Harbor Laboratories on San Juan Island, and that Phycological Trailblazer was pivotal in orien ng his future plans toward No. 36 phycology. For his doctoral research, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, under Richard Norris the supervision of Prof. G. F. Papenfuss (Norris 1983b). He undertook a study of the (Originally printed in the Phycological Newsle er. Kallymeniaceae, a family of red algae with 2012. Vol. 48 No. 1) extremely complicated pre- and post-fer liza on stages. He spent long hours at the microscope, Richard Earl Norris, who was born in and with his camera lucida he unraveled the very Sea le, Washington, on April 13, 1926, had a complicated pre- and post-fer liza on stages to very early introduc on to the algae. This early grasp what was going on. In his 1957 thesis interest sparked a life-long dedica on to the publica on he explained these stages and also algae, both micro- and macro-, of freshwater, that there was a transi on from the marine and brackish habitats, of polycarpogonial condi on to the inter dal and sub dal habitats monocarpogonial system in the or out on the high seas, and of genus Callophyllis. He also all groups. I think that a concluded that procarps hallmark of his illustrious seemed to have had an career is that he has had such independent origin in the an all-encompassing family Kallymeniaceae, and he fascina on with the algae. Few established that the procarpial contemporary phycologists condi on is polyphyle c in the have maintained such a broad red algae. outlook in their research on A er comple ng his PhD, the algae. Over his long career he stayed in Berkeley, and he he published essen ally on all and his wife Louisa were categories: red algae (including employed by the Radia on the corallines), green algae Laboratory of UC. They (including prasinophytes), maintained large, bacteria-free brown algae, Chrysophyceae, cultures of algae of numerous diatoms, prymnesiophytes phyla (Norris, L., et al. 1955), (including the coccolithoph- and some of these strains were orids), choanoflagellates, used by Melvin Calvin in his euglenoids, and dinoflagellates. experiments on photosynthesis. With David Hibberd, he was Calvin, who would be awarded the first to recognize and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in establish the new division 1961, elucidated the molecular Chlorarachniophyta. His papers Richard Norris in Hawaii. (Photo by Terilee Wingate) steps in carbon fixa on (the cover the “water-front”: light-independent “Calvin Cycle”). systema cs, morphology, Two of the three Norris children, ecology, ultrastructure, and culturing and life- Richard, Jr., and Jack, were born in Berkeley history studies. In the current age of [Their third child, Laura, would be born in specializa on, it is rare that a researcher carries Minneapolis]. In 1955 Norris joined the Botany on such a broad perspec ve on the algae, and Department of the University of Minnesota, Rich Norris is such a rare individual. where he stayed un l 1962. During that period in As an undergraduate at the University of the Twin Ci es, he supervised Richard Meyer in Washington, Norris took a summer course on his doctoral research and Rita Horner and Robert algae taught by Prof. H. Weston Blaser at Friday 1 Fig. 1. Thamnophyllis pocockiae R.E. Norris. Paratype (in MICH) from Strandfontein, South Africa. Scale bar: 4 cm.
