been either, be developedto Meanwhile, however, w This actors. state the concerns voice to towards their initiatives the group numerous for interest and as also work createIt a network wouldhelp andguidance projects. existing citizens provide interested for ( New York gardens in coordinationcommunityfarms the agencyurban for and need for aagency. Green central,the coordination Thumb independe refer to Most develope a non- the responsibility ofSenate the or if itrather be independent: should Berlin ( ( colony each of the Agency. information. for actors state consulting then other each helping rather are approached. projects beresponsible, The unlikely when seen even actors,means to that state Prinzessinnengarten re. The Agency also provides e - iated by the urban food food by urban the iated apprec and acknowledged as seen be can this appearance “We knew each other f other each knew “We Due information onfree their for to need plots Since react then,not thedid administration and provided such agency. a coordination the Senate’sadministra and people the towards coordinating function a for the need Senate, voicing several the meetings with The discussion is happeningThe is discussion r An poses exception the interaction of the allotment Allmende Theallotment gardeners receive information with respect to plantprotectionfrom Allotment gardens profit association forprofit association instance, community most - Kontor 2012, 2012, Allmende ould ould 2012,Prinzessinnengarten Allmende help rom before, connectingrom webefore,already been we have had - Kontor was founded with the aim to create itinstead thecreate with aimto founded Kontor was 2012) to to ducat ight now if such an agency would be rather situated in nowagency if suchight an rather situated in wouldbe facilitate founding the communitygardens more of - Kontor ion for the Garden for consultantsion the .
tors
2012). Such an organization is expected is to organization Suchan 2012). 95 ” ( Allmende 2012) , regulations and practices on how to regulations onhow andto practices ,
. gardeners with the Plant Protection
- Kontor - gardens are voicing their their voicing are gardens
, 2012)
(Gartenfachberatung)
so a major node in aso in major node .
. It has has It
in in nt nt
CEU eTD Collection appreciation of actuallyapproaching order local in politicians change to yet not is legislation the administr with the legal or governmental dictate. This is not surprising as itis the Executive. However, processes producing( community importanceAgendaLocal planBerlin. in of 21action the strategies them.Allme of approaching experiences. on based are they case specific this in bureaucrats, 2012, procedures ( frustrated ideas when where they innovative as blocked were (e.g.bureaucraticappl procedures Itof werebe theconcerns. confrontedhighly projects identifiedwith couldthatsome also them were negatively at surprised least of bythe speed how administrators contacted the in need administrators fornarratives, information. Judging their of from most of themhave most as landlords; ontheadministration district areSome dependent highly 5.5 2012, ECF
Administrative processes Laskerwiesen “We have a decision for a Local Agenda in Berlin, enacted by the Regional Regional the by enacted Berlin, in Agenda Local a for decision a have “We This not only not This showst ecision of the Logaldecision of the Government c book to th Iand think, 2006 in enacted was it […] obligatory, not are tasks These and PR. plots should recommended The is each is district cohesion.Integration [...] that social and the for gardensGovernment, the whichtheas intercultural substantion declares The- long theAll interviewed food urban producersstate with actors ona interact regular basis. Well the Local Agenda is a nice anice is Agenda Local the Well times. several Berlin in helped already has paper is , 2012, URL Urban Acker). 2012,URLUrban but it also points it but to the mainproblem: The only administration acts accordance in Laskerwiesen ators aremore commonlyas to contacts referred than local The politicians. have twosuch gardens, and support thattheshould administration themwith arry with you when going to the administration and then you can point to the to point you can you andadministration going then the to when arry with time experience with the administration lead to the developmentof certain
2012). This sounds like sounds This the2012). enumeration of prejudice against German Laskerwiesen
2012, he gar he Allmende ication procedures for funds)
nde deners’ capacities to cope with the administration’s
2012, 2012, ” - Kontor ( Allmende - Kontor Pyramidengarten 96 (2012) me for about told the instance
- 2012, Kontor
Prinzessinnengarten unknown the to administration’s 2012).
