Institute of Zoology

Living Conservation

Science for Conservation Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2010/11 IoZ research strategy Raising the profile of Raising the profile issues and conservation and ensuring priorities, well are they at policy represented and in the media level With other organisations With other organisations collaborate with most We relevant outside bodies for interests our core research (see page 37). Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate science and conservation. 6 . Providing policy makers, policy makers, Providing and the conservationists public with the general needed to information decisions informed make issues on conservation With institutions in London With institutions maintain and develop We links with academic research bodies, especially the Centre for Ecology and Evolution. Wild courses run MSc in We Wild Animal Health and Animal Biology with the College and Veterinary Royal in Conservation an MSc (see page 31). Science is influenced by Our research conservation London-based issues. Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate science and conservation ­ 5 Managing and a relevant developing and useful body of knowledge zoological University of Cambridge of Cambridge University maintain and develop We links with Zoology research and other relevant departments. is influenced Our research in the by organisations Cambridge Conservation Forum. Tropical contribute to the We Association Biology programme and Cambridge Student Conference. 4 Using our unique as a role convening society leading learned and achieve foster to excellence international to in science relevant conservation our core priorities 3 EDGE; Indicators and Assessments; Marine Marine Assessments; and Indicators EDGE; Health Wildlife and Freshwater; and Mongolia Europe UK, Asia; Meetings biology themes in conservation ) Yearbook Zoo ( International in zoos practice ( Conservation and in field conservation ) Reports Wiley-Blackwell published with series With the Zoological Society of London questions and respond to research We Conservation Programmes contribute to ZSL’s (see pages 24–25): and Reintroduction; Breeding • Conservation South East Asia; South and Central Africa; • questions and respond to research We living animal collection: contribute to ZSL’s research Welfare Animal Health and • monitoring • Reproductive run a programme of meetings and We publications (see page 26): and Animal Conservation of Zoology • Journal Scientific of evening Annual programme • symposia on topical • Biannual international best support publications to Technical • book Science and Practice • Conservation Attracting and engaging and engaging Attracting of range a diverse people and organisations in the science of zoology – from and conservation leaders in to students their field 2 Encouraging and Encouraging in excellence rewarding and the performance science, of communication and animal conservation husbandry How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and biological scales? world How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside human population growth and development? Our Aim policy. and influence conservation inform and to objectives its conservation help ZSL achieve to research, and conservation high quality zoological relevant and promote undertake To Our Objectives 1 Our Activities HEFCE funded programme training in and research research undertake We the following themes (see pages 10–21): and macroecology • Biodiversity and population ecology • Behavioural fitness and adaptability • Genetic variation, epidemiology Wildlife • biology • Reproductive and PhD education through MSc provide We programmes. Science Plan The major topics: and processes patterns • Biodiversity in a changing and the environment • People foreword

Last year, I wrote my Foreword to Science for Conservation in the shadow of an impending Comprehensive Spending Review, in which the UK Government was due to set out its departmental budgets until 2014. The global financial crisis that broke in 2008, and the large deficit in the UK budget as a result, meant that huge cuts in government spending were anticipated. It was a nervous time for everyone working in areas directly or indirectly reliant on government funding, and that of course included the scientists at the Institute of Zoology.

When it was finally settled, the expected cuts did indeed materialise, but not everyone suffered equally. The Government froze the science budget for the period under review. While that might not seem like a positive outcome, especially when other major economies are increasing their funding for research and development, the freeze has to be set in the context of a planned average decrease in departmental budgets of 19%. So the government had clearly signalled the value it places on science as an important cornerstone of a strong modern economy.

I believe that the Government is right to value its scientists. The UK has only 1% of the world’s population but produces 10% of the global scientific output, even though the UK spends less per capita on research than most major economies. The major advances in development and quality of life seen over the last 250 years have been largely driven by the application of science, much of it British. The value of science is a message we hold dear in our own work. The Zoological Society of London firmly believes that the only way to advance its mission is to have all of its conservation practice and policy grounded in a firm base of scientific research. As a learned scientific society, we recognise that it Contents is the quality of the scientists and their research at the Institute of Zoology that

1 Foreword sets ZSL apart from all other conservation organisations. We would lose that 2 Introduction distinction at our peril. 3 A tribute 4 IoZ news As will become clear as you read about the important work it has carried out 6 Research news over the past year, the Institute is dependent not only the support of the rest 8 Research themes of ZSL, but also its many external partners in research and education (a full list 10 Biodiversity and macroecology 12 Behavioural and population ecology of these takes up pages 37–40), notably through its academic affiliation with 14 Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability the University of Cambridge. On behalf of ZSL, I congratulate the Institute for 16 Wildlife epidemiology its continued success and impact, and hope that its unique contribution to 20 Reproductive biology scientific conservation continues to be recognised. 22 Indicators and assessments unit 24 ZSL conservation programmes 26 Communicating science 28 ZSL scientific awards 2010 Professor Sir Patrick Bateson 30 Library President of the Zoological Society of London 31 Education and training 32 Funding 34 Governance, staff and students 37 Collaborations 41 Staff representation 42 Publications

Foreword 1 Introduction

A common theme from my Director’s Introductions over the years has been to draw attention to the scientific quality of the research we do here at the Institute of Zoology. IoZ can rightly be proud of its status within the UK research community as the place to carry out science for conversation, and indeed our good reputation is known worldwide. However, the quality of our work is strongly influenced by the quality of our working environment. IoZ is blessed with staff and students who are intelligent, committed, open, and friendly, and who together engender a positive atmosphere of cooperation and mutual support that makes IoZ a fantastic place to work and study.

It therefore hits us especially hard to lose one of our best-loved and respected members of staff, as we have this year with the sudden and tragic death of Bill Jordan. A full tribute to Bill appears opposite, but I cannot let this Introduction pass without expressing my own deep sadness at his loss. Bill’s persona was one of gentle humour and modesty, but he was also an astute observer and a generous and clever scientist. His thoughts were always perceptive, and his advice was always spot-on. He is sorely missed by all who knew him.

Bill’s death has cast a shadow over what otherwise was a positive year for IoZ. The significant concerns we had last year about heavy budget cuts were largely allayed. IoZ was involved in lobbies to parliament coordinated by Science is Vital and the Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE), and the evidence they presented for the value of science was instrumental in influencing the government’s decision to freeze the science budget in the Comprehensive Spending Review. This was a strong outcome against a background of considerable cuts elsewhere. The freeze was reflected in our core income, and IoZ was one of the few HEFCE-funded organisations to escape cuts in 2011. Our research continued to receive support from other hard-pressed government departments, charities and funding organisations. You can read about the good use to which these funds are being put in the pages that follow.

Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

2 Introduction A TRIBUTE

Bill Jordan The work of Dr William Jordan, who died In 1995, Bill joined the Institute of Zoology suddenly in May after suffering from as a Research Fellow in the Genetic 1962–2011 epilepsy, has made significant advances Variation, Fitness and Adaptability theme. in our understanding of the genetic From 2001, he became a Senior Research architecture of Atlantic salmon populations Fellow and Head of Research Theme. Bill and, at the time of his death, was furthering was responsible for guiding many our understanding of the mechanisms students to achieve their PhDs at IoZ, in underpinning phenotypic plasticity. His the roles of supervisor and Postgraduate favourite model organism was the Atlantic Tutor. He was absolutely unfailing in his salmon; over two decades his work on this support and encouragement of, and belief species produced some of his most in, the students and staff he managed. distinctive contributions to the literature. Always extremely generous and giving of In addition, Bill investigated fundamental his time, Bill could be counted on to help biological questions using a variety of with a problem, scientific or otherwise, animals including bees, fruit flies, lava often over a drink at the Social Club (which lizards, giant otters, petrels, zebra fish, red he would invariably buy). squirrels and corncrakes. His collaborative works on the evolution of Drosophila genes In his role as Head of Research Theme, Bill and genomes and social parasitism in made massive and lasting contributions to bees were published as letters to Nature. the genetics group at IoZ. His incisive intellect, astute scientific instincts, and his enthusiasm to learn new things made him an excellent scientist. He maintained fruitful collaborations with other scientists at organisations across Europe and North America. In recent years, he had become particularly interested in genomic plasticity, developing research into the genomic basis of life-history transitions of Atlantic salmon, for which he was awarded several large grants by BBSRC and NERC. Bill’s careful management of the laboratory, simultaneously frugal and forward thinking, has left IoZ with an impressive suite of genuinely state-of-the-art facilities.

Bill was self-effacing and charmingly modest about his talents, but possessed a quick, dry wit that could bring levity to any situation. He was extremely close to his family in Ballymena and is survived by his parents, sisters, nieces and nephew. Bill completed his PhD, ‘Gene flow among Atlantic salmon populations in Scotland’, ZSL has lost not only a great scientist with from Queen’s University Belfast in 1990, the passing of William Jordan, but also a carrying out most of the fieldwork at the great man. He will be fondly remembered, Girnock Burn in Aberdeenshire, a place for but terribly missed. which he would always retain affection. Following his PhD, he was awarded Kate Ciborowksi several fellowships taking him to the University of Aberdeen, Queen’s University Belfast, University of Louisiana and the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete.

A tribute 3 IoZ News

Congratulations are due to Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse, who received a 2010 Ig Nobel Prize for novel research that uses a remote-controlled helicopter to collect samples of whale blow. The technique involves flying the helicopter above a whale as it surfaces and catching the whale blow in petri dishes attached to the underside of the helicopter. The research allows pathogens to be analysed and the impact of respiratory diseases on whale populations to be assessed. Ig Nobel Prizes are intended to celebrate the unusual, honour the imaginative – The surveillance work of the iBats Over the past year, IoZ researchers have and spur people’s interest in science, programme has been facilitated by the been involved in two major science medicine and technology. development of a new iBats app that is communication events. A team from IoZ capable of recording the calls of more than and Cambridge University, led by Andrew Congratulations are also due to Laura 900 species of bats. The iBats app has been Cunningham, showcased important work Martinez, who received an award for the developed for both the iPhone and Android on the spread of diseases in the exhibit best poster presentation at the 25th phones by IoZ researcher Kate Jones in ‘Bats and Bugs: Balancing Conservation Annual Conference of the European conjunction with the Bat Conservation and Public Health’ at the The Royal Society Cetacean Society and an award for the Trust, Birkbeck University and Atomic Summer Science Exhibition. Many bat best oral presentation at the 32nd Powered, USA. iBats volunteers are species are known to carry zoonotic International Meeting of Marine Mammals currently recording bat calls in more than pathogens that cause serious diseases in organised by the Mexican Society of sixteen countries; it is hoped that the iBats livestock and humans. The exhibit Marine Mastozoology. app will encourage more people to get demonstrated research on the risk factors involved in the project. for human infection and the preventative measures that can be taken while also protecting bats from persecution. The Exhibition is the Royal Society’s main public event of the year and is open to members of the general public as well as students and teachers, scientists, policy makers and the media.

4 ‘Soapbox Science’, organised by IoZ Her research will examine the mechanisms reproduction of common dolphins in the researchers Nathalie Pettorelli and Seirian that sustain cooperation between UK and New Zealand. Sinead will spend Sumner and the L’Oréal-UNESCO For individuals, focusing in particular on the first two years at Massey University in Women in Science Programme, was held punishment and partner choice. In New Zealand and in the final year she will on the South Bank, London. Featuring addition, the project will explore how return to IoZ to study UK-stranded common twelve women who have made major asymmetries between players affect the dolphins with the Defra-funded UK Cetacean contributions to UK science, the event outcome of cooperative interactions. Strandings Investigation Programme (CSIP). aimed to make people aware of the issues Sinead will investigate ‘stressors’ that may surrounding women in science, and to Sinead Murphy joined IoZ in May 2011 as interact to influence reproduction, such as encourage more young women to an EU-funded Marie Curie International diet, disease, stress and sex hormones and consider careers in science. Outgoing Fellow. Her Fellowship, entitled chemical pollutant exposure. ‘Cetacean-stressors: the independent and Stephanie Dreier has been appointed as a interactive effects of multiple stressors on postdoctoral research assistant to work on reproduction and development in the BBSRC-funded Insects Pollinator cetaceans’, will examine life history and Initiative grant awarded to the late Bill Jordan and Seirian Sumner on the impact (top row) of habitat structure on bumblebee queens ‘Soapbox Science’, South Bank, London and workers in the field. Stephanie is 22 July 2011 conducting the molecular work on this (below, left to right) project, which is a collaborative effort with Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse, 2010 Ig Nobel Prize Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and winner; iBats app presented on an iPhone; iBats University of East Anglia. app in use; The ‘Bats and Bugs: Balancing Conservation and Public Health’ exhibit at The Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition; Laura Nichola Raihani has been awarded a Martinez; Stephanie Dreier; Nichola Raihani; Sinead prestigious University Research Murphy Fellowship at University College London.