Rasmussen for their Masters degrees. He also ventured to New Zealand on a Fulbright Fellowship in 1958 and again in late 1962-early 1963, when he made collec ons of marine algae at Ringaringa and at Halfmoon Bay. He later collaborated with Nancy Adams, Elsie Conway, and Mrs. E. Willa in compiling a list of the algae Fig 2. (a). Coccosphere (collapsed) of of Stewart Island (Adams et al., 1974). He has Gliscolithus amitakarenae R.E. Norris and (b) a also published on his studies of the single coccolith, termed a gliscolith. (Images phytoplankton observed in Wellington Harbour courtesy of Dr. Claudia Sprengel and Dr. Jeremy (Norris, 1964a). He later resumed his earlier Young). Scale bar: 1 µm. interest on the Kallymeniaceae and published on that family in South Africa (1964b), describing managed to capture photomicrographs of the the new genus Thamnophyllis based on T. phytoplankton, depic ng living unarmored pocockiae (Fig. 1). With Bryan Womersley, he dinoflagellates (Norris, 1966). Ceratolithus had studied and published on the members of this been known only from the fossil state. He was family from southern Australia (Womersley & the first to observe living cells of this genus and Norris, 1971). erected the new family Ceratolithaceae (Norris, In 1961 Norris became a staff member of 1965a). In another publica on Norris (1967a) the U. S. Na onal Museum (Smithsonian described “algal consor sms” observed in the Ins tu on). At this me there was the ambi ous plankton. He captured images of living Interna onal Indian Ocean Expedi on. With dinoflagellates, silicoflagellates, and diatoms support from the U.S Na onal Science with symbio c cyanobacteria as well as Founda on and as part of the U.S. Program in radiolarians and ciliates harboring zooxanthellae Biology, he joined two cruises of the R/V Anton and green algae. He took numerous plankton Bruun in the Indian Ocean, the first cruise within tows for later examina on back in the lab, which the Bay of Bengal and the second cruise resulted in several publica ons. He was following the 70°E longitude from Bombay to par cularly drawn to algal groups that were 37°S la tude and returning northward to Sri notoriously difficult to preserve. By examining Lanka on the 80°E longitude. Despite the the gut contents of salps, he was able to make hardship of a rocking ship on the high seas, he observa ons on some rare and unusual species
2 of both calcareous and siliceous nannoplankton person to succeed in maintaining silicoflagellates (Norris, 1971a, b). Some of this research on in culture (by slightly reducing the salinity and in these Indian Ocean collec ons was not growing them in large vessels) and to obtain published un l some years later, such as two many new insights about their biology and elegant studies that included the ultrastructure taxonomy, thanks to her obtaining clonal of two families of coccolithophorids, the cultures and then observing the range of Rhabdosphaeraceae and the varia on in their skeletons le behind in the Calyptrosphaeraceae, with keys to the genera culture dishes (Van Valkenberg, 1971a, b; Van (Norris, 1984a, 1985b). He described a new kind Valkenberg & Norris, 1970). Norris had the good of coccolith, the gliscolith, in his new genus fortune of spending many summers teaching at Gliscolithus (Norris, 1985b, c) (Fig. 2). Friday Harbor Labs, and this allowed him to While he was in Bombay, India, a er the make many discoveries of new records of conclusion of his second seaweeds for the local flora cruise on the Anton (Norris & West, 1966, Bruun, Norris received an 1967; Norris & Wynne, offer of a posi on from 1968; Norris & the University of Hollenberg, 1969). His Washington, his interests con nued to be undergraduate alma broad. He studied mater. He accepted the neustonic marine offer and quickly found choanoflagellates from himself being called upon the dal pools of to mentor several California and graduate students. Over Washington, describing his tenure at the new genera (Norris, University of Washington, 1965b). Norris became mentor to His research numerous graduate included diatoms, and students, both Masters with his student Dennis and Doctoral candidates, Russell the new diatom and because these Fig. 3. Colony of Chlorarachnion reptans Geitler. genus Sameioneis was students themselves had (Courtesy of Dr. John Archibald). Scale bar: 10 μm. described; it grew such varied research a ached to copepods interests, it caused Rich to move into many new (Russell & Norris, 1971). Another new diatom areas of research. He supervised many doctoral genus that he described was Nanoneis (Norris, students, including John West, Dick Steele, Bob 1973). It had been found