2012, and that some even were were even some that and Prinzessinnengarten
processed their their processed 2012, ECF
CEU eTD Collection presenting the clearly visible community garden communityinnovative administrativepresenting procedures: as the clearly visible learned as well. Formerlycritized for their typical top The urban and administration communicatingfield, agriculture. about planting, building scepticism in the beginning: administrators’ the with cope theyhad approach, to this although They appreciate highly accepted. and were gardening Berlin in for initiatives consultancy of urban information and Berlin.sort in They the concept developed of a communi Jury ( Jury allowing processorganizes an Pionierverfahren(Pioneer innovative called which Procedure) includes company This URL Freiheit, cf. Tempelhofer(Tempelhofer Freiheit). Freedom Tempelhofer use of the imme The it. interim with has decidedwhat do to the city the publicuntil field to has opened been Berlin. open now ofunused the in south The Feld,former airport situated onTempelhofer the planninghappened ratherconflict. Allmende processes.coo This in thanperation in processes havechange theactually to potential this. culture.Allmende urbanHowever, common practice food the in production Allmende “The administration’s scepticism has tr “I dare s dare “I of the pioneering projects whichof projects works, the pioneering whi p weeks four first The ( recollect recollect I be to seen, much not was there going when Andweeks happen. after to four what is Procedure. The from 13intiators Allmende - Allmende of existence mere The Allmende
citizens’ initiative to realize whatever idea they have which has to be accepted by a a by accepted be to has which have they idea whatever realize to initiative citizens’ in Berlin - ay with all precaution – Kontor numerouscomments in some meetings, sayin nse field is (it 4 broad!) km organized is by a publiccompany called - Kontor That is away,theor is That can be influenced and changed towards more citizen participation changed and in influenced be can 2012). 2012). 2012).
assed and endassed in ofmore July than seen 500people were onthe - e Kontor are allpioneers of urban agriculture of some not everyonenot happy the the with idea was Pioneer of tical and practical, where it i it where practical, and tical Kontor
ansformed, I int think, ansformed, 97
is the example of how the administrative ch they around.can show - down approach, theyareeven now tygarden connection in a with point g that itwasa dead This is one one is This o persuasion. s nots 100% regulated, This proThis of - t Kontor migh - born child” - Kontor is Kontor is
s the s the CEU eTD Collection clearer clearer reliable mid- oforganize Allmende theiragency own coordination the in form a Instead of creating administrative another body, theembraced administration the innovative administrative responsibilities was formerly lacking in Berlin’s administrative structure. cen The rules. legal hingsearc for this in the private sector thanin the public. Although projects the are thein need commercial they for support, financial are rather the procedures and structure at not allabout is that it makingfunding sources more The the availableto projects. current reorganizeto order in help to the urbanIt food producers enhance their concepts. can noted be 5.6 growinnovative approaches food the in city. to concept this appreciate highly initiatives The citizens. their of experimentation creative the for makes space itimperative open foradministration the offer to It almostand urban thus gardeningthe food enhancement production. initiatives of urban nd highly self nd highly
small, ratherflexible projects whichare discussion Interim picture Also theAlso rephrasing are rather for ofunimportant regulations the projects Berlin for examples concrete gave chapter This Providing space, providing land and preserving gardening land in connection with with connection gardening in preservingland and Providing space,land providing t clear makes example This 2012) it also justifys this administrative action as somethin of- sub intention term lease the essence contractsis the enhancement for offood urban production .
