Government of Grenada Preliminary Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Caribbean Regional Air Transport Connectivity Projec

Government of Grenada

Preliminary Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)

Caribbean Regional Air Transport Connectivity Project (P170860)

DRAFT – FOR DISCLOSURE AND CONSULTATION

March 2, 2020 (Rev. 2)

Revision Record

Revision Date Author(s) Remarks

1. 01.21.2020 C. Ramessar Draft

2. 03.02.2020 C. Ramessar Draft - for internal review

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast CATCOP Caribbean Regional Air Transport Connectivity Project CERC Contingency Emergency Response Component C-ESMP Contractor’s ESMP DIPE Department of Infrastructure, Ports and Energy DOI Department of Implementation DSD Department of Sustainable Development ECCAA Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESA Environmental and Social Assessment FOD Foreign Object Debris GAA Grenada Airport Authority GND Maurice Bishop International Airport (IATA airport code) GoG Government of Grenada IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization LWC Labor and Working Conditions MBIA Maurice Bishop International Airport MOIID Ministry of Infrastructure Development, Public Utilities, Energy, Transportation and Implementation MTCA Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation OHS Occupational Health and Safety RESA Runway End Safety Area SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan

Executive Summary

The Government of Grenada with funding from the World Bank proposes to be part of the Caribbean Regional Air Transport Connectivity Project (CATCOP). The project’s objectives are to improve air transport safety, to raise compliance levels with international and regional standards, and to enhance resilience of the island’s main airport (the Maurice Bishop International Airport or MBIA) to natural disasters.

The proposed project would include four components: (i) Operational Safety and Resilience Enhancement, (ii) Technical Assistance and Capacity Building, (iii) Project Management, and (iv) Contingent Emergency Response. The first component includes modernization of air navigation systems and equipment such as an Instrument Landing System (ILS), Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI), and an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system. It would also fund construction of Runway End Safety Areas (RESAs) for heightened safety and a new cargo warehouse with x-ray capacity and a cold storage facility. Component 2 will strengthen the ability of the Grenada Airport Authority (GAA) and the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation to manage the MBIA airport with a focus on safety and resilience and includes technical assistance (such as a coastal defense strategy and Wildlife Management Program) and capacity building (climate resilience planning, maintenance, airport operations, etc.). Good project management will be facilitated by Component 3, and response to emergencies or natural disasters can be made available under Component 4 if needed.

The physical works under Component 1 carry the risk of environmental and social impacts if not prevented or properly mitigated; and, poor planning of wildlife management and coastal defenses under Component 2 could also eventually result in unintended impacts to habitat and natural resources. Planning is also needed to ensure that any future emergency response actions under Component 4 are undertaken with due care. Accordingly the Government of Grenada has developed this preliminary Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) which identifies and evaluates the potential environmental and social impacts, and provides a concomitant plan with mitigation actions in the form of Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) which must be followed during the works for aspects such as waste management, emergency response, trafic and road safety, and runoff and sedimentation control. The ESA also addresses social aspects such as labor management, community health and safety, and worksite acccess. To ensure the public and stakeholders remain informed, a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) was also prepared and it includes a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) so that any concerns can be reported and addressed.

The environmental and social risk classification is considered as Moderate under the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework. The proposed project will not support expansion or major rehabilitation of the MBIA facility, but instead focuses on upgrading safety equipment and constructing runway end safety areas. These works would take place within the existing airport perimeters, as would the cargo warehouse and cold storage facility. The project would also support the installation of up to two antennae for the ADS-B system, which would be located outside of the airport most likely on existing communications tower facilities. All these activities would take place within previously developed areas with restricted access, thus minimizing environmental impacts and risks to community health and safety. The technical assistance activities related to wildlife management and coastal defenses will be guided by Terms of Reference annexed to the ESA to properly address biodiversity and living natural resources, protect physical cultural heritage, and appropriately plan any future actions.

iii

Overall, the project is likely to reap positive environmental benefits through enhancing the safety and resilience at the airport. The Government of Grenada and the World Bank will review the environmental and social risk classification on a regular basis throughout the project life cycle to ensure that it continues to accurately reflect the level of risk the project presents.

This document is being shared to apprise the public and stakholders of the proposed project, seek input, and improve the outcome through transparent engagement. This draft ESA is based on the best available information, but some details will not be known with certainty until the stage of detailed design. Accordingly, the ESA and its associated plans will be updated at that time and again shared, prior to the beginning of any physical works.

Table of Contents

Revision Record ...... i List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... ii Executive Summary ...... iii List of Figures and Tables ...... 8 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 9 1.1 Background ...... 9 1.2 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Objectives ...... 10 1.3 Project Components ...... 10 1.4 ESA Scope ...... 11 2. DESCRIPTION OF WORK ...... 12 2.1 Project Locations ...... 12 2.2 Overview of Works ...... 13 2.3 Proposed Construction Methods ...... 15 2.4 Schedule and Workforce ...... 17 2.5 Timing and Expected Duration of Works ...... 18 3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 19 3.1 Government of Grenada ...... 19 3.2 World Bank ...... 25 3.3 International Commitments ...... 29 3.4 Key Factors of Airport Safety and Security ...... 31 4. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 34 4.1 Grenada General Context ...... 34 4.2 Local Environmental Conditions ...... 42 4.3 Socioeconomic Conditions ...... 46 5 PROJECT RISKS AND IMPACTS...... 48 5.1 Design and Preconstruction Activities ...... 48 5.2 Construction Phase ...... 48 5.3 Operation Phase...... 53 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 54 6.1 Overview ...... 54 6.2 Site Selection for ADS-B Antennae ...... 54

6.3 Daily Work Schedule ...... 54 6.4 Design of Cold Storage Facility ...... 54 6.5 No-Project Alternative ...... 54 7 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 55 7.1 Design and Preconstruction Activities ...... 55 7.2 Construction Phase ...... 55 7.3 Operation Phase...... 64 7.4 Public Information and Community Outreach ...... 65 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS (ESMPs) ...... 68 8.1 Mitigation Measures ...... 68 8.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Contractors and Agencies ...... 68 8.3 Structure of Management and Supervision Teams ...... 68 8.4 Monitoring and Reporting Plan...... 69 8.5 Training Plan ...... 69 8.6 Budget and Schedule ...... 70 9. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATIONS ...... 72 9.1 Disclosure ...... 72 9.2 Public meetings ...... 72 9.3 Revision/Disclosure of Final ESA ...... 72 10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR CERC ...... 73 10.1 Potential Activities that the CERC Could Finance ...... 73 10.2 Potential Environmental and Social (ES) Risks ...... 74 10.3 Negative list of Activities ...... 76 10.4 Environmental and Social Management Framework process ...... 77 Technical Annexes ...... 78 Appendix A Table 1. ESMP for RESA works at MBIA ...... 79 Appendix A Table 2. ESMP for Cold Storage Facility ...... 87 Appendix A Table 3. ESMP for project civil works at ADS-B sites ...... 92 Appendix A Table 4. ESMP for operations phase at all facilities and locations* ...... 99 Appendix B Construction Monitoring Plan ...... 101 Appendix C MBIA Visitor Statistics ...... 105 Appendix D Terms of Reference for Coastal Defense Strategy ...... 110 Appendix E Terms of Reference for Wildlife Management Program ...... 124

Appendix F Terms of Reference for Aviation Sector Strategic Plans ...... 128 Appendix G Labor Management Procedures (LMP) ...... 131 Appendix H Control of Work in Progress on the Movement Area...... 143 Appendix I Airport Surface Inspections ...... 145 Appendix J Chance Find Procedure ...... 148 Appendix K Environmental and Social Screening Form for CERC ...... 149 Appendix L Waste Management for CERC ...... 152 Appendix M Environmental and Social Rules for Contractors ...... 155

List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1 Grenada geographic location, topography and MBIA airport location Figure 2 Maurice Bishop International Airport area Figure 3 Approximate location of project components within MBIA area Figure 4 ADS-B Ground Station Figure 5 ILS Glide Slope Station Figure 6 ILS Localizer Antenna Array Figure 7 Schematic and Concept of Cold Storage Area

Figure 8 Physical Map of Grenada Figure 9 Precipitation Map of Grenada Figure 10 Geologic Map of Grenada Figure 11 Soils of Grenada Figure 12 Land use and Vegetation Types Figure 13 Integrated volcanic hazard map of Grenada Figure 14 Grande Anse Marine Protected Area Figure 15 Archeological Finds in the Point Salines area (from Hanna, 2017) Figure 16 Main road network near the MBIA

Table 1 Anticipated Workforce and Schedule Activities Table 2 Personnel Requirements for RESA construction at MBIA Table 3 Environmental Laws of Grenada Table 4 Summary of Key Objectives and Relevance of Environmental and Social Standards Table 5 List of ICAO Annexes Table 6 Estimated Costs and Schedules of ESMPs and associated items Table 7 Positive list of goods, services and works Table 8 Potential impacts of possible activities under Component 4 (CERC) Table 9 Prohibited Activities for CERC

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Caribbean Regional Air Transport Connectivity Project (CATCOP) is proposed to be funded by the World Bank Group (WBG) and has as its development objective to improve air transport safety in compliance with international and regional standards and enhance resilience of airport infrastructure to natural disasters.

The proposed activities will directly improve Grenada’s overall aircraft operational safety and resilience, contributing to the modernization of air navigation systems, implementing ICAO-required RESAs, and strengthening Grenada’s capacity in civil aviation regulation and airport management. Resilience will be strengthened for the RESA, ILS and through technical assistance (such as sea wall defense) and capacity building (climate resilience planning, maintenance, airport operations, etc.). Technical assistance activities will also strengthen GAA and the Ministry of Tourism and Civil aviation capacity to management MBIA airport with a focus on safety and resilience.

• Component 1: Operational Safety and Resilience Enhancement ($9 million) - This component would improve the aircraft operational safety at MBIA through new navigational aids and infrastructure improvements • Component 2: Technical Assistance and Capacity Building ($8 million) - This component aims to (i) strengthen the institutional capacity of GAA and Department of Civil Aviation through a combination of regional and Grenada-specific technical assistance activities. The focus would be on enhancing (i) aircraft operational safety and associated air transport sector regulatory oversight; (ii) the quality of airport management and operations; and (iii) institutional skills and programs related to climate / disaster resilience and gender diversity • Component 3: Project Management ($3 million) - This component would finance the operating costs for the proposed project and trainings for the Project Coordination Unit, when necessary. • Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response ($0 million): This component would finance the implementation of emergency works, rehabilitation and associated assessments, at the Government’s request in the event of a disaster. The component will be triggered and disbursed in accordance with an Emergency Action Plan prepared by the Government of Grenada and the CERC’s implementation modalities.

The project will be implemented by the Department of Implementation (DOI) established within the Ministry of Infrastructure Development, Public Utilities, Energy, Transportation and Implementation (MOIID) with close coordination and participation from line agencies, including the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MTCA), and the Grenada Airport Authority (GAA).

A full description of the project is provided in Chapter 2 of this preliminary Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA).

1.2 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Objectives

This preliminary ESA has been prepared by the GoG to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts of the project throughout the project life cycle as per the requirement of Environmental and Social Standard 1 (ESS1) of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). It will also be used to address the other relevant ESSs to the project. The ESA has been prepared based on the assessment of the works required to improve the safety and resilience of the airport. The ESA will be further updated at the detail design when more information will be available on exact location, size, scope and methodology of work.

Measures to mitigate the potential risks and impacts are included in the Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) which form part of this ESA. This ESA includes a Labor Management Procedure (LMP) to mitigate any risks and impacts associated with the labor force. A standalone Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) and Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) were also developed to address potential project related concerns and claims from workers and the general public. All relevant documents are disclosed in-country and on the World Bank’s external web site.

1.3 Project Components

The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to elevate compliance of Grenada’s air transport with regional and international safety and airfield capacity standards and (ii) enhance resilience of airport infrastructure to natural disasters.

The proposed activities will directly improve Grenada’s overall aircraft operational safety and resilience, contributing to the modernization of air navigation systems, implementing ICAO-required RESAs, and strengthening Grenada’s capacity in civil aviation regulation and airport management. Resilience will be strengthened for the RESA, ILS and through technical assistance (such as sea wall defense) and capacity building (climate resilience planning, maintenance, airport operations etc.). Technical assistance activities will also strengthen GAA and the Ministry of Tourism and Civil aviation capacity to management MBIA airport with a focus on safety and resilience.

The total Project cost is estimated at US$20 million and is separated into four components as described below.

1.3.1 Component 1: Operational Safety and Resilience Enhancements

This component is estimated at US$9 million and would improve the aircraft operational safety at MBIA through new navigational aids and infrastructure improvements.

The Component 1 is designed to improve the operational safety of MBIA through new navigation aids and infrastructure improvement. It will include: (i) Construction of Runway End Safety Area (RESA) of 90-m length on each end of the runway (10, 28); (ii) Installation of Instrument Landing System (ILS) (Category I) for approaches to Runway 10; (iii) Setting-up Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B); (iv) Installation of Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) for Runway 28; and (v) Installation of other equipment required to meet ICAO standards such as a second X-ray scanner for cargo and a cold storage. The technical specification of the equipment and engineering design of physical work will not be known at the project preparation stage and it will be available during project implementation. However, the physical works and installation are expected to be confined within the existing airport premises and not have any significant environmental and social impacts due to limited footprint of the proposed activities.

1.3.2 Component 2: Technical Assistance and Capacity Building

This component is estimated at US$8 million

The Component 2 (US$8 million) would finance the technical assistance (TA) to the GAA and will include: (i) Training ($1.5 million) of Air Traffic Control (ATC) staff; (ii) Institutional Strengthening – GAA and Department of Civil Aviation; (iii) preparation of Wildlife Management Plan; (iv) preparation of Aviation Sector Strategic Plan; and (v) preparation of long-term strategy for MBIA’s Sea Defense. The details of TA will be finalized at the project implementation and the requirements set out in paragraphs 14–18 of ESS1 will be applied to TA activities as relevant and appropriate to the nature of the risks and impacts. The terms of reference, work plans or other documents defining the scope and outputs of TA activities will be reviewed so that the advice and other support provided is consistent with ESSs 1–10. 1.3.3 Component 3: Project Management

This component is valued at US$3 million and would finance the operating costs for the proposed project and trainings for the Project Coordination Unit, when necessary.

1.3.4 Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC)

The Project includes a Contingent Emergency Response (CER) component with initial ‘zero’ allocation. It would finance the implementation of emergency works, rehabilitation and associated assessments, at the Government’s request in the event of a disaster. The component will be triggered and disbursed in accordance with an Emergency Action Plan prepared by the Government of Grenada and the Contingent Emergency Response Component’s implementation modalities. This component can be implemented all over the Grenada in the event of disaster.

1.4 ESA Scope

This ESA considers the risks and potential impacts of physical works including installation of safety equipment under Component 1. The physical footprints and activities of the activities under this component are expected to have some minimal potential social and environmental impacts, and this ESA provides the means to avoid, minimize, or mitigate them. Activities under component 2are comprised of institutional strengthening, capacity building, and technical assistance that have no physical footprints and no direct environmental and social impacts. However, according to the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework, the requirements set out in paragraphs 14–18 of ESS1 will be applied to TA activities as relevant and appropriate to the nature of the risks and impacts. Activities under component 4 (the CERC) are not yet known; however, this ESA has included possible post-disaster related activities, a list of negative activities, a review of possible environmental and social impact, and the process to be followed for a rapid environmental and social assessment.

2. DESCRIPTION OF WORK

2.1 Project Locations

The project location is in the eastern Caribbean island nation of Grenada, and works will take place mainly at the Maurice Bishop International Airport (GND) located on the southwest end of the island near the capital city of Saint George’s (Figure 1).

MBIA

Figure 1. Grenada geographic location, topography and MBIA airport location

The ADS-B antenna will be located off the airport property at a hilltop with line-of-sight to the airport and other areas near the island where aircraft may approach or depart. There are numerous existing communications towers on the island that could suffice, but the results of a detailed study (to be conducted as part of this project) will identify the optimum location for the ADS-B antenna. 2.1.1 Maurice Bishop International Airport

The project will be implemented in the Maurice Bishop International Airport (MBIA, or GND using the IATA code), Grenada’s principal gateway to the world (Figure 2). MBIA is located on a peninsula in the extreme south-western section of the Island of Grenada and seven (7) miles from the capital St. George's. It is adjacent to the Grand Anse area, which is the main hotel belt. The Frequente Industrial Park is 2 km away on the main road leading to and from the Airport. The Runway System consist of two runways (10, 28) on one strip at an elevation of 41 ft (12 m) above mean sea level. MBIA started its operation from October 28, 1984.

Figure 2. Maurice Bishop International Airport area

2.2 Overview of Works

Most civil works will be undertaken around the runway at the MBIA. These proposed CATCOP interventions will comprise the following:

• Construction of Runway End Safety Areas (RESAs) of 90-meter length on each of runway 10 and 28; • Installation of an Instrument Landing System (ILS) for approaches to Runway 10; • Setting-up of an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) System by erecting a ground station (receiver antennae) at a location outside the existing airport perimeter; • Installation of a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) for Runway 28; and,

• Installation of other equipment required to meet ICAO standards such as a second X-ray scanner for cargo and a cold storage.

Figure 3. Approximate location of project components within MBIA area

The above installations have small physical footprints and will be undertaken within the existing airport boundaries or on an existing communication tower structure, and so will have minimal environmental and social risks and impacts. Specifically, the ILS and PAPI will be installed entirely within the airport boundaries, as well as any works for the cold storage and cargo x-ray.

The off-site ADS-B antenna would need to be installed at a location with line-of-sight to the airport. The preference will be for hilltops already fitted with secure tower installations for cell phones or weather monitoring stations, for which the ADS-B may share the grounds and/or the tower itself. The final location of the antennae will be decided after a detailed design study conducted once the project begins implementation, but tentative locations are being evaluated on existing communications towers. These locations already have towers in place as well as access roads, which will minimize or avoid any environmental or social impact.

Figure 4 shows a standard ADS-B ground station. The size and installation are similar to that of a cell phone tower. The site locations of the proposed ADS-B facilities are considered civil aviation security restricted areas and measures, such as fencing, will be taken to mitigate against unauthorized entry.

Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the common ILS ground equipment used in aviation. The PAPI is installed alongside the ILS. Both the ILS and PAPI will be located inside the MBIA.

Figure 4. ADS-B Ground Station Figure 5. ILS Glide Slope Station

Figure 6. ILS Localizer Antenna Array

In case of natural disaster, the project also includes a Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC) component. To comply with World Bank Environmental and Social Standard requirements, the ESA has included an environmental and social management framework, which provides possible post-disaster related activities, list of negative activities, possible environmental and social impacts and process to be followed for a environmental and social screening and assessment.

2.3 Proposed Construction Methods

Set out below is a summary of the proposed construction methodology for the construction of the small civil works for the project. This is best information available to date, which will be updated when detailed designs are available.

2.3.1 RESAs

The construction of the RESAs will involve the following steps:

• Grading of RESA area (90 m by 90 m) with removal of vegetation and topsoil to depth of 6 inches. • Constructing RESAs by placement and compaction of crushed stone or aggregate material. • Surfacing (possibly using a bitumen product and double coat chip seal). • The likely equipment that will be required includes: a 20-ton excavator, loader, motor grader, vibration steel roller, dump trucks, water truck, miller, bobcat and assorted equipment (hand broom, shovels, bitumen kettle, 5-ton steel drum, trailer, jack hammer, compactor). • If chip-sealing is used then the likely equipment that will be required includes: a Bitumen Distributor, Chip spreader trucks, Rubber Tyre Roller, Mechanic Broom, Water Truck, Loader, Bitumen blower (Bitumen burner). All equipment and materials will be stored and used within the boundary of the Airport which is Government- owned land.

The quantity of aggregate or crushed stone for the RESAs will be small (about 4,000 cubic meters, less, or 200 to 300 16-yard truckloads). The precise type and quantity of material needed is not yet known. This will be defined at the detailed design stage. Grenada has numerous existing quarries that are government-owned and licensed to operate, and it is expected that the relatively small amount of required materials will be readily available at an established, licensed quarry.

The chip sealing process involves resurfacing of the existing sealed surface resulting in no material change in the key characteristics of the runway. Bitumen will be laid using a spreader and imported emulsion material with the chip material being laid over the top and rolled.

2.3.2 ADS-B station

The installation of the ADS-B antenna outside the airport facilities is expected to utilize an existing communications tower structure. If this is confirmed, then the ADS-B equipment may be installed on that tower with minimal or no site preparation required. If an alternate site is recommended in the detailed design study, then the selection of a new site(s) and improvements to access roads will be carefully evaluated using screening tools in this ESA. Although unlikely, if a new tower is required then a solid concrete footing must be excavated, the site should be clean and graded level, and a gate and access road would be needed. The project will also screen out activities that could take place on land (public or private) where there could be informal users who have structures, crops or pasture animals on vacant areas. Any activity that could require involuntary resetlement will be screened out and will not be eligible for financing under the project.

2.3.3 Cold Storage Facility (CSF)

The Cold Storage Facility (CSF) will be constructed on the northern boundary of the MBIA, within the facility perimeter on vacant lands owned by the airport (Figure 7). The lands are located adjacent to the existing temporary cargo handling and x-ray area and will serve these functions, thus replacing the temporary facility. Cold storage units will accomodate frozen foods (mainly fish) and fresh fruits (mainly soursop) for export.

PHASE 1

PHASE 1 Source: GAA Figure 7. Schematic and Concept of Cold Storage Facility

The preliminary designs and layout show the Cold Storage Area will be modular with the project preparing the foundations and constructing the first two units (Figure 7). The land has already been cleared and is relatively flat. Electric and water service will be brought in from the adjacent temporary cargo area.

The x-ray machine will be used to screen cargo. A quarrantine area will also be built in case any threats are detected.

As stipulated by International Health regulations, airports must find safe ways in handling and processing international wastes. Wastes originating from countries with different policies and regulations poses the risk of introduction of plant pests, diseases, and other contaminants. These wastes also play a key role in the international spread of diseases through persons, conveyances and other goods. The construction of new cargo facilities including quarantine and cold storage facilities warrants proper waste management and disposal practices which may be alleviated by the installation of an incinerator at MBIA. International garbage and general municipal wastes generated at MBIA are currently burned on site within a burning pit. This is not international best practice and is further compounded with Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) problems as employees need to be onsite to perform and monitor this process. Emissions can also have an impact on aircraft visibility; thereby impacting on the general safety of our aircraft operations. The pit also serves as an attractant for birds and other wildlife such as mongoose. This is cause for concern as these animals scavenge the area and can relocate international garbage and quarantined agricultural items from the pit. The design of the CSF may therefore consider the inclusion of an incinerator.

The cold storage area is west of the current fuel storage area. There are several above-ground tanks, but there are no underground tanks or buried pipes. All fuels are transported to planes via tanker trucks. 2.4 Schedule and Workforce

The anticipated project schedule and workforce are summarized in Table 2.4a and Table 2.4b. The information provided is the best available at present, which will be refined once information is available and the ESA and ESMP are updated. Further, as part of the bidding process the contractor will require that updated information be included in the Contractor’s ESMP (C-ESMP).

Table 1. Anticipated Workforce and Schedule Activities

Activities Schedule Workforce Construction of runway end safety areas (RESAs) at MBIA Q1-Q2 2021 Contractor Installation of instrument landing system (ILS) at MBIA Q3-Q4 2021 Contractor Installation of Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) at MBIA Q3-Q4 2021 Contractor Installation of ground station (receiver antenna) for ADS-B system Q3-Q4 2020 Contractor Installation of ADS-B monitor at MBIA Q3-Q4 2020 Contractor Construction of Cold Storage Area Q1-Q4 2021 Contractor

Table 2. Personnel Requirements for RESA construction at MBIA

Type Roles Number of Employees Heavy Plant Operator 2 Localised Pavement Maintenance Team Laborers 8 Heavy Plant Operator 2 Chip Sealing Team Bitumen Heating 2 Laborers 8 Antenna Installation Contractor Contractor 4 Foundations 8 Building General Contractor Mechanical Systems 4 Cold Storage and X-Ray 4

2.5 Timing and Expected Duration of Works

It is anticipated that the project will commence in 2020 with the detailed engineering design and other technical studies to prepare the bidding documents. This preliminary ESA will be updated during the detailed engineering phase. The physical works will not commence until after completion of the technical studies, detailed engineering and completion of bidding process. The entire implementation phase of the project will run for a total of six (6) years.

Installation of the ILS and PAPI are not major undertakings and should be accomplished in about 8 weeks. Major works on runway surfaces either involve complete or partial runway closure for a continuous period of several weeks or a carefully managed program of night closures during which a complex resurfacing program can be progressively accomplished. In such cases, the friction characteristics of various parts of the available surface may vary on a daily basis which will invite very careful preflight attention to NOTAM information, especially if adverse weather conditions may occur.

Construction of the RESAs at the MBIA will be undertaken during the dry season (January to mid-April) and should last approximately twenty (20) weeks. Due to the MBIA’s operational activities, these works will be undertaken daily, between 10:00 pm and to 10:00 am.

Construction of the cold storage and cargo x-ray facilities will be similar to the techniques used to build for small commercial buildings. Considering leveling of the terrain, pouring of foundations, erections of walls and placement of roofs, and interior finishing, the construction will likely take about 3 to 6 months to complete.

The ADS-B antenna located outside the airport grounds will require from 1 month to 2 months to install, if they are on existing towers as is currently planned. If new sites are selected then the required times would be greater because site screening, design, and tower installation would be required. In this case 3 to 6 months would be required.

3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1 Government of Grenada

3.1.1 Environmental Laws

Table 3 lists environmental laws of Grenada relevant to Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) and the agencies with responsibility for their application.

Table 3. Environmental Laws of Grenada

Related Agency Responsibility Legislation ESS ESS3 Ministry of Act does not allow a person to destroy any Fisheries Act CAP. 108 ESS4 Agriculture; Ministry flora or fauna, dredge or extract sand or (1990); Fisheries of Climate Resilience, gravel, discharge or deposit waste or other (Amendment) ESS6 the Environment, pollutants or in any other way destroy, disturb Regulations, SRO 2 of Forestry, Fisheries, or alter the natural environment. Offences also 2001; Fisheries Disaster Management include the construction of any building or any (Amendment) & Information other structure on or over any land or waters. Regulations, SRO 24 of 1996 Subsidiary legislation to the Fisheries Act that Fisheries (Marine gives the Minister the power to declare an Protected Areas) area to be a marine park, marine reserve, Order, SRO 77 of 2001; marine sanctuary or a marine historical site or Fisheries (Marine any combination. Allows for zoning within the Protected Areas) marine park or marine reserve and must be Regulations, SRO 78 of Gazetted. 2001 Act provides for the designation and National Parks and maintenance of national parks and protected Protected Areas Act, areas No. 52 of 1991, NO. 42 of 1990; CAP. 206 Prohibits the unauthorized removal of sand. Beach Protection Act, Sand will not be permanently removed from No. 67; CAP. 29 (1979); vicinity in which it is excavated and returned to Beach Protection pre-existing conditions Amendment Act of 2009 Act provision for the conservation of forest, Forest, Soil and Water soil, water and other natural resource under Conservation Act Cap. the Forestry Department and may declare any 116 (1949); Forest, Soil Crown Land to be a forest reserve. Also does and Water not allow persons to fell, cut, or cause damage Conservation to trees (Amendment) Ordinance No. 34 (1984) Provides for the control of pests that are Plant Protection Act, harmful to plants as well as prevent the No 19 of 1986; Cap 242

importation of plants and materials that are harmful to agriculture. Act relates only to Government lands, regulate Crown Lands Rules the conduct and management of fisheries and (Amendments) SRO makes provision for the protection of marine Nos. 3, 19, 39 (1965) areas and the adjacent or surrounding land. Crown Lands Act; These provisions are relevant to the Crown Lands management of the coastal zone with respect Ordinance Cap. 78 of to coastal erosion, the protection of reefs, 1990 aquatic and marine plants and animals, oil pollution and mangrove forest on the near shore. Act provides for the designation and National Parks and maintenance of national parks and protected Protected Areas Act, areas. No. 52 of 1991, NO. 42 of 1990; CAP. 206 The Act preserves certain species that inhabit Birds & Other Wildlife the islands of Grenada, Carriacou and Petit (Protection) Act; Cap Martinique. The Act also makes special 34 provision for the protection of turtles and turtle eggs by making a person who takes, destroys or possesses such turtles or turtle eggs, guilty of an offence ESS1 Ministry of The Act provision for the control of physical Physical Planning and ESS6 Communications and development, protection of natural and Development Control Works; Physical cultural heritage, ensures that appropriate and Act, No. 25 of 2002; Planning Unit (LDCA) sustainable use is made of all publicly and Physical Planning and privately owned land for the benefit of the Development Control public, to maintain and improve the quality of Amendment Act, No. the physical environment and its amenity, and 30 of 2002; Land allows the Authority to compile and amend Development Control lists of places of natural beauty and interest, Regulations SRO No. 13 including submarine and subterranean areas, (1988) as well as their flora and fauna. The Act requires development works have written permission from the Authority. The Building Code establishes safety standards Grenada Building for building and building construction and Codes and Standards addresses standards required for buildings (2000) which can effectively withstand the adverse effects of hurricanes, floods and heavy seas. The Act makes provision for the preparation, Town and Country approval and revocation of development Planning Act CAP. 293 plans, for the control of development and (1958) and subdivision of land, and for matters connected Amendments Act 3 with incidents arising from the development. (1963), CAP. 339 All project works require full approval by the (1990) Government prior to the commencement of works.