in the gut contents of Vadas, Rita Horner, Marilyn Harlin, Shirley Van salps from one of his Indian Ocean cruises. His Valkenberg, Ron Hoham, Phil Lebednik, Tom papers also included a broad survey of the class Mumford, Susan Munch, Charles O’Kelly, John Prasinophyceae (Norris 1980) and fine-structural Hardy, Craig Sandgren, Dong Ho Kim, and Braam studies of a new species of Pyramimonas. P. Pieterse, and Masters students Ray Hinchman, parkeae (Norris & Pearson, 1975), named for Fred Weinmann and Dennis Russell. Indeed Mary Parke, as well as a fine structural study of these students expressed the gamut of algal its cell division (Pearson & Norris, 1975). interests, from freshwater chrysophytes Norris always made the most of his (Sandgren and Munch) to snow algae (Hoham), collec ng trips. In 1966 he was invited by Robert from marine diatoms (Horner, Russell) to cold- Hoshaw and D. A. Thomson to visit the newly water crustose coralline algae (Lebednik). His established marine laboratory at Puerto Peñasco, student Shirley Van Valkenberg was the first Mexico. He no ced the many depools that
3 were formed by the receding des and that Tetraselmis (Hori et al., 1982, 1983, 1986). these de pools supported a surprisingly rich Norris’ isola ng an unusual marine euglenoid microscopic algal flora despite very high water from a seawater aquaculture tank on Lummi temperatures. He established enriched sea water Island, near Bellingham, Washington, led to his cultures by sampling the various pools, collabora ng with various colleagues. The same transported the raw cultures back to his lab in flagellate had been isolated by Øjvind Moestrup Sea le, and over the following year managed to from a ord in Denmark. This collabora on led isolate organisms into unialgal cultures. He to the descrip on of the new species Eutrep ella observed many interes ng taxa this way (Norris, eupharyngea (Walne et al., 1986). 1967b), but perhaps the most interes ng was From the main campus in Sea le, Norris Chlorarachnion reptans (Fig. 3), an amoeboid moved to Friday Harbor Laboratories on San colonial organism first described by Geitler in Juan Island, where he was a resident professor, 1930 and not seen by anyone since that first teaching courses in the spring, autumn and account (Geitler, 1930). summer terms. During a sabba cal leave at the Norris maintained this unusual organism University of the Witwatersrand in in culture for years, and later he collaborated on Johannesburg, South Africa, he met Dr. Fiona it with David Hibberd. The two of them were Getliffe, whom he was to marry in 1977. They able to provide jus fica on to recognize the new returned to life on San Juan Island. But then in division Chlorarachniophyta and the new class 1980, they made the joint decision to move back Chlorarachniophyceae (Hibberd & Norris, 1984). to South Africa, ini ally to “Wits” in Jo-burg, Subsequent research by others has led to this where Fiona, with a PhD in plant systema cs, division being comprised of seven genera, was appointed to a faculty posi on. When their including Norrisiella (Ota et al., 2007). friend and phycologist Richard Pienaar was Balakrishnan’s (1980) Norrissia is a second appointed Chair of the Botany Department at honorific. the University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg, Rich Norris received funding from Richard and Fiona made the move to that Guggenheim Fellowships in the period University, where Fiona was again appointed to a 1969-1970 that allow him to travel and conduct faculty posi on. It was during this period in Natal research in several countries, including Great that Richard was essen ally free to study the Britain, France, Italy, and Czechoslovakia. He was marine algal flora of the Natal coast in a serious always happy to collaborate, and this is way. It proved to be one of the most produc ve demonstrated by his research on Tetraselmis periods of his life. There was a prolific output of with his Japanese colleagues Terumitsu Hori and papers in the years from 1985 through 1993. Mitsuo Chihara. This project was funded by the He had eleven publica ons alone in 1987 NSF U.S.-Japan Coopera on Research Program, and another seven in 1988. These papers were Rich being given the tle of “Esteemed Scien st” primarily on the red algae of the Natal (now from the Japanese Society for the Promo on of Kwazulu-Natal) coastline with many descrip ons Sciences. Using isolates from Japan, the State of of new species, many discoveries of new records Washington, USA, and Bri sh Columbia, Canada, for South Africa, and many clarifica ons. In 1987 these workers concluded that Tetraselmis, a Rich and Fiona Norris decided to move from genus of green flagellates (Prasinophyceae), Pietermaritzburg to Cape Town, when Fiona was expressed in culture a broad spectrum of life offered the posi on of Director of Educa on at history changes. They concluded that the genera the Na onal Botanical Garden located in Prasinocladus, Platymonas, and Aulacochlamys Kirstenbosch. Rich was appointed Chief Specialist should be treated as congeneric with Tetraselmis and Scien st at the Na onal Botanical Ins tute, (Norris et al., 1980). Their collabora ve research Cape Town, and although re red from his also include ultrastructural studies of the various academic life, he con nued to be funded by CSIR subgenera that they recognized within