- of what kind of regulationsof applythemwouldhelp what to them kind organized nature of the urban food producers and provided them with space to space to themwith and provided producers food urban of nature the organized tral provision ofprovision information regardingknowledgetral and about regulations letting the field fo
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Salt (2006) (2006) Salt and Walker what for example aperfect It is - term well- 99 being“
(Walker &(Walker 2006). Salt o the city centre centre city the o
Tempel nce nce - CEU eTD Collection capacity,produce food urban innovative high their countries. With industrial and other in Germany now in happens right tocontribution the well- rates), biodiversity, pollination, cooling effects etc. This list is long; the important counter more(as functions, especially literacy respectwith food to nowadays could be contributed. have potential the (shown from historicalexamples) that at muchhigher least a share than the thewith framing actuallyin ci to conditions food produce resilience f the to factor add to the production Berlin in contribute to the to resilience of Berlin’s food s concept. resilience the of areas this means with respect research future to form howcould of this be resilience thinkingimplemented. enhancement. else What needs be to done? Walker and(2006) Salt claim thata shift i public with provision open space for and their innovative creative the processes key is the to actors state the on focus specific the with 5 chapter in investigated s wa This scale? larger society. urbanizing human futurean ever more of relocalization trend.are essential the Theyto interaction is one thread in the stream of relocalization of food of one which relocalization stream threadUrban the is in food production Fol In chapterI this the discuss results to of both want analyses imagining chapters by Although urban food producers might never be able to create a create self to able never be producersAlthough might food urban With all these positive capacities, what needs to be done to enhance the scheme to a a to scheme the enhance to done be to needs what capacities, positive these all With
suggest that state actors have an essential role in providing urban food producers food role producers providing in anurban thatstate have actors essential suggest lowing the conceptual framework of res of framework conceptual the lowing s
between state actors and urban food producers to be an additional important additional producers be to state an and food actors urban between 6 D - the network the interviews, ramework, as ISCUSSI being of the urbanites is clearly there. there. clearly is urbanites the of being NG THE IMPLICATIONS O be even can rs Besides function, urban this food producers have numerous 100 understood as the front ilience thinking I thinkingurbanilience foundf F ty. ty. THE THE I will furthermore discuss what
- RESULTS move to increasing obesity increasingobesity to move analysis analysis ystem. Iystem. further identified
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- runner of the runner the of . The . The ood n CEU eTD Collection overview of the contribution of urban agriculture to the resilience of cities in developed developed in cities resilience of ofagriculture the to urban contribution overview the of will need convincing from results empirica costs and benefits.- Convincing decision important It shareminor be to monthly reevaluated needs ofincome our onfood. in industrial societies. areessential liveand our we actual to despite everyday this payingFood only a so value. is (Noleppa 2012) & Witzke only proving thatcheap food an results in underestimation of its self not if prices higher mind the of change The impacts. industrialized agriculture with its immense externalization of environmental and social society urban responsible administrators whoexpertise have their in field andreflectthe interests the of like in anlike in urban and peri production system one, is comes a with reduction of efficiency. food Decentral production resear of step afuture be must resilient haveorderin energy, How be theseto become transportation. changedto systems water and a rather andan rural to peri addition interchangeable That food approach. cangrown not cities should in be be surprising, but be to changedmore to = has rural = production the consumption urban, attributed functions of 2011,Mougeot 2005) (Lohrberg space urban and rural between be will necessary it dichotomyrespect existing food breaking urban provision to to down the thinking and planning is needed dministrative structure Reevaluating food means to create a set of indicators which help to compare certain certain compare to help which indicators of aset create to means food Reevaluating And ithas to be reflected in institutional structures. The change towards a more decentralized food production as the urban food urbanas food the production food more decentralized a The change towards ;
eave space for creativ for this structure space to leave needs s
ha - - urbanachievecan setting neverhighly theof prices the subs provided with food. Germanstons provided food. with are throwing ve
to reflect the most essential social- in orderin take to onthe mind set for resilience thinking - - set has include to the consumers as they have will pay to urban foodurban pro ch.