IoZ news 5 Research News © S. Turvey © S.

Over the year research undertaken at Use of market data to assess what actually appeared in the market, and IoZ has continued to improve our bushmeat hunting sustainability in relate any mismatches to the characteristics understanding of zoological process and Equatorial Guinea of the source. We found that the nature of to respond to a wide range of conservation Hunting of wildlife for food is a serious trade filters varied depending on village issues. As a result of this work, some of and pressing threat to animal species remoteness and the monopoly power of which is described below, ever-more throughout the world, and particularly in traders. In a village with limited market accurate predictions about population the moist tropics. Understanding this threat access, species that maximised trader changes in the light of environmental demands that we monitor the sustainability profits were most likely to reach the pressures can be made. of hunting. However, finding an adequate market. In a village with better market measure of hunting sustainability for access, trader monopoly was weaker, and tropical forests has proved difficult. Urban species for which hunters gained the bushmeat market surveys have been greatest income per carcass were more widely used to try to infer the state of the likely to be traded. In both cases, this led wildlife populations from which the meat to significant distortion in the pattern of is sourced, but this approach has been market sales relative to the actual offtake. criticised on the basis that the meat arriving The results also highlighted the problem at markets may bear little relation to what of increasing market catchment allowing is taken from the forest. Social and the continued supply of large, vulnerable economic processes set up a series of species, suggesting relatively sustainable filters between forest and market, and these hunting when much of the catchment was influence the quantities and types of wild in fact probably overhunted. However, in a meat that reach the market at least as much market with a more restricted catchment, as the ecological state of the source signals of overhunting could be detected populations. Using a case study from more readily. These results confirm the Equatorial Guinea, we examined how need to be cautious when trying to infer strongly these filters influence what we see patterns of impact and sustainability of in urban markets, and whether this bias can hunting from urban market data, but also point to the possibility of understanding filters in order to extract useful information, despite their biasing effect.

Allebone-Webb, S., Kumpel, N.F., Rist, J., Cowlishaw, G., Rowcliffe, J.M. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011) Use of market data to assess bushmeat hunting sustainability in Equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology 25(3): 597–606.

Discovery of a new extinct primate species from Haiti The Caribbean region has experienced the world’s highest level of mammalian species extinctions during the Holocene Epoch, with well over 100 endemic island species known to have disappeared over the past few thousand years due to prehistoric and historical-era human impacts. The worst- affected region in the Caribbean today is

© J. Weinberg © J. undoubtedly Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, which has lost be controlled for to reveal useful underlying almost all of its original forest cover. Nearly (top) Field site for the extinct species of monkey signals of sustainability. The unusual aspect all of Haiti’s remaining forests are now of this study was that we collected data restricted to the Massif de la Hotte in the (above) not only from urban markets but also, country’s far southwest, a limestone region Malabo market simultaneously, from hunters operating in with rich Quaternary fossil deposits. New

(far right) the forest. This allowed us to compare investigation of museum collections from Starling Sturnus vulgaris forest offtake from a given location with the Massif has led to the discovery of a

6 80 80 The predicted number of dinosaurs during the (a) Carnivores (b) Herbivores Late Cretaceous in North America (estimated 70 70 according to body mass) for (a) carnivorous theropod species and (b) herbivorous species. The higher 60 60 percentage of smaller theropods suggests that the largest of predators, T. rex, would be outnumbered 50 50 49.3% and outcompeted as a scavenger by smaller theropod species, which represent well over 90% of community.

Percentage of community Percentage 40 40 36.8% The competition is exacerbated by the fact that most carcasses (over 80%) obtained from herbivorous 30 30 dinosaurs would be made up of the smaller size classes (approximately 50–200 kg) and would be 20 20 relatively quickly consumed by scavengers, as seen in the savannas of Africa today. 10 10 6.0% 6.7% 0.9% 0.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0 20.6 58.3 1,123 5,347 0 75 216 700 2,500 5,500 8,500 25,000 Average mass (kg) Average mass (kg)

previously undescribed, recently extinct likely competition with more abundant species of monkey, named Insulacebus small-bodied theropods. Using relationships toussaintiana, which may have been between body size and abundance obtained geographically restricted to this part of from extant mammal communities we Haiti. The discovery of Insulacebus makes predicted that that nearly 50% of herbivores Hispaniola (the island comprising Haiti and would have been within a 55–85 kg range. the Dominican Republic) the only Calculations based on expected encounter Caribbean island known to have had more rates indicate that carcasses from these than one species of native monkey during individuals would have been quickly the Holocene, and its morphology strongly consumed by smaller theropods. Larger suggests that the extinct Caribbean carcasses would have been rare and monkeys reached these islands through heavily competed for, thus providing a

more than one colonisation event; limited and unreliable food source. The Blackburn T. © Insulacebus appears to be most closely potential carcass search rates of smaller related to mainland South American owl theropods are predicted to be 14–60 times in the process of producing the first monkeys, whereas extinct monkeys from that of an adult T. rex. These results comprehensive database on the other Caribbean islands are more closely suggest that T. rex and other extremely distribution of non-native species in birds, related to other mainland groups. large carnivorous dinosaurs would have and indeed in any major taxon – the Insulacebus formed part of a diverse land been unable to compete as obligate Global AVian Invasions Atlas (GAVIA). This mammal assemblage formerly found in the scavengers and would have primarily important work has been funded by the mountain forests of Haiti, which also hunted large vertebrate prey, similar to Leverhulme Trust. Initial work to collate included pygmy sloths, giant rodents and many large mammalian carnivores in information on exotic birds from island-shrews; the only survivors today are modern-day ecosystems. Identifying distribution atlases, taxonomic the highly threatened Hispaniolan tradeoffs between hunting and scavenging monographs, regional avifaunas and solenodon and Hispaniolan hutia. These in an ecological context is important for island species lists, has been augmented two survivors, together with other endemic understanding predatory guilds. with an extensive search of published vertebrate diversity restricted to the Massif primary and grey literature. This search Carbone, C., Turvey, S.T. & Bielby, J. (2011) Intra-guild de la Hotte, are now the focus of a competition and its implications for one of the biggest has resulted in the creation of a catalogue three-year Darwin Initiative conservation terrestrial predators, Tyrannosaurus rex. Proceedings of >750 references, with >21,000 of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences. project coordinated by ZSL, BirdLife and DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2497 distribution records for 968 exotic bird Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. species. Almost 500 ornithologists, ornithological organisations, and invasive Cooke, S.B., Rosenberger, A.L. & Turvey, S. (2011) An extinct monkey from Haiti and the origins of the Greater Antillean Global AVian Invasions Atlas (GAVIA) species experts across the globe have primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Invasive alien species are one of the most been consulted, and they have provided of the United States of America 108(7): 2699–2704. significant drivers of environmental change access to a large amount of unpublished worldwide and may soon surpass habitat data to supplement the GAVIA database. Intra-guild competition and its loss as the main cause of environmental In addition, this network of experts will implications for one of the degradation. Preventing new invasions provide independent validation of the largest terrestrial predators, is the best way to minimise their impact, distribution of each species, allowing the Tyrannosaurus rex but this requires an understanding of production of a final set of range maps Tyrannosaurus rex could possibly be the the factors that allow certain species to that represent the best possible best known creature in history and its establish and spread into foreign information on the current distributions reputation as the fearsome ‘king of the environments, so that situations can be of exotic bird species worldwide. This predators’ is well established. However, identified in which invasion risk is high. unique dataset will be used to address in recent years the feeding strategy of Much recent progress in uncovering several fundamental issues in invasion T. rex has been the subject of debate, with rules governing the invasion process biology, including questions about the arguments being made that it obtained its has come from studying birds, for which environmental determinants of exotic bird food via scavenging rather than hunting detailed historical information allows the establishment, the rate and extent of exotic and killing its own prey. We examined the factors associated with success or failure species spread, the concordance between feasibility of an adult T. rex being an to be explored. However, a significant native and exotic distributions and the obligate scavenger in the environmental shortcoming of the alien bird data is that determinants of exotic bird species conditions of Late Cretaceous North we currently lack good information on richness. Answers to these questions are America, given the size distributions of the distributions of species in their new sorely needed to improve our sympatric herbivorous dinosaurs and exotic ranges. To address this, we are understanding of the invasion process.

Research news 7 © N. Pettorelli

8 Research Themes

Research at the Institute of Zoology is organised into five Research Themes:

Biodiversity and Macroecology page 10 Behavioural and Population Ecology page 12 Genetic Variation, Fitness and Adaptability page 14 Wildlife Epidemiology page 16 Reproductive Biology page 20

Each Research Theme group is made up of several research fellows, postdoctoral research assistants and PhD students, and is led by a Senior Research Fellow or Reader. Most staff work across several Research Themes in broad internal and external collaborations. The following pages outline some of the outcomes of current research programmes in each theme.

9 Biodiversity & Macroecology

The Biodiversity and Macroecology Demographic consequences of by reintroduction. Any negative Research Theme aims to describe patterns adult sex ratio in a reintroduced consequences due to male-biased sex of diversity in the biology, ecology and hihi population ratios are of particular concern in the distribution of animal species and their Male-biased adult sex ratios are frequently sensitive period following reintroduction habitats at regional and global scales, and observed in free-ranging populations and because biases can easily become large. to test hypotheses about the evolutionary are known to cause changes in mating Whilst we do not show clear effects of and ecological processes that may behaviours including increased male male sex ratio biases reducing female explain the origin and maintenance of harassment of females, which can cause fecundity or survival within the focal hihi this diversity. We also aim to work with injury to females and/or alter female population, this remains a potential factor practitioners to apply this knowledge in behaviour during breeding. Although we limiting viability in populations more setting priorities for conservation action. can explain why such behaviours may sensitive to changes in these demographic evolve and have studied their impacts on parameters. It may be, for example, that individuals when it does, we know very female hihi in the focal population were little about the demographic consequences protected from the detrimental effects of of harassment resulting from changes in sex ratio biases because they were also adult sex ratio. Using a 12 year longitudinal provided with ad libitum energy (sugar dataset from a reintroduced population of water) that allowed them to avoid death a free-living and endangered New Zealand and raise young despite harassment. passerine, the hihi Notiomystis cincta, we Under what conditions the demographic show that a changing adult sex ratio has consequences of sex ratio biases generate little or no effect on adult female survival negative population growth in nature or the number of fledglings produced per remains an extremely interesting question female. This is despite clear evidence of that requires rarely available data.

male harassment of breeding females when Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R. & Armstrong, D.P. (2010) the sex ratio was male-biased (up to three Demographic consequences of adult sex ratio in a reintroduced hihi population. Journal of Animal Ecology males per female). Our results provide rare 80: 448–455. empirical evidence for the demographic consequences of biased adult sex ratios in the wild and particularly in the years Strong but sensitive – why large following establishment of this population carnivores are more vulnerable in declining environmental conditions When running flat out, larger land animals use proportionally more energy than small ones. This observation, which so far has only been established in laboratory-based studies, formed the basis of a cross- species study focusing on carnivore ecology in the wild. We looked at how carnivores of different size respond to changing environmental quality measured by the abundance of their main prey species (e.g. voles for weasels, or zebras for lions). Prey abundance is widely known to have an important influence on the abundance of carnivores, but this study was the first to look at how predator abundance changed with prey abundance while at the same time accounting for the additional effects of predator body size. We found that population sizes of the largest predators, lions, tigers and polar bears, dropped several times faster than those of the smallest species (weasels and Canadian lynx).