4 grants and was s ll very ac ve in his phycological by his publica ons, and in also having mentored and botanical research. a large cadre of students, who have gone on to Fiona Norris was next recruited to take their own successful careers. the posi on of Curator of the Herbarium at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. Note added on postscript: So the Norris’s once again made a major move, Richard Norris passed away on 17 July, 2013, at this me from South Africa to Hawaii. For every the age of 87. See Andersen (2014). move all of their prized wooden carvings of African animals would be carefully packed up. Dr. Isabella Abbo offered Richard a research Abbo , I. A. & R. E. Norris. 1966. Studies on Callophyllis posi on in the Botany Department. Rich and (Rhodophyceae) from the Pacific coast of North Izzie had been fellow graduate students under America. Nova Hedw. 10: 67-84. Dr. Papenfuss. They collaborated on publica ons ______& ______. 1993. New species of Ceramiaceae on the marine algae of Hawaii (Norris & Abbo , (Rhodophyta) from the Hawaiian Islands. Phycologia 32: 451-461. 1992; Abbo & Norris, 1993). A er several years Adams, N. M., E. Conway & R. E. Norris. [In associa on of island life, Fiona and Rich moved to Fort with E. A. Willa]. 1974. The marine algae of Worth, Texas, when Fiona was offered a posi on Stewart Island - a list of species. Records of the of Curator and Head of Educa on at the Dominion Museum 8: 185-245. Botanical Research Ins tute of Texas. Norris Andersen, R.A. 2014. In memoriam. Richard E. Norris con nued to put forth some papers from his (13 April 1926—17 July 2013) Phycologia 53: work in Hawaii (Norris, 1994a, b, c). 652-656. Rich and Fiona looked back at their Balakrishnan, M. S. 1980. Taxonomic studies on U.S. Pacific beloved San Juan Island as the ideal place to Cryptonemiaceae I. Two new genera: Isabbo a eventually re re to. In 1996 they bought a home and Norrissia . In: Taxonomy of algae . Papers just north of Friday Harbor Labs, and for a few presented at the Interna onal Symposium on years they occupied both homes, Rich spending Taxonomy of Algae held at the Centre of summers on the island to escape the summer Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras, December 9-16, 1974. (T. V. Desikachary & V. N. heat of Texas. Then upon her own re rement Raja Rao, eds). University of Madras, Madras. Pp. from Fort Worth, Fiona and Rich made the 273-286. permanent move from Texas to San Juan Island. Chamberlain, Y. M. & R. E. Norris. 1994. Hydrolithon pellire Their mutual so-called re rement has been sp. nov., a mastophoroid crustose coralline red extremely ac ve. Both decided to become algal epiphyte from South Africa. Phycologia 33: cer fied Master Gardeners, and that meant 291-297. catching a 6 a.m. ferry twice a week for 6 weeks ______& ______. 1994. Pneophyllum amplexifrons to go to the mainland to take the required (Harvey) comb. nov., a mastophoroid crustose courses. They both have been involved in coralline red algal epiphyte from Natal, South community ac vi es, such as Fiona’s serving as Africa. Phycologia 33: 8-18. Director of Science at the San Juan Nature ______, ______, D. W. Keats & G. Maneveldt. 1995. Ins tute. Both o en give lectures on botanical Clathromorphum tubiforme sp. nov. subjects and act as consultants on botanical (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae) in South Africa with comments on generic characters. Bot. Mar. 38: topics. They have a large garden and enter the 443-453. annual San Juan County Fair with their prized Geitler, L. 1930. Ein grünes Filarplasmodium und andere plant specimens. I recall being enlisted to help neue Pro sten. Arch. Pro stenk. 69: 615-636 them carry their many Blue Ribbons back home Gordon-Mills, E. & R. E. Norris. 1986. Shepleya a er a successful County Fair. So a er a rather elixithamnia, a new species of Ceramiaceae peripate c life me, Richard Norris can look back (Rhodophyta) from South Africa. Phycologia 25: on a professional career of having demonstrated 160-167. one of the broadest interests in algae, as shown Hibberd, D. J. & R. E. Norris. 