An Act relating to the construction and Roads Act Cap. 290 maintenance of roads and the regulation of traffic thereon. The Act deals with the management of the Bathing Places Act CAP. coastline, complements the Beach Protection 28 Act, Cap 29 and empowers the Minister to make rules for the development, regulation and control of public bathing places on and around the coastline. This Act establishes an Authority with sole National Water and responsibility for the provision of water Sewerage Authority supplies, conservation, augmentation, Act CAP. 208 (1991); distribution, preservation and protection of National Water and catchments. The Authority is also responsible Sewerage Authority the treatment and disposal of sewage and Regulations SRO 40 other effluents. The Act provides that the (1993) Minister can declare protected areas by notice in the Gazette where he is satisfied that special measures are necessary for the protection of public water resources in or derived from specified areas. Catchment areas on Crown land are to be reserved for the augmentation of water supply and the land on which they are located is not to be sold, leased or otherwise disposed of. ESS3 Ministry of Health; Act provides for the management of waste in Waste Management Grenada Solid Waste conformity with the best environmental Act No 16 of 2001; Management practices and is a significant step in the Solid waste Authority process of efficient waste management. Solid management act No 11 waste is defined “litter, garbage, refuse, of 1995 organic waste, white goods, derelict vehicles, scrap metal and other solid materials but does not include solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage or other substances in water sources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial wastewater effluents, dissolved materials in irrigation flows or other common water pollutants. The Solid Waste Management Authority is charged with the duty of developing the solid waste management facilities and improving the coverage and effectiveness of solid waste storage, collection and disposal facilities of Grenada. Act controls depositing of litter and prohibits a Abatement of Litter person from throwing down, dropping, Act, No. 10 of 1990 leaving, or depositing anything that will cause, contribute or lead to the littering of any open- air place where the public is allowed to make

use of without payment, or on any premises or Government land. Act controls the making or continuance of Noise Control Act excessive noise for the erection, construction, (2006) alteration, repair or maintenance of buildings, structures or roads; including opening or boring under any road or adjacent land in connection with the construction, inspection, maintenance or removal of works. The Act operates with outdated legislation and Public Health Act Cap. regulations which hinder the achievement of 263 (1925); Public the strategic goals of the Ministry and Health Regulations Sec. compliance to commitments as outlined in 15 (1958); Public international conventions and agreements Health Ordinance CAP. such as the International Health Regulations. 237 (1925) and Amendments SRO No. 218 (1957) The Strategy fosters economic growth, Grenada Poverty increased employment, and managing the high Reductions Strategy levels of debt and embodies a commitment on and Action Plan 2014- the part of Government to provide 2018 opportunities for all who desire a future where they can realize the opportunity for a fulfilling life, where they can achieve their full potential, and are prepared to work for it. The Declaration recognizes that OECS/ESDU St. environmentally sustainable development is George’s Declaration: essential for the creation of jobs, a stable Principles on society, a healthy economy and the of jobs, a Environmental stable society, a healthy economy and the Sustainability natural systems on which this depends. ESS3 Ministry of The Act provides for the control and Carriacou Land ESS6 Agriculture; Ministry development for lands as may be vested in it Settlement and of Climate Resilience, with the economic and social requirements of Development Act Cap

the Environment, the community, and with the need for 42

Forestry, Fisheries, conserving natural resources of soil, forest and Disaster Management water. & Information The Plan identifies long-term environmental Tropical Forestry impact of the ongoing global deforestation Action Plan (1985) process. Objectives of the Forest Policy are to conserve National Forest Policy species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity; (1999) and Strategy maintain, enhance and restore the ability of (2000) forests to provide goods and services on a sustainable basis; optimize the contribution of forest resources to social and economic development; maintain a positive relationship

between the people and their forest environment. The Plan helps to increase agriculture National Agricultural contribution to national economic growth, Plan employment creation, poverty reduction and rural development. ESS6 The Strategy is a comprehensive and coherent Land and Marine plan for land and marine management through Management Strategy a participative process with relevant (2011) stakeholders. The Strategy seeks to have full integration of National environmental management into the Environmental Policy development process. The project includes the and Management ESA (including this table reflecting legislative Strategy and policy framework) as well as an ESMP that must be approved prior to project implementation. This Plan constitutes a revision and updating of Grenada Biodiversity Grenada’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Strategy and Action Action Plan pursuant to its obligations under Plan 2016-2020 the Convention on Biological diversity and is geared to facilitate the integration of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into national decision making and mainstreaming across all sectors of the national economy and policy making framework. Approval and implementation of an ESMP is required prior to the commencement of works. The Convention is an international treaty for Convention on the conservation and sustainable use of Wetlands of wetlands. International Importance (RAMSAR, 1971) The Convention aims to conserve terrestrial, Convention on the marine and avian migratory species Protection of throughout their range by providing strict Migratory Species of protection for the most endangered migratory Wild Animals (1972) species, by concluding regional multilateral agreements for the conservation and management of specific species or categories of species, and by undertaking co-operative research and conservation activities. ESS2 Department of Labor This Act provides the standards of Employment Act (Occupational Health occupational health and safety in places of (Occupational Health and Safety Section) employment. and Safety) Act No. 14 of 1999.

ESS8 Ministry of Education: The Act protects Amerindian art work and Pre- National Heritage National Science and Columbian artefacts and archaeological Protection Act, No. 18 Technology Council; remains. of 1990 Cap 204: National Trust The Act has some relevance to the National Trust Act, No. management of the environment with specific 20 of 19667 Cap 207 reference to submarine areas and maintains Grenada’s heritage by preserving places that are historically or architecturally valuable or areas that have national beauty.

The Development Control Authority (DCA) is empowered under the Physical Planning and Development Act No 29 of 2001 to consider and grant approval for all development within the state. It is unlikely that an EIA may have to be submitted to the Authority for evaluation and approval prior to the commencement of any project related activities, however this should be confirmed with the DCA prior to undertaking any rehabilitation or construction works.

3.1.2 Environmental Policies

• Draft National Environmental Policy and Management Strategy The Strategy seeks to have full integration of environmental management into the development process.

• National Forest Policy (1999) and Strategy (2000) Objectives of the Forest Policy are to conserve species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity; maintain, enhance and restore the ability of forests to provide goods and services on a sustainable basis; optimize the contribution of forest resources to social and economic development; maintain a positive relationship between the people and their forest environment.

• National Climate Change Policy for Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique 2017-2021 The Policy provides the framework for steering an efficient and effective integration of adaptation and mitigation in all climate relevant sectors; inclusive of public infrastructure, green technology, agriculture and human capital.

• Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy for Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique 2015 The Policy constitutes the ICZM Policy for the tri-island State of Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique and provides a vision for the future use, development and protection of the nation’s coastal zone by setting out policies to guide relationships among resource users, community facilities and activities, and physical development and infrastructure.

• Integrated Watershed Management Policy Policy strengthens the commitment and capacity to implement an integrated approach to the management of watersheds and coastal areas such as those located in and around various parishes such as St. Georges and St. Andrews.

3.2 World Bank

3.2.1 Environmental and Social Standards

The World Bank Environmental and Social Policy for Investment Project Financing sets out the requirements for projects it supports through Investment Project Financing. The Environmental and Social Standards set out the requirements for Borrowers relating to the identification and assessment of environmental and social risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the Bank. The Bank believes that the application of these standards, by focusing on the identification and management of environmental and social risks, will support Borrowers in their goal to reduce poverty and increase prosperity in a sustainable manner for the benefit of the environment and their citizens. The standards aim to:

a. support Borrowers in achieving good international practice relating to environmental and social sustainability; b. assist Borrowers in fulfilling their national and international environmental and social obligations; c. enhance nondiscrimination, transparency, participation, accountability and governance; and d. enhance the sustainable development outcomes of projects through ongoing stakeholder engagement. The ten Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) establish the standards that the Borrower and the project will meet through the project life cycle, and set out the obligations of the Borrower in identifying and addressing environmental and social risks and impacts that may require particular attention. These Standards establish objectives and requirements to avoid, minimize, reduce and mitigate risks and impacts, and where significant residual impacts remain, to compensate for or offset such impacts.

A summary of the key objectives of these ESSs and their relevance to the CATCOP project are provided in Table 4.

The Framework is also accompanied by non-mandatory guidance and information tools to assist Borrowers in implementing the Standards, Bank staff in conducting due diligence and implementation support, and stakeholders in enhancing transparency and sharing good practice. The World Bank Access to Information Policy, which reflects the Bank’s commitment to transparency, accountability and good governance, applies to the entire Framework and includes the disclosure obligations that relate to the Bank’s Investment Project Financing. Borrowers and projects are also required to apply the relevant requirements of the World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs), including one specifically for airports that applies to the CATCOP project.1

1 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/665381496052174463/Environmental-health-and-safety- guidelines-for-airports

Table 4. Summary of Key Objectives and Relevance of Environmental and Social Standards

ESS# Standard Key Objectives Relevance to Project ESS1 Assessment and ESS1 applies to all projects for which The standard is relevant for the project. Management of Bank Investment Project Financing is Although the project is expected to reap Environmental sought. ESS1 establishes the positive environmental and social benefits and Social Risks importance of: (a) the Borrower’s through the enhancement of safety and and Impacts existing environmental and social resilience at the MBIA airport, it has framework in addressing the risks potential environmental and social risks and impacts of the project; (b) an associated with the construction works integrated environmental and social related to the RESA and the new Cold assessment to identify the risks and Storage Facility. The main environmental impacts of a project; (c) effective and social risks and impacts are associated community engagement through with i) waste management of solid and disclosure of project-related information, consultation and hazardous waste associated with minor civil effective feedback; and (d) works and installation of new safety management of environmental and equipment; ii) nuisances related to air and social risks and impacts by the noise emissions; iii) occupational health and Borrower throughout the project safety of workers and supervisors; and iv) life cycle. The Bank requires that all community health and safety from any environmental and social risks and increases in traffic due to construction impacts of the project be addressed activities along with ensuring public does as part of the environmental and not venture into construction zones. social assessment conducted in accordance with ESS1. ESS2 Labor and ESS2 recognizes the importance of This standard is relevant given that the Working employment creation and income project will hire direct workers that will be Conditions generation in the pursuit of poverty engaged directly by the Borrower to work reduction and inclusive economic specifically in relation to the project. growth. Borrowers can promote sound worker-management relationships and enhance the development benefits of a project by treating workers in the project fairly and providing safe and healthy working conditions. ESS3 Resource ESS3 recognizes that economic The standard is relevant since the physical Efficiency and activity and urbanization often interventions at the airports will generate Pollution generate pollution to air, water, and construction debris and hazardous or non- Prevention and land, and consume finite resources hazardous waste - wastewater, fuel, asphalt, Management that may threaten people, chemicals, wood and building materials, ecosystem services and the among others. The technical specifications environment at the local, regional, of different equipment will promote energy and global levels. This ESS sets out efficiency and measures to reduce GHG the requirements to address emissions (e.g. energy efficient Light resource efficiency and pollution Emitting Diode (LED) bulbs in runway prevention and management lightening). throughout the project life-cycle.

ESS4 Community ESS4 addresses the health, safety, The Standard is relevant considering the Health and and security risks and impacts on physical works at MBIA and installation of Safety project-affected communities and equipment on communications towers the corresponding responsibility of outside the airport perimeters. Borrowers to avoid or minimize such Transportation of construction materials, risks and impacts, with particular machinery and equipment may increase the attention to people who, because of risk of traffic hazard andthere are risks if their particular circumstances, may unauthorized people enter any work zones. be vulnerable. ESS5 Land ESS5 recognizes that project-related The standard is currently not relevant. No Acquisition, land acquisition and restrictions on project-related land acquisition or Restrictions on land use can have adverse impacts restrictions on land use will take place and Land Use and on communities and persons. therefore, there is no potential for physical Involuntary Project-related land acquisition or displacement (relocation, loss of residential Resettlement restrictions on land use may cause land or loss of shelter) or economic physical displacement (relocation, displacement (loss of land, assets or access loss of residential land or loss of to assets, leading to loss of income sources shelter), economic displacement or other means of livelihood). The selected (loss of land, assets or access to location for potential ADS-B antenna assets, leading to loss of income location and its access route is intended to sources or other means of be on existing tower facilities; however, in livelihood), or both. The term the unlikely event that purchase or “involuntary resettlement” refers to acquisition of any lands is needed, then ESS5 these impacts. Resettlement is will become relevant and such activity will considered involuntary when be done in compliance with this standard to affected persons or communities do ensure that any site where involuntary not have the right to refuse land resettlement would apply must be excluded. acquisition or restrictions on land use that result in displacement. ESS6 Biodiversity ESS6 recognizes that protecting and Although there are no project induced Conservation conserving biodiversity and impacts expected to occur on biodiversity and Sustainable sustainably managing living natural conservation and living natural resources, Management of resources are fundamental to the Standard is currently relevant as a Living Natural sustainable development, and precautionary measure, since there are Resources recognizes the importance of areas of sensitive habitat near the perimeter maintaining core ecological of the airport. The development of the TA functions of habitats, including for the wildlife management program and forests, and the biodiversity they the coastal defense strategy will take into support. ESS6 also addresses account the provisions of ESS6 in their TOR. sustainable management of primary production and harvesting of living natural resources, and recognizes the need to consider the livelihood of project-affected parties, including Indigenous Peoples, who access to, or use of, biodiversity of living natural resources may be affected by a project. ESS7 Indigenous ESS7 recognizes that these groups, The Standard is not currently relevant. There Peoples/Sub- when identified, may be referred to are no persons who meet the definition of Saharan African in different countries by different

Historically terms including “indigenous ethnic indigenous people present in the project’s Underserved minorities,” “aboriginals,” “hill area of influence. Traditional Local tribes,” “vulnerable and Communities marginalized groups,” or “tribal groups.” ESS7 applies to all such groups, providing they meet the criteria set out. For the purposes of this ESS, the term “Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities” includes all such alternative terminology. ESS8 Cultural ESS8 recognizes that cultural The Standard is relevant. The project does Heritage heritage provides continuity in not envisage any impacts on physical, tangible and intangible forms cultural, and/or archaeological sites since between the past, present, and physical works involving excavation or earth- future. ESS8 sets out measures moving will be limited to existing facilities designed to protect cultural heritage that have alredy been cleared. However, if throughout the project life-cycle. any physical infrastructure works require excavation below ground, the borrower will rely on a chance finds procedure contained as a precaution in the project’s ESMPs and as part of construction contracts to be awarded under the project. The development of the TOR for the caostal defense strategy will take into account the existence of Amerindian artifacts on the Point Salines coastline and environs. ESS9 Financial ESS9 recognizes that strong The standard is not relevant, as there are no Intermediaries domestic capital and financial FIs involved in the project. markets and access to finance are important for economic development, growth and poverty reduction. The Bank is committed to supporting sustainable financial sector development and enhancing the role of domestic capital and financial markets. ESS10 Stakeholder ESS10 recognizes the importance of The standard is relevant. The main Engagement and open and transparent engagement stakeholders are Government workers and Information between the Borrower and project officials as well as the nearby communities Disclosure stakeholders as an essential and the general public who will make use of element of good international airport transportation services. practice. Effective stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation.

The project risk has been identified as ‘moderate’ under the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework based on the location, type, sensitivity and scale of the project intervention, nature and magnitude of potential ES risks and impacts, and the implementing agency’s capacity and ownership. The project ESCP (Environmental and Social Commitment Plan) sets out the actions to be taken by the GoG to comply with relevant requirements for all the applicable ESS. The ESCP, as well as this ESA, are available on the GoG website.

3.3 International Commitments

3.3.1 International Labor Convention Commitments

Grenada is a member of the International Labor Organization. The International Labor Organization has eight fundamental conventions which cover issues critical to rights at work. Grenada has ratified a total of 34 Conventions of which 25 are in force, 4 have been denounced and 5 have been abrogated (ILO, 2019).

3.3.2 Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a UN specialized agency, established by States in 1944 to manage the administration and governance of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention). The association has 193 member states, including Grenada, whose well-being, growth and sustainability is monitored by ICAO. The ICAO codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth.

The ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for each area of the agency’s responsibility are contained in 19 Annexes. Each Annex deals with a particular subject area. All are subject to regular amendment and the detail in respect of many of them is contained in publications in the numbered ICAO Document Series. The ICAO Annexes are listed in the Table 5 below.

Table 5. List of ICAO Annexes

ICAO ANNEXES 1 Personnel Licensing 2 Rules of the Air 3 Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation 4 Aeronautical Charts 5 Units of Measurement 6 Operation of Aircraft Part 1 International Commercial Aeroplane Part 2 Aeroplane Part 3 Helicopter 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

8 Airworthiness of Aircraft 9 Facilitation 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications Vol 1 Radio Navigation Aids Vol 2 Communication Procedures on International Operations Vol 3 Communication Systems Vol 4 Surveillance and Collision Avoidance Vol 5 Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization 11 Air Traffic Services 12 Search and Rescue 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation 14 Aerodromes Vol 1 Aerodrome Design and Operation Vol 2 Heliports 15 Aeronautical Information Services 16 Environmental Protection Vol 1 Aircraft Noise Vol 2 Aircraft Engine Emissions 17 Security 18 The Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air 19 Safety Management

The ICAO Annex 142, in particular, is relevant to this project. Annexes 2, 5, 7, and 8 contain international standards and no recommended practices (RPs). The remaining 15 Annexes contain both.

Contracting States are required to give notification of differences to standards and invited to notify differences from Recommended Practices in Annexes. This information is then listed in Supplements to the Annexes. It should be noted that ICAO Standards do not preclude the development of national standards which may be more stringent than those contained in an Annex.3

The ICAO Document Series (Docs) cover a range of matters from regulation to guidance. Some are free of charge while others are only obtainable at a fee. To access the Documents, visit ICAO’s website.4

2https://www.bazl.admin.ch/dam/bazl/de/dokumente/Fachleute/Regulationen_und_Grundlagen/icao- annex/icao_annex_14_aerodromesvolumei-aerodromedesignandoperations.pdf.download.pdf/an14_v1_cons.pdf 3https://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/nationalitymarks/annexes_booklet_en.pdf 4https://www.theairlinepilots.com/forumarchive/quickref/icaolist.pdf

3.4 Key Factors of Airport Safety and Security

Runway construction projects are the most critical for the aviation safety since they imply modifying the operating conditions and involving non-aviation staffs and machines in the close vicinity of runway operations.

In an effort to ensure a safe and secure environment for air transport operations at aerodromes, including the movement and maneuvering areas, it is essential to adopt and implement processes, procedures and measures consistent with the ICAO SARPs and industry best practice as it relates to, among others, the following:

• Security • Vehicle control • Control of work in progress on the movement area • Airport surface inspections • Two-way radio communication

The maneuvering area is that part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons. The movement area, on the other hand, is that part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s).

3.4.1 Security

GAA has as its primary objective the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters related to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation.

A security system is established at MBIA to deny access to unauthorized persons to those parts of the airport not intended for public use, among those the airside. The movement area of the airport is protected by a fence to prevent or deter the inadvertent or premeditated access of unauthorized persons. Gates provide access to the movement areas for emergency services, maintenance parties and other authorized personnel. Gates are locked when not in use and, when not, are manned at all times by security guards. There is also a system of identity passes instituted at the airports for persons and vehicles. Persons or vehicles without correct passes are denied entry to the movement area.

More information on this subject matter is available in the ICAO Annex 17 on Security (Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference), and ICAO Doc 8973 – Restricted (Aviation Security Manual).

3.4.2 Vehicle Control

Air traffic control (ATC) is responsible for the control of the movement of vehicles on the maneuvering areas. To maintain such control, vehicles operating on the maneuvering area must be fitted with radio telephony (R/T) on the appropriate channel, or closely escorted by an R/T equipped vehicle.

The GAA is responsible for ensuring that all possible steps are taken to cooperate with ATC in discharging its responsibility for control of vehicles on the maneuvering areas. In particular, action is taken to ensure that:

a. Only authorized vehicles are permitted on the maneuvering area;

b. Radio telecommunication(R/T) equipment is provided on vehicles and is maintained in a fully serviceable condition;

c. Drivers are fully conversant with: ‒ Proper radio telecommunication procedures; ‒ The terms and phrases used in air traffic control, including the ICAO spelling alphabet; ‒ The meaning of visual signals on the airport, with particular emphasis on those intended to prevent inadvertent infringement of active runways; ‒ The geography of the airports; ‒ The “rules of the road” relating to vehicles and aircraft; and ‒ The need to avoid infringement of the restricted areas associated with radio navigation facilities.

d. An airport plan is displayed in the cab of all vehicles indicating the boundaries of the maneuvering areas and the runway crossing points; and

e. Unless specifically exempted, vehicles are fitted with appropriate obstacle marking and lighting as specified in the ICAO Annex 14 (Areodromes), Chapter 6.

GAA is responsible for the supply, fitting and maintenance of signs, lights and markings needed for the control of traffic on the maneuvering areas.

3.4.3 Control of Work in Progress on the Movement Area

See Appendix H for chapter 8 of the ICAO Doc 9137 (Airport Services Manual), Part 8 (Airport Operational Services), on this subject.

3.4.4 Airport Surface Inspections

See Appendix I for chapter 3 of the ICAO Doc 9137 (Airport Services Manual), Part 8 (Airport Operational Services), on this subject.

Procedures for carrying out daily inspections of the movement area and control of foreign object debris (FOD) at MBIA, are conducted in accordance with the ICAO standards and best industry practice. FOD is any object, live or not, located in an inappropriate location in the airport environment that has the capacity to injure airport or air carrier personnel and damage aircraft.

The surfaces of all movement areas including pavements (runways, taxiways and aprons) and adjacent areas are inspected, recorded, and their conditions monitored regularly as part of an aerodrome preventive and corrective maintenance program with the objective of avoiding and eliminating any FOD that might cause damage to aircraft or impair the operation of aircraft systems.

More information on FOD can be found in Appendix I.

3.4.5 Two-way Radio Communication

Two-way radio communication is essential for ground movement control, particularly within the airside restricted areas, to avoid runway incursions. Runway incursion are any occurrences at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Communication procedures at aerodromes are in accordance with the ICAO Annex 10 (Aeronautical Telecommunication), Volume II (Communication Procedures including those with PANS status) and ICAO Doc 4444 (Procedures for Air Navigation Services- Air Traffic Management), Chapter 12 (Phraseology). Ground communication involving vehicles also use best industry practice. The MBIA has a designated VHF ground communications frequency. All workers (temporary and permanent) to be granted access to the airside must undergo the GAA’s training in airside safety and radio communications procedures.

All of the procedures relevant to airport safety and security, mentioned above, are applicable to all workers engaged as part of the project and require access to certain airport restricted areas. It is essential that, when required, all workers adhere to the airport procedures.

4. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Grenada General Context

4.1.1 Location and Geography

The independent State of Grenada consisting of the islands of Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique is located at 11° 58′ North latitude and 61° 20′ west longitude and lies between Trinidad and Tobago to the south and St. Vincent and the Grenadines to the north (Figure 1). It is the southernmost of the Windward Islands. The three island-states has a total land area of 344 km2. The island of Grenada itself is 307 km2 (90% of the total area); Carriacou has an area of 35 km2 and Petit Martinique comprises 2.3 km2. Grenada has a landscape of fast flowing rivers and streams, which are the results of a steep hilly to mountainous topography. 77% of the land area of Grenada and 54% of Carriacou have slopes exceeding 20 degrees. Only 3% of the land area is at sea level and this includes the main towns and many of the key infrastructure facilities.

4.1.2 Topography and Landscape

The island of Grenada is dominated by areas of rugged topography increasing in ruggedness and gradient towards the central mountain range (Figure 8) as it rises to its highest peak at Mt. St. Catherine, an elevation of 2,756 feet above sea level. The lands along the southern and eastern coastal areas are less rugged and also involve most of the areas that are vulnerable to flooding. There are 6 different slope categories in Grenada ranging from A to F (Land Use Department Ministry of Agriculture). Slope category E, 20-30°, is the second steepest and occupies 20,155 hectares, or 65.59%, of the total area of the Island. The flood-prone areas are within the slope category A, 0-2°, a total of 583 hectares, or 1.9%, of the Island. Most areas within this Topographical setting are vulnerable to landslide, rockfall, flooding and other natural hazards. This situation, together with the apparent inadequate land use planning and development control, have been the main cause of the abovementioned flooding, landslip and rockfall problems.

From the rain-fed, wet mountaintop areas of the main island of Grenada, dwarfed forests (called "elfin woodlands") stretched downslope to merge with lush montane rain forests, which, in turn, gave way along the coastlines to more diverse lowland dry forests, mangroves, lagoons, rocky headlands, beaches and bays with fringing coral reefs.

The interior of Grenada is dominated by mountain peaks, steep ridges, and deep narrow valleys. The volcanic geology of the interior is the dominant factor that produced this landscape. A single north-south trending ridge is also the major watershed of the island. Grenada's principal peak, Mount St. Catherine, is 833 meters (2,749 feet) high and is located in the northern half of the island.

The coastal periphery of Grenada presents a landscape which is much more subdued than the interior. The western side of the island displays a more rugged aspect as the central ridge is nearer to the coast on that side; the slopes are gentler on the east, and there are some fairly extensive coastal plains. The topography of the southwestern and northeastern parts of the island consists of low hills. With the exception of the harbors at St. George's and Halifax, the west coast consists of a series of shallow bays separated by headlands, as do the north and northeast coasts. The southeast coast south of Telescope

Point and the south coast westerly to Point Salines are deeply indented with many small bays backed by mangrove swamps.

Figure 8. Physical Map of Grenada

4.1.3 Climate

Grenada’s climatic condition varies among 13 different locations referred to as Climatic Zones. The entire island experiences a humid tropical marine type climate with little seasonal or diurnal variation, and fairly constant, strong easterly trade winds. It is affected by the subtropical cyclone belt and inter-tropical convergence zone, which influence the climate of the region. The location of these two meteorological

systems varies in a cyclical pattern. Moderate temperatures prevail in Grenada year-round with daily heights averaging around 80 F (30 C). Although annual and seasonal variations of temperature are small, the temperature at sea level is generally rather high with little seasonal, diurnal and location variation due to the dampening or stabilizing effect of the ocean mass. Annual average temperatures range from a low of 28.3 C to a high of 33.3 C.

Annual rainfall in Grenada varies from approximately 1,270mm (50 in) in dry coastal locations to 4,060 mm (160 inches) in wet central mountains (Figure 9). The lengths of the dry and wet seasons vary greatly depending on location. However, there tends to be a dry season from about January to May and a wet season from about June to December. About 75% of annual rainfall occurs during the wet season. No data is available for evapotranspiration, but rough estimates from Grenada and neighboring islands range from 1,000- mm/year to 1,300mm/year. There are some risks of hurricanes from June to December, however, Grenada lies just south of the path of most tropical storms and is only rarely affected by hurricanes. The first hurricane to hit Grenada directly after Hurricane Janet in 1955 was Hurricane Ivan on 7th September 2004.This situation puts the entire project sites at risk to hurricanes. However, their vulnerability may be increased depending on the condition of buildings, bridges and physical infrastructure.

Figure 9. Annual Rainfall (inches) in Grenada

High islands like Grenada manufacture their own local weather, creating a range of microclimates which varies greatly with height, location and orientation on any given island. Grenada has several mountain masses, one rising to 2,749 feet (840 meters) at Mount St. Catherine, which cause a marked upward deflection of the westerly moving moisture-laden air. The location of these two meteorological systems varies in a cyclical pattern, and their movement gives a seasonal character to the weather. Rain tends to

be showery and is distributed roughly into a drier season from January to May and a wetter season from June to December. There is some risk of hurricanes from June to December; however, Grenada lies just south of the path of most tropical storms and is only rarely affected by hurricanes.

Typical of small tropical islands, the temperature of Grenada at sea level is generally rather high with little seasonal, diurnal or locational variation due to the damping or stabilizing effect of the ocean mass.

4.1.4 Geology and Soils

The island of Grenada consists of 13 different geological categories ranging from Great River Beds to Tufton Hall Formation (Fig 10). They are of volcanic origin consisting mainly of volcanic products and, to a lesser degree, of sedimentary rocks formed during the Miocene to the Quaternary period of the Island’s volcanic history. They occur as dome flows and as a wide variety of pyroclastics related to eruptions with varying degrees of explosivity. Agglomerates and ashes in varying degrees are the dominant components of the pyroclastic rocks. The lava flow and rocks from eruption blasts are andesitic and basaltic in nature. (R.J. Arculus 1973, 1976). Within those categories are numerous geological fault lines scattered throughout the Island. They are defined as planer brake in rock along which one side has moved relative to the other. This movement can affect the stability of the soil above and cause structural failure to buildings, walls, roads etc.

There are 3 different types of soil textures in Grenada (sand, silt and clay) and 4 different types of soils based on textural classification, clay, clay loam, sandy loam and loamy sand. Loam is basically a mixture of sand, silt and clay. The percentage range for each texture is clay -7 to 27%, silt 28-50%, and sand 23- 52%. Clay soil is one that at least 40% clay particles. It may have a maximum of 40% silt or 45% sand. Sandy loam is loamy soil in which sand is the dominant particle. Loamy Sand is sandy soil in which clay and silt are the dominant particle. Clayey soil tends to hold much water for long periods and is also subject to swelling when wet and shrinking when dry. Continuous fluctuation can affect structures in the area. The soil is also divided into 13 different categories according to physical properties (amount of soil and clay), colour, composition of boulders and stones, chemical properties (nutrient status) and place where it was originally discovered.

Sandy soils drains very rapidly and during the process particles tend to disintegrate from each other because of rapid drainage property. Clay loam has lower water holding capacity than clay and better drainage property. It is the most favorable soil for construction since it is not subjected to continuous fluctuation as clay and more stabled soil than sand.

Figure 10. Geological Map of Grenada Figure 11. Soils of Grenada

4.1.1 Land Use and Biological Resources

The total land area in Grenada is approximately 84,000 acres (33,994 ha). Crown lands are estimated at about 10% of total holdings, with private land ownership of the remaining 90%. According to the Agricultural Census of 1995, 41% (35,000 acres) of the total land area is currently classified as agricultural lands, down from 72% (60,200 acres) in 1961. It is clear that most Grenadians prefer the most secure of all land tenure, freehold tenure. In Grenada 72% of the land under farms are owned outright, 15% are operated as family owned and only 12% are operated under lease arrangements. In the last two decades, the Ministry of Agriculture has regularized over 1,250 plots, 55% of which have been in the Grand Anse area.

Grenada biodiversity includes a variety of marine species and their habitat; 5 different types of terrestrial vegetation / forest ranging from mangrove woodlands and scrub and cactus in the coastal areas to Lower Montane Rain Forest and Elfin woodland forest in the mountainous regions. They are the natural habitat for a variety of animals, reptiles and birds (including turtle nesting sites). Some of the above are part of the National Parks and Protected Areas of Grenada (Figure 12).

Grenada’s threatened plant species identified under the IUCN include the endangered Spanish Cedar (Cedrelaodorata) and the Big Leaf or West Indian Mahogany (Swieteniamahagoni). The Spanish Cedar is listed as “vulnerable” with the Big Pine Key Prickly Pear (Opuntia tricantha), the Turk’s Cap (Melocactus broadwayi) and the Bloodwood (Pterocarpus officinalis) listed as “near threatened”. Additional plants of importance according the Grenada Forestry Department (Anthony Jeremiah, Forestry Wildlife

Conservation Officer, pers. Comm) include those species found in wetland areas such as Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), White Mangroves (Lauguncularia racemosa), Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans), and Button Wood Mangrove (Conocarpus erectus). Other locally important species identified include White cedar (Tabebnia heterophylla), Tantacayo (Albiziani opoides), Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera), Indian Almond (Terminalia catappa).

Figure 12. Land Use of Grenada

Years of deforestation and commercial crop farming in Grenada have led to the current character of forest ecosystems. A significant proportion of the vegetation on the island is secondary re-growth or cultivation

with the exception of isolated areas on steep mountain slopes, and the Grand Etang forest reserve which contain primary forests. Seven distinct forest types can be observed in the island of Grenada. Shrub and mangrove forests are dominant in the coastal areas. These areas cover 10.9 km2 (3.5%) and 5.3 km2 (1.7%) respectively. Low-lying areas are vegetated by deciduous seasonal forests which cover 70.2 km2 (22.5) of the island. Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests which account for 70.8 km2 or 22.7% of forested lands vegetates the middle latitude area.

The coastal terrestrial habitats include dry scrub woodland and mangroves but the narrow strip of dry evergreen littoral woodlands (including seagrape, manchineel, and buttonwood) and are the primary habitats most likely to be affected by the project. Grenada’s threatened plant species identified under the IUCN include the endangered Spanish Cedar and the Big Leaf or West Indian Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni).