10 African Protected Area Population Index

2.0 © N. Pettorelli

1.5 Why does this happen? We think our Large mammal population declines Index value 1970=1 results reflect unusually high costs of in Africa’s national parks 1.0 locomotion for larger predators. Larger At the mention of Africa’s national parks predators require more robust limbs for most people imagine vast herds of animals

hunting, they hunt much larger prey and moving across endless sun-drenched 0.5 must travel further to hunt larger, wider- grasslands dotted with distinctive acacia ranging species. Over evolutionary time, trees. In reality this vision is becoming specialising on large prey may provide increasingly rare. Ongoing human 0.0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2005 new niches, leading to the emergence of development and population growth has 2000 these so-called ‘hypercarnivores’, but increased the threats to Africa’s wild places when times get tough, they have been over recent decades, but the impact of found to be more likely to go extinct. Our these threats on protected areas has not On a positive note, we observed that some paper demonstrates this by looking at this been well studied. Our research sought to parks do provide adequate protection and effect across populations of carnivores quantify the size of the population changes in the future it will be important to bring over shorter timescales. Results like these of large mammals, such as wildebeest, all parks up to the same standards seen in will help us to predict the responses of giraffe and zebra, in parks across the African those that perform well. carnivores to ever increasing human continent. We used data from researchers Craigie, I. D., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmford, A., Carbone, C., Collen, impacts on the environment. and publications going back over 30 years B., Green, R.E. & Hutton, J.M. (2010) Large mammal population to produce an index that showed an declines in Africa’s protected areas. Biological Conservation Carbone, C., Pettorelli, N. & Stephens, P.A. (2010) The bigger 143(9): 2221–2228. they come, the harder they fall: body size and prey abundance average decline in population size of 59% influence predator-prey ratios. Biology Letters 7: 312–315. between 1970 and 2005 across Africa. Different parts of Africa showed differing patterns: southern African parks typically maintained their populations and western African parks suffered the most severe declines. These results show that in general African parks are seeing large declines in their populations of big mammals. The implications are that the parks are not (above) working as well as we would like to protect African Protected Area Population Index over time. Data aggregated from 583 population time series in mammals from human-induced threats. 78 protected areas. Circles are the calculated index The decline in mammal numbers also values for each year. Solid lines are the 95% means that in the future it is possible that confidence intervals produced from bootstrapping vital sources of income, such as tourism, with 10,000 replicates will decrease as there are fewer animals (left) to see, which would further threaten the Camera-trap photo of an Amur tiger rubbing against

© L. Kerley viability of Africa’s parks. a scent mark tree

Research themes 11 Behavioural & Population Ecology © S. Durant

Our research in behavioural ecology and Baboons prefer to dine with friends in the Serengeti-Ngorongoro landscape in population ecology has two major Work this year from the ZSL Tsaobis northern Tanzania, led by ZSL, consolidated interlinked aims: to test fundamental Baboon Project, based in Namibia, their data into a unique dataset covering hypotheses in behavioural and population explored group foraging dynamics. Using nearly 20,000 georeferenced records of ecology and to use our knowledge of the data collected over two seven-month study species presence, collected between 1993 behavioural and population ecology of periods, the team recorded around 5,000 and 2008. This dataset allowed, for the first wild species, and the human populations separate foraging events. A foraging event time, an in-depth exploration of the that interact with them, to inform was when one or more baboons found a distribution and habitat selectivity of an conservation policy and management. suitable food patch, and tucked into a assemblage of 26 carnivore species in the meal. Using these data, a complex network study area. Two species, the large spotted of who dined with whom in the troop was genet and the bushy tailed mongoose, constructed across these thousands of were documented for the first time within foraging events. This is the first study of its this landscape. Ecological Niche Factor kind, as it is more usual to look at co- Analysis (ENFA) was used to examine feeding in pairs. habitat selectivity for 18 of the 26 carnivore species for which there was We expected to find baboons dining (and sufficient data, and 11 ecogeographical thus indirectly sharing food) most readily variables (EGVs), such as altitude and with relatives. However, the desert baboons habitat type, were used for these analyses. dined most with their close grooming The study demonstrated that species partners; effectively sorting themselves by differed in their habitat selectivity, and friendship ties at meal times. This co- supported the limited ecological feeding network may increase individual information already available for these foraging benefit (i.e. baboons acquire species, such as the golden jackals’ more food when dining with friends) and preference for grassland and the leopards’ reduce aggression (i.e. baboons are less preference for river valleys. Two aggregate likely to fight over food with friends). scores which describe each species’ habitat selectivity in relation to the suite of These results suggest that baboons with EGVs were generated by the analysis, (above) stronger social ties may do better in a namely marginality and tolerance. These The network shows co-feeding between foraging context. This idea is echoed by scores were used to test the hypothesis baboons whilst foraging. longer-term baboon studies in other that smaller species are expected to be

Each node represents a baboon. Square nodes populations where it has been shown that more selective than larger species. Two represent males, circular nodes represent female baboons with stronger friendships predictions were tested: marginality should females, node size is proportional to the have more offspring, and that these offspring decrease with body mass; and tolerance eigenvector of centrality (a measure of the are more likely to survive to adulthood and should increase with body mass, but there importance of a node in a network, based on the have children themselves. Thus, close social was no evidence for either prediction. The number and strength of connections to the node), and the label represents the within-sex relationships may have both significant study represents a novel approach to the dominance rank of that individual. short-term and long-term benefits. investigation of habitat selection across species assemblages and provides a Ties (lines) between nodes represent the King, A.J., Clark, F.E. & Cowlishaw, G. (2011) The dining powerful tool to explore similar questions strength of interaction between individuals etiquette of desert baboons: the roles of social bonds, kinship, and dominance in co-feeding networks. American Journal of in other systems and for other taxa. (nodes) and the thickness of the ties is Primatology 73: 768–774. proportional to the frequency of interactions (four strength types are displayed for simplicity). Durant, S.M., Craft, M.E., Foley, C., Hampson, K., Lobora, A.L., Msuha, M., Eblate, E., Bukombe, J., Mchetto, J. & Pettorelli, N. (2010) Does size matter? An investigation of habitat use across The network shows that baboons with high a carnivore assemblage in the Serengeti, Tanzania. Journal of Does size matter? Animal Ecology 79(5): 1012–1022. dominance rank are well-connected, and thus are often seen sharing food with close There is a key hypothesis in macroecology grooming partners. that larger species are less specialised than smaller species. Such a hypothesis, if true, suggests that large species may be able to respond more flexibly to the impacts of environmental change than small species. To investigate the evidence for this in carnivores, a group of scientists working

12 Group communication Mean number of hand gestures (light/dark 1.0 24 μ (t) green) and decibel reading indicating the level of verbal communication (light/dark 22 0.8 blue) throughout experiments.

20 Consensus groups are shown in dark shades. 0.6

18 Mean consensus time, μ (t), indicated by the 0.4 red line, tended to occur shortly after peak

16 Mean decibels per individual gesture rate: box and whiskers show the full Mean gesturing per individual range of time to consensus (t) for 0.2 14 communicating groups.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 Time (minutes)

Reproductive skew in cooperatively subordinate females may often co-breed arena with six foraging patches of breeding species alongside the dominant female. One reason differing quality, indicated by different In cooperatively breeding species, such as why reproductive skew is commonly lower proportions of two forage types (‘cards’) of meerkats Suricata suricatta or pied among female mammals than among differing quality. Radio-tagged participants babblers Turdoides bicolor, individuals female birds is because dominant female in communicating (n=22; talking and often live in close-knit family groups. birds are more able to prevent subordinates gesturing permitted) or non-communicating Reproduction is often skewed towards a from breeding. This stems from reproductive (n=21) groups were challenged to collect few dominant individuals in the group, physiology: birds need access to a nest as many green (high quality) cards as while the remaining group members may site to lay eggs while mammals internally possible and deliver them to ‘home-base’. not breed but instead assist the breeding gestate offspring. Thus, it is relatively easy We encouraged collective participation by individuals in the production of young. for a female bird to prevent female group promising a prize to each individual in the Although helpers may gain fitness benefits members from co-breeding by defending best performing group. from helping, they are nevertheless access to the nest, or by ejecting any expected to maximise their chances of competitor’s eggs. It is more problematic As predicted by theory, the communicating attaining coveted breeding positions within for a female mammal to control groups reached mutual decisions the group. Understanding how reproduction subordinates since rather than defending (‘consensus’) more quickly than the is shared among group members gives us a single breeding site she must police non-communicating groups and ultimately valuable insights into the formation and each female in the group. If subordinates foraged more effectively. Communicating maintenance of social groups in nature. conceive, she must either evict them or kill groups collected a higher proportion of the young. Thus, reproductive physiology green cards than non-communicating seems to have a fundamental bearing on groups irrespective of group size, familiarity reproductive conflict within cooperatively between members, or gender composition. breeding groups and the consequent Communicating groups performed well reproductive division of labour. because they reached consensus, with all individuals converging on the single most Raihani, N.J. & Clutton-Brock, T.H. (2010) Higher reproductive skew among birds than mammals in cooperatively breeding profitable patch (15 of 22 groups), whilst species. Biology Letters 6(5): 630–632. non-communicating groups did not (three

Raihani, N.J., Nelson-Flower, M.J., Golabek, K.A. & Ridley, A.R. of 21 groups). This is the first experimental (2010) Routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers Turdoides bicolor. Journal of Avian Biology proof that communication enhances group 41(6): 681–686. coordination in humans. With this selective advantage, social coordination (be it on © N. Raihani savannas or stock markets) likely played a Performance of human groups in key role in shaping human ecology, past Pied babblers are cooperatively breeding social foraging: the role of and present. birds from the Kalahari Desert. Reproduction communication in consensus within groups is monopolised by a decision-making Unexpectedly, gesticulations played a vital dominant breeding pair, while offspring Social foraging in humans has a deep role in achieving consensus. Gesture remain on the natal territory as non- evolutionary history: early hominids usage was the sole factor explaining the reproductive helpers. Offspring do not searched for dispersed food sources in achievement of consensus for often stand to inherit the natal territory, a patchy, uncertain environment. A communicating groups, with gesture rate nor do they breed alongside their parents. fundamental assumption is that social being significantly higher early in the Instead, young pied babblers seem to use foragers benefit by exchanging experiment, up to the time at which the natal territory as a safe haven from information about food sources, in order consensus was reached. Gesture use, which to monitor the availability of breeding to make collective decisions based on therefore, appears to be a critical form of positions nearby. When a suitable vacancy pooled information. communication in the initial stages of arises, young babblers often disperse and group interactions. This demonstrates the compete for the new breeding spot. We conducted the first experimental test importance of gestures for human group of the longstanding assumption that coordination, and provides novel insights As in most cooperatively breeding bird communication enhances group into the significance of gestural species, female pied babblers that attain performance in humans. We used radio-tags communication in both ancestral and breeding status typically monopolise to monitor the incremental performance modern-day human societies. breeding within the group. This is not the of communicating and non-communicating King, A.J., Narraway, C., Hodgson, L., Weatherill, A., Sommer, case in cooperatively breeding mammal groups of humans during a social foraging V. & Sumner, S. (2010) Performance of human groups in social species, such as meerkats, where experiment. We created a physical foraging foraging: the role of communication in consensus decision-making. Biology Letters 7: 237–240.

Research themes 13 Genetic variation, fitness & adaptability

The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness Hybridisation of Pterodroma petrels Petrels were first recorded on Round and Adaptability Research Theme is to on Round Island Island in 1948 and since that time their develop and apply empirical and Round Island, a small islet off the north exact origin and classification has theoretical methods to describe patterns coast of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, remained uncertain. The most common of relatedness among individuals, has long excited the interest of biologists. species on the island is Pterodroma populations and species. Our research Many of the plants and animals living there arminjoniana (Trindade petrel), which was aims to test hypotheses on the effects of are found nowhere else, and the island is previously known only to breed on a single genetic diversity on individual fitness and reputed to have more endangered species island in the Atlantic Ocean. Two other population persistence and to apply this per unit area than anywhere else on Earth. species have also been confirmed breeding knowledge of genetic structure and A recent genetic study of the seabird on Round Island in smaller numbers. These genetic diversity/fitness relationships to population of Round Island has produced are P. neglecta (Kermadec petrel) and the management of animal populations. some fascinating results. The island appears P. heraldica (Herald petrel), both of which to have been colonised by three different are widely distributed in the Pacific Ocean species of gadfly petrel Pterodroma spp. but were unknown in the Indian Ocean within the last century, and genetic data prior to their discovery on Round Island. suggests that the three species are now The appearance of these ground-nesting interbreeding with one another. Round birds on Round Island seems to have Island petrels therefore represent a rare followed massive deforestation of the example of multispecies hybridisation in island and changes to the existing bird naturally occurring vertebrate populations. fauna through hunting.

Analysis of genetic data has confirmed that P. arminjoniana is hybridising with the other two species, subverting the reproductive isolation of all three and allowing gene flow. The implications of this discovery are two-fold. First, ongoing environmental degradation is predicted to alter the ranges of species and increase the likelihood of secondary contact, which could in turn result in a cascade of genetic homogenisation involving multiple taxa. The situation on Round Island supports this prediction. Second, our results demonstrate that multispecies reticulate evolution can occur in natural animal systems. Such reticulate evolutionary events may be more widespread in nature than previously thought. The commonly used tree-like model of evolution and speciation may therefore not always be realistic, and alternative methods of phylogenetic reconstruction are required which can further uncover and explore reticulate events.