1984. Cytology and ultrastructure of Chlorarachnion reptans 5 (Chlorarachniophyta divisio nova, ______. 1965b. Neustonic marine Craspedomonadales Chlorarachniophyceae classis nova). J. Phycol. 20: (choanoflagellates) from Washington and 310-330. California. J. Protozool. 12: 589-602. ______, ______& B. R. Pearson. 1977. The ultrastructure ______. 1966. Unarmoured marine dinoflagellates. of Chlorarachnion reptans Geitler, an enigma c Endeavour 25: 124-128. green amoeba. J. Phycol. 13: 29. ______. 1967a. Algal consor sms in marine plankton. In: Hori, T., R. E. Norris & M. Chihara. 1982. Studies on the Proceedings of the Seminar on Sea, Salt and ultrastructure and taxonomy of the genus Plants. (Krishnamurthy, T.V. ed.), pp. 178-189, 1 pl. Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae) I. Subgenus Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Tetraselmis . Bot. Mag., Tokyo 95: 49-61. Ins tute, Bhavnagar. ______, ______& ______. 1983. Studies on the ______. 1967b. Micro-algae in enrichment cultures from ultrastructure and taxonomy of the genus Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico. Bull. S. Calif. Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae) II. Subgenus Acad. Sci. 66: 233-250. Prasinocladia . Bot. Mag., Tokyo 96: 385-392. ______. 1971a. Extant calcareous nannoplankton from the ______, ______& ______. 1986. Studies on the Indian Ocean. Edi on Tecnoscienza, Rome. Pp. ultrastructure and taxonomy of the genus 899-909. Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae) III. Subgenus ______. 1971b. Extant siliceous microalgae from the Parviselmis . Bot. Mag., Tokyo 99: 123-135. Indian Ocean. Edizioni Tecnoscienza, Rome. Pp. Kim, D. H. & R. E. Norris. 1981. Possible pathways in world 911-919. distribu on of the Gigar naceae. Proc. Internat’l ______. 1971c. Development of the foliose thallus of Seaweed Symp. 8: 377-382. Weeksia fryeana (Rhodophyceae). Phycologia 10: Lebednik, P.A., F. C. Weinmann & R. E. Norris. 1971. Spa al 205-213. and seasonal distribu ons of marine algal ______. 1973. A new planktonic diatom, Nanoneis hasleae communi es at Amchitka Island, Alaska. gen. et sp. nov. Norw. J. Bot. 20: 321-325. BioScience 21: 656-660. ______. 1977. Flagellate cells in the life-history of Lewin, J. & R. E. Norris. 1970. Surf-zone diatoms of the S chogloea (Chrysophyceae). Phycologia 16: coasts of Washington and New Zealand 75-78. (Chaetoceros armatum T. West and Asterionella ______. 1980. Prasinophyceae. In: E. R. Cox, ed., spp.). Phycologia 9: 143-149. Phytoflagelates. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam. Pp. _____, ______, S. W. Jeffrey & B. E. Pearson. 1977. An 85-145. aberrant chrysophycean alga Pelagococcus ______. 1983a. The family posi on of Papposphaera subviridis gen. nov. et sp. nov. from the North Tangen and Pappomonas Manton & Oates Pacific Ocean. J. Phycol. 13: 259-266. (Prymnesiophyceae) with records from the Indian Norris, L., R. E. Norris & M. Calvin. 1955. A survey of the Ocean. Phycologia 22: 161-169. rates and products of short-term photosynthesis ______. 1983b. A tribute to G. F. Papenfuss. Trans. Roy. in plants of nine phyla. J. Exp. Bot. 6: 64-74. Soc. S. Afr., 45 (Part 1): 101-105. Norris, R. E. 1957. Morphological studies on the ______. 1984a. Indian Ocean nanoplankton. I. Kallymeniaceae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 28(5): Rhabdosphaeraceae (Prymnesiophyceae) with a 251-333, plates 28-40. review of extant taxa. J. Phycol. 20: 27-41. ______. 1961a. Observa ons on phytoplankton organisms ______. 1984b. Phytoplankton, including nanoplankton, in collected on the N.Z.O.I. Pacific cruise, September the Benguela upwelling system as revealed by 1958. New Zealand J. Sci. 4: 162-188. electron microscopy. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 45: ______. 1961b. The structure and reproduc on of 139-167. Glaphyrymenia pustulosa . Am. J. Bot. 48: ______. 1985a. Studies on Pleonosporium and 262-268. Mesothamnion (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) with ______. 1964a. Studies on phytoplankton in Wellington a descrip on of a new species from Natal. Br. Harbour. New Zealand J. Sci. 2: 258-278. Phycol. J. 20: 59-68. ______. 1964b. The morphology and taxonomy of South ______. 1985b. Indian Ocean nannoplankton. II. African Kallymeniaceae. Bot. Mar. 7: 90-129. Holococcolithophorids (Calyptrosphaeraceae, ______. 1965a. Living cells of Ceratolithus cristatus Prymnesiophyceae) with a review of extant (Coccolithophorineae). Archiv Pro stenk. 108: genera. J. Phycol. 21: 619-641. 19-24.