Grenada’s resident bird populations include two endemics, the critically endangered Grenada Dove (Leptotil lawellsi) and the Grenada Hook-billed Kite (Chondrohieraxuncinatus murus) listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List. Four species of birds which are endemic to the Lesser Antilles are also found in GD: the Grenada flycatcher (Myiarchus nugatory), the Scaly-breasted Thrasher (Margarops fuscus), the Lesser Antillian Bullfinch (Loxigilla noctis), and the Lesser Antillian Tanager (Tangara cucullata). There are approximately 15 species of breeding seabirds that range across the country (Bradley & Norton, 2009).

According to Kramer, Roth et al., (2016), Grenada possesses 30 sq. mi. (78 km2) of patch and fringing reefs predominantly on the eastern coast of Grenada as well as the west coast at Grand Anse and Moliniere and around the islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Grenada also has 11 sq. mi. (29 km2) of seagrass beds. Coastal development during the 1980s along with sewerage, agrochemical pollution and sedimentation may be responsible for much of the shallow reef degradation in Grenada and the Grenadines (IRF, 1991; Bouchon, et al., 2008). Additionally, a series of hurricanes – Ivan in 2004 followed by Emily in 2005 – have all contributed to physical damage, especially to stands of the elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) (Burke, et al., 2011).

Based on the results of the 2016 Coral Reef Report Card (Kramer, Roth et al. 2016), a total of 33 species of hard coral have been recorded in Grenada with live coral coverage averaging 22% with fleshy macroalgae coverage averaging 20%. Herbivorous fish species are most abundant but generally small in size while commercial fish species (groupers and snappers) are rare as well as smaller in size with few mature adults.

Marine Mammals that frequent the offshore waters of Grenada include humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), sperm whales (Physeter catodon), blackfish or pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), killer whales (Orcinus orca), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris), and several other species of dolphins (Boisseau, et al., 2006). Humpback Whales migrate from northern waters to calving grounds in the Grenadines during January to April each year, Blackfish migrate through the area between July to November or mid-December, and a wide variety of dolphins are present year-round. Other cetacean species are less commonly encountered.

4.1.2 Geo-hazard and Natural Disaster Vulnerability

Relevant geohazards include volcanic eruptions on Grenada, which is rated as “low” for MBIA (Figure 13). Tsunamis from the active subsea volcano of Kick-em-Jenny located offshore of Grenada could reach two or three meters. The island is also subject to earthquake (seismic) risk that is fairly high, as the island is

part of an active tectonic subduction zone – where one tectonic plate slides or scrapes below another, melting the underlying slab and creating the volcanoes of the region.

Figure 13. Integrated Volcanic Hazard Map of Grenada

Seismic hazard (earth shaking) results from tectonic activity (the subduction of the Atlantic Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate). In Grenada the peak ground acceleration (expressed as a percentage (%) of g, the acceleration of gravity), is up to 15%g every 100 years, 25%g every 500 years, and 40%g every 1,000 years.

There are 6 different slope categories in Grenada ranging from A to F (Land Use Department Ministry of Agriculture). Slope category E, 20-30°, is the second steepest and occupies 20,155 hectares, or 65.59%, of the total area of the Island. The flood-prone areas are within the slope category A, 0-2°, a total of 583 hectares, or 1.9%, of the Island. Most areas within this topographical setting are vulnerable to landslide,

rockfall, flooding and other natural hazards. This situation, together with the apparent inadequate land use planning and development control, have been the main cause of the abovementioned flooding, landslip and rockfall problems.

Landslides are also common, especially during heavy rain events in steep terrain. However, the MBIA airport site is located on flat land away from landslide risks. The tentative locations for the ADS-B antenna on existing communications towers would need to be assessed for this geohazard as well as for other site hazards.

Grenada is also susceptible to heavy rains and tropical storms by virtue of its geographical location near the Eastern Caribbean hurricane belt. Although it is outside the main path of hurricanes it is occasionally struck.

4.2 Local Environmental Conditions

4.2.1 Topography and Landscape

MBIA is situated on flat to gently rolling terrain of the Point Salines area. The eastern point features steep cliffs of consolidated rock derived from lava flows and lahars (volcanic mudflow deposits). There are several fresh- and salt-water ponds near the coastline, where mangroves and marsh occur in low-lying areas and xeric shrub atop the hills and promontories. A notable feature is a deeply scalloped bay that was infilled to extend the runway decades ago, and now forms a pond connected to the sea by a conduit beneath the runway.

Several bays accentuate the coastline. The southwest margin of the MBIA property is fringed with beaches, notably Cato Beach and Long Beach. The south-central and southwest coasts of the MBIA are rocky and in several areas have been armored with boulders to resist erosion. Saint George’s University lies on MBIA’s southeast border and the coastline has also been strengthened with boulder armoring in that area.

The locations for the ADS-B antenna on existing tower(s) have not yet been defined; however, in order to achieve visual line-of-sight to MBIA the locations will likely be on hilltops to the northeast, or even further in the interior.

4.2.2 Drainage

The drainage pattern of the MBIA area is generally southward to the coast. Three larger drainage channels are more well-defined and lead to the bays and beaches or to the large salt pond north of the runway. Sewage from MBIA drains to the treatment system and ponds on the south-central border of the airport. After treatment in three ponds, a register or emissary discharges the effluent to the sea.

The salt ponds are a unique feature within the MBIA. The ponds are closed features that likely receive sea water through the underlying rock formations, where interlayers of the mudflow strata allow for inflow from the ocean to the ponds, which are floored with naturally occurring mud and clay materials. By late summer, evaporation leaves behind salt deposits which have been harvested for millenia.

4.2.3 Natural Habitat and Biodiversity

The MBIA is bordered to the southwest, west, and north by the Grande Anse Marine Protected Area (GAMPA), where coral reefs and seagrass create important marine habitat (Figure 14). The area was designated to protect beach and patch-reef environment on its northern side where several tourist resorts are located. The GAMPA extends around the southwest tip of the island and borders the MBIA’s southwestern edge.

Figure 14. Grande Anse Marine Protected Area (GAMPA)

The Point Salines area has historically been important for fishing, owing to the confluence of the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Turtles and iguana are known to use Grand Beach on the southwest side of MBIA as nesting sites, underscoring the importance of this natural habitat. Although the GAMPA is in close proximity to the airport, the proposed project induced activities will be designed to avoid any impacts on the protected area.

The MBIA conducted a baseline survey for birds and wildlife in 2019 as part of its draft Wildlife Management Plan. Pelicans, laughing gulls, doves, and cattle egrets are the main birds found on the airport grounds. The principal attractants include the sewage treatment ponds (which are uncovered) and a nearby restaurant (the Punjabi). The baseline survey also registered frequent mongoose sightings within the airport properties.

4.2.4 Archeological and Cultural Resources

Historically, there is a presence of archaeological evidence that has been there over the years. According to Hanna (2017)5, there is evidence of over 36 pieces of archaeological artifacts that are present in the area, some of which are preserved or either destroyed through natural or anthropogenic means.Point Salines is the tip of a peculiar peninsula that fishtails out of Grenada’s southwest corner— the southernmost point of the southernmost island in the Antillean archipelago. Point Salines is so named

5Hanna, Jonathan A., 2017. The Status of Grenada's Prehistoric Sites: Report on the 2016 Survey and an Inventory of Known Sites, Ministry of Tourism, Botanical Gardens, Grenada.DOI: 10.18113/S1QG64 43

because of a large salt marsh (salina) where quantities of free salt can be raked in during the dry season. The clay soils here limit absorption or drainage, collecting surface water that eventually evaporates and leaves behind previously dissolved minerals. The sites at Point Salines may have been occupied at the time of the first permanent French settlement in 1649.

Excavations made by Hanna in 2016 are shown in Figure 15. Most artifacts were encountered on the promontory of Black Point on the southwest side of MBIA. A number of artifacts were also encountered on the northeast side of the Salt Ponds. Scattered surface finds occurred along the coastline.

Figure 15. Archeological Finds in the Point Salines area (from Hanna, 2017)

4.2.5 Traffic

Most project works will be confined to the MBIA airport premises. Other activities relevant to the project, including the transportation of equipment, aggregate and other materials as well as disposal of waste, will require use of the main road network. As well the placement of the ADS-B antenna will require the use of access roads to the selected site.

Figure 16 depicts the main road network near MBIA. The access road to MBIA extends along the Maurice Bishop Memorial Highway from the capitol city of Saint Georges, and would be the main transport pathway for aggregate and materials. True Blue Road passes on the east and southeast side of the airport and could also be used for site access. It is not likely that direct ship offloading of aggregate or crushed rock would be necessary, as most of the required materials required can be sourced locally. Equipment and materials supply would have the benefit of utilizing road transport.

Figure 16. Main road network near the MBIA

4.2.6 Noise

There is no baseline data available with respect to minimum decibels and no anticipated increase as a result of this project. There may be some temporary increase of noise due to the rehabilitation work.

It may be noted that existing daytime ambient noise levels near the project locations are consistent with that of airport operations, particularly during afternoon into early night scheduled and non-scheduled operations. Other noise sources include vehicular traffic and stationary sources encountered along the roadways near the airports consistent with that of town and city settings. Ambient noise levels at night are typically lower than during the daytime.

There are residents living in the vicinity of the proposed project areas. On the northeast side of the airport is a Children’s Home, and on the southeast side is Saint George’s University. These are generally within

1,000 feet of the airport runway. Father east along the Point Salines peninsula there are numerous businesses and residences, but they are located more than a mile from the MBIA.

4.2.7 Quarry and Aggregate Supply

There are numerous existing quarries in the southwestern part of Grenada. Most are government-owned. It has not been determined which quarry or supplier will be used to provide aggregate or crushed rock for the RESA at MBIA.

It is unlikely that any imported material will need to be used. However, in such event, the source will be ascertained and evaluated to ensure that the supplier does not engage in sand mining or use of child labor.

4.3 Socioeconomic Conditions

4.3.1 Affected Communities

Grenada’s population is approximately 107,825 persons and ranks 46th in population out of all commonwealth of nations member states. (Commonwealth Secretariat 2018). Population density continues to grow in GD; as of 2017 the density was 317 individuals per square kilometer. Gender distribution is even across all age groups younger than about 70 years. The older population (> 70 years) consists of slightly more males than females. The population pyramid for GD suggests a stabilizing population growth because of relative level numbers of younger-aged individuals (< 20 years) over the past ten years.

Some 32 percent of the persons living below the poverty line in Grenada are found in the parish of St. George’s where the project area is located. These persons represent 34 percent of the parish’s population and 10 percent of the population of the country. St. George’s, St. Mark’s, St. Patrick’s and St. Andrew’s had percentages of their population poor, slightly above their representation in the sample. St. George’s has the highest share of poor and non-poor families and households which is followed by St. Andrews.

4.3.2 Land Use near airports

Changes in land use patterns have been dominated by the conversion of lands from agriculture into other uses in response to the relative decline in the agricultural sector in Grenada. Some of the larger estates are in varying states of abandonment and many of these are being converted to housing settlements and commercial uses. It must be noted however that many of the smaller agricultural land holdings continue to be farmed. The total land area in Grenada is approximately 84,000 acres (33,994 ha). Crown lands are estimated at about 10% of total holdings, with private land ownership of the remaining 90%. According to the Agricultural Census of 1995, 41% (35,000 acres) of the total land area is currently classified as agricultural lands, down from 72% (60,200 acres) in 1961. It is clear that most Grenadians prefer the most secure of all land tenure, freehold tenure. In Grenada 72% of the land under farms are owned outright, 15% are operated as family owned and only 12% are operated under lease arrangements. In the last two decades, the Ministry of Agriculture has regularized over 1,250 plots, 55% of which have been in the Grand Anse area.

4.3.3 Employment, Livelihood and Income

Agriculture is a major contributor to Grenada’s economy averaging 8% of GDP between 2002 and 2006, with primary agricultural exports accounting for approximately 57% of domestic exports between 2002 and 2006. The tourism sector has been the main driver of the economy since the 1980s. Tourism accounted for approximately 8.9% GDP in 2003 a trend that has been steadily growing. An estimated 132 860 stay-over visitors was recorded in 2004. The cruise industry has been increasing with just fewer than 227 000 passengers visiting in 2004. This has been facilitated by the development of modern facilities in St. George’s that accommodate up to two 980-foot mega cruise ships. The estimated expenditures by visitors into the sector amounted to US$ 157 million in 2004.

The island’s tourism product is a mix of the traditional sun-sea-sand product, a rapidly developing yachting sub-sector along with eco-tourism initiatives. The major tourism centre is around Grand Anse Bay (just south of St. George’s) and its environs. Several sites across the country have been developed for eco- tourism which offers hiking and other recreational activities in the more bio-diverse forested areas - The Grand Etang Lake, Mt. Quaqua Trail, the Fedon Camp Hike, Mt. St. Catherine Hike, the Annandale and Concorde Falls are among the premier attractions.

Gouyave, Telescope and Petit Martinique are all coastal communities. In most of the rural poor communities, agriculture is still a significant activity and many of its poor residents are involved in subsistence farming, backyard gardens and livestock rearing. In the coastal communities, fishing is a major activity

4.3.4 Land Acquisition and Resettlement

Since all physical works pertaining to the project will be implemented within the boundaries of the existing airport or communications facilities, which are dedicated lands and free of encroachments, there is no possibility of displacement or relocation of individuals or households. The ADS-B antenna is tentatively to be located atop an existing communications tower, which again would indicate that the land is free and clear. It is possible that during detailed design there are alternate locations proposed for the ADS-B antennae, in which case these locations will be screened, and exclusion criteria applied to ensure that there is no potential for involuntary land acquisition or resettlement.

5 PROJECT RISKS AND IMPACTS

This chapter assesses the potential environmental and social risks and impacts of the proposed project interventions. The environmental and social risks and impacts are discussed below under three stages or phases:

1. Design phase; 2. Construction phase; and, 3. Operation phase.

The discussion below is organized around each of the Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) and provides details on the risks and potential impacts.

5.1 Design and Preconstruction Activities

5.1.1 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESS1)

As mentioned earlier, Component 1 includes physical improvements and these activities are assessed in detail. The technical studies under component 2 will also be required to comply with ESS1 of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework; therefore, the Terms of Reference and technical study reports for activities under these components will be reviewed to ensure that they fulfill the requirements of ESS1.

Inherent in this discussion is the overarching role of ESS1 (Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts) which develops this ESA and its ESMPs; and, during implementation, the updating of the ESA and ESMPs during the detailed design phase of the project. As well during the procurement of services the contractor will be tasked with fulfilling all the relevant requirements by submitting a C-ESMP and associated plans as described in section 7 of this ESA.

5.2 Construction Phase

5.2.1 Labor Demand, Labor Influx and Worker Health and Safety (ESS2)

Analysis of the labor and working conditions (LWC) under ESS2 shows that the project will hire direct workers who will be engaged directly by the MBIA to work specifically in relation to the project. Some specialized personnel may be hired to install state-of-the-art safety equipment and to provide training for the purpose of capacity building. Some unskilled workers may also be hired to perform small, repetitive, and unskilled tasks, but relatively in a small amount that will be estimated before the project appraisal.

The project may also be engaged with contracted workers who are people employed or engaged through third parties for different aspects of project implementation including repairs to equipment and airport facilities. An estimate of the number of workers will be provided before project board approval; however, it is anticipated that this figure should not exceed 50 persons.

Government civil servants are expected to be involved in the project, whether full-time or part-time. They will remain subject to the terms and conditions of their existing public-sector employment agreement or

arrangement, unless there has been an effective legal transfer of their employment or engagement to the project. ESS2 will not apply to such government civil servants, except for ensuring the protection of the work force as it relates to Occupational Health and Safety. There will likely be the involvement of primary supply workers for the provision of raw materials, such as sand, for resurfacing the runway. The project does not intend to include the use of community workers.

Worker safety is critical to any operation. The mishandling of equipment, the improper storage and usage of various chemicals and construction materials on site, poor and unsafe working conditions, high levels of continuous noise and fumes, as well as inadequate safety equipment can cause serious injury and down time to the workers and project. The relevant best management practices to ensure worker safety as well as acceptable working conditions will have to be implemented along with adherence to the appropriate local legislation that govern health and safety. Proper facilities will need to be provided for workers so that they are able to dispose of their solid wastes, as well as sanitary wastes without any negative impacts on the environment.

Some operational, health and safety risks are associated to the hiring of workers. The project will implement the Labor Management Procedures, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), a grievance mechanism for workers as well as due diligence to prevent the use of all forms of forced labor and child labor as well as other pertinent instruments to address these potential risks.

5.2.2 Waste Management (ESS3)

The improper management and disposal of solid and liquid wastes can be detrimental to both the terrestrial and the nearby marine environment. The mishandling of construction wastes such as chemicals, detergents, greases, oils, building materials, can lead to the poisoning of the terrestrial environment. The entry of these substances into the marine environment, either through runoff, via drains, or by being blown by the wind, can also poison the marine environment or damage the fragile marine ecosystem. The management of human wastes on site is also critical for maintaining a healthy working environment and reducing the risk of fecal contamination. The same can be said of food wastes for reducing the incidence of vector entry into an area and infestation.

The physical interventions at the airports will generate construction debris and hazardous or non- hazardous waste including, among others, wastewater, fuel, asphalt, chemicals, wood and building materials. The project will seek to avoid or minimize project-related emissions and generation of waste as well as promote the sustainable use of energy where there is opportunity to do so. The repairing and installation of equipment (including dismantling of old equipment) at the airports will generate construction debris and hazardous or non-hazardous waste that need to be disposed of in a proper way.

The project will promote proper waste management practices as part of the Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs), which may also be used in CERC activities for debris removal and disposal. These measures would help minimization of hazardous and non-hazardous waste production and facilitate appropriate management of wastes. These measures will also be reflected in the contract documents (for repairing and installation) to ensure the requirements to manage waste from construction operations, including end location of the waste removed, are in accordance with ESS3. As stipulated by International Health regulations, airports must find safe ways in handling and processing international wastes. Wastes originating from countries with different policies and regulations poses the risk of introduction of plant pests, diseases, and other contaminants. These wastes also play a key role in

the international spread of diseases through persons, conveyances and other goods. International garbage and general municipal wastes generated at MBIA are currently burned on site within a burning pit. The pit also serves as an attractant for birds and other wildlife. Strategies for proper international waste management, including items quarantined from the Cold Storage area, may be evaluated as part of the project design.

5.2.3 Water Resource Management and Energy Efficiency (ESS3)

The technical specifications of different equipment will promote energy efficiency and measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The runway lighting system will utilize energy efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) bulbs. Given the negligible change in emissions from the project, GHG accounting will not be undertaken. There are no opportunities for water conservation given the scope of the project.

5.2.4 Hazardous Materials (ESS3)

The petroleum hydrocarbons used as jet fuel represent a source of hazardous materials at MBIA. The existing fuel storage area is located near the site of the future Cold Storage Area. A brief visual assessment of site conditions was carried out during site visits as part of preparing this ESA, and there appeared to be no contaminated soils or water that would be encountered during the works. Further, there are no buried pipes or tanks as all fueling is done by tanker truck. Nevertheless, if any suspected petroleum hydrocarbons are encountered during excavation of foundations or other earth moving activities, then it will be carefully screened for residual hydrocarbon contamination using the training and protocols referred to in the ESMPs. Any contaminated soils or materials will be handled, stored, and disposed of appropriately.

The southwestern most promontory of the MBIA property has historically been used for aerodrome rescue and firefighting (ARFF) training exercises. Internationally derived waste from airplane cleaning and servicing is taken to this area and burned. Residual jet fuels or aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) could therefore be found in soils in this area. The RESA is situated further east and would not be affected by these chemicals.

The project will also require the use of other hazardous materials such as asphalt, paints and other chemicals which must be appropriately managed by MBIA.

5.2.5 Air Pollution and Noise Emission (ESS3)

Increased noise levels from activities adjacent to or within communities and residential areas can be deemed as an unnecessary and unwanted nuisance affecting local businesses and day to day activities. Care must be taken in the judicious usage of any form of heavy noise and vibration equipment. Associated vibrations from the use of heavy equipment such as rollers can negatively impact surrounding communities, causing nuisances by shaking household items and possibly affecting the stability of nearby structures.

Among others, wind gusts are a safety hazard and one must be mindful that there is no shortage of soil, dust and other small particles on or near a construction site that can become airborne with the right amount of wind.

Workers at the sites and on the airport property will more than likely be susceptible to air emissions from vehicle exhaust or machinery operation, dust from excavation and material hauling and noise and vibration from construction activities. Given the distance of the communities from the project work sites, storage areas, entry and access points, members of those communities are less likely to be vulnerable to these effects. By and large, such exposures can be considered a temporary nuisance; however, if acute or prolonged, they can have health implications, which will not be case for the proposed interventions. Standard measures will be employed to reduce impacts of dust (e.g. wetting of road surfaces), noise (barriers or personal protection equipment), and air emissions (equipment and vehicle maintenance).

5.2.6 Increased Traffic and Potential Traffic Conflict (ESS4)

Community Health and Safety issues (ESS4) are relevant considering the repairing/renewal works and installation of equipment at MBIA. Although the physical works will be confined to the existing and secured areas of the existing airport and communications facilities, some of the related activities such as the movement of machinery and equipment and transportation of construction materials may increase the risk of traffic hazards and associated incidents.

5.2.7 Community Safety (ESS4)

The proposed project activities at the airports are restricted areas and fenced. MBIA has their own security for controlling the airport premises. However, risks to community health and safety could occur if unauthorized persons enter work zones. MBIA will review the requirement of additional security personnel at the detailed design stage based on the potential work schedule of different activities.

5.2.8 Land Acquisition and Resettlement (ESS5)

ESS5 states that if there are any project-related land acquisitions or restrictions on land use, then there is potential for physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land or loss of shelter) or economic displacement (loss of land, assets or access to assets, leading to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood).The project activities will not cause displacement or relocation of individuals or households, since activities will take place within the boundaries of the existing airport which is already a restricted and dedicated area.

The ADS-B antennae will be tentatively located outside the airport property on existing towers that are already dedicated to communication uses. These locations will be confirmed during implementation based on a detailed design study. If alternative locations are proposed, then careful screening and selection of the sites will be done to ensure that there is no resettlement or economic displacement. Any proposed sites where involuntary resettlement could apply must be excluded.

5.2.9 Loss of Natural Habitat and Biodiversity (ESS6)

Although impacts to natural habitat, biodiversity or living natural resources are not anticipated, care must be taken to not affect the beaches and coastlines of the Grande Anse Marine Protected Area (GAMPA) at the southwest, west, and northwest boundary of the MBIA. The main threat would be from soil and sediment runoff during earth-moving activities such as excavation for foundations or RESAs. Measures to avoid or address such impacts are included in the ESMP for the MBIA, including strict runoff and erosion/sedimentation control plans for these civil works.

Source of aggregate or crushed stone needs to be assessed to ensure that extraction of these commodities will not result in any conversion or degradation of natural or critical habitats due to the physical work at the MBIA. Primary suppliers, of sand for example, will be verified to ensure that raw materials are sourced taking the provisions of ESS6 into consideration. Ultimately, the MBIA will identify where the supply is coming from and ensure that natural habitats are not affected in accordance with ESS6.

The ESMPs for the works also consider incursions of domestic animals or wildlife and bird strikes. MBIA has developed a draft bird and wildlife management program that will be finalized and implemented under Component 2 so that it is consistent with ICAO and the World Bank EHS Guidelines for Airports.6 Appendix E provides background and a brief insight into the MBIA’s draft Bird and Wildlife Control Program. These controls will be applied during the construction as well as operation phases. Areas for improving the program will be identified through Component 2 and may include planning and operational practice that may reinforce alternative analysis covering possible impacts on terrestrial and marine habitats as well as migratory birds and flyways.

5.2.10 Storm water, Erosion and Sedimentation (ESS6)

The construction of the RESAs and Cold Storage Area could result in soil or sediment being carried by runoff leaving the sites, which could have negative impacts on downstream and coastal areas. The ESMPs will therefore require standard construction protocols to address these risks.

The source of the raw materials has not yet identified, and quarries may also have impacts that need to be taken into account. The locations and permit status of quarries will be identified and evaluated during the detailed project design stage. Any incremental impacts from the project will be addressed as detailed in the ESMPs.

Access roads for the ADS-B antenna may also produce erosion and sediment runoff, if damaged during construction. This will be avoided by verifying that existing access roads are adequate, and that standard erosion control methods are applied.

5.2.11 Archeological and Cultural Resources (ESS8)

There are no known archeological resources at the site of the Cold Storage Area, and the RESAs have been cleared for decades as they are adjacent to the runway. Historical or cultural resources near the selected communications tower and its access road will be assessed once they are identified in the detailed design stage.

During construction activities that involve earth-moving or excavation, there is the possibility of coming across or “chance finding” what may appear to be an historical or cultural artifact which may need to be studied and preserved by the relevant authorities. This is particularly important for works that may require excavation below ground such as the rehabilitation of existing drains. The ESMP therefore includes a chance finds procedure as a precaution that must be followed as part of construction contracts to be awarded under the project.

6https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at- ifc/policies-standards/ehs-guidelines

5.3 Operation Phase

Potential biophysical impacts following completion of the proposed works are similar to that of the existing operational runway and are not considered further since this will remain unchanged. A range of potential positive social and socioeconomic impacts can be identified as follows:

• Potential for increased income to tourism activities as a result of improved access. • Improved safety to the travelling public due to the provision of a new surface that is less likely to damage planes during take-off and landing. • Improved procedures for security and access. • Improved procedures for wildlife management. • Improved efficiency and security of foodstuffs and cargo handled by the airport.

The potential negative impacts of airport operations are outlined in the World Bank EHS Guidelines for Airports and include noise and vibrations, air emissions, stormwater and wastewater, management of waste and hazardous materials, energy and water consumption, and safety of workers and nearby communities. The project will not cause any additional impact with regards to these aspects at either airport, hence these impacts are not reviewed in detail. The project’s operational and planning support will, however, identify opportunities for improvements in operating procedures such as security and access control, bird and wildlife management, waste management, water and energy conservation, and others.

Use of the access roads for periodic maintenance of the ADS-B, as well as the need for future repairs to such roads, may be considered as a continued impact depending on the specific location and condition of the installations. As existing towers and access are planned to be used, no additional impacts would be likely; however, if a new antenna tower and access road is proposed, then it would require maintenance throughout operations that would result in additional impacts. This will be assessed in the detailed design phase and the ESA and ESMPs updated accordingly.

6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Overview

This section takes into consideration the possibility of alternatives when developing the proposed project. More specifically, it relates to site selection for equipment installation and the potential environmental and social impacts. However, most of the new equipment, with the exception of the ADS-B antenna, must be installed inside the existing airports’ compound and is therefore not subject to a meaningful alternative analysis.

6.2 Site Selection for ADS-B Antennae

The ADS-B antenna is tentatively identified for installation on existing tower(s)located outside the existing airport property. The locations will be verified during project implementation based on a detailed design study. If an alternative location is proposed, then careful screening and selection of the sites and their access routes and roadways will be done to ensure that there is no resettlement or economic displacement as well as no effect on natural habitat. Alternatives for installing the antenna on existing tower locations, with existing adequate access, will be favored. Any activity that could require involuntary resetlement will be screened out and will not be eligible for financing under the project. 6.3 Daily Work Schedule

Reducing the possibility of delays on the project and any disruptions to airport operations during the project is critical. As a result, runway construction and rehabilitation, as well as drainage works, should be undertaken during what is typically the dry season. Methods which avoid taking the pavement out of commission for lengthy periods should be employed. This can best be affected by resurfacing during periods that normally have little or no traffic (10 pm to 10 am) whilst maintaining safety standards and ensuring aircraft can use the runway during normal scheduled hours. It is therefore not anticipated that the aviation industry or any related services or sectors will be significantly impacted.

6.4 Design of Cold Storage Facility

The Cold Storage Facility will use standard building construction techniques, and so offers limited alternatives to reduce or minimize environmental impact. Equipment selection, however, offers possibilities for sustainability in terms of the type of x-ray machine and refrigerant system(s) selected. If dangerous materials are detected they must also be quarantined and/or destroyed, so storage and disposal facilities (e.g. an incinerator) may also be considered. These will be evaluated in the update to the ESA to be done as part of the detailed design stage.

6.5 No-Project Alternative

One alternative is to not undertake the project at all. In this case there would be continued operation and safety risks at MBIA. In this sense there is a “no-regrets” outcome of implementing the project.

7 MITIGATION MEASURES

Details of the mitigation plans and measures to be implemented to avoid or minimize social and environmental impacts identified in section 5 are presented in this chapter of the ESA. These plans and measures are amplified in Section 8 in the context of the Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) and Appendix A contains summary matrices of the ESMPs that also provide the language for the contractor and requirements to be included in procurement documents to guide the preparation of C- ESMPs by contractors. Finally, this section of the ESA provides the criteria to be taken into account during development of physical works locations, design, and planning, as well as during the construction and operation phases.

Details of mitigation measures relative to each ESS are discussed below.

7.1 Design and Preconstruction Activities

7.1.1 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESS1)

It must be noted that prior to the construction phase the following actions must be taken to fulfill the requirements of ESS1, the overarching assessment standard that guides the safeguards process:

• Update the ESA and ESMPs to address detailed designs, selected locations and site conditions, and include any new information; • Staff the environmental and social specialists in the DOI and refine budgets for supervision; • Develop bid and contract (procurement) documents to include relevant specifications, ESMPs, and other contractor’s requirements; and, • Other activities described in the ESCP as applicable.

These critical preconstruction actions will ensure that environmental and social mitigation measures are built into the project design, execution and supervision. Further, the following actions must be taken to fulfill the requirements of ESS10 for Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure:

• Disclose and publish the draft ESA, SEP, and ESCP on the Government of Grenada website; • Hold public consultations on the draft ESA and other safeguards documents; and, • Initiate the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) and Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) for the project.

7.2 Construction Phase

7.2.1 Labor Management Plan (ESS2)

MBIA has prepared Labor Management Procedures (LMP), which is part of this ESA as Appendix G. The LMP, as a living document and will be reviewed and updated as necessary throughout the development and implementation of the project. The LMP will help in addressing the following risks: i) Health screening and monitoring where appropriate, ii) Protective measures for hazardous conditions or substances, iii) Workers training, iv) Accident and incident monitoring procedures, v) Emergency response procedures vi)

Remedies for adverse environmental or social impacts, vii) Terms and conditions of employment such as rights to regular payment hours of work, overtime, adequate rest, benefits such as annual, sick, maternity, and family leave and timely notice of termination, vii) Non Discrimination and equal opportunity; provisions for all aspects of employment and including measures to prevent and address harassment, intimidation and or exploitation, viii) Prohibitions against child labour and forced labour; and ix) Access to grievance mechanisms specifically for direct and contracted labour.

The LMP also includes the following aspects:

• Overview of Labor Use on the Project • Assessment of Key Potential Labor Risks • Brief Overview of Labor Legislation: Terms and Conditions • Brief Overview of Labor Legislation: Occupational Health and Safety • Responsible Staff • Policies and Procedures • Age of Employment • Terms and Conditions • Workers Grievance Redress Mechanism • Contractor Management • Community Workers • Primary Supply Workers

In addition, the LMP includes suggested contracting provisions to ensure compliance with the labor management requirements described.