Brown, R.M., Jordan, W.C., Faulkes, C.G., Jones, C.G., Bugoni, L., Tatayah, V., Palma, R.L. & Nichols, R.A. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships in Pterodroma petrels are obscured by recent secondary contact and hybridization. PLoS One 6(5): e20350. © R. Brown

14 Sensitive males – inbreeding depression in endangered birds Threatened species are often characterised by their small and isolated populations, which may also be declining, such as populations of island-dwelling birds. For many of these bird species, conservation measures have to be put in place to safeguard their long-term survival. Reintroduction is one of these measures and involves the movement of a few individuals to found new populations in areas where they used to exist. However, this strategy can affect the genetic health of the new populations. Being in small, isolated populations and undergoing founding bottleneck events make them more vulnerable to inbreeding owing to the higher chances of mating with relatives and the effects of genetic drift. We studied the effects of inbreeding on a reintroduced population of the hihi Notiomystis cincta. Hihi are an endangered, sexually dimorphic species only found in New Zealand. We provide evidence that this population has strong inbreeding depression and that male © P. Brekke © P. hihi are more sensitive to inbreeding than females, with higher embryo and nestling mortality. The magnitude of inbreeding Estimating relatedness from frequencies of the entire population, and the depression is dependent on the strength of genetic markers direct approach uses the allele frequencies selection and exacerbated under natural Knowledge of the genetic relatedness of the current focal subpopulation. Using conditions. Therefore, this finding has strong between individuals is important in many simulations, the study revealed that implications not only for our understanding research areas in quantitative genetics, currently widely applied relatedness of the vulnerability of reintroduced conservation genetics, forensics, evolution estimators are upwardly biased under the populations, but also for the vulnerability and ecology. In the absence of pedigree indirect approach, but can be modified to of strongly sexually selected species. records, relatedness between individuals become unbiased and more accurate by

Stronger sexual selection pressure on can be estimated from their similarity in using Wright’s Fst to account for population males may amplify the effects of genotypes at a number of marker loci. A structures. However, the modified unbiased inbreeding and lead to higher levels of number of estimators have been developed estimators under the indirect approach are inbreeding depression. On the other hand, for this purpose but they invariably make clearly inferior to the unmodified original higher inbreeding depression of males the critical assumption of a large random estimators under the direct approach, even may help purge the deleterious mutations mating population without genetic when small samples are used in estimating responsible for the fitness of both sexes, structures. The assumption is frequently both allele frequencies and relatedness. and thus help to maintain the health and violated in the real world where geographic/ Wang, J. (2011) Unbiased relatedness estimation in structured productivity of the population. social structures or non-random mating populations. Genetics 187(3): 887–901. usually leads to genetic structures. Brekke, P., Bennett, P.M., Wang, J., Pettorelli, N. & Ewen, J.G. (2010) Sensitive males: inbreeding depression in an endangered bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Two approaches to the estimation of B – Biological Sciences. 277: 3677–3684. relatedness between a pair of individuals from a subpopulation due to recent common ancestors (i.e. relatedness is defined and measured with the current focal subpopulation as reference) were studied. The indirect approach uses the allele

Research themes 15 Wildlife Epidemiology

The Wildlife Epidemiology Research Acute sun damage and protects whales from sun irradiation and Theme aims to identify where disease is photoprotective responses in whales plays a role in the elimination of a threat to wildlife conservation, either Despite a marked deceleration in the potentially precancerous cells, as is known as a primary cause of species declines or as amount of ozone lost at the poles each to occur in humans. Interestingly, blue a threat to remnant wildlife populations. year, high levels of solar ultraviolet whale epidermal apoptotic cells and The Research Theme also aims to radiation (UVR) continue to reach our melanocytes increased in time, a trend investigate the emergence of disease as biosphere, potentially threatening living that also occurred in fin whales, the a conservation threat and develop an organisms. Species such as whales, whose darkest species studied. If exposure to understanding of the consequences of skin is not covered by fur, feathers or UVR increases the number of changes in wildlife disease epidemiology; scales and whose life-history traits force melanocytes, stimulates the synthesis of both to wildlife conservation and welfare them to continuous exposure to the sun, melanin and leads to augmented and to human health and welfare, are believed to be particularly sensitive to apoptosis, it is possible that our results particularly where these changes are UVR. We investigated the prevalence of indicate that cetaceans are able to elicit driven by anthropogenic forces. sunburn lesions in 156 blue, fin and sperm quick responses to high levels of UVR. whales, three seasonally sympatric species Martinez-Levasseur, L.M., Gendron, D., Knell, R.J., O’Toole, E.A., with dissimilar skin colour and surface Singh, M. & Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. (2011) Acute sun behaviour. By using high quality damage and photoprotective responses in whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological photographs and microscopic skin Sciences 278(1711): 1581–1586. sections, we were able to detect lesions commonly associated with acute severe sun damage in humans. Interspecific

(below) variation in sensitivity to solar exposure Infectious disease in common Once photo-identified, whales were approached was explained by dissimilar skin colour British birds at a slow and constant speed in order to collect and duration of exposure, two factors Salmonellosis has been reported as an a skin biopsy using a stainless steel dart fired known to increase risk of acute sunburn in important cause of mortality of garden from a crossbow. The survey was conducted in humans. Individual skin pigmentation birds in several countries, including the Gulf of California in collaboration with the Marine Mammal Ecology Laboratory of CICIMAR predicted cellular lesions and apoptotic Norway and Scotland. We investigated the of La Paz (Baja California, Mexico). cells, suggesting that darker pigmentation frequency of the disease in garden birds submitted for postmortem examination by members of the public in England and Wales between 1993 and 2003. Salmonellosis was confirmed in seven of the 45 bird species examined and was the most frequent cause of death resulting from infectious disease, with greenfinch Carduelis chloris and house sparrow Passer domesticus most frequently affected. A significant sex bias was observed in affected greenfinches, with males more frequently diagnosed with salmonellosis than females. No sex bias was observed for other affected species. Further research is required to determine if salmonellosis is an important constraint to the populations of affected species and if disease outbreaks are driven by human factors, such as feeding.

Few studies have demonstrated the extent to which emerging diseases can impact populations of common species. We assessed the impact of an emerging protozoal disease on greenfinch and © D. Gendron chaffinchFringilla coelebs, two of the most

1616 common birds in Britain. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed that disease was caused by Trichomonas gallinae. Trichomonosis emerged as a novel fatal disease of finches in Britain in 2005 and rapidly became epidemic within greenfinch, and to a lesser extent chaffinch, populations in 2006. By 2007, breeding populations of greenfinches and chaffinches in the geographic region of highest disease incidence had decreased by 35% and 21% respectively, representing mortality in excess of half a million birds. Declines were less pronounced or absent in regions where the disease was found in intermediate or low incidence. Populations of dunnock Prunella modularis, which similarly feeds in gardens, but in which T. gallinae was rarely recorded, did not decline. This is the first trichomonosis epidemic reported in the literature to negatively impact populations of free- ranging noncolumbiform species, and such levels of mortality and decline due to an emerging infectious disease are unprecedented in British wild bird populations. This disease emergence event

demonstrates the potential for a protozoan © M. Fisher parasite to jump avian host taxonomic groups with dramatic effect over a short Climate change, chytridiomycosis or conditions led to heavier, more lethal, time period. condition: an experimental test of infections. Even more unexpectedly, amphibian survival altered temperature and exposure to Bd Field studies have shown how climate were not the most important predictors of warming has exacerbated the negative mortality. Instead, body mass and the effects that emerging Batrachochytrium amount of mass lost during hibernation dendrobatidis (Bd) has on amphibian were the most important correlates of populations. We experimentally examined mortality. Altering hibernation the potential for Bd to interact with climate temperature did not influence mass loss, warming and used recently metamorphosed and mass was determined before we common toads Bufo bufo as our model started the experiment, so growth during amphibian. By experimentally altering the larval period must be the most winter hibernation temperatures and important factor influencing mass and exposing toads after hibernation, we could mass loss, and, thus, mortality. While Bd examine the effects of changing and climate change both have the ability

© S. Clayton temperature on host responses while to negatively affect amphibian populations controlling for climate effects on Bd. and act synergistically, our experiment Lawson, B., Howard, T., Kirkwood, J.K., Macgregor, S.K., Results were unexpected. The amount of shows that the threat is not omnipresent, Perkins, M., Robinson, R.A., Ward, L.R. & Cunningham, A.A. (2010) Epidemiology of salmonellosis in garden birds in mass lost by toads was not directly and substantial mortality in amphibian England and Wales, 1993 to 2003. EcoHealth 7(3): 294–306. influenced by hibernation conditions, as populations can arise through simple, Robinson, R.A., Lawson, B., Toms, M.P., Peck, K.M., Kirkwood, would be predicted based on field studies demographic processes. J.K., Chantrey, J., Clatworthy, I.R., Evans, A.D., Hughes, L.A., Hutchinson, O.C., John, S.K., Pennycott, T.W., Perkins, M.W., of adult toads. Additionally, disease Rowley, P.S., Simpson, V.R., Tyler, K.M. & Cunningham, A.A. Garner, T.W.J., Rowcliffe, J.M. & Fisher, M.C. (2011) Climate (2010) Emerging infectious disease leads to rapid population dynamics were decoupled: poor winter change, chytridiomycosis or condition: an experimental test of declines of common British birds. PLoS One 5(8): e12215. hibernation conditions increased the amphibian survival. Global Change Biology 17: 667–675. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012215 probability of infection but good winter

Research themes 17 Wildlife Epidemiology

continued

The long-term impact of Ranavirus In the mid-1990s, a project was set up to infection in wild common frog record incidences of amphibian die-offs in populations the UK from public reports, and this Ranavirus has affected amphibians in the project has led to an archive of over a UK and North America since the 1980s, decade of information. It was known that when reports of large-scale and seemingly Ranavirus was persisting in some sudden deaths began to appear. Early populations long after the initial mass work at IoZ showed that Ranavirus was mortality event, yet until recently no study causing mass die-offs in common frogs had evaluated the longer-term impacts of Rana temporaria in garden ponds in the this disease on amphibian populations. UK, with on average 34 frogs killed by the We used the archived reports of die-offs to disease at each pond. This disease causes locate a number of frog ponds in England skin ulcerations and internal that had undergone recurring Ranavirus haemorrhaging, and often death. deaths for a decade, and found that between 1996 and 2008 the number of common frogs in these populations had declined by an average of 81%. Uninfected ponds showed no change in population size over the same time period. This was the first indication that Ranavirus is capable of causing long-term localised population declines in an amphibian species and it has provided the ground- work for expanding the project to understand other aspects of this disease, such as how it is spread. Long-term datasets such as this are rare in wildlife research, and they provide an unusual opportunity for research into population change. Without the contribution of the public reporting amphibian die-offs in their own back gardens, we would have little idea of the impact of Ranavirus, and this work exemplifies the power of using public reporting as a means for gathering information that would otherwise be inaccessible. Unusual amphibian mortality events can be reported to the wildlife charity Froglife at: www.froglife.org/disease

Teacher, A.G.F., Cunningham, A.A. & Garner, T.W.J. (2010) Assessing the long-term impact of Ranavirus infection in wild common frog populations. Animal Conservation 13: 514–522. © A. Teacher A. ©

18 200 Rainfall

180 Bat detected 160

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(above) Weekly presence determined by radio-telemetry of the female Eidolon helvum in central Accra, Ghana.

The bat was determined to be seropositive against both Ebolavirus (subtype Zaire) and Lagos bat virus (Nigeria 1956 isolate). The bat was pregnant when sampled in January 2008.

