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Year 13 Study Guide and NCEA Essay Questions

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Year 13 Study Guide and NCEA Essay Questions Year 13 Study Guide and NCEA Essay Questions 1 INTRODUCTION: pg.4 Ethnic origins of Macedonian People Political developments in the Greek world The Persian Invasion Macedonian emergence to power 4th century BC SOURCES FOR ALEXANDER THE GREAT – historiography pg.6 The primary sources – the Lost Works The secondary sources REIGN OF PHILIP II AND ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT pg.6 Philip’s reign 359-336BC The Corinthian League The Murder of Philip The murder How/why are Olympias and Alexander implicated in the murder of Philip? ALEXANDER KING OF MACEDON AND HEGEMON AND STRATEGOS OF THE CORINTHIAN LEAGUE pg.11 Alexander’s relationship with the Greeks Alexander and the League of Corinth The first of the Greek rebellions 335BC Second rebellion of the Greek states Theban rebellion Spring 335BC Alexander and Athens Greek rebellions 333 – 332 BC Exiles Decree 324 BC Summary of Alexander’s relationship with the Greeks ALEXANDER’S MILITARY CONQUESTS AND LEADERSHIP pg.17 Alexander – a military genius Preparing for war in the east ALEXANDER’S ARMY pg.18 Alexander in Asia Minor Alexander’s army Persia on the eve of Alexander’s invasion The Persian army of Asia Minor Battle of Granicus 334BC Significance of the Granicus victory The aftermath of Granicus Ionian cities of Asia Minor 334 BC Battle of Issus (November 333 BC) Significance of the victory for Alexander Darius asks for the return of the royal and noble ladies Darius’ first request Darius’ second request PHOENICIA pg.26 Phoenician cities 332 BC Siege of Tyre, January – August 332 BC Gaza Egypt 332 - 331 BC 2 Alexandria 331 BC CONQUEST OF MESOPOTAMIA pg.29 Battle of Gaugamela (end of 331 BC) MILITARY CONQUESTS AFTER THE BATTLE OF GAUGAMELA pg.31 AFTER THE BATTLE pg.31 Babylon 331 BC Reorganisation of Army Battle at the Persian Gates Persepolis 330 BC New Appointments Murder of Darius 330 BC Pursuing murderers of Darius 330 – 328 BC, dealing with internal conflict THE INDIAN EXPEDITION 327 BC pg.34 The Kingdom of Porus and the Battle of Jhelum (Spring, 326 BC) Sailing down the Indus (late 326 BC) Mallian and Oxydracaean tribes (325 BC) Summary of Alexander’s military conquests ALEXANDER’S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MACEDONIANS AND PERSIANS pg.38 Alexander’s relationship with the Macedonians Problems caused by the policy of fusion Conspiracy of Philotas 330 – 329 BC Mutiny by the river Hyphasis 326 BC Journey through Gedrosia 325 BC Macedonian Generals of Media 324 BC Persis early 324 BC Festivities in Susa Weddings in Susa 324 BC Mesopotamia, middle of 324 BC Summary of Alexander’s relationship with the Macedonians and Persians ALEXANDER’S RELIGIOUS VIEWS AND THE USE OF PROPAGANDA pg.50 Alexander’s divinity Alexander’s religious views (and the use of propaganda) Troy (Spring 334 BC) Egypt 332 – 331 BC Babylon, Spring 323 BC Other examples of Alexander’s use of propaganda Summary of Alexander’s religious views and the use of propaganda ALEXANDER’S DEATH 323 BC pg.54 Tarsus 33 BC Hephaestion’s death at Ecbatana 324 BC Alexander’s death 323 BC NCEA ESSAY QUESTIONS 3 Introduction Ethnic origins of Macedonian people The Macedonian population was a mixture of Greek Macedonian (lowlanders) and barbaric people, i.e. foreigners such as Illyrian and Peonian people (highlanders). The capital of Macedonia at first was Aegae, later Pella. Political developments in the Greek world Greece as we know it today did not exist in the 4th century BC. It was divided into several city states (poleis), e.g. Athens, Sparta, Thebes. These states were totally independent and often in conflict with each other. The people of these states shared a common language, religion, and culture, but they had different political systems. Fig. 9.2: Macedonia and states ruled by Macedonia The Persian invasion Persia invaded the Greek states several times - successfully in 388-387 BC. The Persian king Artaxerxes (the Great King) forced the Greek states to accept 'the King's peace'. According to this, Persia had supreme control over all the defeated Greek city states; i.e. they were answerable to Persia and had to contribute money and armies to Persia on demand. On the Greek mainland, city states were allowed to be autonomous (make decisions about their internal affairs), but in Asia Minor city states were ruled by Persian satraps (governors). Sparta was to be the enforcer of the peace in Greece. Macedonian emergence to power 4th century BC The Persian Empire failed to defeat Macedonia, so while the other Greek states were under Persian rule, Macedonia emerged as a powerful leading state. The leader of Macedonia at the time (359-336 BC) was Philip II, father of Alexander the Great. 