6 ______. 1985c. Two kinds of holococcolithophorids in South African records of Solieria and extant Indian Ocean nanoplankton. Proc. Electron Meristotheca, and an inves ga on of Microscopy Soc. S. Afr. 15: 109-110. Erythroclonium corallinum. S. Afr. J. Bot. 54: ______. 1986a. Coelarthrum (Rhodymeniaceae, 103-108. Rhodophyceae), a genus new to southern Africa. ______. 1988b. Structure and reproduc on of Amansia S. Afr. J. Bot. 52: 537-540. and Melanamansia gen. nov. (Rhodophyta, ______. 1986b. Tylotus (Gigar nales, Rhodophyceae), a Rhodomelaceae) on the southeastern African genus known in Australia and Japan, newly coast. J. Phycol. 24: 209-223. recorded in South Africa. Jpn. J. Phycol. 34: ______. 1988c. Structure and tetrasporangial reproduc on 282-286. in Acrocys s (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), ______. 1986c. Studies on Crouania franciscii newly reported for South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 54: (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) from South Africa 633-635. and C . willae sp. nov. from New Zealand. ______. 1988d. The specific iden ty of Neurymenia Phycologia 25: 133-143. (Rhodophyceae, Rhodomelaceae) in southeastern ______. 1987a. Lenormandiopsis (Rhodomelaceae), newly Africa. Jpn. J. Phycol. 36: 271-276. recorded from Africa, with a descrip on of L. ______. 1988e. Two new red algal parasites on Kuetzingia nozawae sp. nov. and comparison with other natalensis (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta). Bot. species. Jpn. J. Phycol. 35: 81-90. Mar. 31: 345-352. ______. 1987b. The first confirmed records of Lomentaria , ______. 1988f. A review of Colacopsis and Melanocolax, (Lomentariaceae, Rhodophyceae) in South Africa, red algal parasites on South African with a descrip on of L. amplexans sp. nov. S. Afr. Rhodomelaceae (Rhodophyta). Br. Phycol. J. 23: J. Bot. 53: 35-38. 229-237. ______. 1987c. Pterocladia (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta), a ______. 1989a. Natalian Botryocladia (Rhodymeniales, genus previously unknown in South Africa, as it Rhodophyceae), including descrip on of a new, occurs in Natal. S. Afr. J. Bot. 53: 39-43. long axisforming species. Bot. Mar. 32: 131-148. ______. 1987d. A re-evalua on of P lophora Kützing and ______. 1989b. Studies on sexual reproduc on in Beckerella Kylin (Gelidiales, Rhopdophyceae) with Titanophora weberae and possible phylogene c a review of South African species. Bot. Mar. 30: implica ons in the red algae. J. Phycol. 25 243-258. (Suppl.): 6. [Abstract.] ______. 1987e. Reproduc on in Sarcodia dentata (Suhr) ______. 1990a. P lophora hildebrandii (Hauck) comb. comb. nov. (Gigar nales, Rhodophyceae), with nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyceae), its range comments on the Sarcodiaceae. Br. Phycol. J. 22: extended to South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 56: 147-155. 133-135. ______. 1987f. Species of An thamnion (Rhodophyceae, ______. 1990b. A cri que on the taxonomy of an Ceramiaceae) occurring on the southeast African important agarophyte, Gelidium amansii. Jpn. J. coast (Natal). J. Phycol. 23: 18-36. Phycol. 38: 35-42. ______. 1987g. Structure and reproduc on in ______. 1991a. Some unusual marine red algae Lenormandiopsis nozawae (Rhodomelaceae, (Rhodophyta) from South Africa. Phycologia 30: Rhodophyta). Cryptogam., Algol. 8: 211-221. 582-596. ______. 1987h. Callophycus (Gigar nales, Rhodophyceae) ______. 1991b. The structure, reproduc on and taxonomy in Natal, with the descrip on of a new species. S. of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Afr. J. Bot. 53: 234-238. Rhodomelaceae). J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Bot. 106: ______. 