My results can only give a first short aresults can first short give only My research. l 101 duction. makers to take on the resilience mind resilience the on take to makers
Food find productionto needs its ecological systems, i.e. food, ecological systems, i.e. food, clear cut between the the between cut clear . This ity and innovations and ity
of food away of food away . . idized idized Such Such With With - set set CEU eTD Collection systemgloba (e.g. shift who to bythe have countries hard hit been help prevent food to production see could the howintensiveand disturbances in farurban ato threshold due which currentlyon is country anresearch to scheme industrial apply this very intere It ofhigh also be scheme. might enhance the thestate to have power actors urban food the to resilience system foodBerlin’s production of would probably be different. interaction the of analysis the of outcome exact country.industrial The an set whenin formsbe anotheris ofin probableit interaction city,especially find the to same settin ahighly specific in interactions actor’s of analysis the was of UA, the findings Chapter from 4can be transferred another to place.Chapter contrast 5in broad variety ofgardening urban can types, it thatdepending be assumed onthe present forms country.another cityin another to findings my the applicabilityof reduce might This analysis. my for stage the provided time same the at state federal a and city st governance specific the of the to interaction comes when it chapterespecially 5 outcomes, in createsThis unique highly research. future for area another be will applied. This can that know throughgardening and farming the The city within remains, question however, limits. how we on discussion wholistic the import decision time. countries. Each be to more studied factor intensely has was the than in shortness it possible of
Resilience Resilience This This Berlin. in situated and system legal German the on based was study case current The The findings presented here, however, can start of be a the more comprehensive and - makers they will needsomemakers will way. be to quantified they in research scheme proven be has to valuable understand to the of contribution successfully successfully been has approach strategic the that place, in is system a resilient factors have to be investigated in more depth and for the sake of convincing factorshave sake more bedepth of to andthe investigatedconvincing for in ructure in Berlin. Germany as a federal system and Berlin as a a as Berlin and system afederal as Germany Berlin. in ructure ance of the currentlymarginal of appearance food provision 102
and to understand in howand in far understand to g and constellation. It might l recession). l Due to the choice of a very very a the choiceof Due to s
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CEU eTD Collection applicability framework of theother used onto cities has to be tested resiliencefactors, quantify to how certain effectshow quantify of to resilience and resilience thinking actorsimportant towards does cover not the researchgap at all.The of question how to change- the mind andstate theactors interactionpot showed with large resilience, urban of anthus part important and food resiliencesystem to ofcontribution the research. future of and resilience stakeholders through other the in urban food system ar important another is The ofperception offoodleadingfood. thea ofurban production transports 30% loss of to Logistics will expe retailing system. might so the as competition, foodmight urban production understand areas rural the in Farmers there seegoals threatened who stakeholders will . their are numerous beto convinced. When asking for a m the administrative structure. investigated ofgrowers thethemselves urban and the perceptions their interaction partners in I above, only In analysis the wouldreact. food existing system the how is Then the question of respect urban food (with vegetables provision and to comparablepost the to To conclude discussion: this Although the analysis of urban food production showed a A ssuming
that rience severethat 30% assuming losses, of the production happens locally the of contribution urban food production could resulta in 30% share
Difficult as itis, political actors are the not only who need ones
as a whole is still not clear not be to The studied. still as and is a need whole ore resilient foodore system resilient mainly with provision, local 103 ential improvements, to of course this
- WWII phase). phase). WWII sets of ea ea CEU eTD Collection helps in a social a helps in the to resili contribution their understand to helped me governanceacknowledgment services. of and ecosystem the variab slow acknowledging nine factors which were listed as diversity, ecological variability, and modularity system d analyse resilience. urban order in about find out to contribution study its to case aconcrete in producer’s vegetable urban of reality ObservingI the theof evolution the urban food production, wanted explore to setting. the urban unlikely of grow surrounding whichand the fruits in highly vegetables industrially a broad food varietyinitiative produced of of availability high the of because exactly or Despite Germany. like countries industrialized of social ability as the understood is as it developmentcomplement sustainable to res peak and change climate Global m. syste economic urba social main be to s ystems adapt to disturbances. to ources ized species,nized we are confronteda with global recession which threatens our world
insufficient for a glo a for insufficient
The expert The S Following framework the conceptual thinking (Walker of resilience & 2006) Salt Meanwhile urban food producers are establishing their projects in highly producersMeanwhile in theirareestablishing projects food urban a s a ustainable dev ustainable
how Resilience seems to provide a strategic astrategic provide to seems Resilience system economic on. based this is