4 5 Sources for Alexander the Great - historiography Many of Alexander's contemporaries wrote about him but their works are lost. Five books based on the 'lost works', written centuries after Alexander's death, survive today: These books often name their sources and at times quote them, so the authors of the lost works are known. The primary sources -the lost Works Historians · Callisthenes - Alexander's official Greek historian and nephew. Employed by Alexander to record events as they happened. · Cleitarchus. Greek contemporary of Alexander. Did not accompany Alexander on his expedition to the east yet produced the most popular account -sensationalised events. The literary writers · Ptolemy - a Macedonian. One of Alexander's close friends and chief generals. Wrote an invaluable account of military operations. His treatment of leading men in Alexander's army is untrustworthy -glorified his own achievements and minimised achievements of others. · Nearchus - a Greek. Close friend of Alexander. Became admiral. Accompanied the expedition and sailed the coast of Persia. Wrote only about the voyage of the fleet. · Onesicritus - Greek sailor on the expedition. Wrote an historical romance. Writings are unreliable. · Aristobulus - Macedonian soldier and engineer who accompanied Alexander on the expedition to the east. Wrote when an old man. Work invaluable for geographical information and for detailed account of Alexander's last year. · Chares - Alexander's Greek chamberlain in charge of his household. Wrote brief account of Alexander's progress. As an eye witness is important for detailing some incidents, e.g. Alexander's efforts to introduce proskynesis. The secondary sources Writers whose works survived are referred to as the 'extant' historians. Did not Just reproduce what previous authors wrote - had their own opinions and preJudices. Author Nationality Era Writings based upon: Curtius Rufus Roman 1st century AD Cleitarchus, Ptolemy Diodorus Roman 1st century AD Cleitarchus, Ptolemy Arrian Roman 2nd century AD Aristobulus, Ptolemy Plutarch Greek 2nd century AD Aristobulus, Chares, Callisthenes Justin Roman 2nd century AD Ptolemy, Cleitarchus Reign of Philip II and accession of Alexander the Great Philip's reign 359-336 BC Philip's aims and policies Philip's ultimate aim was to increase Macedonia's territory. Many of the states he wished to take over (e.g. the Greek states to the south of Macedonia) were controlled by Persia - Philip therefore expected opposition from Persia. His main concern was that he did not match the military strength of Persia. He therefore planned to take over the Greek states quickly, unite them under his rule and then convince them to fight Persia, their common enemy. 6 How Philip planned to convince the Greeks to fight with him against Persia Philip used the pretext of a religious war of revenge; the Greeks (including Macedonians) would Join forces to fight the Persians who had overtaken them and destroyed and desecrated their temples. Steps taken by Philip to ensure his aims were fulfilled · Fought and conquered his enemies in the north. · Began Hellenising Macedonia. Brought tutors like Aristotle from the south in an effort to teach young Macedonian noblemen Greek literature, ideas, customs and beliefs. Greek became official language of the army and the administration. · Reorganised the army, ensuring it was highly trained, disciplined and well-equipped. · Initially avoided war with the Greeks, hoping they would accept Macedonian leadership. In Athens the demagogue Demosthenes preached against the uncivilised state of Macedonia and the evil nature of Philip, convincing Athens and other Greek states to raise an allied army against Macedonia; were finally defeated. Following the defeat of the Greek allies at the battle of Chaeroneia in 338 BC, Philip was able to unite and befriend the Greeks and form an allied Greek army capable of fighting the Persian empire. The Corinthian League Corinth is located in the Peloponnesus. Introduction Following success at the battle of Chaeroneia, Philip signed treaties of alliance with the defeated Greek states. Sparta refused to submit and as a result it lost much territory. Late in 338 BC Philip circulated the rumour he wished to lead Greece in a 'PanhelIenic campaign' (all Greeks fighting together) against Persia. This gained him the support of many people. Then issued an invitation to the Greek states to attend a conference in Corinth. Peace conference of Corinth Representatives from all Greek states except Sparta met in Corinth for purpose of discussing and ratifying Philips proposals. Meeting began 338 BC, discussions continuing until spring of 337 BC. (Sparta refused to Join, claiming to be a leader, not a follower.) Philip proposed the states should: · become members of a federal union, a League of Hellenes (when this was ratified, it became known as the League of Corinth · take an oath to observe a common peace among member states · remain free and autonomous under their existing constitutions · respect one another's constitutions, including the kingdom of Philip and his descendants · take common action against any state which broke the peace · uphold existing laws dealing with executions and sentence of exiles, confiscation and redistribution of property, etc.
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