1987i. The systema c posi on of Gelidiopsis and 1-40. Ceratodictyon (Gigar nales, Rhodophyceae), ______. 1992a. A proposed phylogene c scheme for the genera new to South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 53: Gelidiales. In: Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds. 239-246. (Abbo , I. A., ed.) Vol. 2: 151-171. California Sea ______. 1987j. Claudea elegans (Delesseriaceae, Grant College, La Jolla, California. Rhodophyceae) in Natal, its first record in the ______. 1992b. Ceramiales (Rhodophyceae) genera new to western Indian Ocean and Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 53: South Africa, including new species of 311-315. Womersleyella and Herposiphonia. S. Afr. J. Bot. ______. 1988a. A review of Natalian Solieriaceae 58: 65-76. (Gigar nales, Rhodophyta), including the first
7 ______. 1992c. Six marine macroalgal genera new to South ______& B. R. Pearson. 1975. Fine structure of Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 58: 2-12. Pyramimonas parkeae , sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, ______. 1992d. The marine red algae of Natal, South Prasinophyceae). Arch. Pro stenk. 117: 192-213, Africa: order Gelidiales (Rhodophyta). Mem. Bot. pls. 9-18. Survey S. Afr. 61. iii + 43 pp. ______& R. N. Pienaar. 1978. Compara ve fine-structure ______. 1993a. A note on Amphisbetema (Dasyaceae, on five marine species of Pyramimonas Rhodophyta), from Natal, previously unknown in (Chlorophyta, Prasinophceae). Phycologia 17: Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 59: 460-462. 41-51. ______. 1993b. Taxonomic studies on Ceramieae ______, J. Tokida & T. Masaki. 1960. Further studies on (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) with predominantly Cirrulicarpus gmelinii (Grunow) Tokida et Masaki. basipetal growth of cor ca ng filaments. Bot. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokk. Univ. 11: 29-36. Mar. 36: 389-398. ______& J. West. 1966. Notes on marine algae of ______. 1994a. Hawaiian Phyllophoraceae. In: Taxonomy Washington and southern Bri sh Columbia. of Economic Seaweeds with reference to some Madroño 18: 176-178. Pacific species. (Abbo , I. A., ed.) Vol. 4: 185-191. ______& ______. 1967. Notes on marine algae of California Sea Grant College, La Jolla, Calif. Washington and southern Bri sh Columbia, II. ______. 1994b. Notes on some Hawaiian Ceramiaceae Madroño 19: 111-116. (Rhodophyceae), including two new species. Jpn. ______, E. M. Wollaston & M. J. Parsons. 1984. New J. Phycol. 42: 149-155. terminology for sympodial growth in the ______. 1994c. Some cumophy c Rhodomelaceae Ceramiales (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 23: (Rhodophyta) occurring in Hawaiian surf. 233-237. Phycologia 33: 434-443. ______& M. J. Wynne. 1969. Notes on marine algae of ______. 1995. Melanamansia glomerata, comb. nov., and Washington and southern Bri sh Columbia, III. Amansia rhodantha, two hitherto confused Syesis 1: 133-146. species of Indo- Pacific Rhodophyceae. Taxon 44: ______& ______. 1987. Myriogramme marginifructa sp. 65-68. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Natal. ______& I. A. Abbo . 1992. New taxa of Ceramiaceae South Afr. J. Bot. 53: 381-386. (Rhodophyta) from Hawai'i. Pac. Sci. 46: 453-465. N'Yeurt, A. D. R., D. W. Keats & R. E. Norris. 1995. ______& M. E. Aken. 1985. Marine benthic algae new to Phacelocarpus neurymenioides sp. nov. South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 51: 55-65. (Rhodophyta, Phacelocarpaceae): a new marine ______& E. Conway. 