Data from World Weather Information Service © D. Hayman © D. Hayman

Long-term survival of an urban fruit fitted with a radio transmitter and was last bat seropositive for Ebola and Lagos detected in Accra 13 months after release bat viruses post-sampling, demonstrating long-term Ebolaviruses (EBOV) cause viral survival following exposure to viruses haemorrhagic fevers in humans and which may be highly pathogenic to non-human primates when they spill over humans and other primates. This is the from their wildlife reservoir hosts, with first time that evidence of Ebolavirus case fatality rates of up to 90%. Fruit bats infection has been found in an urban may act as reservoirs of the viruses. The dwelling bat and therefore poses migratory fruit bat Eidolon helvum is interesting questions regarding public common across sub-Saharan Africa and health, especially given that the species is lives in huge colonies, often situated in also harvested for bushmeat. cities, and is a source of bushmeat. We Hayman, D.T.S., Emmerich, P., Yu, M., Wang, L-F., Suu-ire, R., screened sera from 262 E. helvum for Fooks, A.R., Cunningham, A.A. & Wood, J.L.N. (2010) antibodies against EBOV. We detected a Long-term survival of an urban fruit bat seropositive for Ebola and Lagos bat viruses. PLoS One 5(8): e11978. DOI: 10.1371/ seropositive bat from Accra, Ghana, journal.pone.0011978 suggesting that this bat had been previously infected with this virus and survived. We confirmed this by testing the sample in an independent laboratory using a different type of test. The bat was also seropositive against Lagos bat virus,

a rabies-related Lyssavirus. The bat was © D. Hayman

Research themes 19 Reproductive biology

Our understanding of reproductive Gazelle reproduction Faecal reproductive hormone analysis was biology comes largely from a small In the Golan Heights, the first fawn of a used as a means of documenting the cycle number of intensely studied model mountain gazelle Gazella gazella is length, hormonal changes around puberty species, but nature presents a normally born when the dam is two years and pregnancy of captive mountain bewildering array of adaptations in old, but near to agricultural areas first gazelles. Fresh faecal samples were almost every new species we examine. In fawns are often born to one-year old collected from eight female mountain the Reproductive Biology Research Theme females. In such areas, and in captivity, gazelles for two months. Two of the we aim both to explore and understand nursing females may become oestrous animals were pregnant while the other six some of this diversity and to use this and pregnant thus producing two fawns in were not. Using the progestagen profile, knowledge for the development of one year. Under favourable food conditions the luteal phase, interleuteal (follicular) technologies that may have practical (in captivity and in agricultural areas) phase and oestrous cycle in adult female applications. In addition, we aim to find females may conceive at five to seven mountain gazelle were determined to be out whether and how environmental months and males may impregnate at 15 12.5 ± 1.2, 5.9 ± 0.59 and 18.8 ± 0.98 days change may affect reproductive and to 20 months. While the existence of these respectively. There was no inter-individual developmental processes. reproductive-nutritional interactions is well variation in the level of faecal progestagen known, the mechanisms behind them are in cycling gazelles; however, there were poorly understood. This is partly because significant differences in the levels of too little is known about the detailed faecal progestagen between cycling reproductive biology of gazelles, and females and pregnant females. Low levels partly because it is technically difficult to of faecal progestagen concentrations in assess reproductive characteristics by the females aged less than 18 months use of invasive methods, such as blood indicated that sexual maturity in captivity sampling. However, until suitable is not attained before that age. background information is available it will remain difficult to investigate the effects of These results raise more questions than seasonal, geographical and climatic they answer. Why should the females in changes on the biology of wild gazelles. agricultural areas be significantly more The current study was undertaken as a first precocious than those kept in captivity? As step in characterising the oestrous cycle the captive animals are fed ad libitum and and pregnancy in Saudi Arabian mountain kept under similar climatic conditions to gazelles, and was undertaken in collaboration those found in agricultural areas, the with the King Khaled Wildlife Research explanation is unlikely to depend solely on Centre at Thumamah in Saudi Arabia. food availability. Observations on wild gazelles have indicated that they are highly selective in their choice of food, so it is more likely to be nature of the feed than its abundance alone. Careful reproductive studies combining non-invasive hormonal measurements in wild animals with direct observations on feeding behaviour will be needed to answer these questions in detail.

Mohammed, O.B., Green, D.I. & Holt, W.V. (2011) Fecal progesterone metabolites and ovarian activity in cycling and pregnant mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella). Theriogenology 75: 542–548.

The control of sperm survival in the mammalian female reproductive tract We have previously reported that, after insemination, spermatozoa in domestic animals such as pigs, sheep and cattle are transported to the oviduct where they survive for up to two days in contact with © O. Mohammed © O. the oviductal epithelium before resuming

20 Immunocytochemical double staining of (a) wallaby oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) and (b) wallaby kidney epithelial cells in coculture with spermatozoa (17 h after sperm addition).

(c) and (d) illustrate OECs at higher magnification. Epithelial cells can be recognised by the cytoplasmic cytokeratin filaments (green fluorescence) and large nuclei (blue fluorescence). Bound spermatozoa are present on the epithelial cell membrane (blue fluorescence).

Scale bar = 50 µm.

(a) (b) their journey to meet and fertilise the oocyte. The epithelial cells of the oviduct respond by expressing novel genes and producing new proteins that may be responsible for modulating sperm functions, including intracellular calcium concentration and membrane fluidity. It is believed that the spermatozoa tend to become quiescent during the storage period and that components of the oviductal environment have the ability to protect spermatozoa from degradation and damage. If we could discover the properties (c) (d) of this protective mechanism we may be able to develop new methods for prolonging the shelf-life of semen during signal transduction pathway. This result is The outcome of this study was that the transportation, thus enhancing the success congruent with our earlier data showing wallaby spermatozoa do indeed bind to of artificial insemination techniques within that prolongation of sperm survival is oviductal cells in culture, and that the captive-breeding programmes. achieved via heat-shock proteins, one in binding results in prolongation of sperm particular called Heat Shock 70 kDa protein lifespan (Boere et al., 2011). In collaboration with the University of A8, or HSPA8 for short. This protein occurs Murcia, Spain, we investigated the factors in all species, and its role is to protect other Bats are the only type of eutherian within the oviduct that protect spermatozoa proteins and to ensure that the peptide mammal that can store spermatozoa in and prolong their survival. We have shown chains are folded correctly during synthesis. the female reproductive tract for more that the fluid recovered from oviducts As these proteins are so highly conserved than a few days. Although the collected at an abattoir is still biologically in an evolutionary sense, with HSPA8 being phenomenon of prolonged sperm storage active and can be used in laboratory regarded as one of the most conserved of in bats has been recognised for decades, studies. In fact, the oviductal fluid can be all known proteins, we predict that its until very recently we had absolutely no collected separately from the two protective ability should transcend the information about the mechanisms anatomical regions of the porcine oviduct: species barrier. We are currently investigating involved. In general, the bat spermatozoa the isthmus, where spermatozoa are the potential value of HSPA8 for protecting make complex and intricate contact with stored, and the ampulla, where fertilisation and prolonging the life of brown bear and epithelial cells of the uterine horns or occurs. It can also be fractionated to Asian elephant spermatozoa. oviducts, depending on species, and in separate low and high molecular weight some species the body temperature is components, so that some clues can be Although it is believed that spermatozoa lowered as sperm storage is often obtained about the biological identity of of eutherian species can colonise the associated with hibernation. Recently, the relevant molecular species present. oviduct, forming a sperm reservoir, and however, research in a non-hibernating surviving there prior to fertilisation, the tropical Asian species, Scotophilus heathii Our research showed that if fluid from the situation in marsupials is less well known. (Holt, 2011; Roy & Krishna, 2011), has oviductal isthmus was separated into two Marsupial oocytes have a short fertilisation revealed that sperm storage is associated fractions (more or less than 100 kDa), the window after ovulation; if they are exposed with mechanisms that prevent apoptosis, lower molecular weight fraction was able to oviductal fluid for too long, they the process sometimes known as to reduce the extent of motility activation become resistant to sperm penetration. In programmed cell death. by the signalling molecule, bicarbonate principle, these species should have an Boere, J., Díaz, D. & Holt, W.V. (2011) Sperm motility activation, (Coy et al., 2010). This is an important even greater need for an oviductal sperm sperm heterogeneity and sperm–female tract interactions in finding; bicarbonate is normally present in reservoir, but the situation is unclear. One Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23: 603–617. oviductal fluid at a concentration about of the 2010 cohort of MSc students Coy, P., Lloyd, R., Romar, R., Satake, N., Matas, C., Gadea, 40 mM, sufficient to stimulate motility to extracted oviductal cells from wallabies at J. & Holt, W.V. (2010) Effects of porcine pre-ovulatory oviductal maximal levels. However, that a low ZSL Whipsnade Zoo and grew them in fluid on boar sperm function. Theriogenology 74: 632–642. molecular weight component in oviductal tissue culture until the cells covered most Holt, W.V. (2011) Does apoptosis hold the key to long-term fluid has the ability to suppress the of the dish and then added wallaby sperm storage mechanisms in vivo? Molecular Reproduction and Development 78: 464–465. activation response indicates that the spermatozoa to investigate whether they Roy, V. & Krishna, A. (2011) Sperm storage in female oviduct produces something that could bind to the cells, and if so, whether reproductive tract of Scotophilus heathii: role of androgen. interferes with the relevant stimulatory this prolonged the life of the spermatozoa. Molecular Reproduction and Development 78: 477–487.

Research themes 21 indicators & assessments unit

Global environmental agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have set stringent goals for biodiversity conservation. Scientifically robust biodiversity indicators are required to track progress towards these goals and define the status and trends of biodiversity; the Indicators and Assessments (IAU) unit was formed in 2006 for this purpose. The unit is a joint 1–7 Institute of Zoology and Conservation 8–29 Programmes initiative, and comprises 30–79 around 20 staff, students and interns. This 80–181 year, work has expanded to build novel 182–395 understanding of wildlife population and range dynamics, and develop new techniques for monitoring wildlife. Many Biodiversity indicators for 2020 Jones, J.P.G., Collen, B., Atkinson, G., Baxter, P.W.J., Bubb, P., Illian, J.B., Katzner, T.E., Keane, A., Loh, J., McDonald-Madden, of the projects are providing science to It became clear in 2010 that the target E., Nicholson, E., Pereira, H.M., Possingham, H.P., Pullin, A.S., inform global biodiversity policy for the adopted by world leaders signatory to the Rodrigues, A.S.L., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Sommerville, M. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011) The why, what and how of global CBD 2020 strategic plan. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) biodiversity indicators beyond the 2010 target. Conservation to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss was Biology 25(3): 450–457. not met. Nevertheless, the 2010 target Pereira, H.M., Proença, V., Belnapp, J., Brummitt, N., Collen, B., Ding, H., Gonzalez, M., Gregory, R.D., Honrado, J., stimulated the development of scientifically Jongman, R., Julliard, R., McRae, L., Rodrigues, P., Opige, M., robust techniques to evaluate biodiversity Rodriguez, J.P., Schmeller, D., van Swaay, C. & Vieira, C. (2010) Global biodiversity monitoring: filling the gap where it counts change, providing policy makers the the most. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment means to create a more structured and 8: 459–460. focused plan for biodiversity conservation Sparks, T.H., Butchart, S.H.M., Balmford, A., Bennun, L., Stanwell-Smith, D., Walpole, M., Bates, N.R., Bomhard, B., over the coming decade. As the transition Buchanan, G.M., Chenery, A., Collen, B., Csirke, J., Diaz, R.J., Dulvy, N.K., Fitzgerald, C., Kapos, V., Mayaux, P., Tierney, M., takes place to the CBD 2020 strategic plan Waycott, M., Wood, L. & Green, R.E. (2011) Linked indicator for biodiversity, what shape should it take? sets for addressing biodiversity loss. Oryx 45: 411–419.

(above) This year, we published three journal Diagnosing extinction risk: the Red List Spatial distribution of the populations used to articles detailing potential responses that ZSL’s long involvement with IUCN has led calculate the Living Planet Index. The size of each might help policy makers form the most to the classification of many thousands of point is proportional to the number of populations monitored. appropriate framework for biodiversity in species onto the IUCN Red List of 2020. These covered a gap analysis of Threatened Species. Using data for 25,780 (right, top) regions and species where data are lacking, species, we presented an assessment of Global species richness of vertebrates, based on linking indicators in a pressure-state- the status of the world’s vertebrates. an assessment of 24,437 vertebrate species. response framework, and focusing on One-fifth of vertebrate species are Amphibians, birds and mammals are comprehensive assessments of all species in the biodiversity indicators that could discern classified as Threatened, and this figure is group. For fish and reptiles, which are sampled between competing policies to enable increasing; on average, 52 species of assessments of 1,500 species, each cell richness better decision making. The latter of these mammals, birds and amphibians move total is scaled to the proportion of species it provides an intriguing way forward, as one category closer to extinction each year. would represent in the true total. while the current set of biodiversity However, this overall pattern conceals the (far right) indicators offer good information on how impact of conservation successes, and the King penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus colony in biodiversity is changing, they provide little rate of deterioration would have been at Salisbury Bay, South Georgia. information on what we should be doing least one-fifth again as much in the about biodiversity loss. By linking indicators absence of these. Nonetheless, current to explicit monitoring objectives it is conservation efforts remain insufficient to possible to make decisions about which offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss monitoring schemes require additional in these vertebrate groups, where support, which can be informed by agricultural expansion, logging, predictions of the value of such schemes overexploitation and invasive alien to enable better policy decision making. species are the dominant threats.

