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PT-No36-R. Norris. Vol48 No1 2012 HarBor Laboratories on San Juan Island, and that Phycological Trailblazer was pivotal in orienKng his future plans toward No. 36 phycology. For his doctoral research, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, under Richard Norris the supervision of Prof. G. F. Papenfuss (Norris 1983B). He undertook a study of the (Originally printed in the Phycological Newsle6er. Kallymeniaceae, a family of red algae with 2012. Vol. 48 No. 1) extremely complicated pre- and post-ferKlizaKon stages. He spent long hours at the microscope, Richard Earl Norris, who was Born in and with his camera lucida he unraveled the very Sea6le, Washington, on April 13, 1926, had a complicated pre- and post-ferKlizaKon stages to very early introducKon to the algae. This early grasp what was going on. In his 1957 thesis interest sparked a life-long dedicaKon to the puBlicaKon he explained these stages and also algae, Both micro- and macro-, of freshwater, that there was a transiKon from the marine and Brackish habitats, of polycarpogonial condiKon to the interKdal and suBKdal habitats monocarpogonial system in the or out on the high seas, and of genus Callophyllis. He also all groups. I think that a concluded that procarps hallmark of his illustrious seemed to have had an career is that he has had such independent origin in the an all-encompassing family Kallymeniaceae, and he fascinaKon with the algae. Few established that the procarpial contemporary phycologists condiKon is polyphyleKc in the have maintained such a Broad red algae. outlook in their research on Aeer compleKng his PhD, the algae. Over his long career he stayed in Berkeley, and he he puBlished essenKally on all and his wife Louisa were categories: red algae (including employed By the RadiaKon the corallines), green algae Laboratory of UC. They (including prasinophytes), maintained large, Bacteria-free Brown algae, Chrysophyceae, cultures of algae of numerous diatoms, prymnesiophytes phyla (Norris, L., et al. 1955), (including the coccolithoph- and some of these strains were orids), choanoflagellates, used By Melvin Calvin in his euglenoids, and dinoflagellates. experiments on photosynthesis. With David HiBBerd, he was Calvin, who would Be awarded the first to recognize and the NoBel Prize for Chemistry in establish the new division 1961, elucidated the molecular Chlorarachniophyta. His papers Richard Norris in Hawaii. (Photo by Terilee Wingate) steps in carBon fixaKon (the cover the “water-front”: light-independent “Calvin Cycle”). systemaKcs, morphology, Two of the three Norris children, ecology, ultrastructure, and culturing and life- Richard, Jr., and Jack, were Born in Berkeley history studies. In the current age of [Their third child, Laura, would Be Born in specializaKon, it is rare that a researcher carries Minneapolis]. In 1955 Norris joined the Botany on such a Broad perspecKve on the algae, and Department of the University of Minnesota, Rich Norris is such a rare individual. where he stayed unKl 1962. During that period in As an undergraduate at the University of the Twin CiKes, he supervised Richard Meyer in Washington, Norris took a summer course on his doctoral research and Rita Horner and RoBert algae taught By Prof. H. Weston Blaser at Friday !1 Fig. 1. Thamnophyllis pocockiae R.E. Norris. Paratype (in MICH) from Strandfontein, South Africa. Scale Bar: 4 cm. Rasmussen for their Masters degrees. He also ventured to New Zealand on a FulBright Fellowship in 1958 and again in late 1962-early 1963, when he made collecKons of marine algae at Ringaringa and at Halfmoon Bay. He later collaborated with Nancy Adams, Elsie Conway, and Mrs. E. Willa in compiling a list of the algae Fig 2. (a). Coccosphere (collapsed) of of Stewart Island (Adams et al., 1974). He has Gliscolithus amitakarenae R.E. Norris and (B) a also puBlished on his studies of the single coccolith, termed a gliscolith. (Images phytoplankton oBserved in Wellington HarBour courtesy of Dr. Claudia Sprengel and Dr. Jeremy (Norris, 1964a). He later resumed his earlier Young). Scale Bar: 1 µm. interest on the Kallymeniaceae and puBlished on that family in South Africa (1964B), descriBing managed to capture photomicrographs of the the new genus Thamnophyllis Based on T. phytoplankton, depicKng living unarmored pocockiae (Fig. 1). With Bryan Womersley, he dinoflagellates (Norris, 1966). Ceratolithus had studied and puBlished on the memBers of this Been known only from the fossil state. He was family from southern Australia (Womersley & the first to oBserve living cells of this genus and Norris, 1971). erected the new family Ceratolithaceae (Norris, In 1961 Norris Became a staff memBer of 1965a). In another puBlicaKon Norris (1967a) the U. S. NaKonal Museum (Smithsonian descriBed “algal consorKsms” oBserved