1974. Fucus spiralis L. in the alga from Fiji. Bot. Mar. 38: 339-346. northeast Pacific. Syesis 7: 79-81. Oliveira Filho, E.C. de, F. Pinheiro-Vieira & R. E. Norris. ______& G. J. Hollenberg. 1969. Notes on marine algae of 1976. A new species of Halymenia (Rhodophyta, Washington and southern Bri sh Columbia, IV. Cryptonemiaceae) from Brazil. Cienc. Cult. 28: Syesis 2: 115-119. 562-565. ______, M. H. Hommersand & S. Fredericq. 1987. Ota, S., K. Ueda & K. Ishida. 2007. Norrisiella sphaerica Gelidium pteridifolium (Rhodophyceae), a new gen. et sp. nov., a new coccoid species from Natal and the eastern Cape. S. Afr. J. chlorarachniophyte from Baja California, Mexico. Bot. 53: 375-380. J. Plant. Res. 120: 661-70. ______, T. Hori & M. Chihara. 1980. Revision of the genus Pearson, B. R. & R. E. Norris. 1974. Intranuclear virus-like Tetraselmis (Class Prasinophyceae). Bot. Mag., par cles in the marine alga Platymonas sp. Tokyo 93: 317-339. (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae). Phycologia 13: ______& D. H. Kim. 1972. Development of thalli in some 5-9. Gigar naceae. pp. 265-279. Jpn. Soc. Phycol., ______& ______. 1975. Fine structure of cell division in Kobe. Pyramimonas parkeae Norris and Pearson ______& F. Molloy. 1988. Griffithsia schousboei (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae) J. Phycol. 11: (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyceae), a species new to 113-124. South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 54: 477-480. Pienaar, R. N. & R. E. Norris. 1979. The ultrastructure of ______& J. N. Norris. 1973. Kallymenia pertusa the flagellate Chrysochromulina spinifera (Rhodophyceae, Cryptonemiales) from the Gulf of (Fournier) comb. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) with California. Phycologia 12: 71-74. special reference to scale produc on. Phycologia 18: 99-108.
8 Russell, D. J. & R. E. Norris. 1971. Ecology and taxonomy of an epizoic diatom. Pac. Sci. 25: 357-367. Van Valkenburg, S. D. 1971a. Observa ons on the fine structure of Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg. I. The skeleton. J. Phycol. 7: 113-118. Van Valkenburg, S. D. 1971b. Observa ons on the fine structure of Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg. II. The protoplast J. Phycol. 7: 118-132. Van Valkenburg, S. D. & R. E. Norris. 1970. The growth and morphology of the silicoflagellate Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg in culture. J. Phycol. 6: 48-54. Walne, P. L., Ø. Moestrup, R. E. Norris & H. E l. 1986. Light and electron microscopical studies of Eutrep ella eupharyngea sp. nov. (Euglenophyceae) from Danish and American waters. Phycologia 25: 109-126. West, J. A. & R. E. Norris. 1966. Unusual phenomena in the life histories of Florideae in culture. J. Phycol. 2: 54-57. Womersley, H. B. S. & R. E. Norris. 1959. A free-floa ng marine red alga. Nature, Lond. 184: 828. ______& ______. 1971. The morphology and taxonomy of Australian Kallymeniaceae (Rhodophyta). Austral. J. Bot. (Suppl. 2): 1-62. Wynne, M. J. & R. E. Norris. 1982. Schizochlaenion gen. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales), a new red algal genus from the north-eastern North Pacific. Phycologia 21: 288-298. ______& ______. 1991. Branchioglossum pygmaeum sp. nov. and new records of other Delesseriaceous algae (Rhodophyta) from Natal, South Africa. Phycologia 30: 262-271.
Michael J. Wynne University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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