The contractor shall ensure that all workers operate within a safe environment. All relevant Labor and Occupational Health and Safety regulations must be adhered to in an effort to ensure worker safety. The contractor shall provide the contracting officer with an occupational health and safety plan for approval by the local health authority prior to the commencement of site activities. Appropriate information shall be posted on site to inform workers of key rules and regulations to be followed.

Sanitation facilities shall be provided for all site workers. All sanitary wastes generated as a result of project activities shall be managed in a manner approved by the contracting officer and the local authority responsible for public health. The contractor shall also provide the contracting officer with a liquid waste management plan as part of a site waste management plan that conforms to the waste management policies and regulations of the relevant authority. Under no circumstances shall the contractor allow construction related liquid wastes to accumulate on or off the site, or to flow over or from the site in an uncontrolled manner or to cause a nuisance or health risk due to its content. Specific elements of the contractor’s liquid waste management plan shall include:

• contractor to abide by all pertinent waste management and public health laws; • waste collection and disposal pathways and sites to be identified for all major waste types expected from demolition and construction activities; • construction and demolition waste to be stored in appropriate bins; • liquid and chemical wastes to be stored in appropriate containers separated from the general refuse; • all waste to be collected and disposed of properly in approved landfills by licensed collectors;

• records of waste disposal to be maintained as proof for proper management as designed; • contractor to reuse and recycle appropriate and viable materials (except asbestos) whenever feasible; • construction related liquid wastes not to be allowed to accumulate on or off site, or to flow over or from site in an uncontrolled manner or cause a nuisance or health risk due to its contents.

The contractor shall ensure that there are basic medical facilities on site and that there are staff trained in basic first aid. Workers must be provided with the necessary protective gear as per their specific tasks. These include, among others, hard hats, overalls, gloves, goggles and boots.

7.2.2 Waste Management Plan (ESS3)

MBIA will prepare a general Waste Management Plan at the detailed engineering design phase. This plan will be further updated with site specific information by the contractors for all construction works. The plan will conform to the solid waste management policies and regulations of the relevant Grenada authority. Under no circumstances shall the contractor allow construction wastes to accumulate so as to cause a nuisance or health risk due to the propagation of pests and disease vectors. The Waste Management Plan shall include a description of how all wastes will be stored, collected and disposed of in accordance with current law. Additionally, the contractor shall provide for the regular removal and disposal of all site wastes and provide the contracting officer with a schedule for such removal.

In addition to the above, all waste introduced during works relating to the rehabilitation of the RESA at MBIA, shall be removed after every work session and stored at a location at least 1,000 meters from the runway until collection and disposal in accordance with current law. The practice of burning international waste at the southwest end of the runway will be reviewed with an eye towards improving security and environmental protection.

Considering the negative impact foreign object debris (FOD) can have on aircraft operational safety at airports, the contractor shall also ensure that, as part of the waste management plan, there are procedures in place for thorough inspection of the runway and other areas used during execution of his/her duties. To ensure there is no buildup, such inspections shall be conducted regularly during periods of work as well as before vacating the airport premises to ensure the area is free of FOD. These inspections shall be coordinated with the airport operator.

The waste management plans and practices within the ESMPs may also be used in emergency response (CERC) activities for debris removal and disposal. These measures seek to minimize hazardous and non- hazardous waste production and facilitate appropriate management of wastes. These measures will be reflected in contract documents to ensure the requirements to manage waste from construction operations, including end location of the waste removed, are in accordance with ESS3.

7.2.3 Waste Conservation and Energy Efficiency (ESS3)

There are limited opportunities for energy conservation during the construction phase of the project. However, as part of the project design, energy efficient lighting (LED bulbs) will be specified for use in the ILS.

The use of water during construction (distinct from operations) will be limited and mainly for ground spraying for dust control. Concrete mixing will most likely be done off-site. No separate resource efficiency plan will be prepared for the project.

7.2.4 Hazardous Materials (ESS3)

During construction, the use of any hazardous materials including oils, fuels, and petroleum products such as bitumen or asphalt, shall conform to the proper use recommendations of the product.

Waste hazardous materials and their containers shall be disposed of in a manner approved by the contracting officer. MBIA will prepare a general Hazardous Materials Control Plan at the detailed engineering design phase. This plan will be further updated with site specific information by the contractors for all construction works if the operation involves the use of these materials. This plan must include estimated quantities to be consumed in the process, storage plans, spill control plans, and waste disposal practices to be followed. The plan and the manner of management are subject to the approval of local authority responsible for safety, waste management, and the contracting officer.

Elements of the hazardous materials control plan shall include:

• contractor must provide temporary storage on site for all hazardous or toxic substances; • hazardous or toxic substances are to be kept in safe containers labeled with details of composition, properties and handling information; • the containers of hazardous substances must be placed in a leak-proof container to prevent spillage and leaching; • the wastes shall be transported by specially licensed carriers and disposed in a licensed facility; • paints with toxic ingredients or solvents or lead-based paints will not be used; • banned chemicals will not be used on any project.

All paints and preservatives shall only be used with the approval of the contracting officer. In an effort to make a well-informed decision regarding the potential for environmental effects and suitability of such products, information describing the essential components of the materials to be used shall be provided to the contracting officer. Storage, use, and disposal of excess paints and preservatives shall be managed in conformance with the manufacturers’ recommendations and as approved by the contracting officer. The contractor shall provide the contracting officer with a list of materials and estimated quantities to be used, as well as storage, spill control, and waste disposal plans to be observed during the execution of the contract. This plan is subject to the approval of the contracting officer. Construction vehicles and machinery will be washed only in designated areas where runoff will not pollute natural surface water bodies.

It is not expected that petroleum hydrocarbons, spent jet fuel, AFFF, or other contaminants will be found in any of the soils that may be excavated or uncovered beneath the RESA and Cold Storage Facility; however, in the unlikely event that any such materials are encountered, then it will be carefully screened using protocols defined in the ESMPs. Any contaminated soils or materials will be handled, stored, and disposed of appropriately.

Finally, the project does not anticipate the purchase or use of pesticides. However, if incidental and minor use of pesticides is required (e.g. for foundation termite treatment or insect extermination), it must be

approved by the contracting officer and shall conform to the manufacturers’ recommendations for use and application. Any person using pesticides shall demonstrate that they have read and understood these requirements and are capable of complying with the usage recommendations to the satisfaction of the contracting officer. All pesticides to be used shall conform to the list of acceptable pesticides that are not banned by the relevant local authority. If termite treatment is to be utilized, only licensed and registered pest control professionals with training and knowledge of proper application methods and techniques shall be used. This is to ensure that appropriate chemical management measures are implemented to prevent contamination of surrounding areas.

7.2.5 Air, Noise and Dust Control (ESS3)

Workers at the sites, and on the airport property, will likely to be susceptible to some increased air emissions from vehicle exhaust or machinery operation, dust from excavation and material hauling, and noise and vibration from construction activities. Standard measures will be employed to reduce the effects of dust emission and noise (e.g. wetting of road surfaces, barriers, personal protection equipment) as well as air emissions (equipment and vehicle maintenance). Given the distance of the communities from the project work sites, storage areas, and entry and access points, members of those communities are less likely to be vulnerable to these impacts. However, should it become evident that noise, dust or fumes emanate from the site to nearby receptors, an appropriate pollution control plan will be developed. MBIA will develop a generic Pollution Control Plan at the detailed engineering design phase, which will be further updated with site specific information by the contractors for all construction works.

The following conditions apply to work sites for the control of air quality, including dust control:

• Construction materials such as sand, cement, or other fines should be kept properly covered; • Cement should be kept stored within a shed or container; • The sand and fines can be moistened with sprays of water; • Unpaved, dusty construction roads must be compacted and then wet periodically; • Demolition debris shall be kept in controlled area and sprayed with water mist to reduce debris dust; • The surrounding environment (e.g. sidewalks, roads) shall be kept free of debris to minimize dust; • There will be no open burning of construction or waste material at the site; • There will be no excessive idling of construction vehicles at sites; • The bins of all haulage vehicles transporting aggregate or building materials must be covered on all public roads.

The contractor shall control noise emissions generated as a result of contracting activities to the extent possible. In the case of site locations where noise disturbance will be a concern, the contractor shall ensure that the equipment is in good working order with manufacturer supplied noise suppression (mufflers, etc.) systems functioning and in good repair. Further, the contractor shall make reasonable efforts to schedule activities, such as the transport of equipment and materials to the staging area, during normal working hours (between 8 am and 5 pm). Where noise is likely to pose a nuisance to the surrounding community, the contractor shall inform the contracting officer and shall develop a public notification and noise management plan for approval by the contracting officer.

Specific elements of the noise control activities by the contractor may include:

• work activities to be undertaken within specified daylight hours; • residents or the public to be informed in advance of any work activities to occur outside of normal working hours or on weekends; • engine covers of generators, air compressors and other powered mechanical equipment shall be closed, and equipment placed as far away from residential areas as possible; • there will be no excessive idling of construction vehicles at sites; • noise suppression equipment or systems supplied by manufacture will be utilized; • ensure all vehicles and equipment are properly serviced.

7.2.6 Community Health and Safety/Site Access (ESS4)

To address community health and safety concerns, mitigation measures will be implemented to reduce the potential of any occurrences of unauthorized access to work sites, thereby minimizing the risks of injury or accidental exposure to hazardous materials to persons from nearby communities, especially children. This will be achieved through the establishment of a security perimeter around the site, erection of signage, and where appropriate, temporary fencing to cordon off entryways, all to ensure public safety. A Community Health and Safety Plan (CHSP) will be prepared by MBIA at the detailed design phase. This plan will be updated before the construction/rehabilitation work by the contractors. MBIA will coordinate schedule and activities of different contractors to ensure the community health and safety measures.

MBIA will depend on its existing airport security personalfor project work related security and safety, and it is not likely that any additional security personnel will be required; however, MBIA will prepare a Security Plan before processing the hiring of additional security, if required. The plan would describe the process to: (i) make reasonable inquiries to verify that the direct or contracted workers to provide security are not implicated in past abuses; (ii) train them adequately (or determine that they are properly trained) in the use of force (and where applicable, firearms), and appropriate conduct toward workers and affected communities; and (iii) require them to act within the applicable law. MBIA will review all allegations of unlawful or abusive acts of security personnel, act (or urge appropriate parties to act) to prevent recurrence and, where necessary, report unlawful and abusive acts to the relevant authorities.

Since there are already access restrictions at the airport facility, it is not anticipated that public safety will be an issue for works on the airport premises. However, the staging area shall require adequate security if it is not within the confines of the airport restricted area. Other areas off the airport site, such as locations for ADS-B installation, may also require implementation of measures to restrict access during construction.

7.2.7 Traffic Safety and Management (ESS4)

The contractor will be expected to ensure that trucks unloading equipment do not cause any delays to vehicular traffic and equipment and supplies are safely offloaded. If those tasks can be undertaken during lulls in vehicular and pedestrian traffic flow, the likelihood of any adverse effects will be further reduced.

MBIA will prepare a Traffic Management Plan at the detailed design stage considering the schedule of the different activities under the project. In the event that contractor or construction activities have the potential to disrupt area transportation services, including temporary loss of roadways or blockages due to deliveries and site related activities, then the contractor shall provide the contracting officer with a Traffic Management Plan including a description of the anticipated service disruptions, community

information plan, and traffic control strategy to be implemented so as to avoid or minimize the impact to surrounding communities. This plan shall consider time of day for planned disruptions, and shall take into consideration alternative access routes, access to essential services such as medical, disaster evacuation, and other critical services. The plan shall be approved by relevant local authority and the contracting officer. MBIA will coordinate schedule and activities of different contractors to ensure better management of traffic and less disruption in the traffic movement due to project activities.

Elements of the Traffic Management Plan to be developed and implemented by contractor shall include:

• alternative routes to be identified in the instance of extended road works or road blockages; • the public to be notified of all disturbance to their normal routes; • signposting, warning signs, barriers and traffic diversions must be clearly visible, and the public warned of all potential hazards; • provision must be made for the safe passages and crossings for all pedestrians where construction traffic interferes with their normal route; • there must be active traffic management by trained and visible staff at the site or along roadways as required to ensure safe and convenient passage for the vehicular and pedestrian public; • adjustment of working hours to local traffic patterns (e.g. avoiding major transport activities during rush hours or times of livestock movement).

7.2.8 Emergency Response (ESS4)

An emergency is any unplanned event that can cause deaths or injuries to employees, customers or the public; or that can shut down a business, disrupt operations, cause physical or environmental damage, or threaten the facility’s financial standing or public image. Examples of events which can be considered emergencies are fire, explosion, toxic release, any natural disaster like hurricane, earthquake etc., communications failure and civil disturbance. Emergency response management is the process of preparing for, mitigating, responding to and recovering from an emergency. Emergency response management is a dynamic process. Planning, though critical, is not the only component. Training, conducting drills, testing equipment and coordinating activities with the community are other important functions.

MBIA will prepare an emergency response plan (ERP), which will help to effectively manage an emergency situation during an incident to: (i) control and/or extinguish fires or explosions; (ii) contain leakages or spillages; (iii) rescue people and bring for treatment if necessary; (iv) safeguard human lives; and (v) minimize damage to property and environment. The purpose of this ERP is to ensure that any form of emergency, which interrupts normal and safe working conditions in the project activities, can be dealt with in a systematic manner. Operational procedures are spelt out to enable a coordinated plan of action to be carried out to control the emergency and to restore it back to normal.

Each contractor will be required to prepare an emergency response plan (ERP) based on the generic ERP for events and accidents before initiating any physical construction. This includes procedures for management of spilled hydrocarbons or hazardous materials, as previously noted.

The contractor shall be responsible for maintaining security over the construction site, including the protection of stored materials and equipment. In the event of severe weather, the contractor shall secure the construction site and associated equipment in such a manner as to protect the site and adjacent areas

from consequential damages. This includes the management of onsite, construction materials, construction and sanitary wastes, additional strengthening of erosion control and soil stabilization systems, and other conditions resulting from contractor activities which may increase the potential for damages

7.2.9 Land Acquisition, Temporary Access and Resettlement (ESS5)

The selected location for the ADS-B antenna is most likely to be on existing tower(s) and should therefore cause no inconvenience to residents or nearby communities. However, if a new location is proposed then the locations and their access routes will be screened and any sites with involuntary resettlement must be excluded. Any land acquisition or lease for such purpose must follow a fair and transparent voluntary process. Screening criteria include:

• There must be no involuntary acquisition of lands, physical relocation of persons (even if not the property owner), and removal of crops or access to livelihood; • There will be no removal of persons or their assets such as crops or structures, or by requiring access or occupation without recourse or recompense; • If any works or activities to be financed as part of this project or at a later stage will be on government lands, the lands should be unoccupied and unencumbered by informal settlers or their assets; • Privately owned land or land purchased through willing-seller and willing-buyer is acceptable, provided that the land acquisition must occur by mutual agreement in exchange for a notarized purchase contract based on the market price at the date of acquisition; and, • Any temporary access agreements should be equitable, voluntary, and documented in writing.

The requirements above provide general guidelines. Any purchase or acquisition of any lands, if needed, would be done in compliance with standard ESS5 and ensure that any sites where involuntary resettlement would occur must be excluded.

7.2.10 Bird Hazard and Wildlife Management (ESS6)

As mentioned earlier, the project induced activities will not result any impact on the nearby sensitive marine and coastal habitat (the Grande Anse Marine Protected Area). Further investigation will be carried out on possible risks and impacts during the detailed engineering design and updating of the ESA. If any significant impact is identified, a biodiversity conservation plan will be prepared as part of the updated ESA and ESMP.

It is not likely that any sand or aggregate material would need to be imported. However, if proposed during detailed design, primary suppliers (e.g. of sand) would be required to be verified to ensure that provisions of raw materials are sourced with consideration of ESS6 provisions.

During the construction phase, the airport access controls already in place will serve to prevent incursions of domestic animals onto the facility. Access controls for trucks, heavy vehicles, and traffic controls will also include measures to prevent animals from entering the property as part of standard airport safety measures.

Appendix D provides the TOR to develop the Coastal Defense Strategy under Component 2. There are mangroves and a salt pond on the coastline, so the TA to develop the Coastal Defense Strategy will fully consider the provisions of ESS6.

Appendix E provides the TOR to develop MBIA’s Wildlife Control Program under Component 2. The Wildlife Management Program will be finalized to comply with ICAO standards for certification, and equipment purchased to fully implement the program. The TA to develop the Wildlife Control Program will fully consider the provisions of ESS6 for birds and wildlife.

7.2.11 Storm water, Erosion and Sediment Control (ESS6)

For the construction of the RESAs and the CSF, temporary erosion control measures will be employed to prevent off-site transport of sediment and debris. Such measures would include silt traps, geotextile fencing, pits, or other mechanisms to arrest movement of sediment off the sites, ensuring that sites are adequately graded, visual observation of turbidity and performance in streams at the property boundary, and monitoring and repair of these measures weekly or after storm events. The contractor shall implement measures at the site of operations to manage soil erosion through minimization of excavated areas, preservation of existing ground cover to the extent possible and provision of approved ground cover.

Erosion control measures shall be approved by the contracting officer. The erosion control measures include an assessment of the potential threat, mitigation measures to be applied, consideration for the effects of severe weather and an emergency response plan. The contractor must ensure that appropriate erosion control measures such as silt fences are installed. Proper site drainage must be implemented, and any drain clogged by construction material or sediment must be unclogged as soon as possible to prevent overflow and flooding. All construction materials, including chemicals, must be properly stored. The contractor will establish appropriate erosion and sediment control measures such as hay bales, sedimentation basins, and/or silt fences and traps to prevent sediment from moving off site and causing excessive turbidity in nearby streams, rivers, wetlands, and coastal waters.

MBIA will prepare a stormwater, sediment and erosion control plan (SWSECP) at the detailed design stage. This plan will be updated with the relevant contractors with site specific issues and work schedule before initiating the physical work.

Under no circumstances shall the contractor permit the collection of standing water because of contractor activities without the approval of the contracting officer and consultation with the relevant local environmental health authority. Recommendations from that local authority on how to manage and treat the standing water must be implemented. The condition of the standing water must be monitored by the contractor to ensure that it does not present itself as a breeding ground for any pests such as mosquitoes. This is especially important to runway rehabilitation works at MBIA as under no circumstances should there be standing water on the runway.

Quarries used for aggregate or material extraction for the RESA may be considered related to the project. Quarries must be licensed through the relevant authority and utilize satisfactory runoff and erosion control measures, as described above and in the ESMP summary tables (Appendix A Table 1).

7.2.12 Chance Find Procedures (ESS8)

If any material considered to be of historical or cultural value is discovered onsite during the execution of activities contained in the Contract, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. Such material of historical and cultural interest includes evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities and the existence of anything which may be of cultural significance. The area in which the material was discovered shall be secured, cordoned off, marked, and the evidence preserved for examination by the local archaeological or cultural authority7. No item believed to be an artifact must be removed or disturbed by any of the workers. Work may resume, without penalty of prejudice to the contractor, upon permission from the contracting officer along with any restrictions necessary to protect the site as determined by the relevant authorities.

The above procedures most likely will not pertain to aspects of the RESA construction at MBIA since the process for undertaking such works does not involve any excavation or digging. However, it may apply to works associated with the Cold Storage Facility and to tower pads and access road improvements for the ADS-B antennae if new tower locations are selected. A generic Chance Find Procedure is attached in Appendix J.

Appendix D provides the TOR to develop the Coastal Defense Strategy under Component 2. Since many of the catalogued Amerindian site are near or on the coastline, the TA to develop the Coastal Defense Strategy will fully consider the provisions of ESS8.

7.3 Operation Phase

As noted previously, there will be few biophysical differences from pre to post-project conditions. Therefore, only a limited set of mitigation measures can be undertaken to specifically address risks or impacts from the project. Most of the changes are positive in terms of airport operations. Those include:

• Potential for increased income to tourism activities as a result of improved access. • Improved safety to the travelling public due to the RESA, ADS-B, and other equipment. • Improved procedures for security and access. • Improved procedures for wildlife management. • Improved efficiency and security of foodstuffs and cargo handled by the airport.

These are not discussed further in the context of this chapter which focuses on mitigation measures for potential negative impacts.

7The local authority in this case is the Grenada Ministry of Tourism.

There are also opportunities for improvements in operating procedures at MBIA such as security and access control, waste management, water and energy conservation, and others. These are discussed briefly below.

• Waste management strategies may include recycling of airport and airline wastes, and segregation/disposal of food and waste from aircraft to protect human and animal health, including consideration of an incinerator;

• Water and energy efficiency can be improved by monitoring use and researching improvements in water fixtures, lighting options, and systems for luggage conveyance, heating and cooling of terminals;

• During operations, mitigation measures for storage, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials such as fuels, are already practiced as part of Airport Security and Safety. These may be improved by considering the addition of spill prevention and control plans as well as emergency response and preparedness plans specific to the facilities;

• Explore opportunities for improvement in minimizing, preventing, and controlling air emissions from ground services and aircraft ground movements, as part of operational plan reviews;

• Efforts to improve access control systems and structures (e.g. entry gates) will be evaluated as part of operation plan reviews, in particular Airport Safety and Security plan(s);

• Review emergency response plans and seek opportunities to improve safety and resiliency.

Finally, continued use of the access roads for periodic maintenance of the ADS-B antennae, as well as the need for future repairs to such roads, may be considered as a continued impact depending on the location and condition of the facilities. This will be assessed in the detailed design phase and the ESA and ESMPs will be updated accordingly.

7.4 Public Information and Community Outreach

Providing adequate information to stakeholders, the public, affected communities, and individuals, is a continuous process that spans across the design, construction, and operation phases of the project. The project will utilize the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) and Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) prepared for the project to ensure transparency and effectiveness in public information and community outreach activities, as described in the following sections.

7.4.1 Stakeholder Engagement Plan (ESS10)

MBIA has prepared a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) that outlines:

a. who the key stakeholders are; b. how they are to be engaged; c. how often engagement will occur throughout the project; d. how feedback will be solicited, recorded and monitored over the project life cycle;

e. who will be in charge of or responsible for this engagement; and, f. timeline for this engagement.

The SEP also describes the measures that will be used to remove obstacles to participation, and how the views of differently affected groups will be captured.

The main stakeholders are Government workers and officials as well as the nearby communities and the general public who will make use of airport transportation services. Agencies that will be involved are, among others, the:

• Ministry of Finance • Ministry of Infrastructure Development, Public Utilities, Energy, Transport and Implementation • Ministry of Tourism, Civil Aviation and Culture • Grenada Airport Authorities • Aviation Services of Grenada • Grenada Tourism Authority • Department of Physical Planning • Ministry of Climate Resilience, the Environment, Forestry, Fisheries, Disaster Management and Information • Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Ministry of Health, Social Security and International Business • Ministry of Legal Affairs • Ministry of Labour • Ministry of National Security

The Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority (ECCAA) is a regional organization that is a key stakeholder. NGOs and Civil Society organizations will include:

• Grenada Hotel and Tourism Association • The Grenada National Trust • Sandals Resort International • Grenada Technical Allied Workers Union (GTAWU)

Educational entities near the project area include:

• T.A. Marryshow Community College, and the University of the West Indies (UWI) Open Campus • St. George’s University

7.4.2 Grievance Redress Mechanism (ESS10)

As part of the SEP, the Borrower has prepared a project-wide Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) to receive and facilitate the resolution of concerns and grievances. The nature of eligible grievances under the GRM are also described as part of the SEP.

Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World Bank (WB) supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanisms or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed

in order to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the World Bank's attention, and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond.

For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/grievance- redress-service. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org.

8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS (ESMPs)

This chapter provides information on the ESMPs for the project civil works. The ESMPs detail the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and, the actions needed to implement these measures. The roles and responsibilities of contractors and agencies, structure and management of supervision teams, monitoring and reporting, and training are addressed. Summary matrix tables in Appendix A are provided as specific ESMPs for works at the MBIA RESA, the CSF, and the ADS-B antenna location.

The ESMPs provided in this chapter will be updated at the detailed design phase by the Environmental Specialist to be staffed by the DOI. They will form the base for a Construction ESMP (C-ESMP) that must be prepared by the contractor and approved by the DOI before beginning any physical works. In this sense the information provided in this ESA is a therefore a guideline that will be used to inform the bidding and contracting documents and that will be updated as detailed information becomes available. The contractor is also to include costs for implementing the C-ESMP within the context of the bid pricing and include any necessary items in the Bill of Quantities (BQO) that are not part of standard practice. Finally, the C-ESMP and associated bidding and contracting documents must ensure that environmental and social risks are adequately and appropriately addressed consistent with the purpose of this ESA document.

8.1 Mitigation Measures

The Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) for the RESA, CRF, and ADS-B antenna each reference the risks and potential impacts identified in chapter 5 of this ESA, the alternatives discussed in chapter 6, and the mitigation measures described in chapter 7. These ESMPs include protocols for debris management, construction practice, health and safety issues, and incorporate standard mitigation procedures, and where necessary, draws on international good practices and expertise in the aviation sector. The ESMPs are presented in three summary tables in Appendix A.

8.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Contractors and Agencies

Contractors will be required, as a condition of their contracts, to implement/comply with the ESMPs. Contractors would be expected to include site-specific management plans that would guide the management of environmental and social risks.

Considering the limited experience of the implementing agency (MBIA) in environmental and social risk management, an Environmental and Social Specialist will be contracted by the DOI. Further to that, there will be a separate Supervision Consultant specializing in environmental and social management to ensure the ESMPs are followed.

8.3 Structure of Management and Supervision Teams

The project will be implemented by Department of Implementation (DOI) established within the Ministry of Infrastructure Development, Public Utilities, Energy, Transportation and Implementation (MOIID). DOI will be responsible for project coordination, including with other Government Ministries and line agencies such as the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MTCA), the Ministry of Finance and the Grenada Airport Authority (GAA) responsible for the Maurice Bishop International Airport. Staff has already been assigned for project preparation

in the following functions: (i) overall project coordination, (ii) technical specialist, (iii) social and environmental safeguards, (iv) procurement and financial management. The Ministry of Finance (MOF) will support project implementation through key fiduciary activities performed by the Accountant General’s Department (AGD) and the Central Procurement Unit (CPU). Additional support will be provided and financed through the project (project management component) based on the institutional assessment that will be conducted prior to appraisal.

The DOI has not interfaced directly with the World Bank on previous projects and therefore has limited familiarity with the World Bank safeguards policy requirements. As they do not have a dedicated unit or staff on environmental and social issue management, the safeguard support was provided through a private consultant with broad experience in Grenada. The DOI will hire the service of an Environmental and Social Specialist within 30 days of project effectiveness. The Specialist will responsible for necessary updating of documents, contribute in the bidding document preparation on environmental and social aspects, environmental and social monitoring and reporting. This will ensure that the contractor(s) follow the environmental and social requirements under the contracts and implement the ESMPs for the duration of the work.

8.4 Monitoring and Reporting Plan

Monitoring during project implementation provides information about key environmental and social aspects of the project, particularly the environmental and social impacts of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. This allows the Project to evaluate the success of mitigation as part of project supervision and allows corrective action to be taken when needed.

A Monitoring Plan in table form is provided in Appendix B and identifies monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed in the environmental and social assessment and the mitigation measures described in the ESMP.

8.5 Training Plan

During construction the contractor(s) will be required to provide training on environmental and social mitigation measures, as well as for occupational health and safety to their staff and workers. Bidding and contracting documents will require that associated plans be provided for review and approval by the Government, and these must include appropriate training. The following aspects need to be covered in the training:

• Airport Access, Security and Safety • Environmental Awareness • Traffic Safety • Stakeholder Engagement • Occupational Health and Safety • Community Health and Safety • Grievance Redress Mechanism • Waste Management • Hazardous Material Control • Chance Finds • Biodiversity Conservation

These ESMPs consider potential impacts from the improved operations and will be integrated into overall capacity-building efforts. Support for DOI core functions will include the addition of environmental and social

specialist(s) or existing personnel trained in these issues and tasked with implementing best-practices and oversight of operational environmental and social issues. Establishing a basic environmental and social risk management system will be considered part of ensuring improved standards for civil aviation operations.

8.6 Budget and Schedule

The table below summarizes the estimated costs and schedules for the items associated with each of the ESMPs. These will be updated by the contractor during bid preparation and subject to clearance by MBIA and World Bank.

Table 6. Estimated Costs and Schedules of ESMPs and associated items

Item Schedule Cost Revise ESA and ESMPs based on First year of project implementation USD$25,000 final design No additional cost (included in Implement ESMPs During construction Contractor’s bids) Part-time during construction Supervise Contractor Performance USD$96,000 (est.24 months input) No additional cost (included in Implement ESMPs During operations Operations Procedures)

The updating of the ESA and ESMPs will take place once details become available during the design phase. The costs associated with the implementation of the ESMPs are not likely to change because the measures are part of good construction and operation practice. The updating of the ESA and ESMP may however require the services of an external consultant, for which a budget of USD$25,000 is estimated. The TOR for the updating should include the following tasks:

• Review and evaluate detailed design plans for the RESA, CSF, and ADS-B site; • Screen proposed ADS-B antenna sites and access road; • Identify any new potential impacts; • Update the estimate on total and types of labor required; • Review the work schedule and assess the additional security requirement; • Revise ESA as needed to include new design, new schedule, update of construction procedures and/or operations plans; • Revise ESMPs as needed to mitigate any newly identified impacts or risks; • Prepare the following plans as required: ✓ Waste Management Plan (WMP) ✓ Hazardous Materials Control Plan (HMCP) ✓ Resource Efficiency and Pollution Management Plan (REPMP) ✓ Emergency Response Plan (ERP) ✓ Traffic and Road Safety Plan (TRSP) ✓ Community Health and Safety Plan (CHSP) ✓ Security Plan (SP), if required ✓ Storm water, sediment and erosion control plan (SWSECP) ✓ Biodiversity Conservation Plan (BCP), if required

Supervision of the contractor’s performance will be done by the DOI’s Environmental and Social Specialist. A budget of USD$96,000 is considered for this task of 24 months input over 36 months.

9. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATIONS

This draft ESA document is being shared with the relevant stakeholders in order to inform them of project activities, identify any additional relevant concerns or issues, and thereby improve the quality and usefulness of the Final ESA document.

The ESA contains measures to mitigate the potential risks and impacts that are included in the Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) which form part of the ESA. This ESA also includes a Labor Management Procedure (LMP) to mitigate any risks and impacts associated with the labor force. These documents are also being published to solicit stakeholder input.

Finally, a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) and Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) have also been prepared to address potential project related concerns and claims from workers and the general public. All these documents are being disclosed on the Government’s website in draft form as part of the consultation process.

9.1 Disclosure

Evidence of stakeholder input includes public attendance record sheets, links to published documents, screen image of publication of ESA requesting public comment, notification in newspapers, and/or e-mails to key organizations or individuals.

9.2 Public meetings

There are two public meetings planned to be held for the CATCOP safeguards documents: one in the capital city of Saint Georges, and another at the MBIA. Results will be included in the updated ESA.