- social ecological provision systems.ecologicalIn that provision moment the human kind has become an Berlin’s Berlin’s
- ecological system to absorb shocks from sudden disturbances easier. Urban easier. Urban sudden disturbances from absorb shocks to ecological system - ecological sub ecological - interviews about seven different urban food initiatives and companies companies and food sevenurban initiatives different about interviews elopment is regarded as normative concept normative as regarded is elopment urban bal society facing thatis evolving sudden and of disturbances their les, tight feedbacks, social capital, innovation, overlap in overlap social feedbacks, capital, in les, tight innovation, food
- the system the of 7 pr the resilience of Berlin’s food the to resilience of contribute oducers C ONCLUSION city 104 . - oil are threatening the natural and fossil and arethe threatening natural fossil oil The conceptual framework was based on on based was framework conceptual The s , companies
- ence
factors stated above. Diversity Diversity above. stated factors ,
and have projects evolved and as such it is regarded regarded is it as such and - ecological ecological I , CEU eTD Collection food producers showed e onlydo not also use but themas providethrough their gardens these argumentation to self projects’ the in noted be also can services ecosystem of appreciation helps the sys governance.found create producers to This were in overlap alsoshow.food Berlin’s urban capacities, learning the projects and innovative high the in very results high capital This social asocial prepare which possible are processes very is networksI and leaderships Only as high found. the social innovative with capital also on- groups information easily but areforwardthrough work Theyprojects tight. actors’ networks providethus knowledge about these variables slow their to peer. The interlinkages of the regardinggeneral ofthey foodcontribute information and system the the to communication a has data of assessment quantitative The lead to regime shif forwarded variablesslow The quickly,i.e. acknowledging spreadof orcan disease pests. of gardenscommunity enableshocks to might betweenand some interlinkages personal The network close input. needed material their for provide to independence each project of producers’conventional lowinterconnectedness food and the system with the high natural by system modularitysupported pest control.the f food the The was urban of rang food producershad varying strategiescope with to how these ecological variabilities urban the that showed it data the From pest. and diseases occurring naturally also but changes, changes cyclic ability occurring cope to with natural organizational and divers actor nhance their projects. ed
from production keeping separated the from the to outside irrigation and systems
and offline media. The social capital of urban food producers, based on trust, ontrust, based food producers, of urban capital social The and media. offline tem resilience as redundancies is systems makes them more shock more them makes systems is redundancies as resilience tem ts when ignored when andts managed. not These capacities. are e.g. production to contributeto either ity. Theability embrace to ecological variability
low priority the in urban food projects. to to - ecological system to cope with sudden changes. changes. sudden with cope to system ecological biodiversity, 105 . For food systems these are climatic climatic are these systems food For . to to diversityfood choices of and to - descriptions. They descriptions. They -
proof. The proof. The means the the means However, However,
which ood be be
CEU eTD Collection guide of how to prepare for theguide unknownfor future. how prepare to of resiliencefactors. Theymust be evaluated in quantitative terms in order to on. systemsprovision Citywould be a based resilient allthebut essential onlyfood system approach include thedeveloped to not the with holistic be to has certainregime instead letting strategy of to itshift other configurations.resilience A havewill be to quantitative convincedwith numbers onthe long efficiency accepted and realized be will be introduced and thus helps supporting urban food be producers. helps supportingwill introduced andurban thus resilience of Berlin’s food system. However this still not guarantee that the strategical concept were producers and bypassed therefore marginal food byurban themselves. regard and coordination information offood to urbanproducers, the capacities of the state While processes administrative interaction growers betweenand urban state Especially, actors. planning urban also but regulationss and organisation perception grower’s the analyzed Ialso named. state activity were there how I investigated analysis the of part second In the central as landlords. mainly mentioned be to were actors state as resilience for factor important another is actors state with interaction the the interaction with state actors was perceived and which strategies for improvement of of improvement for strategies which and perceived was actors state with interaction the the responsible administrator for certain issues were difficultfind. to Especially with
Therefore, further research has to be conducted with respect to the assessment of of assessment the to respect with conducted be to has research further Therefore, Resilience Resilience T The analysis of the urban food producers with regard to the nine factors revealed that that factors revealed nine the to regard with food urban producers The the analysis of his analysis showed the potential of urban food production to contribute to the the to production contribute to food potentialof analysis showedurban his the is widelyopposesresilience but to is spread of social has to enter the political agenda. political T the enter to has have food theenhanceproduction. potentialto the of scheme urban by state actors. This can pose problems as the general paradigm of of paradigm general the as problems pose can This actors. by state ?