22 Vertebrate species richness (estimated number of species)

Terrestrial/Freshwater Marine

1–200 1–250 201–400 251–500 401–600 501–750 601–800 751–1,000 801–1,000 1,001–1,500 1,001–1,200 1,501–2,000 1,201–1,400 2,001–2,500 >1,400 >2,500

Baillie, J. E. M., Griffiths, J., Turvey, S.T., Loh, J. & Collen, B. In a global analysis of vertebrate (2010) Evolution Lost: status and trends of the world’s vertebrates. London: Zoological Society of London. population abundance and Galliformes range size trends, we found weak Hoffmann, M., Hilton-Taylor, C., Angulo, A., Böhm, M., Brooks, T.M., Butchart, S.H.M., Carpenter, K.E., Chanson, J., Collen, B. evidence for ecological and biological et al. (2010) The impact and shortfall of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330: 1503–1509. traits being predictors of local decline in range or abundance, but stronger evidence Rodríguez, J.P., Rodríguez-Clark, K.M., Baillie, J.E.M., Ash, N., Benson, J., Boucher, T., Brown, C., Burgess, N., Collen, B., for the role of local anthropogenic threats Jennings, M., Keith, D.A., Nicholson, E., Revenga, C., Reyers, and environmental change. Our findings B., Rouget, M., Smith, T., Spalding, M., Taber, A., Walpole, M., Zager, I. & Zamin, T. (2011) Establishing IUCN Red List criteria have several implications for conservation for threatened ecosystems. Conservation Biology 25: 21–29. planning. Averaged trends hide much variation among species, places and time Population abundance and range periods. It is clear that the future is not a dynamics straightforward projection of the past, so Continuing downward trends in the recent and historical trends cannot

population sizes of many species, in the necessarily constitute robust predictions © B. Collen conservation status of threatened for the future. However, identifying the species, and in the quality, extent and traits and characteristics of susceptible Counting on wildlife connectedness of habitats are of taxa, the changing focus of extrinsic Monitoring wildlife health presents us increasing concern. For example, a study pressures and threats and the interactions with a number of challenges, particularly of vertebrate population trends in the between these will indicate places and in remote regions of the world, where Mediterranean wetlands of 27 countries species that may next be most at risk. access is difficult, the terrain is hostile and showed dramatic declines in the Eastern the ecology of many species present makes Mediterranean. Identifying the attributes The drivers of biodiversity declines have it difficult to evaluate their changing health of declining populations can help predict changed over time, leading to substantial status. New technologies, such as remote how biodiversity will be impacted and shifts in the geographical and taxonomic triggered camera traps, provide a means guide pre-emptive conservation actions. focus of conservation activity, a trend that to obtain insight into species presence, is likely to continue into the future. abundance, and increasingly the Evidence suggests that the majority of phenological phenomena such as breeding Aggregated population trends for vertebrate species species that are currently declining in range times, and breeding success. In one such extent and population size are responding example, we have been using camera traps All Mediterranean wetlands to habitat loss. This is unlikely to slow to monitor change in abundance of a 2.5 given the apparent contagion of habitat broad set of species in Sapo National Park, decline, and the future projected needs of Liberia. This study has had several 2.0 the human population. However, the traits successes, including the first photographic that predispose species to an elevated risk record of the pygmy hippopotamus

1.5 of decline vary according to the type of Choeropsis liberiensis in Liberia. Adapting

Living Planet Index threat and so we must expect the focus of the same techniques, we are trialling the

1.0 future declines to change. Emerging use of cameras in Antarctica in order to threats such as climate change will have track the fate of penguins in a changing

0.5 interactive effects with the current drivers climate. Automatically triggered three that are generally likely to increase overall times a day, the cameras are taking photos risks to wildlife population persistence. overlooking penguin colonies from which 0.5

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 we will record dates of first arrival, 2005 2000 Collen, B., McRae, L., Deinet, S., De Palma, A., Carranza, T., Loh, J., Cooper, N. & Baillie, J. (2011) Predicting how departure and peak breeding of penguins. Eastern Mediterranean wetlands populations decline to extinction. Philosophical Transactions The technology is new, but offers of the Royal Society of London B. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0015 2.0 tremendous prospects. Galewski, T., Collen, B., McRae, L., Loh, J., Grillas, P., Gauthier-Clerc, M. & Devictor, V. (2011) Long-term trends in Collen, B., Howard, R., Konie, J., Daniel, O. & Rist, J. (2011) the abundance of Mediterranean wetland vertebrates: from 1.5 Field surveys for the Endangered pygmy hippopotamus global recovery to localized declines. Biological Conservation Choeropsis liberiensis in Sapo National Park, Liberia. 144(5): 1392–1399. Oryx 45: 35–37. 1.0 Mace, G.M., Collen, B., Fuller, R.A. & Boakes, E.H. (2010)

Living Planet Index Population and geographic range dynamics: implications for conservation planning. Philosophical Transactions of the 0.5 Royal Society of London B 365: 3743–3751.

0.0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2005 2000 Indicators and assessments unit 23 zsl conservation programmes

Research carried out at IoZ focuses on In order to become a reality, an extensive, scientific issues relevant to the integrated land-use plan incorporating conservation of species and their livestock grazing security alongside wildlife habitats. This work directly supports ZSL’s conservation will need to be developed. field conservation programmes, which are currently run in over 60 countries worldwide. The combination of applied Berbak Carbon Initiative and pure research means that we are ZSL’s Berbak Carbon Initiative project in engaged in and can inform conservation Indonesia has rapidly been gaining policy and practice at all levels, in momentum since its inception in 2009. The partnership with governments, NGOs project site includes a national park and

and local communities. Wacher T. © covers, overall, about 240,000 ha of carbon- rich peat swamp forest on the east coast of Surveying and conservation of Sumatra. It was formally recognised as an endangered desert fauna Indonesian government-supported official The large mammals of the Sahara are Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and some of the most threatened but poorly forest Degradation (REDD) pilot project in known species on the planet. Drought, late 2010 and has hosted several visits by desertification, habitat loss, overhunting the UN-REDD Indonesian delegation. The and other human impacts have brought project has been promoted within Indonesia many species to the verge of extinction, and at numerous international events, such with animals such as the dama gazelle as the Convention on Biological Diversity Nanger dama, addax Addax nasomaculatus COP 10 in Nagoya, as an example of a and Saharan cheetah Acinonyx jubatus research-based REDD project. hecki experiencing a 95% reduction of their former range. The Pan Sahara Wildlife Survey, a collaboration between ZSL and the Sahara Conservation Fund and the Emirates Centre for Wildlife Propagation, was created with the aim of improving the © ZSL conservation status of this threatened fauna.

This year, a series of surveys in Niger and Chad were carried out to assess the highly threatened desert fauna and identify sites for future conservation efforts. These surveys

confirmed the existence of dama gazelles © ZSL at three sites where they were believed possibly extinct, and one survey in Chad As Berbak National Park is one of the last confirmed the presence of a small population strongholds for the critically endangered of addax, only the second population Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae, known to persist in the wild. Both species the project is ideally placed to utilise the are critically endangered, making these recently proposed carbon Wildlife exciting findings even more important. Premium Market Initiative. The WPMI is being developed by the World Bank and However, a survey of the last stronghold will add value to proposed carbon of scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah, in payments schemes located in globally the Ouadi Rime/Ouadi Achim area of Chad important areas for biodiversity. By where thousands were present in the providing additional incentives to protect 1970s, found only horn fragments. The endangered species, it will give value to results indicate that the area remains a standing forests full of wildlife in the eyes prime location if the long-term restoration of the relevant governments and also of scimitar-horned oryx is to involve provide financial incentives to local establishment of free-living populations. populations to protect their forests.

24 © J. Roche © J.

Thames Eel Conservation Project The Thames estuary is one of the world’s busiest metropolitan waterways but it is also one of the cleanest and few people appreciate its importance to wildlife. One of its most iconic inhabitants, the Critically Endangered European eel Anguilla anguilla, is a focal species in ZSL’s Tidal Thames Conservation Programme and we have monitored their recruitment throughout the catchment for the past six years. Our © ZSL/PHKA results mirror the worrying decline in recruitment reported throughout Europe Current research is focusing on tiger Running for four weeks, the programme over the last 30 years. Reasons for the density assessment and mapping brought together more than 20 decline are not fully understood but it is distribution of prey species, using a grid environmental and conservation groups thought to be a combination of habitat system of camera traps, and on ground- to celebrate the beauty of the oceans, loss, barriers to both upstream and truthing the carbon stocks estimates highlight the issue of over-fishing and downstream migration, the presence of a produced by consultants Forest Carbon. promote marine reserves. A simple fish swimbladder parasite, pollution, over- Baselines for both biodiversity and carbon guide and associated phone application fishing, and climate change affecting the are essential steps in the progress towards provided shoppers with the tools to make oceanic currents that carry larval eels from sale of certified ‘tiger-friendly carbon positive choices about the right fish to buy. the Sargasso Sea to Europe. credits’ on the voluntary market. The results were impressive: (1) media in over 37 countries with an estimated value This year, our eel conservation project of £4 million; (2) 4 million people saw the expanded, with support from the Esmee Project Ocean window displays; (3) 14 million people Fairbairn Foundation and the Environment In May 2011 Project Ocean saw ZSL embark saw the advertising campaign; (4) 45,000 Agency, to better engage with local river on a ground-breaking partnership with sustainable fish guides were distributed groups. The project has trained more than luxury department store Selfridges to draw and (5) nearly £100,000 was raised for ZSL 50 citizen scientists to carry out eel attention to the crisis facing the world’s to facilitate, implement and strengthen recruitment monitoring across five Thames oceans. For the first time in its history, marine reserves. tributaries. Also this year, ZSL initiated a Selfridges committed to stocking their yellow eel population monitoring project, shelves with only sustainable fish. ZSL’s involvement included a series of funded by Fishmongers Company, on the Selfridges also dedicated their famous events that profiled a range of our north Kent marshes in order to quantify window displays to marine conservation conservation and research initiatives, the standing stock of eels. These data will and highlighted the plight of the oceans to including events that engaged European prove invaluable in the future the store’s 30,000 daily shoppers through environmental legislators, youth and West development of London Eel Action Plans novel means including talks, workshops, African fishermen. The ZSL London Zoo and other management strategies. cooking demonstrations and art installations. Aquarium team installed a stunning exhibit of live corals and Project Seahorse implemented a new marine reserve in the Philippines. We also launched the ‘Oxford Street Marine Reserve’ in collaboration with Fish2Fork and the Marine Reserves Coalition. © K. Miller © D. Curnick

ZSL conservation programmes 25 COMMUNICATING SCIENCE

A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitating Publications International Zoo Yearbook the communication of science between Volume 45 of the International Zoo researchers, professional zoologists and Yearbook adds to its reputation as an the public. We achieve this through a Animal Conservation invaluable resource for researchers, varied programme of meetings and the Animal Conservation provides a forum for animal managers and anyone with an publication of scientific journals and books. rapid publication of novel research into interest in wildlife conservation. The focus the conservation of animal species and of the current Volume is Research in Zoos. their habitats. A Special Issue Excerpts Opportunities to carry out research in zoos For details of forthcoming Science and from the Sixth World Conference of and aquariums are expanding rapidly but Conservation Events please visit: Herpetology, published with funding from they are not as widely known nor as www.zsl.org/science/scientific-meetings the US Geological Survey (USGS) and widely used as the urgency and size of the Salford University, is freely available via conservation challenge demands. Articles the journal homepage. Feature Papers and in the Volume survey the state of the art of commentaries, published in each issue, conservation-related research as it applies continue to be well received. to animals in zoological collections.