9.3 Revision/Disclosure of Final ESA

The draft ESA will be revised to incorporate relevant stakeholder comments.

The draft final versions of the ESA will be published on the Government website as well as on the World Bank website.

10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR CERC

This chapter provides the environmental and social framework for Component 4, the Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC). This component would finance the implementation of emergency works, rehabilitation and associated assessments, at the Government’s request in the event of a disaster. The framework will help to guide the environmental and social risk management in the emergency response component. This framework may require updating based on the activites to be supported under the emergency response situation.

10.1 Potential Activities that the CERC Could Finance

The activities to be supported under the component are not known at this stage. However, it is anticipated that the component may support goods, service and works such as debris removal. The location of the contingency work will depend on the affected areas of the disaster and it can be any part of the country.

It is important to mention that the activities or subprojects that will be financed by the CERC Component, should avoid activities or subproject with complex environmental and social aspects (for example resettlement), because the CERC objective is to support immediate priority activities (less than 18 months). The subprojects with more environmental and social complexity, could be financed with other specific sources of financing. Table 7 below provides a possible list of activities can be supported under the component.

Table 7. Positive list of goods, services and works Item Goods • Medical equipment and supplies • Non-perishable foods, bottled water and containers • Tents for advanced medical posts, temporary housing, and classroom/daycare substitution • Equipment and supplies for temporary housing/living (gas stoves, utensils, tents, beds, sleeping bags, mattresses, blankets, hammocks, mosquito nets, kit of personal and family hygiene, etc.) and school • Gasoline and diesel (for air, land and sea transport) and engine lubricants • Spare parts, equipment and supplies for engines, transport, construction vehicles • Lease of vehicles (Vans, trucks and SUVs) • Equipment, tools, materials and supplies for search and rescue (including light motor boats and engines for transport and rescue) • Tools and construction supplies (roofing, cement, iron, stone, blocks, etc.) • Equipment and supplies for communications and broadcasting (radios, antennas, batteries) • Water pumps and tanks for water storage • Equipment, materials and supplies for disinfection of drinking water and repair/rehabilitate of black water collection systems • Equipment, tools and supplies for agricultural, forestry, and fisheries • Feed and veterinary inputs (vaccines, vitamin tablets, etc.) • Construction materials, equipment and industrial machinery • Water, air, and land transport equipment, including spare parts • Any other item agreed to between the World Bank and the Recipient (as documented in an Aide-Memoire or other appropriate formal Project document)

• Temporary toilets • Groundwater boreholes, cargos, equipment to allow access to site, storage units Services • Consulting services related to emergency response including, but not limited to urgent studies and surveys necessary to determine the impact of the disaster and to serve as a baseline for the recovery and reconstruction process, and support to the implementation of emergency response activities • Feasibility study and technical design; • Works supervision • Technical Assistance in developing TORs, preparing Technical Specifications and drafting tendering documents (Bidding Documents, ITQ, RFP). • Non-consultant services including, but not limited to: drilling, aerial photographs, satellite images, maps and other similar operations, information and awareness campaigns • Non-consultant services to deliver the activities described in the “Goods” section of this table (e.g., debris removal, dump trucks, drones survey) Works • Repair of damaged infrastructure including, but not limited to: water supply and sanitation systems, dams, reservoirs, canals, roads, bridges and transportation systems, energy and power supply, telecommunication, and other infrastructure damaged by the event • Re-establishment of the urban and rural solid waste system, water supply and sanitation (including urban drainage) • Repair of damaged public buildings, including schools, hospitals and administrative buildings • Repair, restoration, rehabilitation of schools, clinics, hospitals • Removal and disposal of debris associated with any eligible activity. Training • Conduct necessary training related to emergency response including, but not limited to the Implementation of EAP. • Training on rapid needs assessment and other related assessments. Emergency Operating Costs • Incremental expenses by the Government for a defined period related to early recovery efforts arising as a result of the impact of an eligible emergency. This includes but is not limited to: costs of staff attending emergency response, operational costs and rental of equipment.

10.2 Potential Environmental and Social (ES) Risks

The proposed works and other activities (Table 7) are small and medium-scale works, or the provision of essential goods and services. The potential negative impacts are expected to be moderate, localized, and temporary that can be mitigated through the implementation of the existing safeguards instruments of the Project and close supervision by the field engineer or supervision consultant. The required mitigation measures will be included as part of the Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to be prepared when and if a specific subproject is identified.

In terms of social impacts, activities that will result in the involuntary taking of land, relocation of households, loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of livelihoods, and interference

with households’ use of land and livelihoods should not be supported. Therefore, every effort should be made to eliminate activities that may result in such impacts.

In addition, workers contracted to conduct civil or other works for contingency activities, will have to sign a worker’s code of conduct, which covers issues such as preventing gender-based violence, as well as sexual assault and abuse. In addition, construction works or uses of goods and equipment involving forced labor, child labor, or other harmful or exploitative forms of labor are prohibited. The project LMP with necessary adjustment will be applied to the CERC.

Table 8 below identifies potential impacts of the proposed activities/subprojects. Due consideration will be given to ensure compliance with the WB’s Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (General and Specific)8.

Table 8. Potential impacts of possible activities under Component 4 (CERC)

No Subprojects/Activities (nationwide) Potential ES impact issues Expected (risks) Significance 1 Repair of damaged infrastructure Increase dust, noise, water Moderate including, but not limited to: water pollution, solid/hazardous/ supply and sanitation systems, dams, Toxic wastes, waste oil/fuels, reservoirs, canals, roads, bridges and public health and safety; transportation systems, energy and possible use of asbestos- power supply, telecommunication, and contaminated as construction other infrastructure damaged by the materials and land acquisition; event; and impacts on ethnic and vulnerable groups. 2 Re-establish of the urban and rural solid Same as (1) above Moderate waste system, water supply and sanitation (including urban drainage); 3 Repair of damaged public buildings, Same as (1) above Moderate including schools, hospitals and administrative buildings; 4 Repair, restoration, rehabilitation of Same as (1) above Moderate schools, clinics, hospitals; 5 Removal and disposal of debris Waste management and Moderate associated with any eligible activity disposal 6 Disposal to medical wastes (at camp site, Increase health risks, need Moderate small clinic/hospitals), asbestos-based management of medical materials, other toxic/hazardous wastes waste, toxic materials, asbestos-contaminated debris 7 Temporary toilets Hygiene, waste management Moderate

8https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/policies- standards/ehs-guidelines”

10.3 Negative list of Activities

This component will not support any activities, which may have substantial or high risks according the World Bank Environment and Social Framework. Table 9 provides a list of prohibited activities for CERC.

Table 9. Prohibited Activities for CERC

1 Activities that would lead to conversion or degradation of critical forest areas, critical natural habitats, and clearing of forests or forest ecosystems 2 Activities affecting protected areas (or buffer zones thereof), other than to rehabilitate areas damaged by previous natural disasters. 3 Land reclamation (i.e., drainage of wetlands or filling of water bodies to create land) 4 Land clearance and leveling in areas that are not affected by debris resulting from the eligible crisis or emergency 5 River training (i.e., realignment, contraction or deepening of an existing river channel, or excavation of a new river channel) 6 Activities that will result in the involuntary taking of land, relocation of households, loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of livelihoods, and interference with households’ use of land and livelihoods. 7 Construction of new roads, realignment of roads, or expansion of roads, or rehabilitation of roads that are currently located on communal lands but will be registered as government assets after rehabilitation. 8 Construction works, or the use of goods and equipment on lands abandoned due to social tension / conflict, or the ownership of the land is disputed or cannot be ascertained 9 Construction works, or the use of goods and equipment to demolish or remove assets, unless the ownership of the assets can be ascertained, and the owners are consulted 10 Construction works, or the uses of goods and equipment involving forced labor, child labor, or other harmful or exploitative forms of labor 11 Construction works, or the uses of goods and equipment for activities that would affect indigenous peoples, unless due consultation and broad support has been documented and confirmed prior to the commencement of the activities 12 Construction works, or the uses of goods and equipment for military or paramilitary purposes. 13 Construction works, or the uses of goods and equipment in response to conflict, in any area with active military or armed group operations 14 Activities related to returning refugees and internally displaced populations 15 Activities which, when being carried out, would affect, or involve the use of, water of rivers or of other bodies of water (or their tributaries) which flow through or are bordered by countries other than the Borrower/Recipient, in such a manner as to in any way adversely change the quality or quantity of water flowing to or bordering said countries. 16 Use of asbestos-based construction materials for reconstruction works

10.4 Environmental and Social Management Framework process

When the CERC component is activated, the relevant government agencies with a coordination mechanism with DOI will carry out the following steps:

Step 1: Application of the ES Screening Form. Use of screening form (Appendix K) to screen the subprojects from the ES point of view. The prohibited activities for CERC in Table 10.3 will also be applied. Given that the CERC objective is to support immediate priority activities, the activities or subprojects with resettlement issues will be avoided. The form also includes overall evaluation of the screening exercise.

• Step 2: Identification of ES issues and preparation of mitigation plans. Based on the results from Step 1, the implementing agency will prepare an ESMP for the CERC subprojects describing the works/activities and mitigation measures to be conducted during detailed design, bidding/ contract, repair/restoration, and closure plans, considered the magnitude, scope, and nature of the emergency. In addition to the issues identified in the Table 10.2, the CERC ESMP will also address waste management issues following the guidelines provided in Appendix L. The contractor will be required to ensure that all hazardous wastes are safely and appropriately managed during the implementation of the subproject. Consultation with local authorities and communities will be made during this stage. • Step 3: WB clearance and GOSL approval. The screening and management plan will require appropriate government and the World Bank clearance (pre or post). It will be further reviewed when CERC will be triggered. • Step 4: Implementation and M&E. The approved ESMP will be implemented according to the agreed implementation arrangement. The implementing agency will monitor the implementation on the ground and report the results to DOI. Consultation with stakeholders will be made during the process.

• Step 5: Completion and Evaluation. Once the CERC subproject has been completed, the implementing agency will monitor and evaluate the results before closing the contract. Any pending issues and/or grievance must be solved before the subproject is considered fully completed. The implementing agency will submit the completion report describing the compliance of safeguard performance and submit it to WB when required. Appendix M provides the general rules for Contractors for CERC.

Technical Annexes

Appendix A Table 1. ESMP for RESA works at MBIA

ESTIMATED POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTING EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION NEGATIVE IMPACT LOCATION COSTS9 AGENCY AGENCY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESMENT (ESS1) Update ESA and Review and evaluate detailed design plans, screen proposed ADS-B All sites USD$15,000 Contractor DOI ESMPs antennae sites and access roads, and identify any new potential impacts. Revise ESA as needed to include new design, new schedule, update of construction procedures and/or operations plans; and, revise ESMPs as needed to mitigate any newly identified impacts or risks. Redisclose ESA and ESMPs. Prepare bidding and Include ESMPs as requirements within bidding and contracting All sites Included in bid and Contractor DOI contracting documents. contract estimates documents with Ensure that proposals and contracts include the ESMPs and any other ESMPs environmental and social requirements.

LABOR MANAGEMENT (ESS2) Sanitation facilities Provide and maintain sanitation facilities. At work site Included in Contractor MBIA for workers Sanitation treatment system (e.g. compost or proprietary treatment construction costs system) is to be approved by the MBIA prior to implementation. Occupational Health Ensure there are basic medical facilities on site. All locations Security included in Contractor MBIA and Safety First aid training to be provided as required to site workers with basic construction cost first aid services to be provided by Contractor e.g. stretcher, vehicle Included in transport to hospital. construction costs Provide appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Provide hazard specific personnel protective equipment to workers directly involved in handling hazardous substances (e.g. chemical or heat resistant clothing, gloves). Post and sign information to inform workers of key rules and regulations. Construction lay down area to be fenced to prevent access by unauthorized personnel.

9Costs are estimates only and will be calculated during the detailed engineering design.

Only personnel trained in asbestos handling may be involved in any demolition works involving hazardous materials. Full PPE to be used when handling the material ready for transport. Unfair or illegal Follow the Labor Management Procedures (LMP) included in this ESA. All locations Included in Contractor MBIA treatment of workers Operate the Worker Grievance Redress Mechanism (WGRM) as construction costs described in the LMP. WASTE MANAGEMENT (ESS3)

Solid waste Contractor to develop Waste Management Plan All locations Included in Contractor MBIA planning construction costs

Debris safety Store all wastes at least 1,000 meters from the runway until collection All locations Included in Contractor MBIA and disposal. construction costs Conduct inspections before, during and after all activities to ensure runway is free of FOD (foreign object debris).

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Water and soil Minimize risk to groundwater and surrounding soil by developing a spill All components Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA pollution response plan and provide training to all contract workers on how to standard design and implement the spill response plan. construction practices). Ensure bunded areas and hard stands are allocated at construction lay down area for the storage of fuel, lubricants and other potential substances required for the project. Water tight bunds to be able to contain 110% of volumes being stored or 25% if total volume greater than 1,000L. Ensure wash down areas with respective collection and treatment systems are designated within the construction camp (e.g. settling pond or tank and concrete slurry treatment) prior to works commencing. Zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes are designated in areas that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover or leach into groundwater (e.g. within construction lay down area on hard surface).

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Hazardous materials Where possible fuel shall be obtained from local commercially All locations Minimal (part of Contractors MBIA management available sources. Prior arrangement regarding quantity and type will mobilization and need to be organized (MBIA to provide details of providers). construction Confirm the absence of asbestos containing material on any buildings planning). to be demolished; otherwise, develop an asbestos management plan addressing the necessary EHS and disposal arrangements to deal with demolition and transport. Lubricants shall be collected and recycled or disposed of according to Grenadan regulations. Used oil to be collected and taken to an approved facility (for disposal or cleaning) at completion of works if no on island disposal or recycling facility available material is to be taken off island and disposed of at an approved facility. Spill response plan training completed for all construction workers. Spill kits and training of use to be provided to all workers during toolbox meetings. Spill kits to contain personal protective equipment (PPE) gear for the spill clean-up (e.g. gloves and overalls), material to contain the spill and absorbent pads, and a heavy-duty rubbish bag to collect absorbent pads or material. Store bitumen and asphalt in bunded (bermed) areas on impermeable surfaces.

Store paints, solvents, and other chemicals in safe containers with appropriate information labeling. Complete list, including material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each chemical stored or used shall be accessible at all times. Signage to be posted in storage areas identifying all chemicals present. Use pesticides only through approved licensed subcontractors. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Legacy The area around the fuel hydrant pipes on the apron has potential to All locations Included in Contractor MBIA contamination be contaminated with hydrocarbons. While excavation of the apron in construction costs the vicinity of the fuel hydrant system is not required any material encountered which has a PID reading of 10 ppm shall be treated as contaminated fill and must be disposed of at an approved facility able to deal with contaminated fill (e.g.an approved landfill). Train workers on how to identify and report possible petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and presence of AFFF (firefighting foam) compounds in soils or water. WATER CONSERVATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY (ESS3) Energy use Use LED bulbs in Instrument Landing System (ILS). Runway Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA standard design). Water use Spray surfaces and grounds for dust control as needed. All locations Included in Contractor MBIA Mix concrete off-site. construction costs AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Dust/Air Pollution Identify and locate waste disposal sites, stockpile sites and equipment Construction camp Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA (e.g. bitumen plant) to minimize impacts on the environment and standard design nearby population. practices). Ensure all equipment is serviced and issued with warrant of fitness (as required). Any machinery deemed to be polluting the air must be replaced (or fixed) on instruction by the MBIA. Ban on open burning of any trash or other materials. AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Generation of dust Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA Any vehicle which is overloaded (exceed designed load limit) or is not standard Contractors covered properly shall be refused entry to the construction lay down construction area or material shall be refused delivery (if not to the construction lay practice). down area). Cover stockpiles containing fine material (e.g. sand and topsoil) when not actively being used.

Keep work areas clean with regular sweeping. Due to freshwater supply constraints large scale water sprinkling should be kept to a minimum and only as required. Only small areas should be cleared of vegetation at any one time and revegetation should occur as soon as practicable. Dust masks and personnel protective equipment must be available for workers during dust generating activities (e.g. pavement milling). Asphalt mix plant to be fitted with a dust scrubber. Spray dry road surfaces, material stockpiles, pneumatic drill sites, and other areas as needed with water to reduce dust. No excessive idling of vehicles. AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Noise and vibration Minimize nuisance from noise, especially closer to residential areas, All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA disturbances through establishment and communication to affected parties of standard Contractors standard working hours (07:00 to 18:00, Monday to Friday) and avoid construction increase of noise and number of work equipment at peak hours. practice). Any work outside prescribed hours of operation require approval by the MBIA and notice to affected peoples provided at least one week prior to out of schedule works starting. Work on Sunday is restricted and is likely to only be approved in emergency situations. Regularly check and maintain machinery, equipment and vehicle conditions to ensure appropriate use of mufflers, etc. Workers in the vicinity of sources of high noise shall wear necessary protection gear rated for the situation they are being used. Signage to outline complaints procedure and contact details of recipient of complaints (e.g. phone number, physical address and email). The WB/IFC EHS Guidelines10 section 1.7 Noise Management shall be applied (if no local limits are prescribed). Noise impacts should not exceed an increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site (e.g. residential house). COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY (ESS4) Unauthorized access Maintain perimeter fences and conduct security checks. All locations Minimal (part of Contractors MBIA to facilities or work mobilization and sites construction planning).

10International Finance Corporation, Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines, General Guidelines: Noise Management

COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY (ESS4) Road traffic incidents Provide for Traffic Management Plan (TMP) to be developed by From port to airport Minimal (requirement Design Consultant MBIA or accidents Contractor, to include signage, flag operators, personnel protective (delivery of of bidding and Contractors equipment (e.g. high visibility vest), and specific actions to be equipment). To and documents) implemented around sensitive receptors (e.g. residential dwellings, from the construction schools, hospital). TMP to include vehicle and pedestrian traffic. lay down area and Include transport of materials and equipment from the Port and quarry the quarry. to construction lay down area (located at the airport) in the TMP e.g. covering of loads, maximum speed, designated travel times and notification of police and other required departments (e.g. hospital and schools). Aviation traffic Each investment within an operational airport is to have a Methods of Operational airports Minimal (requirement Design Consultant MBIA incidents or Works Plan (MOWP) which is to be included in all bid and contract of bidding accidents documents. The Contractor is to develop a Safety Management Plan documents and as an addendum to the MOWP. The MOWP will include details of site standard works scheduling around known flight timetables and procedures for construction emergency response for all workers. practices) Traffic (vehicle and Implement the traffic management plan (TMP) to ensure smooth traffic Route from quarry Safety equipment Construction MBIA pedestrian) and flow and safety for workers, passing vehicles and pedestrian traffic. and port to airport included in Contractors construction safety Where appropriate, employ flag operators on the road to prevent traffic construction cost. accidents. The workers shall have relevant safety equipment. Accident Arrange necessary measures for pedestrian and passer-by safety and All locations Safety equipment Construction MBIA risks/Impacts on all means of transportation safety (e.g. establish protection zones, included in Contractors traffic safety bypass these areas during transportation of materials, etc.) construction cost. Relevant safety elements such as guardrails, road signs and Minimal (part of delineators, pavement markings, barricades and beams, warning lights standard shall be installed. In some cases a flag operator or traffic control construction supervisor could be engaged around the specific work site. practice). EMERGENCY RESPONSE (ESS4) Accident response Contractor to develop Procedures for accident and near-miss reporting All locations Included in Contractor MBIA plan and notification. construction costs Health and Safety Plan to include investigation and root cause analysis of accidents and incidents. EMERGENCY RESPONSE (ESS4) Extreme weather Contractor to maintain security and integrity of work sites and materials All locations Included in Contractor MBIA events by securing site and associated equipment and facilities to protect from construction costs damages in case of extreme rainfall or flooding.

Contractor to maintain erosion control, waste storage, and other facilities and equipment. Hazardous Store and handle hazardous substances in bunded, hard stand or All locations Safety equipment Construction MBIA substances and designated areas only. Bunded areas to drain to an oil water separator included in Contractors safety and pollution which will need to be constructed or a mobile proprietary unit imported construction cost as specifically for use on the Project. Bunds to contain 110% of total part of standard volume required to be stored or, 25% of total volume if total volume is construction over 1,000L. practice). BIRD HAZARD AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (ESS6) Bird strikes and Implement the draft Bird and Wildlife Control Program. Areas within airport Minimal (part of MBIA MBIA animal incursions perimeter standard operations). Landscape Restoration of landscape after completion of rehabilitation works; All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA degradation restore the vegetation cover in accordance with the surrounding standard Contractors landscape and any required design (e.g. grass land or shrubs). construction Use plant species characteristic for the landscape in the course of practice). restoration of the vegetation cover. Loss of biodiversity If during course of construction work, particularly vegetation clearance All locations No marginal cost Contractors MBIA and excavations, any bird, reptile or mammal species is identified as being potentially impacted (e.g. nesting bird in area of proposed vegetation clearance) work is to stop in the specific location of the find and the DSD and MBIA notified immediately for instruction to proceed. STORMWATER EROSION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT CONTROL (ESS6) Runoff of pollutants Excavations are bunded to prevent ingress of water runoff and clean All locations No marginal cost Contractors MBIA in drains water diversion (e.g. sand bags, clay bund, or shallow trenches) are used to direct overland flow away from active work and storage areas. Sediment laden runoff from excavations or stockpiles must be directed to a settling area (e.g. pond or decant pond to be sized for area covered) or collected for dust suppression provided the runoff is not contaminated with any chemicals (e.g. fuel). Soil erosion Minimize time and size of ground disturbing activities to workable size All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA at any one time. Vegetation to be removed manually, strictly no use of standard Contractors herbicides/ pesticides. construction Stockpiles are to be positioned on impermeable surfaces (e.g. practice). geotextile or concrete hard stand). Keep construction vehicles on defined tracks. Revegetate disturbed areas that are not being paved as soon as practicable (loosen ground; apply topsoil; seed or plant as necessary).

Soil erosion Minimize erosion and design erosion protection measures according to All locations Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA international good practice standards, including incorporation of standard design effective drainage systems (soakage pits) and consideration of surface practices). flow paths. Schedule earthworks and construction activities during dry season (January to mid-April). STORMWATER EROSION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT CONTROL (ESS6) Quarry and sand Ensure aggregate is sourced from an approved/ permitted quarry and All components Minimal (part of Contractor MBIA sourcing impacts are operating in accordance with Grenada law. standard design and If the quarry is to be operated by the Project contractor, they are construction responsible for seeking operating and environmental permits as practices). required. As a minimum the IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Construction Material Extraction should be adopted. Materials extraction is likely to begin prior to construction on site to ensure enough material is available for the works. If any quarry is to be expanded, ensure fencing is installed to define the boundary if necessary. Safety and traffic controls on connecting roads must be included in Traffic Management Plan. Site runoff and wastewater is prohibited from being discharged directly to the coast. Site processing and stockpiles should be located inland. PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES (ESS8) Loss of Chance find procedure: work to stop in specific location of unearthed All locations No marginal cost Construction MBIA archaeological artefacts or site. Fence the area to limit access and notify MBIA and Contractors artefacts or sites Grenada authorities immediately for instruction to proceed.

Appendix A Table 2. ESMP for Cold Storage Facility

ESTIMATED POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTING EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION NEGATIVE IMPACT LOCATION COSTS11 AGENCY AGENCY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESMENT (ESS1) Update ESA and Review and evaluate detailed design plans and identify any new All sites Included in work for Contractor DOI ESMPs potential impacts. RESA (see Revise ESA as needed to include new design, new schedule, update of corresponding construction procedures and/or operations plans; and, revise ESMPs as ESMP) needed to mitigate any newly identified impacts or risks. Redisclose ESA and ESMPs. Prepare bidding and Include ESMPs as requirements within bidding and contracting All sites Included in bid and Contractor DOI contracting documents. contract estimates documents with Ensure that proposals and contracts include the ESMPs and any other ESMPs environmental and social requirements.

11Costs are estimates only and will be calculated during the detailed engineering design.

Unfair or illegal Follow the Labor Management Procedures (LMP) included in this ESA. All locations Included in Contractor MBIA treatment of workers Operate the Worker Grievance Redress Mechanism (WGRM) as construction costs described in the LMP. WASTE MANAGEMENT (ESS3)

Solid waste Contractor to develop Waste Management Plan All locations Included in Contractor MBIA planning construction costs

WASTE MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Solid waste Allow for re-use of as much material as possible either by the Project All locations Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA generation contractor, other projects, or for community use. The Grenada Solid standard design and and Contractors Waste Management Authority (GSWMA) should be consulted for construction approval to receive material that cannot be recycled or reused at an practices). approved landfill. When planning the construction lay down area ensure temporary waste dump areas are allowed for and approved waste disposal sites / methodologies identified for removal of all solid waste. Waste disposal Ensure all construction waste material is reused, recycled or packed All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA up for transport to an approved landfill. standard Contractors Ensure areas for waste collection, recycling and off-site disposal are construction clearly marked/sign posted. Segregate waste to avoid cross practice). contamination, such as with contaminated material (hazardous substance). Install waste collection facilities at construction lay down area to allow for collection and packing of waste. Strictly no dumping of rubbish. Include awareness training in general environmental training. Maintain records of volumes, frequencies, types and disposal destination of all wastes. Debris safety Store all wastes at least 1,000 meters from the runway until collection All locations Included in Contractor MBIA and disposal. construction costs Conduct inspections before, during and after all activities to ensure runway is free of FOD (foreign object debris). HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Water and soil Minimize risk to groundwater and surrounding soil by developing a spill All components Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA pollution response plan and provide training to all contract workers on how to standard design and implement the spill response plan. construction practices).

Zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes are designated in areas that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover or leach into groundwater (e.g. within construction lay down area on hard surface). HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Hazardous materials Spill response plan training completed for all construction workers. All locations Minimal (part of Contractors management Spill kits and training of use to be provided to all workers during mobilization and toolbox meetings. Spill kits to contain personal protective equipment construction (PPE) gear for the spill clean-up (e.g. gloves and overalls), material to planning). contain the spill and absorbent pads, and a heavy duty rubbish bag to collect absorbent pads or material. Store paints, solvents, and other chemicals in safe containers with appropriate information labeling. Complete list, including material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each chemical stored or used shall be accessible at all times. Signage to be posted in storage areas identifying all chemicals present. Use pesticides only through approved licensed subcontractors. AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Dust/Air Pollution Ensure all equipment is serviced and issued with warrant of fitness (as All locations Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA required). Any machinery deemed to be polluting the air must be standard design replaced (or fixed) on instruction by the MBIA. practices). Ban on open burning of any trash or other materials. Generation of dust Keep work areas clean with regular sweeping. Due to freshwater All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA supply constraints large scale water sprinkling should be kept to a standard Contractors minimum and only as required. construction Dust masks and personnel protective equipment must be available for practice). workers during dust generating activities (e.g. pavement milling). No excessive idling of vehicles. AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Noise and vibration Minimize nuisance from noise, especially closer to residential areas, All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA disturbances through establishment and communication to affected parties of standard Contractors standard working hours (07:00 to 18:00, Monday to Friday) and avoid construction increase of noise and number of work equipment at peak hours. practice). Any work outside prescribed hours of operation require approval by the MBIA and notice to affected peoples provided at least one week prior to out of schedule works starting. Work on Sunday is restricted and is likely to only be approved in emergency situations. Regularly check and maintain machinery, equipment and vehicle conditions to ensure appropriate use of mufflers, etc.

Workers in the vicinity of sources of high noise shall wear necessary protection gear rated for the situation they are being used. Signage to outline complaints procedure and contact details of recipient of complaints (e.g. phone number, physical address and email).

COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY (ESS4) Unauthorized access Maintain perimeter fences and conduct security checks. Operational airports Minimal MBIA MBIA to facilities or work sites Road traffic incidents Provide for Traffic Management Plan (TMP) to be developed by From port to airport Minimal (requirement Design Consultant MBIA or accidents Contractor, to include signage, flag operators, personnel protective (delivery of of bidding and Contractors equipment (e.g. high visibility vest), and specific actions to be equipment). To and documents) implemented around sensitive receptors (e.g. residential dwellings, from the construction schools, hospital). TMP to include vehicle and pedestrian traffic. lay down area.

COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY (ESS4) Aviation traffic Each investment within an operational airport is to have a Methods of Operational airports Minimal (requirement Design Consultant MBIA incidents or Works Plan (MOWP) which is to be included in all bid and contract of bidding accidents documents. The Contractor is to develop a Safety Management Plan documents and as an addendum to the MOWP. The MOWP will include details of site standard works scheduling around known flight timetables and procedures for construction emergency response for all workers. practices) Traffic (vehicle and Implement the traffic management plan (TMP) to ensure smooth traffic Route from port to Safety equipment Construction MBIA pedestrian) and flow and safety for workers, passing vehicles and pedestrian traffic. airport included in Contractors construction safety Where appropriate, employ flag operators on the road to prevent traffic construction cost. accidents. The workers shall have relevant safety equipment. Accident Arrange necessary measures for pedestrian and passer-by safety and All locations Safety equipment Construction MBIA risks/Impacts on all means of transportation safety (e.g. establish protection zones, included in Contractors traffic safety bypass these areas during transportation of materials, etc.) construction cost. Relevant safety elements such as guardrails, road signs and Minimal (part of delineators, pavement markings, barricades and beams, warning lights standard shall be installed. In some cases a flag operator or traffic control construction supervisor could be engaged around the specific work site. practice). EMERGENCY RESPONSE (ESS4)

Accident response Contractor to develop Procedures for accident and near-miss reporting All locations Minimal(part of Construction MBIA plan and notification. standard Contractors Health and Safety Plan to include investigation and root cause analysis construction of accidents and incidents. practice). Extreme weather Contractor to maintain security and integrity of work sites and materials All locations Minimal(part of Construction MBIA events by securing site and associated equipment and facilities to protect from standard Contractors damages in case of extreme rainfall or flooding. construction Contractor to maintain erosion control, waste storage, and other practice). facilities and equipment. BIRD HAZARD AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (ESS6) Bird strikes and Implement the Bird and Wildlife Control Program. Areas within airport Minimal (part of MBIA MBIA animal incursions perimeter standard operations). PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES (ESS8) Loss of Chance find procedure: work to stop in specific location of unearthed All locations No marginal cost Construction MBIA archaeological artefacts or site. Fence the area to limit access and notify MBIA and the Contractors artefacts or sites Grenada authorities immediately for instruction to proceed. Disturbance to Choc Coordinate with operators of cemetery to schedule activities at SLU No marginal cost Construction MBIA Cemetery appropriate times (e.g. to avoid conflicting traffic and noise impacts to Contractors memorial services). If any works are to generate significant vibration, inspect and document condition of nearby structures before and after works. Monitor during works to minimize damage to structures from vibration and restore any damages afterwards.