This second step of analysis revealed a high degree of of degree a high revealed analysis of step second This
106 he he importance of importance - ecological systems. ecological - term benefits of preserving a a preserving of benefits term
resilient systems
of of local and national
provide a strict provide a strict
St ate actor actor ate
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to to
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for
- Global . Quellen zur Ernährungskrise der in ity in the process of globalization process of and the in ity
465. 110
- - In: WZBwar years]. Mitteilungen, In: Public
- Go ods. [Gardens and Politics.[Gardens andAbout - urban space].urban In B.
smit.com/ In: Appetite In: ].
München: Oekom. inzel_31-
. The Urban . The 51: pp. 3– . [
(XLIV) . Berlin [About [About
is is
CEU eTD Collection URL Tempelhofer Freiheit. Retrieved May 27,2012 from: http://www.tempelhoferfrei URL SFUAA. Retrieved May 22,2012from: http://www.sfuaa.org/news.html. URL Prinzessinnengarten. Retrieved May 17,2012from: http://prinzessinnengarten.net/. URL Malzfabrik. Retrieved March 12, 2012 from: http://www.mal URL Laskerwiesen. Retrieved May 05,2012 from: http://laskerwiese.blogspot.de/. URLInnsula. Retrieved March 30, 2012 from: Böckel ECF vom 2012: Laskerwiesen 2012: Pachmann Allmende BioPilze 2012: Klein URL Gartenfreunde Berlin. Retrieved May 15, URL summt!. Berlin Retrieved May 20,2012 from http://www.berlin.deutschland Pyramidengarten 2012: Hoffmann, C. (26.03.2012) Prinzessinnengarten 2012: URL A100stoppen. Retrieved May 22,2012 from: http://www.a100stoppen.de/a100- Allotment gardens 2012: Bothe Walker, B (ed.) (2006). Veenhuizen,R. Van UNISDR Natural (2002): Disasters andSustainable Development: understanding the betweenlinks 8.3 8.2 ______Wortmann, (2003). M. Strukturwandel undGlobalisie WHO [World Health Organization] (2001). Urban and peri
bundesverwaltungsgericht Agriculture. productive cities http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/ 2012. From Johannisburg Summit: development, environment and natural disasters. Background Paper No. 5.Retrieved May 20, http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=8051&catid=7&typeid=46. 16, 2012 from UN world. world. changes andglobalization he Geroft http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/101626/E72949.pdf. ProductionLocal Localfor Consumption. Retrieved January 04,2012 from WHO: Elements for community promoteto action social cohesion reduceand inequalities through WZB. Websites Interview - (2011). State of the world’s cities. 2010/ 2011. Bridging urbanthe divide. Kontor 2012: Kontor . H., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing
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, C. (27.03.2012). Berlin. MP3.
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, G. (27.03.2012). Berlin , K. (28.03.2012), K. - stoppt , G. (28.03.2012). Berlin- , M. (06.03.2012)M. , Cities farming for the future. Urban agriculture green for and - bauvorbereitung man retailing
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Telephone. MP3. . from: http://www.gartenfreunde Telephone. MP3. 111 - - rung Deutschen des Einzelhandels. Neukölln. MP3. - Schönfelde. MP3. Schönfelde. in ] Neukölln. MP3 - . Discussion Paper SP III 2003- neukoellner - urban food and nutrition action plan.andnutrition action urban food zfabrik.de/
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-
BioPilze .
.
gaerten/
- summt.de/
Retrieved February - berlin.de/. heit.de/
.