Journal of Zoology Conservation Science and Practice Published monthly, the Journal includes book series hypothesis-driven studies that advance Each book in the Wiley-Blackwell/ZSL our knowledge of animals and their Conservation Science and Practice series systems. The 2011 Thomas Henry Huxley aims to address the multidisciplinary Review Cuckoo adaptations: trickery and aspects of conservation by looking at how tuning, by Nick Davies, was published in biological scientists and ecologists are May. Seminal works from early explorers interacting with social scientists to effect and zoologists including Thomas Henry long-term, sustainable conservation Huxley, Richard Owen, Alfred Russel measures. Recent titles in the series Wallace, John Gould and Joseph Wolf can include Urban Biodiversity and Design be viewed online in Proceedings and edited by Norbert Müller, Peter Werner Transactions of the Zoological Society of and John C. Kelcey and Trade-offs in London, available via the journal Conservation: Deciding What to Save, homepage. The Journal of Zoology edited by Nigel Leader-Williams, William podcast can be heard at: M. Adams and Robert J. Smith. www.wiley.com/bw/podcast/jzo.asp

26 (far left, from left to right) Sophie Persey, Jonathan Baillie, Ruth Nussbaum, Helen Crowley, Matthew Hatchwell and Sarah Christie, organisers of the Sustainable Palm Oil symposium in May

(left) Professor Sir Roy Anderson FRS (left) and Lord May of Oxford FRS (right), speakers at the Disease Invasion symposium in November

Meetings mitigating disease threats to conservation Science for Conservation and human health were examined and Seminar Series science-based recommendations made. This series provides our staff and students Science and Conservation Events The symposium was held in partnership with the opportunity to learn more about ZSL’s popular Science and Conservation with the Royal Society as part of its 350th the work of visiting researchers, Events lecture series is free and open to anniversary celebrations in 2010. collaborators and invited speakers. A the public. Held on the second Tuesday of range of subjects was covered during the each month throughout the academic Marine Protected Areas on the High Seas year, including Dodgy data: the ecologist’s year, each meeting provides an overview High Seas, areas of the open ocean that dilemma – modelling solutions from of the latest developments in conservation lie beyond the 200 nautical miles jaguar movement to capture-recapture and zoological research. This year’s Exclusive Economic Zones of coastal data; A sampling-based view of monitoring programme featured a range of topics, nations, encompass around 50% of Earth’s and Red-List assessments; Predators, including Debate: Is the coalition surface but remain largely unregulated. primates and landscapes of fear; government’s proposal for a ‘science-led Attempts to ameliorate threats to fished Conservation genetics and management programme of badger control’ an effective species by conventional fishery of the Mauritius parakeet; and Modelling way to reduce tuberculosis in cattle?; management approaches are frequently the distribution of freshwater invasive Investing in natural capital and green ineffective. Legal frameworks for species across Europe. infrastructure; Why be nice? prospecting and the extraction of mineral Understanding cooperative behaviour in resources from the deep seabed beyond humans and other animals; Climate national jurisdiction exist but do not apply change in Africa; Wildlife forensics: using to other activities. Although this issue is tools from medicine and crime scene high on conservation agendas there investigation to help save wildlife; remains a critical need for science to Biodiversity in a corporate landscape: translate rapidly and effectively into what can we afford to destroy; and management policy. The purpose of the Cryptozoology: science or pseudoscience. February symposium was to assess the current state of progress, and the barriers, towards the establishment of Marine Symposia Protected Areas, particularly in regions International symposia bring together a beyond the reaches of national team of experts to discuss important jurisdiction. topics in conservation science. Three were held during the year: Sustainable palm oil: challenges, a common vision and the way forward Stamford Raffles Lecture Disease invasion: impacts on biodiversity The focus of the May symposium was to The 2011 Stamford Raffles Lecture was and human health define a common vision for integrating given by Armand Marie Leroi, Professor of The transmission of infectious diseases environmental and socio-economic goals Evolutionary Developmental Biology, from one species to another is not only for more sustainable palm oil production Imperial College London. Possible creatures: causing problems for humans (for and to identify and catalyse the an evolutionary vision explored how example, SARS and influenza) but is also stakeholder actions necessary to achieve evolutionary theory allows us to explain threatening wildlife conservation and even this. As a first step, key scientists, policy the design that creatures show. Given our the survival of large and robust makers, NGOs and private sector lack of knowledge of how creatures populations. Wild animals are both representatives reviewed the science and actually build themselves, and how they recipients of infections from humans and practicalities of reconciling continued shape their own evolutionary futures, the other species and reservoirs of new global oil palm expansion with task of 21st century biology is to ‘compute infections that can spill over to threaten biodiversity conservation and the the creature’: to find the rules that lie humans, particularly when human-wildlife maintenance of ecosystem functions. The between a genome and a living, breathing, contact rates are increased. The November second step was to explore the processes, mating, reproducing thing. Professor Leroi symposium focused on the extent to decisions and conditions necessary to described how it might be possible to which wildlife pathogens threaten make this common vision a reality, compute all possible creatures – and biodiversity and human health; the highlighting the roles of investors, perhaps even predict the future of life. processes driving these disease threats; policy makers, the Roundtable on where future threats will arise and how Sustainable Palm Oil, palm oil producers, these can be mitigated. Policies for retailers and NGOs.

Communicating science 27 ZSL SCIEnTIFIC AWARDS 2010

ZSL recognises outstanding Frink Medal of the book Say Goodbye to the Cuckoo. achievements in conservation and Presented to a professional scientist for In particular, for contributions to zoological research through its annual substantial and original contributions to conservation though powerful storylines presentation of awards and prizes. In 2010 zoology. Awarded to: that influence opinion and policy, ensuring the following awards were presented: Ziheng Yang FRS, University College that environmental issues are high on the London, for outstanding contributions to public agenda. the field of molecular evolution. In particular, for developing models and methods for phylogenetic analysis of DNA The Stamford Raffles Award or protein sequence data. These models Presented for distinguished contributions are useful in the reconstruction of species by amateur zoologists. Awarded to: phylogenies, and allow new research Richard Lewington for contributions to questions to be answered. entomological illustration, including the Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland. Scientific Medal Presented to research scientists with no more than 15 years postdoctoral experience for distinguished work in zoology. Awarded to: Edward Feil, University of Bath, for contributions to our understanding of bacterial population genetics, and for the development of novel analytical techniques that have led to new insights into bacterial molecular evolution and epidemiology. Rebecca Kilner, University of Cambridge, for insightful studies on the interaction between parasitic birds and their hosts and between bird nestlings and their parents, experimental testing of tradeoffs in parasite virulence, and research on parent-offspring conflict and co-adaptation through nestling begging, parental provisioning, and hormonal control. Andrew Rambaut, University of Edinburgh, for developing computational approaches to estimate divergence dates of species without assuming a constant rate of evolution, such as the software package BEAST (Bayesian Evolutionary (above) Analysis Sampling Trees), which has been ZSL Staff Medal Rebecca Kilner, awarded the Scientific Medal, with adopted as one of the primary research Presented to a member of ZSL staff for Sir Patrick Bateson tools in molecular evolutionary analysis. outstanding achievement in the service of

(right) ZSL. Awarded to: Heather Koldewey, awarded the ZSL Staff Medal Heather Koldewey, for advancing the role Silver Medal of aquariums in conservation, and for direct For contributions to the understanding engagement in marine and freshwater and appreciation of zoology, including conservation in the UK, Philippines, Hong such activities as higher and public Kong, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Nepal and education in natural history and wildlife Mozambique. Heather was co-founder of conservation. Awarded to: Project Seahorse and was instrumental in Michael McCarthy, The Independent, for the creation of the world’s largest Marine outstanding journalism and the publication Protected Area in Chagos.

28 (left to right) Michael McCarthy – Silver Medal Stephen Ormerod – Marsh Award for Marine and Freshwater Conservation Paul Donald – Marsh Award for Conservation Biology Tom Mustill – Windfall Films Alex Tate – Windfall Films Professor Sir Patrick Bateson – President ZSL David Dugan – Windfall Films Edward Feil – Scientific Medal Rudi Verspoor – Charles Darwin and Marsh Prize Richard Lewington – The Stamford Raffles Award Brian Marsh (Marsh Christian Trust) Andrew Rambaut – Scientific Medal Sam Weber – Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award Paul Davis – Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize Edmund Bradbury – Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize Gordon Ironside – Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize

Marsh Award for Conservation Biology appreciation of the anatomy, physiology Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize For contributions of fundamental science and evolution of some of the world’s Awarded to an A-Level (or Higher) student and its application to the conservation of best-known animals. for the best zoological project involving animal species and habitats. Awarded to: some aspect of animal biology. Paul Donald, Royal Society for the Awarded to: Protection of Birds, for undertaking Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Edmund Bradbury, Sutton Grammar detailed ecological fieldwork to generate Marsh Award School, for his project: Investigation methods for improving the conservation Presented for the best zoological doctoral into how temperature affects preference status of birds, particularly in relation to thesis produced in the UK. Awarded to: of Porcellio scaber for different moisture threats at landscape scale. Sam Weber, University of Exeter, for his conditions. thesis: Maternal effects in the green turtle.

Marsh Award for Marine and A certificate of commendation was ZSL Award for Outstanding Contributions Freshwater Conservation awarded to Konrad Lohse, University of to the Zoo Community For contributions of fundamental science Edinburgh, for his doctoral thesis: Inferring Awarded to: and its application to conservation in population history from genealogies. William Conway, Wildlife Conservation marine and/or freshwater ecosystems. Society. Awarded to: Stephen Ormerod, University of Cardiff, Charles Darwin Award and Marsh Prize for outstanding contributions to the field of Presented for the best zoological project freshwater acidification, including important by an undergraduate student attending a work on the fate and status of river birds university in the UK. Awarded to: living on acidifying/acidified streams. Rudi Verspoor, University of Edinburgh, The Zoological Society of London thanks for his project: An investigation of four the Marsh Christian Trust and Thomson putatively selected genes in Drosophila Reuters for their continued support of Thomson Reuters Zoological Record Award pseudoobscura. the awards. Presented for the public communication of zoology. Awarded to: Inside Nature’s Giants, Windfall Films, for increasing our understanding and

ZSL scientific awards 2009 29 Library

During 2010 over 2,560 new book titles the photographic collection, minutes of the were added to the online catalogue, 2,800 Publications Committee, the Rothschild journal issues accessioned and 2,300 letters, material on polar bears, early loans were made to Fellows and ZSL staff. London Zoo architecture, a Maharaja who The ZSL Library online catalogue was a Fellow of ZSL and other topics. http://library.zsl.org was used 30,700 There were written queries on many times during the year. subjects, including past Fellows and staff, the Zoo during the war, and even Dracula!

ZSL has been invited to join AIM25, a major project to provide easy access to the catalogues of archives in London and the M25 area.

The Library loaned Tate Britain an Edward Lear watercolour Macropus parryi (left) as well as Volume III of John Gould’s A monograph of the Trochilidae, or family of hummingbirds for display in the exhibition `Watercolour’ from 16 February to 21 August 2011.

‘Meet the archives’ events were held for Fellows, and Library tours conducted for a group of postgraduate students from the Following the launch of the new online USA, animal management students from catalogue at the end of 2009, ZSL has Sparsholt College, library staff from the begun a Retrospective Book Cataloguing Natural History Museum and other project, producing electronic records for academic libraries, and members of the our publicly accessible online catalogue University, College and Research Libraries http://library.zsl.org. The project involves Group. These events generate much adding details of all books in the Library enthusiasm and interest and will continue for which there is no existing electronic to be held in the future. (above) record, increasing their availability and ‘Artefact of the Month’ running from accessibility. This is a key project in The Library page on the ZSL website August 2010 to July 2011 helping ZSL to deliver the strategic aim of features a virtual exhibition of some of the facilitating access to zoological and Brian Houghton Hodgson manuscripts. photographs of Ernie Bowman, `First Class conservation knowledge. Retrospective Hodgson devoted 23 years of his life to Keeper’, who was awarded ZSL’s Bronze cataloguing began in May 2010 and by these manuscripts (1820–1843) and they medal; zoo guides to celebrate the 80th June 2011 over 3,500 records had been contain important information for taxonomy anniversary of ZSL Whipsnade Zoo; a added. The catalogue has been developed and conservation of the birds and mammals sketch by Joan Miró from the Visitor Book to include links to additional resources, of Nepal. See top left and page 36. when he visited ZSL in 1969, linked to such as Useful websites and Open access the Miró exhibition at Tate Modern; a electronic journals. This project is being `Artefact of the month’ on the ZSL website memorial plaque to ZSL founder Sir funded with thanks to a bequest from included a print of a hedgehog during Stamford Raffles. Connie Nutkins, a former member of staff November, with a warning to readers to of the Institute of Zoology. check bonfires; a staff Christmas dinner We are extremely grateful for the menu card, Whipsnade, 1946; Marine continued help of our dedicated team of Interest in ZSL’s Archives continues to Invertebrates in Testacea utriusque Siciliae volunteers and the many Fellows and increase with a variety of researchers [Shells of the Two Sicilies] eorumque Friends of ZSL who continue to support visiting the Library, mainly to consult the historia et anatome by Josephus Xaverius the Library with their time, by donating Daily Occurrences for London Zoo and Poli, Palma, 1791–1827; the literature of books, archives, zoo ephemera and funds Whipsnade, press cuttings and Zoo exploration and discovery to celebrate for the conservation of items in our guides. Visiting researchers have consulted World Book Day and World Book Night; collections.

30 Library Education & training

Education and training are central to IoZ’s activities and we have a strong commitment to hosting research projects, particularly those leading to a PhD degree.