Appendix A Table 3. ESMP for project civil works at ADS-B sites

ESTIMATED POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTING EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION NEGATIVE IMPACT LOCATION COSTS12 AGENCY AGENCY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESMENT (ESS1) Update ESA and Review and evaluate detailed design plans at the ADS-B sites, screen All sites Included in work for Contractor DOI ESMPs proposed ADS-B antennae sites and access roads, and identify any new MBIA Airport (see potential impacts. corresponding Revise ESA as needed to include new design, new schedule, update of ESMP) construction procedures and/or operations plans; and, revise ESMPs as needed to mitigate any newly identified impacts or risks. Redisclose ESA and ESMPs. Prepare bidding and Include ESMPs as requirements within bidding and contracting All sites Included in bid and Contractor DOI contracting documents. contract estimates documents with Ensure that proposals and contracts include the ESMPs and any other ESMPs environmental and social requirements.

LABOR MANAGEMENT (ESS2) Sanitation facilities Provide and maintain sanitation facilities. At work site Minimal (part of Construction MBIA for workers Sanitation treatment system (e.g. compost or proprietary treatment standard Contractors system) is to be approved by the MBIA prior to implementation. construction practice).

Occupational Health Ensure there are basic medical facilities on site. All locations Security included in Contractor MBIA and Safety First aid training to be provided as required to site workers with basic construction cost first aid services to be provided by Contractor e.g. stretcher, vehicle Included in transport to hospital. construction costs Provide appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Provide hazard specific personnel protective equipment to workers directly involved in handling hazardous substances (e.g. chemical or heat resistant clothing, gloves). Post and sign information to inform workers of key rules and regulations.

12Costs are estimates only and will be calculated during the detailed engineering design.

Construction lay down area to be fenced to prevent access by unauthorized personnel. Unfair or illegal Follow the Labor Management Procedures (LMP) included in this ESA. All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA treatment of workers Operate the Worker Grievance Redress Mechanism (WGRM) as standard Contractors described in the LMP. construction practice).

WASTE MANAGEMENT (ESS3)

Solid waste Contractor to develop Waste Management Plan All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA planning standard Contractors construction practice).

WASTE MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Solid waste When planning the construction lay down area ensure temporary All locations Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA generation waste dump areas are allowed for and approved waste disposal sites / standard design and and Contractors methodologies identified for removal of all solid waste. construction practices). Waste disposal Ensure all construction waste material is reused, recycled or packed All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA up for transport to an authorized landfill. standard Contractors Ensure areas for waste collection, recycling and off-site disposal are construction clearly marked/sign posted. Segregate waste to avoid cross practice). contamination, such as with contaminated material (hazardous substance). Install waste collection facilities at construction lay down area to allow for collection and packing of waste. Strictly no dumping of rubbish. Include awareness training in general environmental training. Maintain records of volumes, frequencies, types and disposal destination of all wastes. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Water and soil Minimize risk to groundwater and surrounding soil by developing a spill All components Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA pollution response plan and provide training to all contract workers on how to standard design and implement the spill response plan. construction Zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes are designated in areas practices). that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover or leach into groundwater (e.g. within construction lay down area on hard surface).

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Hazardous materials Lubricants shall be collected and recycled or disposed of according to All locations Minimal (part of Contractors MBIA management Grenadan regulations. Used oil to be collected and taken to an mobilization and approved facility (for disposal or cleaning) at completion of works if no construction on island disposal or recycling facility available material is to be taken planning). off island and disposed of at an approved facility. Spill response plan training completed for all construction workers. Spill kits and training of use to be provided to all workers during toolbox meetings. Spill kits to contain personal protective equipment (PPE) gear for the spill clean-up (e.g. gloves and overalls), material to contain the spill and absorbent pads, and a heavy duty rubbish bag to collect absorbent pads or material. Store paints, solvents, and other chemicals in safe containers with appropriate information labeling. Complete list, including material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each chemical stored or used shall be accessible at all times. Signage to be posted in storage areas identifying all chemicals present. Use pesticides only through approved licensed subcontractors. WATER CONSERVATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY (ESS3) Water use Spray surfaces and grounds for dust control as needed. Construction site Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA standard design practices). AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Dust/Air Pollution Identify and locate waste disposal sites, stockpile sites and equipment Construction site Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA to minimize impacts on the environment and nearby population. standard design Ensure all equipment is serviced and issued with warrant of fitness (as practices). required). Any machinery deemed to be polluting the air must be replaced (or fixed) on instruction by the MBIA. Ban on open burning of any trash or other materials. AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Generation of dust Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA Any vehicle which is overloaded (exceed designed load limit) or is not standard Contractors covered properly shall be refused entry to the construction lay down construction area or material shall be refused delivery (if not to the construction lay practice). down area). Cover stockpiles containing fine material (e.g. sand and topsoil) when not actively being used.

Keep work areas clean with regular sweeping. Due to freshwater supply constraints large scale water sprinkling should be kept to a minimum and only as required. Only small areas should be cleared of vegetation at any one time and revegetation should occur as soon as practicable. Dust masks and personnel protective equipment must be available for workers during dust generating activities (e.g. pavement milling). Spray dry road surfaces, material stockpiles, pneumatic drill sites, and other areas as needed with water to reduce dust. No excessive idling of vehicles. AIR, DUST AND NOISE CONTROL (ESS3) Noise and vibration Minimize nuisance from noise, especially closer to residential areas, All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA disturbances through establishment and communication to affected parties of standard Contractors standard working hours (07:00 to 18:00, Monday to Friday) and avoid construction increase of noise and number of work equipment at peak hours. practice). Any work outside prescribed hours of operation require approval by the MBIA and notice to affected peoples provided at least one week prior to out of schedule works starting. Work on Sunday is restricted and is likely to only be approved in emergency situations. Regularly check and maintain machinery, equipment and vehicle conditions to ensure appropriate use of mufflers, etc. Workers in the vicinity of sources of high noise shall wear necessary protection gear rated for the situation they are being used. Signage to outline complaints procedure and contact details of recipient of complaints (e.g. phone number, physical address and email). The WB/IFC EHS Guidelines13 section 1.7 Noise Management shall be applied (if no local limits are prescribed). Noise impacts should not exceed an increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site (e.g. residential house). COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY (ESS4) Unauthorized access Maintain perimeter fences and access controls at work sites. All locations No marginal cost Contractors MBIA to facilities or work sites

13 International Finance Corporation, Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines, General Guidelines: Noise Management

Road traffic incidents Provide for Traffic Management Plan (TMP) to be developed by From port to airport Minimal (requirement Design Consultant MBIA or accidents Contractor, to include signage, flag operators, personnel protective (delivery of of bidding and Contractors equipment (e.g. high visibility vest), and specific actions to be equipment). To and documents) implemented around sensitive receptors (e.g. residential dwellings, from the construction schools, hospital). TMP to include vehicle and pedestrian traffic. lay down area.

COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY (ESS4) Traffic (vehicle and Implement the traffic management plan (TMP) to ensure smooth traffic Route from port to Safety equipment Construction MBIA pedestrian) and flow and safety for workers, passing vehicles and pedestrian traffic. airport included in Contractors construction safety Where appropriate, employ flag operators on the road to prevent traffic construction cost. accidents. The workers shall have relevant safety equipment. Accident Arrange necessary measures for pedestrian and passer-by safety and All locations Safety equipment Construction MBIA risks/Impacts on all means of transportation safety (e.g. establish protection zones, included in Contractors traffic safety bypass these areas during transportation of materials, etc.) construction cost. Relevant safety elements such as guardrails, road signs and Minimal (part of delineators, pavement markings, barricades and beams, warning lights standard shall be installed. In some cases a flag operator or traffic control construction supervisor could be engaged around the specific work site. practice). EMERGENCY RESPONSE (ESS4) Accident response Contractor to develop Procedures for accident and near-miss reporting All locations No marginal cost Contractors MBIA plan and notification. Health and Safety Plan to include investigation and root cause analysis of accidents and incidents. Extreme weather Contractor to maintain security and integrity of work sites and materials All locations No marginal cost Contractors MBIA events by securing site and associated equipment and facilities to protect from damages in case of extreme rainfall or flooding. Contractor to maintain erosion control, waste storage, and other facilities and equipment. Hazardous Store and handle hazardous substances in bunded, hard stand or All locations Safety equipment Construction MBIA substances and designated areas only. included in Contractors safety and pollution construction cost as part of standard construction practice). NATURAL HABITAT AND BIODIVERSITY (ESS6)

Landscape Restoration of landscape after completion of rehabilitation works; All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA degradation restore the vegetation cover in accordance with the surrounding standard Contractors landscape and any required design (e.g. grass land or shrubs). construction Use plant species characteristic for the landscape in the course of practice). restoration of the vegetation cover. Loss of biodiversity If during course of access road use or construction work, particularly All locations No marginal cost Contractors MBIA vegetation clearance and excavations, any bird, reptile or mammal species is identified as being potentially impacted (e.g. nesting bird in area of proposed vegetation clearance) work is to stop in the specific location of the find and the MBIA notified immediately for instruction to proceed. STORMWATER EROSION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT CONTROL (ESS6) Runoff of pollutants Excavations are bunded to prevent ingress of water runoff and clean All locations No marginal cost Contractors MBIA in drains water diversion (e.g. sand bags, clay bund, or shallow trenches) are used to direct overland flow away from active work and storage areas. Sediment laden runoff from excavations or stockpiles must be directed to a settling area (e.g. pond or decant pond to be sized for area covered) or collected for dust suppression provided the runoff is not contaminated with any chemicals (e.g. fuel). Soil erosion Minimize time and size of ground disturbing activities to workable size All locations Minimal (part of Construction MBIA at any one time. Vegetation to be removed manually, strictly no use of standard Contractors herbicides/ pesticides. construction Stockpiles are to be positioned on impermeable surfaces (e.g. practice). geotextile or concrete hard stand). Revegetate disturbed areas that are not being paved as soon as practicable (loosen ground; apply topsoil; seed or plant as necessary). Minimize erosion and design erosion protection measures according to international good practice standards, including incorporation of effective drainage systems (soakage pits) and consideration of surface flow paths. Schedule any earthworks and construction activities during dry season (January to mid-April). STORMWATER EROSION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT CONTROL (ESS6) Runoff from access Select ADS-B antenna sites with existing, adequate access roads if Access roads to Minimal (part of Design Consultant MBIA road improvements feasible that require minimal or no improvements. ADS-B sites standard design (if necessary) Provide detailed plans for any road improvements that are needed to practices). access the site for construction of the towers if new alternative site are proposed.

Include erosion protection measures according to international good practice standards, including incorporation of effective drainage systems (road drains) and consideration of surface flow paths and erosion point protections (energy dissipators). Schedule earthworks and construction activities during dry season (January to mid-April). Preserve any removed topsoil for use in revegetation. Revegetate and stabilize roadsides immediately after improvements are completed. PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES (ESS8) Loss of Chance find procedure: work to stop in specific location of unearthed All locations No marginal cost Construction MBIA archaeological artefacts or site. Fence the area to limit access and notify MBIA and Contractors artefacts or sites Grenada authorities immediately for instruction to proceed.

Appendix A Table 4. ESMP for operations phase at all facilities and locations*

ESTIMATED POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTING EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION NEGATIVE IMPACT LOCATION COSTS14 AGENCY AGENCY WASTE MANAGEMENT (ESS3)

Wastewater Septic systems of the CSF to be cleaned regularly and sludge CSF No marginal cost for TBU Management MBIA management disposed or treated in accordance with requirements of relevant current practice of authorities. Sludge can be disposed of at designated landfills. disposal. Solid waste Explore possible improvements including instituting a recycling All locations Minimal (part of TBU Management MBIA management program, managing food catering waste as per local regulations, and standard practice). maintaining records of volumes, frequencies, types and disposal destination of all wastes. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (ESS3) Cold Storage Facililty Use and maintain x-ray machines according to manufacturer’s safety CSF Minimal (part of TBU Management MBIA and Cargo X-Ray instructions standard design and Use approved refrigerant and refill/dispose of according to operation practices). manufacturer’s instructions WATER CONSERVATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY (ESS3) Energy use Measure, meter and track energy use. Research strategies and All locations Minimal (part of TBU Management MBIA methods to reduce waste and conserve energy. standard practice).

Water use Measure, meter and track water use. Investigate fixtures, equipment, All locations Minimal (part of TBU Management MBIA and strategies to reduce water use. standard practice).

EMERGENCY RESPONSE (ESS4) Extreme weather Apply relevant sections of ESMPs to CERC actions or emergency All locations Minimal (part of MBIA MBIA events or natural response civil works. construction disasters documents) BIRD HAZARD AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (ESS6)

14Costs are estimates only and will be calculated during the detailed engineering design.

Bird strikes and Finalize and implement the Bird and Wildlife Control Program. Areas within airport No marginal cost MBIA MBIA animal incursions perimeter (standard operating procedure). STORMWATER EROSION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT CONTROL (ESS6) Maintenance of Soakage shall be periodically cleared of sediment and organic matter CSF No marginal cost TBU Management MBIA drainage and builds up to ensure appropriate flows and soakage. Material to be (standard operating soakage systems disposed at approved site (e.g. landfill or used as clean fill) or procedure). composted if organic. Vegetation to be cleared from drainage channels and soakage pits and composted through a designated landfill.

* Note: “All locations” refers to all areas at MBIA which will be impacted by the Project activities, namely the RESA, CSF, sites for ADS-B antennae, the road corridor (transport of materials), any port (for delivery of equipment and material), and the construction lay down area.

Appendix B Construction Monitoring Plan

Appendix B Construction Monitoring Plan for all facilities and locations*

PARAMETER TO MONITOR LOCATION MONITORING FREQUENCY RESPONSIBILITY DETAILED DESIGN/PRE-CONSTRUCTION Traffic Safety Design documents Ensure TMP is in place. Prior to sign off of final designs Design Consultant Aviation safety Design documents MOWP complete with details of flight schedules and Prior to sign off of final designs Design Consultant emergency procedures. Soil Erosion Design documents Construction scheduled for between May and Prior to sign off of final designs Design Consultant December. Designs include erosion protection measures. Quarry operations Quarry Upon confirmation of which quarry is to supply Prior to contract award Design Consultant arrogate verify quarry operations to ensure any required permits or approvals are in place. CONSTRUCTION/REHABILITATION Agreement for waste disposal Construction Permits and/or agreements with local waste disposal Documentation viewed prior to MBIA Contractor’s records providers (e.g. .approved landfill) and licensed construction works starting. recycling operators. Inspection of disposal sites. Weekly as applicable to schedule of works. Soil erosion Areas of exposed soil Inspections at sites to ensure silt fences, diversion Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA and earth moving drains etc. are constructed as needed. schedule of works and after site Inspection to ensure replanting and restoration work restoration. completed. Waste disposal At construction sites Inspection to ensure waste is not accumulating and Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA evidence waste has been stockpiled for removal to schedule of works and on receipt of licensed landfill. any complaints. Inspection to ensure waste streams are sorted for reuse, recycling or waste to landfill. Water and soil pollution At construction sites Inspection of sites to ensure waste collection in Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA defined area; spill response plan in place and schedule of works and on receipt of workers trained. Complete spill kits available where any complaints hazardous substances sorted and handled. Any encounters with potentially or confirmed contaminated soil (based on PID readings) are reported to MBIA.

Dust At construction sites and Site inspections. Regular visual inspections to Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA adjacent sensitive areas ensure stockpiles are covered when not in use and schedule of works and on receipt of trucks transporting material are covered and not any complaints. overloaded. Noise At work sites and Site inspections to ensure workers wearing Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA sensitive locations protective equipment when required. Measurement schedule of works and on receipt of of noise level with hand-held noise meter not to any complaints. exceed 70dB. Public signage detailing complaints procedure and contact people/person on display. Noisy machinery is replaced or fixed as soon as problem arises or on instruction by MBIA. Air pollution At work sites Site inspections to ensure equipment and machinery Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA operating without excessive emissions. If an issue is schedule of works and on receipt of reported the contractor is responsible for replacing or any complaints. fixing the equipment to the satisfaction of MBIA. Storage of fuel, oil, bitumen, etc. At work sites and Regular site inspections to ensure material is stored Weekly as applicable to schedule of MBIA construction camp. within bunded area and spill response training for works and on receipt of any Contractors training log. workers completed. Visual inspection of spill kit for complaints. completeness and accessibility. Vehicle and pedestrian safety At and near work sites Regular inspections to check that TMP is Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA implemented correctly (e.g. flags and diversions in schedule of works and on receipt of place) and workers wearing appropriate personnel any complaints. protective gear.

Construction workers and staff safety At work sites Inspections to ensure workers have access to and Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA (personal protective equipment) are wearing (when required) appropriate personnel schedule of works and on receipt of protective equipment (e.g. for handling hazardous any complaints. materials). WB/IFC Guidelines have been implemented. Community safety At work sites Inspections to ensure signs and fences restricting Weekly inspection as applicable to MBIA access are in place and pedestrian diversion routes schedule of works and on receipt of clearly marked (whether for access to a building or any complaints. home or particular route). Materials supply Quarry and work sites Inspections to ensure permits in place for Weekly visual inspection as applicable MBIA transporting loads over 3 tonnes (if applicable). to schedule of works and on receipt of Evidence that trucks are not overloaded and loads any complaints

are covered (e.g. complaints register, evidence of debris on the road). OPERATION Accidents with hazardous materials or All sites Accident report Immediately after accident MBIA wastes Wastewater management CSF Proper maintenance of septic system, no reports of Quarterly inspection (observation) at MBIA odor or seepage connection to septic system. Solid waste collection and disposal CSF Solid waste being collected and taken to approved To be arranged with Waste Authority MBIA (non-hazardous) disposal site (e.g. approved landfill) as required

* Note: “All locations” refers to all areas at MBIA, CSF, ADS-B antennae the road corridor (transport of materials), and any construction lay down areas.

Appendix C MBIA Visitor Statistics

The graphs below summarize MBIA passenger volumes and flight movements.

The MBIA total passenger volume in 2015 reached 374,956 including inbound plus outbound travelers. MBIA achieved very positive passenger volume growth in 2014 and 2015, relative to the previous years, at 15.9% and 7.7% respectively. Year-to-date September total passengers increased by +4.5% with big increases in February and March and reductions in April and August.

MBIA flight movements fell by 6.2% over the six year time frame during which passengers increased by 26.1%. Higher seat configured aircraft introduced at MBIA, and possibly increased airline load factors, were responsible for the average number of passengers per flight increasing from 20.9 in 2010 to 28.1 in 2015.

The statistics from the Grenada Tourist Authority were obtained to provide a good, insightful source of information for passenger routing reality. For instance, for travel from Canada, Table C-1 below describes how many Canadians (56.5%) to Grenada on direct non-stop air services in 2015 and how many came via an intermediate Hub airport (43.5%). Similarly, but to a lesser degree because there are four flights per week not just two, as Europeans can fly direct to Grenada via St. Lucia (82.7% of total) or connect through Barbados or Trinidad (17.3%) to reach Grenada as shown in the table below.

Table C-1: Statistics of Flights to Grenada

Measure All Canadians Canadians on Direct Canadians via an Travelling to Grenada Flights to Grenada Intermediate Hub Airport Tourists 11,461 6,480 4,981

% of Total 100.0% 56.5% 43.5%

Measure All Europeans Europeans on Direct Europeans via an Travelling to Grenada Flights to Grenada Intermediate Hub Airport Tourists 32,778 27,105 5,673

% of Total 100.0% 82.7% 17.3%

Measure All Americans All Travelers on USA Canadians or Travelling to Grenada Airlines to Grenada Europeans via USA Hubs Tourists 47,225 52,195 4,790

% of Total 90.5% 100.0% 9.2%

Measure All Caribbean All Travelers on Canadians or Travelling to Grenada Caribbean Airlines to Europeans via BGI or Grenada POS Hubs

Tourists 27,105 48,070 20,965

% of Total 56.4% 100.0% 43.6%

In terms of the volume of visitors to other eastern Caribbean destinations, Grenada had the second lowest total in 2015 at 140,000 tourists versus the lowest, St. Vincent, at 75,381 and the highest, Barbados at 591,872 (See Fig. C-1, below).

However, in terms of the growth in tourist arrival volumes since 2011, Grenada achieved the highest increase of the six islands reviewed at +19%. The next closest level of growth was achieved by St. Lucia at +10% followed by Antigua and Barbados at +4% and Trinidad & Tobago at +2%.

Grenada shows a lower share of USA, Canada and European tourist arrivals of its’ total than the average of the other five islands but higher “Other” category tourists which are ostensibly Caribbean regional travelers. For instance, 29.1% of Grenada tourist arrivals are from the USA versus 35.2% for the five-island average, 7.7% of Grenada tourists were from Canada versus the average at 11.6% and 23.2% of Grenada tourists are European versus the average at 31.0%. This suggests that Grenada is not achieving its potential in these three market origins.

As can be seen in Table C-1 above the total number of USA travelers to Grenada in 2015 was 47,225, but all passengers on USA airlines to Grenada amounted to 52,195, which suggests that there were 4,790 Canadians or Europeans on these flights. As most of these 4,790 passengers are Canadians, it would appear that additional non-stop flights from Canada could capture this traffic.

On Caribbean airline flights, 43.6% of onboard travelers are coming from somewhere else. On these flights in addition to Canadians and Europeans are American (USA) travelers as there are non-stop flights to BGI/POS from Boston, Fort Lauderdale, Charlotte, Houston and New York where a Caribbean connection may be more desirable than one through Miami.

Table C-2: MBIA Winter Peak Month of January 2016 - Departures and Frequency

No. Region Destination Intermediate Airline 28 Day Flight Stop Frequency 1. Europe London St. Lucia BA & Virgin 16

Frankfurt Bridgetown Condor 4

2. USA / Canada Miami Non-stop American Airlines 28

New York Non-stop Delta & JetBlue 14

Toronto Non-stop Air Canada 9

3. Caribbean Port of Spain Non-stop LIAT & Caribbean 100 Airlines Bridgetown Non-stop LIAT 84

4. Latin America Panama City Non-stop Air Panama 8

Caracas Non-stop Conviasa 4

5. Domestic Carriacou Non-stop SVG Air 136

6. St. Vincent & Union Island Carriacou SVG Air 24

the Grenadines Canouan Carriacou & SVG Air 8 Union Island

Table C-2 above shows that on the inbound direction to Grenada, LIAT offers flights from St. Vincent non-stop and periodically to St. Vincent as well as Antigua and Pointe-a-Pitre via Barbados. Some months also have Dominica air services. In other months LIAT has had outbound flights to St. Vincent. The air services of Air Panama and Conviasa are not expected to be continues in the near future.

Appendix D Terms of Reference for Coastal Defense Strategy

Terms of Reference Coastal Defense Strategy for MBIA

1. Introduction

The economy of Grenada relies heavily on the tourism sector which in 2014 accounted for 24.2% of the country’s GDP. The Maurice Bishop International Airport (MBIA) plays a significant role in tourism as the country’s main point of entry. Despite its critical role in the country’s economy, the MBIA is susceptible to extreme weather events, including tropical storms and their associated storm surges, which cause flooding and coastal erosion.

The activities of the CATCOP project include Technical Assistance studies to improve Grenada’s overall aircraft operational safety and resilience, contributing to the modernization of air navigation systems, implementing ICAO-required RESAs, and strengthening Grenada’s capacity in civil aviation regulation and airport management. These Terms of Reference (TOR) are intended to develop a Coastal Defense Strategy for MBIA that will strengthen resilience to coastal erosion, as well as minimize vulnerability to natural disaster from coastal flooding. The work will consist of a coastal zone investigation, a prefeasibility study, and an Environmental and Social Assessment.

2. Description of the Study Area

The study area is located along the southwestern portion of the island of Grenada on the areas bordering the MBIA, as identified in the map presented in Figure 1. The MBIA is situated on flat to gently rolling terrain of the Point Salines area. Most of the area is on the southern side of the promontory that just out on the westernmost tip of the island; the northern side of the tip is also adjacent to the MBIA and is therefore within the area of interest. Several bays accentuate the coastline. The southwest margin of the MBIA property is fringed with beaches, notably Cato Beach and Long Beach, both of which are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Around the tip of Point Salines the Caribbean Sea borders the shore.

The western promontory of the island features steep cliffs of consolidated rock derived from lava flows and lahars (volcanic mudflow deposits). There are several fresh- and salt-water ponds near the coastline, where mangroves and marsh occur in low-lying areas and xeric shrub atop the hills and promontories. A notable feature is a deeply scalloped bay that was infilled to extend the runway decades ago, and now forms a pond connected to the sea by a conduit beneath the runway. One interesting feature of Cato Beach is a sandstone “reef” which is a natural outcropping rock layer of lithified windblown sand (“aeolinite”) which is situated near the shoreline and runs parallel to the beach for perhaps one hundred yards. Point Salines is so named because of a large salt marsh (salina) where quantities of free salt can be raked in during the dry season. The clay soils here limit absorption or drainage, collecting surface water

that eventually evaporates and leaves behind previously dissolved minerals. The “salt ponds” lie on the MBIA property.

Figure 1. Map of Study Area

The area’s exposure to long fetch Atlantic waves is ameliorated by its orientation parallel to the trade winds, and by its position on the westernmost part of the island. Several scalloped bays and headlands to the east and northeast also provide local protection from heavy seas, and likely have created the conditions for accumulation of the sand deposits at Cato Beach and Long Beach. Sand mining is still practiced at both beaches but is regulated by the Department of Environment.

Currents are variable and velocities can be relatively high. The area is free from any manmade coastal structures and is apparently operating in a natural state. Observations from field visits suggest the presence of a predominantly westward longshore current. The various headlands jutting into the sea doubtless exert great influence on nearshore currents and sediment transport patterns.

Discussions with airport engineers and field observations have shown that erosion is taking place on the cliffs at the westernmost tip of the MBIA perimeter. Large sections of cliff face have calved on the northwest side of the coastline, and damage to the perimeter fence on the west side was observed. Hurricane Lenny in 1999 damaged several areas along the airport perimeter. Waves came directly from the west (Caribbean) side with heights of 12 to 15 feet superimposed on storm surge of unknown magnitude. Beaches along Grande Anse were stripped of sand, which was carried offshore as well as inland, causing appreciable damage. During the hurricane, MBIA staff did not report that coastal flooding entered the airport runway, which sits at an elevation of about 40 feet. Beaches, mangroves, and other coastal areas doubtless were affected. The saltwater pond on the north side of the airport is connected to the sea by a single conduit and may represent an area vulnerable to flooding from land or sea.

Figure 2. Grande Anse Marine Protected Area (GAMPA)

The Point Salines area has historically been important for fishing, owing to the confluence of the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Turtles and iguana are known to use Grand Beach on the southwest side of MBIA as nesting sites, underscoring the importance of this natural habitat. The design of the coastal defenses must avoid or mitigate any impacts on the protected area.

The Point Salines area is important to the prehistory of Grenada as well as the Caribbean region. The location was ideal for Amerindian fishermen to access either the Caribbean or Atlantic, and the island’s location at the southernmost tip of the eastern Caribbean archipelago gave it access to the north coast of South America. Excavations made by Hanna in 2016 are shown in Figure 3. Most artifacts were encountered on the promontory of Black Point on the southwest side of MBIA. A number of artifacts were also encountered on the northeast side of the Salt Ponds. Scattered surface finds occurred along the coastline, including embedded in the “sandstone reef” or aeolianite just offshore where they were lithified in situ. The sites at Point Salines may have been occupied at the time of the first permanent French settlement in 1649.

Figure 3. Archeological Sites near Point Salines

3. Activities to Date

While there is a strong desire to mitigate the erosion experienced in the area, no studies have been completed with respect to infrastructure vulnerability, design feasibility, coastal zone behavior, or environmental and social impact. Technical solutions have been discussed among various parties in preliminary terms and may include a number of options to reduce wave energy approaching the airport’s southern side such as breakwaters (Figure 4). This would reduce the low-lying beach and mangrove areas’ vulnerability to storm surge and tsunamis; however, it would not correct the most severe erosion experienced on the western tip of the airport. Options discussed have also included infilling of areas behind the breakwaters to allow for expansion of commercial or residential lands. Other ideas have included strengthening of cliff faces at key points with geotechnical solutions such as rock bolts, chain mesh, or other techniques. Areas on the southeast side of MBIA already have been armored with boulders to resist erosion, and improvement of these areas is probably a good option to reduce vulnerability there. Saint George’s University lies on MBIA’s southeast border and the coastline has also been strengthened with boulder armoring in that area. Dedication of some areas (e.g. the salt ponds, mangroves or beaches) as conservation easements, and focusing of defenses further inland, may prove more feasible.

Given the complexities of coastal dynamics, the likely range in cost involved, and potential environmental and social effects of any intervention, it was agreed that a prefeasibility study and ESA should be conducted to develop and assess any and all possible options to achieve the stated project goals.

Figure 4. Areas of erosion and breakwater concept

4. Objectives of the Assignment

The GoG is seeking to stabilize vulnerable areas near the MBIA to mitigate further loss of lands to coastal erosion, and so to enhance airport safety and security. The goal of GoG is also to protect and preserve the exceptional ecologic and aesthetic values of areas of intervening wetlands and lakes. To this end the general goal of the work is to identify possible solutions and evaluate their relative costs and benefits.

The specific objectives of this consultancy are to assess the vulnerability of the airport and associated infrastructure to coastal erosion and flooding, to identify a range of possible solutions in the conceptual stage, to assess environmental and social impacts of these measures, and to develop associated costs and benefits for these options.

At the conclusion of the study, the consultant is expected to: i. Provide a detailed analysis of coastal processes and the factors affecting erosion; ii. Quantify vulnerability to design storm events of the airport and associated infrastructure; iii. Identify and recommend to the extent possible, feasible interventions and their potential impacts. Both soft and hard (engineering) solutions should be considered. iv. Provide conceptual level technical data and conceptual level costs for the design of the coastal defense works proposed for the protection of the target area and remaining coastline. v. The study should include consideration for both positive and negative impacts of the proposed shoreline stabilization interventions, particularly with respect to protecting existing lands, as well as for the potential impacts to existing physical and biological coastal resources.

5. Scope of Work

This study will focus on the shorelines near MBIA with data collection and modeling activities to be conducted areas south, west and north of Point Salines. In order to understand the sediment transport patterns and study the potential impacts of the proposed engineering interventions in the coastal areas located along the shorelines, the coastal processes investigation should include the areas immediately adjacent to the beaches and bays, and extending offshore for at last 1 km. The study will include: i) the collection of the necessary coastal data (e.g. bathymetric data, deep water and near shore wave climate information, wind information, currents, sediment sample characteristics, beach profiles, etc.); ii) coastal processes modeling (wave modeling, hydrodynamic modeling, sediment transport modeling); and, iii) geologic data (composition of the rock, sorting and uniformity of grain size, cementation and friability of structure, resistance to chemical and physical weathering, type of cementing material, pore space, stratification and sedimentology). The effects of sand mining must be included in the analysis.

Once the supporting studies are completed, the consultant shall propose feasible interventions designed to mitigate land loss and protect adjacent lands and infrastructure from continued erosion. Design storms shall include return intervals of 10, 100, and 500 years. Influence of storm surge shall be included in the modeling of wave height and orientation. The desire is to produce a limited vulnerability assessment in the context of hard and soft interventions for an integrated coastal defense strategy. Both long- and short- term solutions may be identified. Finally, potential impacts from tsunamis, and from sea level rise, using currently accepted estimates will be integrated into the analysis.

The Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) shall identify any interrelation of coastal processes and proposed interventions with the adjacent beaches, aeolianite rock benches, salt ponds, and mangroves, as these areas are important to the area’s ecologic and aesthetic values. Cognizance of known archeological resources should be clearly incorporated as well as the potential for chance finds, rescue and salvage for any earth-moving activity. The design of the coastal defenses must identify, avoid, or mitigate any impacts on the GAMPA protected area.

Finally, preliminary conceptual level cost estimates for each option shall be developed. The costs should include those related to design and engineering, construction, mitigation of environmental and social aspects, and maintenance during operations.

6. Description of Tasks and Deliverables

This effort is divided into three tasks. The first task is to develop the engineering baseline and modeling of coastal processes to serve as a basis for developing feasible soft and hard (engineering) interventions. The second task is to identify and evaluate potential intervention scenarios to determine which intervention or suite of interventions are feasible to achieve shoreline stabilization. Under the third task the consultant shall prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment comparing and analyzing the potential impacts and mitigations associated with the potential interventions identified under the project.

6.1. Task 1 – Data collection and Baseline Coastal Zone Modeling

Under this task, the consultant shall collect and analyze relevant data to support modeling of coastal dynamics with respect to the littoral zone and land-based influences that contribute to coastal erosion and retreat, deposition and sedimentation, as it affects the shorelines adjacent to MBIA, and the protection of airport and related infrastructure from erosion and storm damages.

The analysis shall include all relevant geological, geotechnical and hydrological data that have an impact on the design of civil infrastructure and potential interventions. The study should include an analysis of the operational wave climate as well as an analysis of the extreme events (storm surge, waves). It should also consider the existing coastal hydrodynamics and current sediment transport regimes as they affect the proposed construction site and adjacent impacted coastal areas. The effects of longshore and cross- shore currents on beach stability should also be taken into consideration. The analysis shall include consideration for adjacent watershed dynamics and land use activities (e.g. sand mining) as they contribute to coastal stability. Modeling will be accomplished using an internationally recognized modeling system.

Among the potential activities to be included in this task are:

• Data Collection: Minimum 7 to 12 months data collection characterizing coastal hydrodynamics and sediment characteristics to account for seasonal variations. The data collection process should include but not be limited to: i) collection of wave, current and tidal data; ii) collection of sediment samples and historical beach profile measurements, as well as geotechnical and topographical information; iii) collection of bathymetric information; littoral zone physical and biological characteristics; and any other necessary information required to support the modeling activities and environmental management.

• Modeling: i) operational wave climate modeling; ii) extreme wave climate modeling, for 10-yr, 100-yr and 500-yr return periods; iii) Hydrodynamic modeling; and iv) Sediment transport modeling.

• Other activities: i) analysis of historical shoreline data using aerial photography and satellite imagery; ii) climate change scenarios should be considered as part of this study, and should be part of the modeling exercises, to account for the water level raise and the increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes; iii) integration of land based influences affecting coastal erosion, water quality and shoreline retreat; iv) evaluation of background tectonic influences affecting shoreline, such as subsidence or emergence rates; and, v) identification of physical and biological systems that may be affected by coastal zone interventions (benthic assessment);

6.1.1. Data Collection and Work Plan

Project Work Plan Within 2 weeks of contract signing, the consultant shall submit a detailed work plan outlining the consultant’s approach and schedule for the completion of the tasks under this contract.

Data collection plan At the onset of this task, the consultant shall work closely with MBIA and any line agencies as appropriate to collect existing data and previous studies supporting the coastal analysis. Based on these findings, the consultant shall prepare a project data collection plan including detailed data collection requirements. The data collection plan shall detail the specific data to be collected, methodology to be employed and a minimum timeframe required to compile a relevant dataset to support subsequent modeling and analysis. Data collection shall anticipate the possibility of seasonal behaviors that may affect the modeling analysis and the quality of the engineering baseline with respect to shoreline stabilization. Data shall be collected so as to support the development of specific engineering design options and shall be sufficiently robust as to allow the evaluation of consequential impacts to associated coastal systems in order to avoid unintended negative impacts to physical and biological systems. The data collection plan should also prioritize the data collection activities and associated costs, so that modifications to the data collection activities can be negotiated if necessary.

Once completed, the consultant shall prepare and submit a data collection plan to the DOI for comment and approval.

6.1.2. Archiving and Distribution of Data

All data collected shall be provided in a digital format to the MBIA and Ministry of Environment in both raw and processed form. Datasets shall be provided with adequate documentation describing type of data, format, collection parameters, gaps and limitations. In the case of geospatial data, the consultant shall prepare appropriate meta-data files consistent with the standards defined for the Grenada GeoNode15 as well as the World Bank standards.

6.1.3. Bathymetric Data Bathymetric data shall be referenced against the local vertical datum and horizontally referenced against the WGS 84 datum UTM projection zone 20. Both raw data and processed data shall be provided to the DOI and Ministry of Climate Resilience, The Environment, Forestry, Fisheries & Disaster Management. Processed data shall be provided in a digital bathymetric format based on a 1- meter grid spacing in a format compatible with ESRI Grid, DEM, or other compatible raster format suitable for use in an ARCGIS platform. Bathymetric data shall be documented as to collection method, parameters, errors of scale and data gaps and analysis methods applied as well as other relevant information needed to document the quality and utility of the dataset. A meta-data file shall be provided with delivered bathymetric models.

6.1.4. Other Data With respect to other data collected, all data shall be provided in both raw and processed form in a digital format with appropriate descriptive documentation. Documentation shall include instrument type or

15 GeoNode is an open source platform that facilitates the creation, sharing, and collaborative use of geospatial data. In Grenadaa GeoNode has already been established and is currently being populated with data. The contact person is Dornet Hull, GIS officer, Ministry of Housing, Informal Human Settlements, Lands, Surveys and Physical Planning

data source together with a description of variables represented, method acquisition and other relevant documentation.

6.1.5. Baseline Modeling On completion of the data collection program, the consultant shall model the coastal processes using internationally recognized software, approved by the DOI and Ministry of Environment (see beginning of this section for modeling requirements), to assess the current behavior of the coastal zone with respect to erosion/depositional dynamics, coastal energies, and other relevant coastal zone interactions. Once calibrated, models developed will be used to characterize extreme forces anticipated in the area based on 10-yr, 100yr and 500-yr return periods for wave height, storm surge, and anticipated sea level rise. It is anticipated that there may be insufficient local data to actually calculate this return period using accepted methodologies. In this event, the consultant shall provide engineering estimates based on best practices and regional experiences as agreed to with the DOI and the Ministry of the Environment. Baseline modeling shall be designed to benchmark the current system with respect to hydrodynamic behaviors in order to provide a foundation for the development and evaluation of potential engineering interventions. Particular attention is to be paid to coastal sediment transport processes as preferred coastal protection options will relate to those contributing to beach accretion.

Finally, while rare, the consultant shall model the impacts of a potential tsunami in the area as part of the baseline modeling exercise. The conditions to be modeled should be based on historical experience in the region and shall consider the potential for a tsunamigenic event arising from activity associated with Kick-em-Jenny a submarine volcano located on the north coast of Grenada as well as events off the coast of Portugal and western Puerto Rico trench/Virgin Islands. Absent other informed guidance, the minimum event modeled should simulate an event that would severely impact the MBIA coastal areas. The criteria to be used will be developed in close consultation with the National Emergency Management Organization or other responsible line agency.

6.1.6. Task 1 Deliverables

• Detailed work plan – Within 2 weeks of contract signing, the consultant shall submit a detailed work plan outlining the consultant’s approach and schedule for the completion of tasks under this contract. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format

• Data Collection Plan – Within 30 days of contract signing. This plan shall detail the field sampling and analysis plan, proposed calendar for project execution. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format.

• Task 1 Report – Delivered according to approved work plan. This report shall detail consultant’s activities and findings completed under Task 1. Report shall include a review of consultant ‘s activities, data collection and methodologies employed, review of modeling activities and findings, a quality assessment of modeling results, data gaps and limitations, and other relevant consultant’s observations. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format.

• Data and Data description – Delivered according to approved work plan. At the conclusion of this task, the consultant shall deliver a report describing the rational for selection of data requirements, data collected, and collection methodologies with equipment descriptions. Datasets shall be provided in both raw instrument formats and processed format. This report shall be sufficiently comprehensive so as to allow replication of the methodology and shall serve as a resource guide for future coastal engineering exercises. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format.

• Bathymetric map – Delivered according to approved work plan. The consultant shall include in the data report the methodologies and procedures used to develop bathymetric data. The map and all supporting raw data as well as reduced X,Y,Z data shall be delivered with the bathymetric map prepared under this task. This map shall be presented in a raster format suitable for use in ARCGIS (DEM, ESRI grid), geo referenced against WGS84, UTM zone 20 horizontally, and referenced against the SVG Vertical Datum. Deliverables include metadata, datafiles and prepared raster images. Format: 3 copies in electronic format.

6.2. Task 2 - Engineering Options and Prefeasibility Evaluation

Once the coastal zone baseline and modeling have been established, the consultant shall identify and evaluate potential interventions for shoreline protection, erosion control and beach accretion at the shorelines near MBIA.

Based on accepted engineering standards and consultant professional judgment, the consultant shall work closely with the DOI and the Minister of the Environment to identify potential soft and hard interventions or combinations of interventions that will serve to protect the target site from further erosion and the damaging effects of wave action and storm surge, and to restore and protect the shoreline integrity near MBIA. Interventions may include offshore, onshore or combination strategies. All strategies should seek to minimize impacts to other coastal resources such as mangroves, salt ponds, and the adjacent wetland lakes and should seek to preserve or enhance the existing beach areas. The report must clearly identify existing archeological and historical resources and any potential effects on them from the possible interventions. Consideration must also be given to current land use activities and coastal marine resource health, particularly with respect to GAMPA.

The consultant shall model and evaluate the performance of the proposed engineering interventions for shoreline defense based the scenarios established under Task 1 and identify and propose alternatives based on modeled findings and engineering experience. Modeling evaluations will include the effects of overtopping events on the proposed structures and affected land areas.

Once candidate alternatives have been identified, the consultant shall model the impacts of these strategies with respect to the 100-yr return period. Included in the options to be analyzed is a baseline case or the “do nothing” option. Additionally, the consultant shall also model the potential impacts to and of potential interventions with respect to the tsunami event modeled under Task 1.

6.2.1. Engineering Control Options

Based on the findings under this task, the consultant shall identify feasible engineering options to be considered for the mitigation of shoreline retreat in the study area. Options presented will include the “do nothing” option to be used as a basis for comparison of strategies. On presentation of options, the consultant shall detail the benefits and limitations associated with the strategies identified in a manner that permits a clear comparison and evaluation of attributes associated with each option.

Once suitable options have been identified and analyzed, the consultant shall provide general cost estimates for the implementation of feasible options to be used as a basis for further development. Finally, as requested by the DOI and the Minister of the Environment, the consultant shall provide up to two days for consultations and or presentations to discuss their findings. These presentations shall be scheduled together with the consultant by the DOI.

6.2.2. Task 2 Deliverables

• Task 2 report – Delivered according to approved work plan. Shall include a detailed presentation of the consultant findings and methodologies applied in the execution of the task activities. The report shall document modeling approach, findings, results, quality assessment as well as a discussion of water quality issues and anticipated impacts of planned development and sea defense options. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format.

• Sea defense Intervention Options - Delivered according to approved work plan. Under separate cover, the consultant shall present interventions options with observations and recommendations in a format suitable for distribution to decision makers. The report shall clearly detail the advantages and disadvantages of each of the control options identified and will provide cost estimates and general construction considerations for each option in a manner that is easily compared to facilitate the decision process. Format: 6 copies printed, also in electronic format.

• Data and Data description – Delivered according to approved work plan. At the conclusion of this task, the consultant shall deliver a report describing the rationale for selection of data requirements, data collected, and collection methodologies with equipment descriptions. Datasets shall be provided in both raw instrument formats and processed format. This report shall be sufficiently comprehensive so as to allow replication of the methodology and shall serve as a resource guide for future coastal engineering exercises. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format.

6.3. Task 3 – Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)

On completion of Task 2, the consultant shall prepare an environmental and social impact assessment in accordance with World Bank OP/BP 4.01 ESA that compares and presents the anticipated impacts associated with feasible engineering control options identified. This report shall be concise and prepared in accordance with the guidance outline provided in Annex D-1, and will serve as a guiding document for

follow-on designs to be produced. The ESA shall be written in a manner that is easily understood by the general public. Technical supporting data may be included as annexes to the report however the assessment shall be prepared in a manner that clearly conveys the decision options without the need to refer to the technical data. Ideally, the ESA report will not exceed 50 pages exclusive of annexes.

The consultant shall provide a preliminary draft ESA to be presented to the DOI and the Ministry of the Environment, who shall have 2 weeks to provide comments. The consultant shall incorporate comments received and prepare a Draft ESA for Public Comment to be published by the DOI pursuant to Bank safeguard policy and national requirements. During a period of 3 weeks following delivery of the draft for public comment, the consultant shall advertise and conduct 2 public meetings in the St Georges and MBIA area presenting the findings of the ESA and soliciting comments. A record of these meetings shall be kept and comments received shall be documented and incorporated in the Final Environmental Impact Assessment. At the conclusion of the 3 week meeting period, the consultant shall have 2 weeks to incorporate comments received and shall deliver the Final ESA to the DOI and to the Minister of the Environment.

6.3.1. Task 3 Deliverables

• Preliminary Draft ESA - Delivered according to approved work plan. Format: 3 copies in electronic format.

• Draft ESA for Public Comment - Delivered according to approved work plan. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format.

• Final ESA - Delivered according to approved work plan. Format: 3 copies printed, also in electronic format.

7. General Requirements

• The Consultant will report to the Project Portfolio Manager of the DOI or any other person as designated by the Project Coordinator of the Department of Implementation (DOI). All project deliverables will be submitted to DOI with copies to relevant Ministries.

• The DOI in collaboration with relevant Ministries will determine the participants of workshops and provide the Consultant with a list of these participants. The Ministry of the Environment will be responsible for the provision and preparation of workshop venues. All related logistics will be the responsibility of the Ministry of the Environment.

• The DOI will provide office space for the consultant if so required will in Grenada.

• The DOI will provide any available documents, reports, maps etc. that may be required by the Consultant.

8. Duration of Consultancy

Based on the scope of service it is estimated that the duration of the consultancy will be 12 months

9. Minimum Required Qualifications and Experience

The firm must have the following minimum qualifications and experience

• At least 20 years experience in coastal zone management with proven experience in wave studies, oceanography and bathymetry and reef study and analysis • At least 10 years experience in the reef rehabilitation design and construction

Working Team Minimum Requirements

Specialist Minimum Qualifications Minimum Experience

Geotechnical Masters Geotechnical 10 years Engineer/Geologist Engineering/Engineering Geology

Environmental Management Masters degree in 10 years Specialist Environmental Management/Natural Resource Management

Coastal Engineer Masters Coastal Engineering 10 years

Oceanographer Masters degree 10 years Oceanography

Hydrographic Surveyor Masters Hydrography 10 years

Marine Biologist Masters Marine Biology 10 years

Annex D-1 Guidance Outline Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)

The report will include as minimum the following sections and other additions as needed. The body ESA report should be written in a concise and organized manner that can be readily understood by the general public and should, as a guide not exceed 50 pages excluding annexes. Annexes may be used to provide scientific and technical detail as needed to support the body report.

1. Cover page - (indicating the name of the country and the project name) 2. Table of contents 3. List of acronyms 4. Executive Summary - (not more than 2 pages) 5. Description of the Project and Presentation of Alternatives – (Including the no action alternative which serves to present the existing situation and clearly identifying the preferred option) • Purpose and Scope of the Project • No Action Alternative • Alternative 1 • Alternative 2…..etc

6. Legal Framework – (national laws and regulations relevant to Project activities) 7. Description of the Existing Environment – (relevant to Project activities) • Biological (including national or internationally recognized endangered species) • Physical • Socioeconomic 8. Analysis of Impacts • Biological • Physical • Socioeconomic 9. Mitigation Analysis 10. Comparison of Options 11. Record of consultations 12. List of Preparers 13. References 14. Technical Annexes

Appendix E Terms of Reference for Wildlife Management Program

Terms of Reference Wildlife Management Plan Development

Introduction

The economy of Grenada relies heavily on the tourism sector which in 2014 accounted for 24.2% of the country’s GDP. The Maurice Bishop International Airport (MBIA) plays a significant role in tourism as the country’s main point of entry. Grenada has two more airports, Lauriston Airport on the island of Carriacou, where the GoG seeks enhanced capacity and Pearls Airport which is located in the north eastern section of the country but is currently non-operational and where the GoG is interested in establishing an Aviation Academy. Despite, its significance, the MBIA is susceptible to extreme weather events, including tropical storms and their associated storm surges.

The proposed activities will directly improve Grenada’s overall aircraft operational safety and resilience, contributing to the modernization of air navigation systems, implementing ICAO-required RESAs, and strengthening Grenada’s capacity in civil aviation regulation and airport management. Resilience will be strengthened for the RESA, ILS and through technical assistance (such as sea wall defense) and capacity building (climate resilience planning, maintenance, airport operations etc.). Technical assistance activities will also strengthen GAA and the Ministry of Tourism and Civil aviation capacity to manage the MBIA airport with a focus on safety and resilience.

The environmental and social risk classification of the project is Moderate under the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework based on the fact that the project includes the purchase installation of equipment along with minor civil work activities, both of which will take place within land that is already occupied by the airport. There will be no temporary or permanent displacement as a result of the project. Objectives of the Assignment

The consultancy will consist of the conducting of a Wildlife Hazard Assessment, creation of a Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP) and conducting recurrent employee Wildlife Management Training at the Maurice Bishop International Airport, Grenada. In 2009 a wildlife hazard assessment was done, and in August 2019 GAA developed a draft plan. The airport has entered into MOU with the local university for baseline data collection and have identified many of the basic elements for an effective plan. MBIA is seeking the services of a qualified consultant to complete the plan development in conformance with ICAO requirements, and assist with implementing the plan through provision of equipment, materials, and training. The following tasks will be part of the assignment:

• review baseline data and existing plan • develop improvements for the plan that ICAO certifiable • obtain equipment and supplies to implement plan • provide training for all those implementing the plan

The consultant will inter-alia:

• Conduct a comprehensive Wildlife Hazard Assessment. • Identify factors contributing to wildlife hazards at PMA. • Provide recurrent airport employee Wildlife Management Training. • Create a Wildlife Hazard Management Plan after the completion of the Wildlife Hazard Assessment.

The Wildlife Hazard Assessment must be conducted by a qualified wildlife biologist or qualified natural scientist with training in the development of airport wildlife management plan

Scope of Services

The assignment will consist of the following tasks:

• Risk Assessment of the Maurice Bishop International Airport including an analysis of events that prompted the assessment. • Identification of the wildlife species observed and their numbers, locations, local movements, and daily and seasonal occurrences. • Identification and location of features on or near the airport that attract wildlife. • A description of wildlife hazards to air carrier operations. • Recommended actions for reducing wildlife hazards to air carrier operations.

Responsibilities and Deliveries

The products to be delivered will include:

• Risk Assessment of the Maurice Bishop International Airport including: Screening for the Application of the Wildlife Management and Planning Regulation, Description of Airport Operations, Identification of Sources for existing information on Wildlife Strike Data, Description of Wildlife habitats and Resources of the airport, Identification of adjacent lands and extremely hazardous land use practices, Summary of Wildlife Hazards, Discussion of Key Hazards and Hazard Assessments, Risk Assessment • Airport Wildlife Management Plan with sub-sections: Review of Applicable Wildlife Management Measures, Determination of Wildlife Management Activities for MBIA Airport, Monitoring Procedures, Establishment of Performance Indicators and Self-Assessment, Communications Procedures, Training Programs, Implementation Plan

Annex E-1 below provides guidance for the outline of the Wildlife Management Plan. Annex E-1 Guidance Outline for Wildlife Management Plan

The report will include as minimum the following sections and other additions as needed. The report should be written in a concise and organized manner that can be readily understood by the general public and should, as a guide not exceed 50 pages excluding annexes. Annexes may be used to provide scientific and technical detail as needed to support the body report.

Section A: Risk Assessment

1. Introduction

• Screening for the Application of the Wildlife Management and Planning Regulation • Goals and Objectives • Description of Airport Operations and Aircraft Movements and Types • Identification of Sources for Existing Information on Wildlife Strike Data • Description of Wildlife Habitats and Resources On the Airport • Adjacent Lands and Extremely Hazardous Land use Practices • Summary of Key Wildlife Hazards • Discussion of Key Hazards • Hazard Assessments • Risk Assessment

Section 2: Wildlife Management Plan

• Goals and Objectives • Review of Available Wildlife Management Measures • Passive Techniques • Active Techniques • Firearms • Other Permit Requirements • Outside Airport Boundaries • Determination of Wildlife Management Activities for XXX Airport • Monitoring • Daily Wildlife Management Log • Monthly Summary Wildlife Strikes • Establishment of Performance Indicators and Self-Assessment • Summary of Activities and Approaches • Communications Procedures • Training Program • Roles and Responsibilities

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Location Map • Figure 2. Coarse Wildlife Habitat Mapping • Figure 3. Locations of Key Hazardous Land Uses • Figure 4. Elevated Risk Zones • Figure 5. Habitat Connectivity

List of Tables

• Table 1. Local Airport Traffic • Table 2. Itinerant Aircraft Movements • Table 3. Sources for Wildlife Information - On the Airport • Table 4. Sources for Wildlife Information - Outside the Airport • Table 5. Sources for Information on Wildlife Species of Conservation Concern • Table 6. Strike Data for Airport • Table 7. Overview of Wildlife Species Known to Occur on the Airport • Table 8. Key Wildlife Hazards at Airport • Table 9. Airport Traffic • Table 10. Risk Assessment Using Flocking Characteristics and Mass • Table 11. Risk Assessment Matrix for Airport • Table 12. Wildlife Management Priorities for Airport • Table 13. Passive Wildlife Management Techniques • Table 14. Active Wildlife Management Techniques • Table 15. Training Program • Table 16. Key Roles and Responsibilities

Appendices

• Bibliography • MBIA Airport, Wildlife Management Plan, Sign-Off Sheet

Appendix F Terms of Reference for Aviation Sector Strategic Plans

Terms of Reference Development of Aviation Sector Strategic Plans Objectives of Consultancy

A consulting firm (the Consultant) will be recruited to help the Government of Grenada (i) prepare aviation sector strategy, road map, and medium to long-term investment plans, (ii) identify and help implement critical policy actions to achieve operational efficiency, compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) safety standards, prepared in full consultation with all key civil aviation stakeholders; (iii) prepare sector documents, including aviation sector assessment; technical, economic, and financial appraisals; impact assessments; procurement preparation and project implementation arrangements.

Scope of Consulting Services

The approach is to develop integrated program towards: (i) delivery of basic services and sustainable connectivity; (ii) infrastructure investments and capacity development; and (iii) policy interventions to enable sector efficiency, cost recovery and equitable service delivery. The assignment is expected to contribute comprehensively to tackle the physical and non-physical bottlenecks in the sector in close coordination with other development partners. It will consist of three key outputs:

Roadmap, policy framework and strategic plan. The consultant will review existing aviation sector policy and regulatory frameworks, undertake deeper sector analysis of main investment and non-investment bottlenecks, and prepare overall sector growth strategy, policy framework and investment program. The policy framework will identify main challenges and operating conditions related to cost recovery, sustainability, efficiency, competition and targets for change and reform actions. It will also identify gender-inclusive policy actions.

Proposed Tasks and Deliverables

The detailed tasks of the consultants are the following:

1. Policy and Institutional Reform Program

(i) Conduct sector diagnostic studies on policies and institutional reforms aligned to the proposed policy matrix;

(ii) Conduct a civil aviation sector assessment to identify clearly strategic context, policy framework, sector roadmap, core sector problem, issues and opportunities, government sector strategy and challenges and external assistance programs;

(iii) Prepare aviation sector strategy, road map and medium-to long term plans that is linked to the country’s development strategy;

(iv) Draft policy and regulation changes as per policy matrix and conduct policy and institutional reform consultation workshops with stakeholders;

(v) Work on execution of agreed policy actions as per the policy matrix; and

(vi) Civil aviation sector assessment, aviation sector strategy and roadmap, and policy matrix should include gender analysis (including sex disaggregated data) and identify gender-inclusive actions and measures.

3. Financial Analysis and Financial Management Assessment

(i) Undertake a financial management assessment of the executing agencies, and based on such assessment prepare financial management action plan in agreement with the executing agencies;

(ii) Cost estimate of the program and each subproject; and

(iii) Assess the financial viability of the program and each subproject proposed under the program.

Economic Analysis

The consultant will undertake the economic due diligence of the program and its subprojects individually using the methodology and covering the 10 key areas of economic analysis.

4. Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment

Undertake a climate risk and vulnerability assessment of the project. It should cover risks to both its design and its performance. This includes a review of existing information and data on historic climate and projected climate change in Grenada and outcomes of previous and ongoing climate change assessments undertaken in the project area, with specific focus on the Government's climate change adaptation policies; an assessment of potential risks of climate sensitive project components to projected climate change, an assessment of climate resilience of the proposed design, and identification of possible additional adaptive measures. This includes an assessment of the overall approach and of individual components.

5. Capacity Needs Assessment

(i) Hold consultations with national stakeholders to identify capacity gaps in terms of staff skills, systems and infrastructure and other capacity building activities for more efficient and effective control and oversight.

(ii) Based on the information gathered from the consultations, prepare sets of capacity building and training programs, systems and infrastructure development for each agency to scale up their technical, operational and/or regulatory capacity taking into account the existing and required skills to meet national and ICAO standards recommended practices.

Positions required for Consultancy

Civil Aviation Sector Planner

CNS/ATM Specialist

Civil/Airport Engineer

Minimum Qualification Requirements

University degree or equivalent professional qualifications in one or more of the major fields of civil aviation. Minimum of 15 years of experience with a civil aviation administration at managerial level, responsible for planning of national civil aviation development or equivalent professional experience. Experience with multi-disciplinary policy and strategy formulation and planning in the civil aviation environment. Civil aviation organization structuring and human resource planning and development, including manpower requirement assessments and planning of civil aviation training is an advantage.

University degree in electronics engineering or equivalent academic and technical qualifications. Professional or advanced technical expertise in Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management. A minimum of ten years professional experience in the planning, design, installation and evaluation of aeronautical telecommunications systems and navigational aids for aerodromes.

University degree in civil engineering or aerodrome engineering. A minimum of ten years’ experience in the design, construction or modification of aerodromes including experience in directing or supervising cooperative efforts of architects, engineers, construction contractors and others, in aerodrome work. Knowledge of aircraft operational characteristics, landing and take-off criteria and procedures, runway, taxiway and apron strengths and widths, drainage, access routes and roads, car park provisions.

Appendix G Labor Management Procedures (LMP)

1. INTRODUCTION

The Labor Management Procedures (LMP) were developed to address the social risks identified in the Caribbean Regional Air Transport Connectivity Project-Grenada. The procedures are designed to manage the risks associated with labor management by ensuring that measures are in place to manage risks associated with employment under the project and helping to determine the resources necessary for planning and management. The LMP sets out the approach to meeting national requirements as well as the objectives of the World Banks’s Environmental and Social Framework, specifically the objectives of Environmental and Social Standard 2 (ESS2): Labor and Working Conditions and Occupational Health and Safety.

Based on the Project’s Environmental and Social Assessment, risks related to labor and working conditions as well as occupational health and safety are moderate. These risks are understood and are expected to have a limited impact on the project once they are managed by the procedures set out in this Plan. The government is committed, on a continuous basis throughout the life of the project, to evaluate labor risks and impacts and to have adequate measures and procedures in place to manage adverse impacts.

It is important to note the LMP is a live document and will be updated to address any new circumstances which may arise.

2. OVERVIEW OF LABOUR USE ON THE PROJECT

Project workers, as it relates to the applicability of EES2, refers to workers that will be employed or engaged under the project, whether full-time, part-time, or temporary. The two main types of workers anticipated to be employed under this project are direct workers and contracted workers. Each category will be discussed in the following sections in more detail. Workers under the age of 18 will not be permitted to be employed in the implementation of the project.

Direct Workers

To support project implementation, staff would be assigned and engaged to work directly with the project at different stages throughout the life of the project. These staff will be employed by the DOI and will mainly include technical staff with project-specific skills.

Contracted Workers

These will include staff of the Contractor(s) and Sub-contractor(s) engaged to execute the project components. These workers will be a mix of skilled and unskilled labor. It is envisioned that the workers will be a combination of national, regional and international personnel.

It is envisaged that approximately 50 persons will be engaged to work on the project.

Table 1 below provides information on the estimated number of persons that would be engaged in physical works and training activities.

Activities Number of Workers Construction of Runway End Safety Area (RESA) of 90-m 30 length each end of the runway Installation of Instrument Landing System (ILS) (Category I) 6 for approaches to Runway 10 Setting-up Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast 3 (ADS-B) Installation of Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) for 3 Runway 28 Installation of other equipment required to meet ICAO 12 standards such as a second X-ray scanner for cargo and a cold storage Training ($1.5 million) of Air Traffic Control (ATC) staff 3 Table 1-Personnel required for physical works

Migrant Workers: There will not be any migrant workers engaged under the Project. Foreign nationals may be engaged as technical experts.

Table 2 provides information on the scheduling of the activities and labor requirements.

Activities Schedule Workforce Construction of Runway End Safety Area (RESA) of 90-m Q1-Q2 2021 Contractor length each end of the runway Installation of Instrument Landing System (ILS) (Category I) Q1-Q2 2021 Contractor for approaches to Runway 10 Setting-up Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast Q1-Q2 2021 Contractor (ADS-B) Installation of Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) for Q3-Q4 2021 Contractor Runway 28 Installation of other equipment required to meet ICAO Q3-Q4 2020 Contractor standards such as a second X-ray scanner for cargo and a cold storage Training ($1.5 million) of Air Traffic Control (ATC) staff Q1-Q2 2020 Contractor Table 2-Timeline for project activities The gender breakdown of the workers is not know at this stage. However, the project, is committed to gender mainstreaming in all of its activities, including employment. Gender composition will be

determined after the engagement of contract workers. The project will be guided by the national laws including equal employment opportunity.

It is important to note that the timing of labor requirements will be based on the project implementation schedule that will be developed for the project.

3. ASSESSMENT OF KEY POTENTIAL LABOR RISKS

The labor risks involved with the project are moderate. The key labor risks which may be associated with the project activities, and the corresponding mitigation measures, are shown in Table 3 below.

Key Labor Risks Mitigation measures Poor contractor performance as regards Ensure that Contractor’s ESMP is included in Occupational Health and Safety procurement documents, and that supervision is carried out as specified in ESA and ESMPs. Poor or unsafe working conditions Workplaces should have adequate space and exits, fire precautions, lavatories, potable water supply, adequate lighting, safe access, shade or rest ares, and work environment temperature. Establish Health and Safety Plan, procedures and systems for reporting and recording on occupational accidents and diseases, or dangerous occurrences and incidents. Lack of awareness on occupational health and Provide basic training to workers in Health and safety requirements such as use of personal Safety including First Aid, use of Personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe workplace Protection Equipment (PPE), waste management, practices hazardous materials safety. Post and sign to inform workers of key rules and regulations. Ensure workplace Policy is communicated.