202. Berlin: [Structural [Structural . .
CEU eTD Collection URL VitaCity. Retrieved February 21,2012 from: URL Acker. Urban Retrieved May 26,2012 from: http://urbanacker.net/ URL ZFarm. Retrieved March 30, 2012 from:
http://www.zfarm.de/ http://www.vitacity.org/. 112 . .
CEU eTD Collection 9.1
6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 9. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 8. 7. Appendix f the intiative/ the the impacts of intiative/ Which company? the ecological are Welche ökologischen hatInitiative/ Auswirkungen die das Unternehmen theWhich thecompany? of intiative/ the economic impacts are Welche ökonomischen hatInitiative/ Auswirkungen die das Unternehmen Whichmaterial): ‘ingredients’ these are of pr energy (i.e.When electricity, compost, ontheinflow focussing material/ soil, water, bezogen? Stadt der aus direkt werden „Zutaten“ dieser Welche Kompost): Material, Wasser, Initiative/ das Unternehmen mitallen die man Stoffströmen (Energie,Betrachtet How important is the city for the initiative/ company? Stadt der Standort der hat Bedeutung Welche What company your initiative/ role does playBerlin? in Welche Rolle spieltInitiative/ die das Berlin? Unternehmen in gerade vegetables/ of company?What playyour food in initiative/ the production role does dem Unternehm Lebensmittel dieWelche Produktion spielt Rolle vonGemüse bzw. Lebensmittelproduktion in der Stadt Arevegetable your sell certified? youto vegetables?Is your planning organically , Sie Planen these depend plans on? (say of Whatyears)?What the future your for 5dothe plans therealization next are ab? Pläne dieser Realisierung Fläche? die gehört Wem What are you doesyourHow producing? yourcompany initiative/ work? wird Was produziert? genauWie Garten? funktioniert der Wo Würde What company’s thegoal? initiative’s/ is Was ist das ZielInitiative der organizations) (naturalWho the in project? persons/ participating is Wer ist an dem Projekt beteiligt? (Personen, Organisationen) yourPlease yourcompany initiative/ describe doing. exactly is what IhrInitiative/Bitte ihre beschreibengenau was Sie, Unternehmen macht. Aktueller Stand des Projekts Was für Pläne hab Pläne für Was What youone canyear? quantities produce are the throughout könn Mengen Welche from? come WhereWhere doyouWho seedlings from? get the the seed/ tools the land? does owns uld you declare your initiative/ your beyour company declareagriculture? urban initiative/ you uld to n Sie
1 die Initiative die als urbaneLandwirtschaft bezeichnen?
Ihr : Questionaire Gemüse zu vertreiben? Ist vertreiben? zu Gemüse en Sie en ?
im Verlauf eines Jahres produzieren? produzieren? Jahres eines Verlauf im Sie en
W für die Zukunft (z.B. die nächsten 5 Jahre)? Wovonnächsten hängtZukunftfür 5Jahre)? die die (z.B. die oher stammen die Gartengeräte? Gartengeräte? die stammen oher
Unternehmens des / 9 Current state of the project the of state –Current A PPENDI Urban food –Urban production
113 Ihr CES
für die Initiative/ das Unternehmen Gemüse bi Gemüse ovided by the city? the by ovided ?
o-
zertifiziert? Woher
das Saatgut? das in der Initiative/ in der
?
?
?