in the InsKtuKon). At this Kme there was the amBiKous plankton. He captured images of living InternaKonal Indian Ocean ExpediKon. With dinoflagellates, silicoflagellates, and diatoms support from the U.S NaKonal Science with symBioKc cyanoBacteria as well as FoundaKon and as part of the U.S. Program in radiolarians and ciliates harBoring zooxanthellae Biology, he joined two cruises of the R/V Anton and green algae. He took numerous plankton Bruun in the Indian Ocean, the first cruise within tows for later examinaKon Back in the lab, which the Bay of Bengal and the second cruise resulted in several puBlicaKons. He was following the 70°E longitude from BomBay to parKcularly drawn to algal groups that were 37°S laKtude and returning northward to Sri notoriously difficult to preserve. By examining Lanka on the 80°E longitude. Despite the the gut contents of salps, he was able to make hardship of a rocking ship on the high seas, he oBservaKons on some rare and unusual species !2 of Both calcareous and siliceous nannoplankton person to succeed in maintaining silicoflagellates (Norris, 1971a, B). Some of this research on in culture (By slightly reducing the salinity and in these Indian Ocean collecKons was not growing them in large vessels) and to oBtain puBlished unKl some years later, such as two many new insights about their Biology and elegant studies that included the ultrastructure taxonomy, thanks to her oBtaining clonal of two families of coccolithophorids, the cultures and then oBserving the range of Rhabdosphaeraceae and the variaKon in their skeletons lee Behind in the Calyptrosphaeraceae, with keys to the genera culture dishes (Van ValkenBerg, 1971a, B; Van (Norris, 1984a, 1985B). He descriBed a new kind ValkenBerg & Norris, 1970). Norris had the good of coccolith, the gliscolith, in his new genus fortune of spending many summers teaching at Gliscolithus (Norris, 1985b, c) (Fig. 2). Friday HarBor Labs, and this allowed him to While he was in BomBay, India, aeer the make many discoveries of new records of conclusion of his second seaweeds for the local flora cruise on the Anton (Norris & West, 1966, Bruun, Norris received an 1967; Norris & Wynne, offer of a posiKon from 1968; Norris & the University of HollenBerg, 1969). His Washington, his interests conKnued to Be undergraduate alma Broad. He studied mater. He accepted the neustonic marine offer and quickly found choanoflagellates from himself Being called upon the Kdal pools of to mentor several California and graduate students. Over Washington, descriBing his tenure at the new genera (Norris, University of Washington, 1965b). Norris Became mentor to His research numerous graduate included diatoms, and students, Both Masters with his student Dennis and Doctoral candidates, Russell the new diatom and Because these Fig. 3. Colony of Chlorarachnion reptans Geitler. genus Sameioneis was students themselves had (Courtesy of Dr. John ArchiBald). Scale Bar: 10 μm. descriBed; it grew such varied research a6ached to copepods interests, it caused Rich to move into many new (Russell & Norris, 1971). Another new diatom areas of research. He supervised many doctoral genus that he descriBed was Nanoneis (Norris, students, including John West, Dick Steele, BoB 1973). It had Been found in the gut contents of Vadas, Rita Horner, Marilyn Harlin, Shirley Van salps from one of his Indian Ocean cruises. His ValkenBerg, Ron Hoham, Phil LeBednik, Tom papers also included a Broad survey of the class Mumford, Susan Munch, Charles O’Kelly, John Prasinophyceae (Norris 1980) and fine-structural Hardy, Craig Sandgren, Dong Ho Kim, and Braam studies of a new species of Pyramimonas. P. Pieterse, and Masters students Ray Hinchman, parkeae (Norris & Pearson, 1975), named for Fred Weinmann and Dennis Russell. Indeed Mary Parke, as well as a fine structural study of these students expressed the gamut of algal its cell division (Pearson & Norris, 1975). interests, from freshwater chrysophytes Norris always made the most of his (Sandgren and Munch) to snow algae (Hoham), collecKng trips. In 1966 he was invited By RoBert from marine diatoms (Horner, Russell) to cold- Hoshaw and D. A. Thomson to visit the newly water crustose coralline algae (LeBednik). His established marine laboratory at Puerto Peñasco, student Shirley Van ValkenBerg was the first Mexico. He noKced the many Kdepools that !3 were formed By the receding Kdes and that Tetraselmis (Hori et al., 1982, 1983, 1986). these Kde pools supported a surprisingly rich Norris’ isolaKng an unusual marine euglenoid microscopic algal flora despite very high water from a seawater aquaculture tank on Lummi temperatures. He established enriched sea water Island, near Bellingham, Washington, led to his cultures By sampling the various pools, collaboraKng with various
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