Exposure to high levels of continuous noise or Use of hearing protection. No employee will be vibration exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. In addition, no unprotected ear should be exposed to a peak sound pressure level (instantaneous) of more than 140 dB(C). Exposure to dust, fumes, or hazardous materials Dust controlled by periodic wetting of work surfaces and covering of loose materials stockpiles. Use covers (tarps) for trucks in transport. Fumes controlled by use of PPE and/or adequate ventilation. Any asbestos containing material, and any material, soil, or water with hydrocarbons or firefighting foam residuum, requires special management as per

Key Labor Risks Mitigation measures ESMP. Prepare Spill Response Plan and provide training as needed. Possible incidents/accidents due to the movement Implement safety inspection, testing and of machinery and equipment and use of rotating, calibration of power tools; inspect and supervise cutting, or compression tools; electrical safety due the working environment; provide for training in to the use of faulty electrical devices such as cable safe use of tools, compressors, and power plugs, cords, and hand tools. supplies. Possible traffic accidents due to ingress, egress, Prepare Traffic Management Plan and Waste and transportation or storage of construction Management Plan. Construction lay down area materials and supplies to be fenced to prevent access by unauthorized personnel. Store materials at least 1,000 feet from active runways and monitor to prevent Foreign Object Debris (FOD) hazards. Improper sanitation/hygiene facilities to dispose Ensure sanitary facilities are available on site and of their solid wastes, as well as sanitary wastes are properly designed and installed in accordance without any negative impacts on the with local regulation, well maintained to allow environment effective operation, and meet the pretreatment and monitoring requirements of the receiving body into which it discharges. Inadequate medical attention to accidents Ensure basic first aid equipment is available onsite or in immediate vicinity; prepare Emergency Response Plan for accidents or incidents. Discrimination and harassment on the work place Follow the Labor Management Plan. Contractors to develop and implement the Code of Conduct. Institute and operate the Workers Grievance Redress Mechanism (WGRM). Gender discrimination and gender pay gap Follow the Labor Management Plan. Contractors to develop and implement a code of conduct, and implement the requirements of the Labor Standards Act Chapter 89:05 (sec. 24). Table 3- Key Labor Risks and mitigation measures

Further information on Occupational Health and Safety is provided in the ESA and the ESMPs which are annexed to it. This Labor Management Procedure provides additional information on other key risks and corresponding mitigation measures.

4. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LABOUR LEGISLATION: TERMS & CONDITIONS

GRENADA EMPLOYMENT ACT 1999

The overarching major national labor legislation in Grenada is the Employment Act of 1999 which regulates the terms and conditions of employment. The guiding principles reside on the prohibition of forced labor, discrimination, equal pay for equal works, as well as, remedies for infringements of rights. The Act makes it mandatory for employers to furnish employees with written particulars of

employment, stating hours of work, wages, leave entitlements, job description, grievance procedures, benefits if any among others.

Specifically, Part VI deals with the matter of hours of work and continuity of employment and will apply to the risk of extended hours of work as perceived as a minor risk to the project. Part VII speaks to Protection and Regulation of wages, Part VIII - Leave entitlements and other benefits and Part IX expounds on discipline and termination of employment.

The Employment Act of Grenada strictly prohibits discrimination of employees based on race, color, national extraction, social origin, religion, political opinion, sex, marital status, family responsibilities or disability. An employee also has the right, by law, to remove himself or herself from a work situation which he or she reasonably believes presents an imminent or serious danger to life or health.

5. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LABOUR LEGISLATION: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

There is no legislation on Occupational Health and Safety. Nevertheless, Grenada has an Occupational Health and Safety Policy which is discussed in Section 7 below.

6. RESPONSIBLE STAFF

The DOI, through the project manager, will be responsible for the engagement and management of all project workers. The project manager will be the direct staff responsible for the engagement of project workers, contractors and subcontractors. The project manager will be responsible for the overall management of all project workers and contractors and subcontractors.

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) will be the responsibility of the Environmental and Social Specialist assigned to the DOI. Contractors will assign a member of staff with responsibility for matters related to health and safety. In large firms, this member of staff may be a specialist in the area of OHS, for smaller firms and sub-contractors a member of staff with training and experience in OHS can suffice. A Code of Conduct for workers is required and will be developed and implemented.

The safety representative will ensure that any complaint on health and safety are recorded and reported to the DOI Environmental and Social Specialist.

Training of Workers: The DOI Environmental and Social Specialist will liaise with the contractors’ OHS representative for the necessary capacity building activities of the contractor’s management staff and workers. Training of workers in environmental and social standards and OHS will be the responsibility of the DOI Environmental and Social Specialist. Training on the Code of Conduct will be conducted by the Project Manager with assistance from the DOI Environmental and Social Specialist.

Worker Grievances: The process for addressing workers grievance will be the Grievance Redress Mechanism of the project (described in the section of the document on GRM).

7. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

In an effort to mitigate the environmental and social impact relating to the project, mitigation measures will be put in place by incorporating standardized clauses in the contract documents so that the contractors will be aware of environmental and social obligations under the project. The DOI will ensure compliance by the contractor with these clauses.

The project OHS policy will be as follows:

PURPOSE

The primary purpose of this OHS Policy is the safety and health of all the project employees at work and the protection of the environment and conservation of resources associated with the project. The policy also establishes and defines the authority for the OHS and associate safety systems. The policy will be enforced on all activities of the project and contractors and sub-contractors of the project through contractual arrangements as is appropriate.

SCOPE

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), occupational health, or workplace health and safety (WHS), is concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. Safety is defined as “the well-being of project employees whilst at work or carrying out work duties”. Project Employee for the Project is defined as “anyone employed by activities of the project including employees of contractors and subcontractors on a full-time or a part-time basis”.

OSH Management System is the standards, policies, guidelines, that address project workers’ safety, monitoring and evaluation of safety, workers’ health, work and general environment.

POLICY

The obligations of the project under the OSH policy includes the following:

• Compliance with all national associated legislation and international OSH legislation that are applicable to Grenada and the World Bank; • Compliance with the Environmental and Social Safeguards of the World Bank; • Prevention of injury and ill health of all project workers; • Establishment of safety systems, processes and performance; • Continuous improvement of Safety Systems; • Management and mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts; and, • Prevention of use of faulty equipment or sub-standard equipment.

The project will commit to safety considerations in the conduct of all of its activities and that of contractors and sub-contractors. The project will provide systems, processes, procedures, the necessary safety equipment and gears, and training for all project employees so that all activities are conducted in a safe environment.

Employees will be responsible, subject to their roles, for the maintenance of a safe working environment, including the assessment of risks and actions to mitigate minimize and manage risks to the safety of the work environment.

The project will continually improve this OHS policy and implement systems, processes, supporting policies, and services that are national and international in compliance with national and international legal requirements including industry standards and best practices in relation to safety.

Employees at all levels have the authority to stop any activity they consider to be a danger to themselves or other workers, the public or the environment. The project is committed to non-retaliation to stop-work actions by project workers.

The Environment and Social Specialist of the DOI is responsible for the implementation and monitoring of the safety management systems of the project. The Environmental and Social Specialist will develop sub-policies, guidelines, procedures, instructions and training and awareness materials to support this policy.

DISSEMINATION AND AWARENESS

The OHS policy will be disseminated to all project workers and stakeholders. The information will be dissemination in various formats including an adapted and summarized version.

8. AGE OF EMPLOYMENT

The project will be guided by the (Grenada Employment Act , 1999) which states that the minimum age of employment in Grenada is sixteen (16) years old. In addition to the Employment Act, Grenada is a signatory to the following international conventions related to the minimum age of employment:

• Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC): “Signed on the 19th April 1990 and ratified on the 9th October 1990” (UNICEF, 2015); • Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No.138) ( (International Labor Organization , 2017); • Forced Labor Convention, 1930 (No. 29) (International Labor Organization , 2017); • Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (No. 182) (International Labor Organization , 2017); • Medical Examination of Young Persons Convention, 1921 (No. 16) (International Labor Organization , 2017); • UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict (U.S. Department of Labor , 2017); • UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (U.S. Department of Labor , 2017); and, • Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons (U.S. Department of Labor , 2017).

Employees over the minimum age of 16 and under the age of 18, may be employed or engaged in connection with the project only under the following specific conditions:

1. The work is not likely to be hazardous and is not harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development, and will not interfere with the child’s education; 2. An appropriate risk assessment is conducted prior to the work commencing; and, 3. The Borrower conducts regular monitoring of health, working conditions, hours of work and the other requirement of ESS2: Labor and working conditions.

The following process will be followed to verify the age of project workers:

All project employees will be asked to produce identification documents (ID) that are acceptable in local laws, employment and human resources practices as “proof of age”. These forms of ID will be birth certificates, national drivers’ licenses and national registration cards. In the absence of one of aforementioned forms of IDs, the project will apply and document an age verification process. The age verification process will consist of alternative methods including copies of academic certificates, testimony/affidavits from officials of the schools attended, a medical examination, statements from family members and parish/village officials/local authorities. In addition, all documents will be cross- referenced and subjected to a verification process to ensure the validity of the documents. In instances where the documents are thought to be falsified, the project will conduct the same process to ensure their authenticity. In all of the processes the attendant care will be provided to ensure that the applicant or employee’s data are protected and their right to privacy is guaranteed. All copies of the IDs and documents pertaining to the applicant's age and other supporting materials will be kept in files with the human resources personnel. Audits and controls of the process will be a requirement of the contractors and included in the contracts, in keeping with the Grenada Employment Act of 1999.

In the event that underage workers are found working on the project the following actions will be undertaken:

• Termination of the contract and services agreement immediately as per the Labor Act of Grenada; • Schedule a meeting with the child and seek to determine the reasons for seeking employment; • Refer the child to other support services including social services and the Ministry of Education; • Leverage the services of Non-government and Community Based Organizations to assist the child; and, • Consider employing another adult member of the family if the child’s family is determined to be vulnerable or in dire circumstances.

The Grenada Employment Act of 1999 will be used as a guide in the conduct of the assessment of risks associated with persons below the age of 18. The procedure for assessing the risks will be as follows:

• All persons will be asked to provide a medical certificate with the results of a medical examination; • An assessment will be done of the tasks assigned, to ensure that persons below the age of 18 are not subjected to hazards and risks; • There will be clear policy guidelines regarding supervision of young persons to prevent exploitation and sexual harassment; and, • Young persons will be provided with educational and awareness information on the policies of the workplace including sexual harassment policies and labor related grievances and the grievance redress mechanism of the project.

9. TERMS AND CONDITIONS

The following terms and conditions apply to project workers in accordance with the Grenada Employment Act of 1999.

CONTRACTS

The project, contractor, subcontractor, and any other assignees of contracts shall pay rates of wages and observe hours and conditions of employment which are not less favorable than those established in the country as part of the Grenada Employment Act (1999).

Contractors and sub-contractors shall be certified according to the Government Requirements for governmental contractors. This includes that contractors are to certify that the wages and conditions of employment of all those employed by the contractor, in the trade or industry in which the contractor is seeking to contract with the Government, are fair and reasonable.

The contracts will be guided by the principle of collective bargaining. Where there is no minimum wage or rates established in the country, the guiding principle will be of fair wages and reasonable rates commensurate with governmental minimum wage and similar established rates and conditions.

In keeping with the Employment Act, the contractor shall keep proper wage records and time sheets for all those employed in relation to the execution of the contract, and the contractor shall produce the wage records and timesheets for the inspection of any person assigned by the project, the Labor authorities of Grenada or the World Bank.

Contractors are required by law, to post conditions of work in conspicuous places, informing workers of their rights and conditions of work.

The contractor shall ensure sufficient insurance so as to pay compensation to workers under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, Chapter 343. 9.

A subcontractor shall be bound to conform to the conditions of the main contract and the main contractor shall be responsible for the observance of all contract conditions.

Contractors and subcontractors shall acknowledge the right of their workers to be members of trade unions.

MINIMUM WAGE

All project workers shall be paid a wage that is above or equal to the minimum wage as established by the Government of Grenada. Wages will be paid on a weekly, bi-weekly or monthly basis. Each employee is entitled to a statement accompanying pay that includes the following: “(a) the employee’s gross wages due at the end of that pay period; (b) the amount of every deduction from his or her wages during that pay period and the purpose for which each deduction was made; and (c) the employee’s net wages payable at the end of that pay period.”

HOURS OF WORK

The maximum number of ordinary hours of work for employees shall be 40 hours per week with the ordinary working days being Mondays to Saturdays.

Project employees are prohibited from working more than 10 hours per day inclusive of two hours for lunch and rest periods. No person under the age of eighteen years shall be employed or allowed to work between the hours of 9.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. Other provisions related to hours of work will be guided by the Employment Act on this matter.

10. WORKER GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

The Grievance Redress Mechanism for all Project Workers is as follows:

Contractors and or their designated representative will be the point of contact for all Grievances. In the case of project management staff, the point of contact will be the Permanent Secretary. The contractor will designate a staff member who will be responsible to receive grievances

Upon receipt of Grievances, the contractor staff / Permanent Secretary or Representative will notify the project manager and Environmental and Social Specialist. Grievances will be registered in a registry of complaint and all information related to the handling of the grievances will be recorded in the registry. In the case of issues with project management staff, the Project Manager may be required to exclude herself or himself it the complaint directly involves him or her.

The contractor will attempt to address grievance within established time frame of 3 weeks of receipt of complaint. In cases of timely or urgent matters, a period of a minimum of 24 hours and a maximum of 7 days will be allotted for addressing or resolving the grievance. Grievances can be made in person, via telephone call or in writing. Grievances can also be made anonymously. A dedicated email and telephone number will be provided for all Grievances. For grievances made via telephone or in person, a written account will be compiled, and the complainant will be asked to verify its authenticity and sign that it is an accurate account.

The Grievance Redress Mechanism of the project will be published on the Ministry of Finance’s website. The GRM for project workers will be disseminated through the use of signs at project work site, brochures and handbills, SMS messages sent to project workers’ mobile phones and training sessions. Additionally, its existence and structure will be disclosed to workers once they have been hired. .

The contractor or his designated staff member will notify the Project Manager through a report of the successful resolution of any grievance. The complainant will also be informed, in writing, of the measures taken to resolve the grievance.

If the grievance cannot be resolved by the contractor, the contractor will inform the Project Manager and Environmental and Social Specialist .

The Environmental and Social Specialist and Project Manager will meet with the project contractor and workers and attempt resolution. In the case of project management staff, the Permanent Secretary will meet directly with the staff.

If the grievance still cannot be resolved, it will be referred to the Ministry of Labor for their action and pronouncement.

The Ministry of Labor’s ruling would be the final tier of the grievance mechanism.

If still unresolved, either party may seek redress in the courts of the Country.

Parties involved will be advised that they can directly contact the Implementing Ministry.

ADDRESSING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

The GRM will specify an individual who will be responsible for dealing with any gender-based violence (GBV) issues, should they arise. A list of GBV service providers will be kept available by the project. The GRM should assist GBV survivors by referring them to GBV Services Provider(s) for support immediately after receiving a complaint directly from a survivor.

If GBV related incident occurs, it will be reported through the GRM, as appropriate and keeping the survivor information confidential. Specifically, the GRM will only record the following information related to the GBV complaint:

• The nature of the complaint (what the complainant says in her/his own words without direct questioning); • If, to the best of their knowledge, the perpetrator was associated with the project; and, • If possible, the age and sex of the survivor.

Any cases of GBV brought through the GRM will be documented. It will remain closed/sealed to maintain the confidentiality of the survivor. Here, the GRM will primarily serve to:

• Refer complainants to the GBV Services Provider; and • Record the resolution of the complaint

The GRM will also immediately notify both the IA and the World Bank of any GBV complaints WITH THE CONSENT OF THE SURVIVOR.

11. CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT

It is mandated that the contractor execute the management of the contract in a manner that is acceptable to the client and is in accordance to the World Bank rules and regulations as it relates to ESS2, specifically relating to the selection process for contractors, management of labor issues, including health and safety, procedures for managing and monitoring of performance for contractors, as well as reporting on workers under the project.

Information on Public Records: The Contractor must have in place information on corporate registers and documents relating to the violation of applicable law, including reports from labor inspectorates and other enforcement bodies.

Certification and Approval of Business and Workers: Documentation of approved business licenses, registration, permits and other approvals and workers’ certification/permits and training to perform the work.

Health and Safety: Document and have in place labor management systems as it relates to organizational health and safety. Records of incidents and corresponding root cause analysis with a corrective mitigation plan. First aid cases, high potential near misses, and remedial and preventive activities required. Identification and establishment of safety committee and records of meetings

Workers Payroll Records: Documentation of the number of hours work and pay received inclusive of all payments made on their behalf, for example payment made to the National Insurance Scheme and other entitlements regardless of the workers being engaged on a short- or long-term assign mentor fulltime or part time worker.

12. COMMUNITY WORKERS

Due to the technical nature of the project, the project does not envisage the hiring of community workers on the work. However, in the case community workers are hired by the project, they will be provided with contracts similar to other project staff and workers. The Grievance Redress Mechanism of the project will also be applicable to community workers of the project.

13. PRIMARY SUPPLY WORKERS

The Project Implementation Unit will not directly procure any primary supply contracts. Each contractor who subcontracts the supply of materials and equipment for project implementation will be responsible to include the same conditions and specifications of ESHS aspects in its subcontracting agreements.

Appendix H Control of Work in Progress on the Movement Area

Appendix I Airport Surface Inspections

Appendix J Chance Find Procedure

The project works could impact sites of social, sacred, religious, or heritage value. “Chance find” procedures would apply when those sites are identified during the design phase or during the actual construction period.

Cultural property includes monuments, structures, works of art, or sites of significant points of view, and are defined as sites and structures having archaeological, historical, architectural, or religious significance, and natural sites with cultural values. This includes cemeteries, graveyards and graves.

In the event of finding of properties of cultural value during construction, the following procedures for identification, protection from theft, and treatment of discovered artifacts should be followed and included in standard bidding document.

• Immediately stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. • Delineate the discovered site or area. • Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. • Notify the DOI who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities. • Responsible local authorities and the relevant Ministry would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. • Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the relevant Ministry. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance), conservation, restoration and salvage. • Implementation of the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the relevant Ministry. • Construction work could resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities and the relevant Ministry concerning safeguard of the heritage. • The World Bank needs to be notified by DOI on the issues and actions taken. • These procedures must be referred to as standard provisions in construction contracts. During project supervision, the DOI shall monitor the above regulations relating to the treatment of any chance find encountered. • Relevant findings will be recorded in Progress Reports and the overall effectiveness of the project’s cultural property mitigation, management, and activities will be assessed.

Appendix K Environmental and Social Screening Form for CERC

INTRODUCTION

This Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) has been designed to assist in the evaluation of planned construction and rehabilitation activities under CERC. The form will assist to identify environmental and social impacts and their mitigation measures, if any. It will also assist in the determination of requirements for further environmental and social work (such as environmental and social management plan) if necessary.

The form helps to determine the characteristics of the prevailing local bio-physical and social environment with the aim of assessing the potential impacts of the construction and rehabilitation activities on the environment by the sub-project.

Environmental and Social Screening Form for CERC Subprojects

Sub-project Name:

Brief Description of the Sub-project:

Key Activities of the Sub-project:

Sub-Project Location:

Name & Signature of Environment and Social Staff: Date of Field Screening:

Appraisal Significance Potential Mitigation Measures

Yes/No Low, medium, high

1.0 Environmental Screening

Will the project generate the following impacts

1.1 Loss of trees

1.2 Soil erosion/siltation in the area

1.3 Pollution to land-diesel, oils

1.4 Dust emissions

1.5 Solid and liquid wastes

1.5 Spread of HIV/AIDS and other STI

1.6 Borrow pits and pools of stagnant water

1.7 Rubble/heaps of excavated soils

1.8 Invasive tree species

1.9 Long term depletion of water

1.11 Reduced flow of water

1.12 Nuisance from noise or smell

1.13 Loss of soil fertility

1.14 Incidence of flooding

2.0 Resettlement Screening

Will the project generate the following negative social and economic impacts?

2.1 Loss of land to households

2.2 Loss of properties –houses, structures

2.3 Loss trees, fruit trees by households

2.4 Loss of crops by people

2.5 Loss of access to river/forests/grazing area

2.6 Impact cultural site, graveyard land

2.7 Conflicts over use of local water resources

2.8 Disruption of important pathways, roads

2.9 Loss communal facilities

2.10 Loss of livelihood system

2.11 Spread of HIV/AIDS

2.12 Blockages to footpath/roads

Overall evaluation of Screening Exercises.

The results of the screening process would be either the proposed sub - projects would be exempted or subjected to further environmental and resettlement assessments. The basis of these options is listed in the table below:

Review of Environmental Screening Tick Review of Resettlement Screening Tick

(OP 4.12)

1. The project is cleared. No high or 1.The project is cleared. high or substantial risks substantial risks and impacts. and impacts

(When all scores are “No” in form) (Where scores are all “No”, “few” in form)

2.There is need for further assessment. 2.There is need for resettlement/compensation. (when some score are “Yes, High” in (When some score are “Yes, High” in form form)

Endorsement by Environmental and Social Officer

Name

Signature: Date

Appendix L Waste Management for CERC

Waste categorization.

Different type of wastes has different nature of composition and create different consequence to human health and environment. In case of natural disaster due to flood and landslides, mud, rocks, and other physical wastes such as broken trunks, trees, building/house structures, schools, hospitals, etc. may be expected. The identified wastes may fall into two main groups of waste types: non-hazardous wastes and hazardous wastes (see scope in Box 1). If practical, a Waste Inventory should be produced that covers disposal/treatment options which will be used to manage the wastes generated during construction and/or implementation of the subproject.

Box 1: scope of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes

Hazardous/Toxic/Sanitary wastes are wastes with Non-hazardous wastes: This may include (a) physical, chemical or biological hazards such as toxic durable wastes that will be in use/operation chemicals (and their containers/packages), general for years or decades (e.g. tractors, medical wastes (used bandages, empty medication motorcycles, trucks, ambulances, boats, bottles, used syringes), hazardous (batteries, used analytical equipment, computers, plastics, oil, lamp, fluorescent, electrical products etc.), and etc.). Many of these wastes can be recycled other dangerous wastes (e.g. glass bottles, knife, and reused with appropriate knowledge and pharmaceutical products, etc.). This amount of understanding. This may include many types waste is expected to be small due to the emergency of general wastes/debris with inert chemical nature and low population in general. Nonetheless, properties, no physical hazards (e.g. towels, these wastes need to be collected, stored, and aluminum cooking bowels, soap, blankets, disposed of safely. Sanitary wastes (such as toilet etc.), trees, branches, wooden structure from waste, food wastes, etc.) may be included in this building/house, bricks/cement, etc. With category to reflect the need for special attention to proper management, they can be reused as avoid potential impacts on human health and local appropriate environment.

Safe/Appropriate Collection, Storage, and Disposals.

Hazardous/Toxic wastes can be divided into medical waste, common hazardous waste, and waste with asbestos-contaminated. These wastes will be managed as follows:

• Medical wastes: Will be managed according to the national regulation. Medical waste will be incinerated as far as possible, and all remains safely disposed, again in a safely engineered and operated facility. Temporary storage in a facility deemed safe, until proper disposal can be found will be necessary. Sanitary wastes will be managed according to local regulations regarding sanitary waste and good hygienic practices. • Common hazardous / noxious wastes (such as oils, solvents, paints etc.) would have to be safely stored in suitable containers and disposed in a facility designed, constructed and operated for

the safe disposal of hazardous wastes. Special facilities will be identified to treat e.g. spent engine oils, or incinerate solvents, paints etc. Such facilities commonly include cement kilns, where organic solvents, oils, bitumen etc. can be incinerated safely under high temperature. • Asbestos-contamination wastes. Use of asbestos or asbestos-based construction materials has been banned in most developed countries due to its effect to human health. However, in developing countries, they are often used as part of construction materials (such as panel/ceiling etc.) due to its low cost. For the subproject construction, asbestos-based construction materials will not be allowed, and this is included in the ineligibility list. Given the lack of knowledge on debris from construction structure, care will be required to ensure that the service provider can identify the debris/structure that may be contaminated and ensure proper disposal of these wastes. • A number of non-hazardous wastes could be generated resulting from the subproject activities. In summary the main non-hazardous construction wastes will include: metals (scrap metal); textiles (clothing, towels, tents); timber (packaging materials); containers (steel and plastic); waste paper, card and cardboard (packaging materials); plastics (packaging materials, tarpaulins, bottles); glass bottles. These wastes will be managed as follows: • Metals will be provided to the local community (if required) for re-use or stored until an appropriate landfill has been established or recycled if a suitable facility is available. It is expected that the commercial value of scrap metal will facilitate recycling options. • Timber, e.g. from redundant untreated wooden packaging will be provided to the local communities for firewood and re-use. • In first instance, plastics materials (e.g. bottles) will be recycled. Plastics materials, which are unable to be recycled, will be transferred to a suitable landfill or for storage prior to the development of such landfill. • Glass bottles will be segregated and returned to the supplier for reuse, as far as possible. Prime recyclables (e.g. paper, card, plastics) will, as far as is practicable, be segregated for recovery/recycling. These materials will be supplied to the local community for reuse and recycling or to an approved third party facility.

The following options will be used to handle waste containers (which contained non-hazardous materials): re-used for storage (including waste storage if suitable); returned to supplier (if possible); supplied to the local community for re-use; disposed to landfill as last resort.

Reuse/Recycle

During the waste management process mentioned above, efforts will be made to reuse and recycle wastes. Special attention will be given not to give the asbestos-based materials to people for reuse and/or properly dispose them.

Reusable and Recyclable Wastes

Waste Reuse/Recycle method

Waste vegetable matter Waste vegetable matter ONLY may be provided to the local community to be used as animal feed.

Waste paper, card and Provided to local community for reuse or to approved recycling plant cardboard

Plastics Either sent to recycling plant for chipping / and/or provided to local community for reuse.

Glass Bottles Returned to supplier for reuse.

Lubricating Oil Returned to supplier.

Timber Timber packaging (which cannot be reused) will be made available for communities to use as firewood.

Metal If possible, provided to local community for reuse or to a third-party company for export and recycling

Containers (metal and Reused by for storage, returned to supplier or provided to local Plastic) community for reuse (non-hazardous materials ONLY).

Temporary Storage

Due to the lack of safe and proper disposal of sanitary land, temporary storage may be the best options, but this will be allowed on a case by case basis, until suitable treatment and disposal facilities have been developed.

Training

During the implementation, efforts will be made to provide basic knowledge to all staff and service providers regarding mishandling of toxic and hazardous to human health and environment and to ensure that they are aware of proper methods to handle them.

Appendix M Environmental and Social Rules for Contractors

These Environmental and Social Rules for Contractors are prepared for all the contractors to be engaged rehabilitation and reconstruction activities of projects under CERC. The guidelines include provisions for proper management of construction sites, safe storage of construction materials and safe disposal of wastes.

1.0 General Considerations

a) The contractor shall, in all his activities ensure maximum protection of the environment and the socio-economic wellbeing of the people affected by the project, whether within or outside the physical boundaries of the subproject area. b) Before any construction works begin, the contractor shall ensure that the relevant environmental and land acquisition certificates of authorization for the works have been required under the national legislation. c) In general, the contractor shall familiarize himself with the Environmental and Social Management Plans. Specifically, the contractor shall make every effort to follow and implement the recommendations and mitigation measures of the ESMP to the satisfaction of client and all relevant agencies. d) The contractor shall work in cooperation and in coordination with the Project Management Team and/or any other authority appointed to perform or to ensure that the social and environmental work is performed according to the provisions of the Environmental and Social Screening and environmental management plans for sub-projects. e) The contractor shall always keep on site and make available to Environmental Inspectors or any authorized persons, copies of the ESMPs for the monitoring and evaluation of environmental and social impacts and the level or progress of their mitigation.

2.0 Acquisition of Construction Materials

a) The contractor shall ensure that construction materials such as sand, quarry stone, soils or any other construction materials are acquired from approved suppliers and that the production of these materials by the suppliers or the contractor does not violate the environmental regulations or procedures on mining. Collection of sand by communities will be guided by local council’s by- laws.

3.0 Movement and Transportation of Construction Materials a) The movement and transportation of construction materials to and within the construction sites shall be done in a manner that generates minimum impacts on the environment and on the community, as required by the ESMPs.

4.0 Storage of Construction Materials and Equipment Construction materials shall be stored in a manner to ensure that: a) There is no obstruction of service roads, passages, driveways and footpaths; b) Where it is unavoidable to obstruct any of the service paths, the contractor shall provide temporary or alternate by-passes without inconveniencing the flow of traffic or pedestrians; c) There is no obstruction of drainage channels and natural water courses; d) There is no contamination of surface water, ground water or the ground; e) There is no access by public or unauthorized persons, to materials and equipment storage areas; f) There is no access by staff, without protective clothing, to materials and equipment storage areas; g) Access by public or unauthorized persons, to hazardous, corrosive or poisonous substances including asbestos lagging, sludge, chemicals, solvents, oils or their receptacles such as boxes, drums, sacks and bags is prohibited; h) Access by staff, without the appropriate protective clothing, to hazardous, corrosive or poisonous substances including asbestos lagging, sludge, chemicals, solvents, oils or their receptacles such as boxes, drums, sacks and bags is prohibited.

5.0 Safe Disposal of Construction Waste

a) Construction waste includes but is not limited to combustion products, dust, metals, rubble, timber, water, waste water and oil. Hence construction waste constitutes solid, liquid and gaseous waste and smoke. b) In performing his activities, the contractor shall use the best practical means for preventing emissions of noxious or offensive substances into the air, land and water. He shall make every effort to render any such emissions (if unavoidable) inoffensive and harmless to people and the environment. c) The contractor shall comply with the regulations for disposal of construction/demolition wastes, waste water, combustion products, dust, metals, rubble and timber. Wastewater treatment and discharge will conform to the applicable regulations by the relevant Local Authority and Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development. d) Asbestos wastes, PCBs and other hazardous wastes shall be treated and disposed of in conformity with the national regulations and where applicable, with the supervision of qualified personnel.

6.0 Occupational Health and Safety of Workers.

a) The contractor shall provide all necessary protective clothing for workers exposed to hazardous and dangers work activities. b) All workers shall be regularly sensitized on safety regulations on the site. c) The contractor shall be guided by and shall adhere to the relevant national safety cardinal rules on the site. d) The construction shall maintain on the site first aid kits for male and female workers. e) Workers shall be provided with clean potable water on the site and safety cooking places f) Workers shall be provided with wash rooms and ventilated pit latrines.

7.0 HIV/AIDS Awareness and Orientation for workers.

a) The contractor shall arrange for HIV/AIDS awareness and orientation programs for the construction workers to ensure their understanding of the relevant issues. These will be budgeted elements within Bill of quantities for a construction project.