CEU eTD Collection
4. 3. 2. 1. 8. 7. 5. 3. 10. 9. 8. 6. 2. 1. 7. Wie ist die Situation heute? Mit wem arbeite Whatyou face? problems did fürWas Problemeaufgetreten? sind theWho in beginning? help did you what or hat was oder Wer th did Where d Idee, der zu es kam Wie Rahmenbedingungen – provision of cities? What your of production kind,improve food to urban doyou in the potential see food Lebensmittelversorgung vonGroßstädten verbessern? zu s Potential Welches the thecompany?Which of intiative/ the impacts social are Unternehmen das Initiative/ Welche Auswirkungen sozialen die hat your work difficult? today?WhoWith making theis situation is How you cooperating? are whom what or Einzelpersonen Organisationen) bzw. Senatsverwaltung,Bundesverwaltung, Politiker erfahr Hilfestellung Welche Gibt esGibt Kooperationen wieaus? sehen und die companiesWhich- initiatives/ are onultra working other Welche Hilfestellung würde research, foundations, NGOs,private companies)? experienceWhat- you to third from kindsupport of Unt Hilfes Welche company? doyouHow finance the initiative/ Wie finanziert sichInitiative/ die das Unternehmen What to it? difficult handel? was Which are your appliedto ini regulations erwiesen? schwierig als sich hat Was erfahren? davon erfahr Hindernisse Welche administration?Politicians?) state administration, regional What(districtexperience doyouadministration, actors support state from beschäftigen sich in Berlinmi beschäftigen noch sich in Projekte Welche thenproduction play? Which creativeSmall doyou food urban imagine2050? Berlinin task: role will How urbaneLebensmittelproduktion?spielt BioPilze –Fur Hinweise Weiterführende What for? you wish would kindsupport of betreffen Rechtsvorgaben he Welc actors? Which doyou the experiencestate through barriers ernehmen)? - e Kreative e idea for the initiative/ the company origin from? the companyorigin initiative/ e the idea for tellung erfahren Sie von dritten(z.B. Stiftungen, Forschung, NGOs, Stiftungen, vondritten(z.B. erfahren Sie Forschung,tellung
Ihnen
eh Aufgabe: Wie stell Wie Aufgabe:
en
am Anfang geholfen? amgeholfen? Anfang Sie Framing conditions Framing ie Initiative/ie d on staatlicher Seite? staatlicher von Sie en von staatlicher Seite (Bezirksämtern, (Bezirksämtern, Seite staatlicher von Sie en Sie sich n Sie in dieser in Lebensmittelproduktion, die Form der
ther Hints Ihre Wer oder was erschwert das Projekt? das erschwert was oder Wer wünschen?
en Sie sich Sie en Initiative/euer Unternehmen as as tiative/ company?tiative/ about you did How learn 114
Unternehmen
n Sie
)? Berlin 2050 vor? Welche Berlin Rolle 2050vor?
zusammen? (Nenne wenigstens 5 5 wenigstens (Nenne zusammen?
party actors (i.e. party actors private ?
t ultra
zu gründen? zu local vegetable production?
-
lokalem Gemüseanbau? lokalem
? ? Wie hab Wie ?
Sie en
CEU eTD Collection des Unternehmens Macht/ ihrer entsprechend ein, Matrix agreementtheir the project’s/ com with respect thewith to power Bitte ordnen Sie die von IhnengenanntenBitte ordnen Stakeholder die Sie von die in Stakeholder Stakeholder are how theyDo cooperationsorganized? exists and Please ranknamed the stakeholders the by stakeholder you within Would questions? further answer be to ready you Verfügung? zur Fragen weitere für Sie Stehen von hoch bis niedrigZ bis vonhoch undihrer - Analyse
over the existence of the initiative/ company (from high to low) and and low) (from to high company initiative/ existenceover the of the –Stakeholder
ihrem goals. pany’s - Analysis die Existenz de Existenz auf die Einflusspotential 115 ielübereinstimmung von hoch niedrig. bis ielübereinstimmung von
- analysis r Initiative/ - Analyse - matrix
- CEU eTD Collection
9.2
Appendix
2: Stakeholder
- Matrix
116
CEU eTD Collection Pyramidengarten Laskerwiesen 9.3
Appendix
3: Stakeholder
- Portfolios
117
CEU eTD Collection Berlin gardens Allotment Allmende - K ontor
118
CEU eTD Collection Biopilze Berlin Prinzessinnengarten
119
CEU eTD Collection
ECF Center ECF
120
9.4
Appendix
4:
Actor - CEU eTD Collection Network
121
CEU eTD Collection 9.5 L ASKERWIESEN
Appendix
5: 5: ardening projects gardening urban ofPictures the 122
CEU eTD Collection P RINZESSINNENGARTEN
123
CEU eTD Collection A LLMENDE - K ONTOR
124
CEU eTD Collection B IO P ILZE B ERLIN
125