Our PhD students are co-registered at a university department but most spend the majority of their time at IoZ. In the 2010–2011 academic year PhDs were awarded to Savrina Carrizo (University of Cambridge) for her studies into changes in the distribution and abundance of North American breeding birds; Ian Cragie (University of Cambridge) for his assessment of the performance of Protected Areas in Africa; Daria Dadam (University of Liverpool) for her study on disease as a factor in the decline of the house sparrow in Greater London; David links between polychlorinated biphenyl (top) 2009–2010 Wild Animal Health MSc graduates Hayman (University of Cambridge) for his (PCB) exposure and thymic involution and study into Lagos bat virus ecology in thymic cysts in harbour porpoises and (above) Eidolon helvum; Laura Martinez Katriona’s project on ring-tailed lemurs at 2009–2010 Wild Animal Biology MSc graduates (University of London, Queen Mary) for ZSL London Zoo revealed intriguing research into the effect of solar radiation behaviour in these primates. on cetaceans; Bjorn Schulte-Herbruggen (University College London) for his Plans are underway to improve the investigation into the importance of flexibility of our MSc courses. The content bushmeat in the livelihoods of cocoa will be re-arranged into eight standard- farmers living in a wildlife depleted sized modules, allowing students to farm-forest landscape, SW Ghana; and complete four modules to complete a Michelle Taylor (Imperial College London) Certificate, eight modules to gain a for her study into the distribution and Diploma, or carry out a research project in diversity of octocorals from longline addition to eight modules to receive the by-catch around South Georgia, UK. full MSc qualification. We hope this modular format will allow students to Our MSc courses in Wild Animal Health transfer credits between courses and give and Wild Animal Biology continue to attract them greater choice in their education. students from around the world for tuition in ecosystem health, wildlife disease ecology The MSc course in Conservation Science and epidemiology, and the management continues to provide a growing number of and preventive medicine of wild animals in students with the skills required for success captivity. In 2010, 25 students graduated in the field of international conservation. and returned to countries as far afield as Run in partnership with Imperial College, Chile, Kenya and Singapore. Ricardo the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, IoZ and Castro Cesar de Sa received the award for the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, the the MScWAH student with the highest course focuses on interactive learning, and aggregate marks and the prize for the best includes training in both practical skills, project for his investigation into the training such as project planning, management of captive Amur leopards destined for and stakeholder engagement, and reintroduction. Katriona Smith received quantitative methods, such as decision the prize for the WAB student with the theory, socio-economic surveys, and highest aggregate marks, and Katriona population modelling. Graduates are well and Xinli Yap shared the prize for the best placed to become future leaders in project. Xinli carried out her project on the science-based conservation.

Education and training 31 funding

Institute of Zoology Income £4,552,964 1 August 2010 – 31 July 2011

Research Grants & Contracts £2,081,851

(European Union £51,209) Core Grant (Government Bodies £237,103) £2,218,963 (Research Councils £418,851)

(Other Organisations £1,087,005)

(Grant related overhead contribution £287,683) Other Income £252,150 © W. Robichaud W. ©

We receive our annual core income from Samuel Turvey has been awarded Rob Deaville and Paul Jepson were HEFCE via the University of Cambridge; HK$ 100,000 from the Ocean Park awarded a further three year funding however, this year 51% of our income Conservation Foundation (Hong Kong) for period from Defra to continue managing came from other sources. In total 56 new the project ‘Identifying priority areas for the work of the UK Cetacean Strandings grants were received during the year. conservation of saola Pseudoryx Investigation Programme in the UK. nghetinhensis using local ecological The grant award is for £1,043,673 and is knowledge’. The saola, a recently discovered due to run from 20 April 2011 through to and Critically Endangered ungulate with 31 March 2014, with a further three month no close relatives, is restricted to remote report writing period to make the end of forests in Vietnam and Laos and is one of contract date 30 June 2014. the EDGE of Existence programme’s top conservation priorities. However, (below) extremely little remains known about this Seirian Sumner and her collaborator Sperm whale stranded in Pegwell Bay, Kent, featured on the Channel 4 series Inside enigmatic mammal as it has rarely been Dr Mark Brown at Royal Holloway, Nature’s Giants observed alive by scientists, and estimates University of London, were awarded about its geographical range are almost £112,000 from the Leverhulme Trust for (right) entirely based on local reports from the project ‘Are bumblebees the extended The recently discovered saola villagers and hunters. The project aims to phenotype of nematodes? A transcriptomics (far right) conduct interviews in communities around approach’. Bumblebee queens of all species Nematode worm that parasitises all of the forest fragments in which saola examined to date are parasitised by the bumblebee queens are still believed to occur, in order to nematode Sphaerularia bombi. Infection gather comparable data on saola sighting takes place during queen hibernation in the (furthest right) Examining pool frogs from the reintroduced records across its range and so identify soil. After emergence from hibernation, populations in Norfolk priority areas for conservation. infected queens do not show standard nest-site searching behaviour or establish a new colony. Instead, they demonstrate hibernation-site searching behaviour, which is a natural part of the behavioural repertoire of newly fertilised queens in the autumn. This altered behaviour is believed to be adaptive for the parasite, as it enables the dispersal of the larval stages to areas where they are likely to encounter hibernating queens in the following autumn. However, the timing of this behavioural change (post-hibernation) and the relationship between that timing and the production of larval stages

© M. Perkins remains unknown. The study will use next-

32 © M. Kelly generation sequencing transcriptomics are difficulties in extrapolating the method Funding and experimental approach to examine the to wild animals because of (i) our limited mechanisms underlying these processes, understanding of wild animal parasites, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency in a semi-natural environment. This novel (ii) the effects of stress on wild animals’ (AHVLA) approach has not previously been applied susceptibility to disease and (iii) the ASCOBANS Conservation Fund to studies of behavioural manipulation multiple points on the reintroduction AXA Foundation Oceanites by parasites and it could provide the first pathway at which diseases can impact on Bain & Company conclusive evidence of whether such a morbidity and mortality. Bat Conservation Trust system truly represents an ‘extended BBSRC phenotype’. The results from this work will also provide further information on Trent Garner has received a $116,642.96 Birdlife International the mechanisms behind how parasites grant from the Morris Animal Foundation British Herpetological Society manipulate the behaviour of their hosts. for research to evaluate the effect of trade in Charities Advisory Trust ornamental amphibians on the introduction Columbus Zoo of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium Defra Patricia Brekke has received a €120,000 dendrobatidis to wild amphibian award from the AXA Foundation to study populations. Wild amphibians are declining Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust the micro-evolutionary response to at an alarming rate and infectious disease, Environment Canada climate change in wild populations. The such as Bd, is considered to be a primary European Association of Zoos and Aquaria rapid change in climate being experienced threat. Amphibian trade has been invoked European Commission is likely to produce a range of new as a major reason for the current distribution Food and Agriculture Organization of the United selection pressures upon wild populations. and ongoing spread of Bd, although Nations Therefore, how species respond and adapt evidence to support this supposition is Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) to climate change is of extreme importance poor. This research will aim to determine if Fundacion General CSIC (Spain) to the maintenance of biodiversity and the primary external source of ornamental climate change mitigation. Most studies to amphibians for Europe, the USA, has been Genus-ABS date on responses to climate change have responsible for significantBd introductions GTZ Tajikistan been based on range shift and phenotypic into Europe, or has the capacity to do so Houghton Trust Ltd plasticity, but the role of evolutionary in the near future. Imported amphibians J.M. Kaplan Fund adaptation (i.e. genetic change) remains from the USA will be surveyed for King Saud University elusive. Indeed, evolutionary adaptation as evidence of infection to ascertain whether Leverhulme Trust a mechanism to cope with climate change retailers in Europe are selling amphibians has rarely been addressed in the wild. This that harbour infections and determine if Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund study will focus on understanding the the presence or prevalence of Bd in wild Morris Animal Foundation relative importance of evolutionary European populations is correlated with National Geographic Society adaptation and how it interacts with the introduction of ornamental amphibian Natural England phenotypically plastic responses to enable species. In addition, we will genotype Bd NERC endangered species (spatially restricted detected in shipments and wild populations and with low genetic diversity) to cope associated with introductions. By New Zealand Department of Conservation with climatic change. comparing these with our existing genotype Ocean Park Conservation Foundation (Hong Kong) database, we will show if genotypes in the Rewilding Europe ornamental trade are equivalent to those Royal Society Tony Sainsbury was awarded £40,000 by found in introduction sites. Our results will Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Natural England to continue a study, which be included in the risk assessment Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation has been running since 1999, on disease document our group will be preparing for risk analysis and health surveillance for the the European Parliament and will have the Sustainable Fisheries Greenland Species Recovery Programme in England. capacity to directly influence European University of North Carolina We will be investigating the disease risks policy with regard to control and University of Sussex of interventions, primarily reintroductions, mitigation of Bd in wild amphibians. Veterinary Laboratories Agency for the conservation of endangered species Vodafone Foundation and measures to mitigate diseases of high risk. Disease risk analysis is a well Wildlife Trust USA established method for assessing the risks World Land Trust of domestic animal movements but there

Funding 33 governance, staff & students

The Zoological Society of London Institute of Zoology Postgraduate Research Students Claudia Amphlett Officers Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of Claire Asher Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President) Zoology) Kate Baker Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS (Secretary) Farid Belbachir Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS Senior Research Staff Lucie Bland (Secretary) • Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD Dip ECZM (Wildlife Paddy Brock Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) Population Health) MRCVS; Deputy Director, Institute of Zoology; Theme Leader, Wildlife Epidemiology Sarah Brooke Chris Carbone DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and Jessica Bryant Senior Management Macroecology Rose Cairns Ralph Armond MA (Director General) Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural and Savrina Carrizo Jonathan Baillie PhD (Head of Field Conservation) Population Ecology Aliénor Chauvenet Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive Biology Frances Clare Zoology) William Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, Genetic Fay Clark David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director) Variation, Fitness and Adaptability (deceased) Chris Clements Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Sarah Durant PhD Murray Collins Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Trenton Garner PhD Ian Craigie Rich Storton MA (Marketing Director) Paul Jepson BVMS PhD Dip ECZM (Wildlife Jennifer Crees Jackie Tanner BSc (Development Director) • Population Health) MRCVS, Postgraduate Tutor Kate Jones PhD Helen Cross Alex D Rogers PhD • Robin Curtis Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertZooMed DVetMed Daria Dadam ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint DipECZM (Wildlife Population Health) PGCAP FHEA Tammy Davies Committee MRCVS Julieta Decarre Jinliang Wang PhD Martina Di Fonzo Cambridge nominees Rosie Woodroffe PhD Caitlin Douglas Dr Rhys Green, University of Cambridge (Chairman) Gillian Eastwood Professor Michael Akam FRS, University of Postdoctoral Research Staff Rhys Farrer Cambridge Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse BVMS, MSc, PhD • Aisyah Faruk Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge Jon Bielby PhD Henry Ferguson-Gow Professor William Sutherland PhD, University of Monika Böhm PhD Ben Garrod Cambridge Patricia Brekke PhD David Hayman Kate Ciborowski PhD Nicholas Hill ZSL nominees Ben Collen PhD Olivier Hymas Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS, University of Oxford • Stephanie Dreier PhD Eric Isaí Ameca y Juárez Ralph Armond, Director General ZSL John Ewen PhD Alexandra Kamins Professor Ian Owens PhD, Imperial College London Sebastian Funk PhD • Rosalind Kennerley Simon Harding PhD • Alanna Maltby In attendance: Tom Hart PhD Harry Marshall Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of Aidan Keane PhD Laura Martinez Zoology) Kirsty Kemp PhD James McNamara Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc PhD Dip ECZM Peter Minting (Wildlife Population Health) MRCVS Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Johanna Nielsen Ellouise Leadbeater PhD Nick Wilson, University of Cambridge Hannah O’Kelly Rhiannon Lloyd PhD Christina Herterich LLM ACIS, Institute Olutolani Oni Sinead Murphy PhD Administrator (Committee Secretary) Alison Peel Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Filippo Popolo Nichola Raihani DPhil Stephen Price Marcus Rowcliffe PhD Nadia Richman Seirian Sumner PhD Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen Samuel Turvey DPhil Jennifer Sears Christopher Yesson PhD Lisa Signorile Freya Smith Postgraduate Research Assistants David Stanton Lola Brookes • Michelle Taylor Elizabeth Clark • Leila Walker Katie Colvile MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Charlotte Walters Nicholas Masters • Oliver Wearn Louise McRae MSc Emma Wombwell Fieke Molenaar DVM MSc MRCVS • Huma Pearce Affiliated Postgraduate Research Students Rebecca Vaughan-Higgins BSc BVMS MRCVS Julio Benavides CertAVP (zoo medicine) PhD Alecia Carter Thomas Coglan Alexander Gorbachev Thibault Lengronne Ilana Pizer Mason

34 Kate Richardson Marcella Kelly Others working at the Institute, including volunteers Miguel Soares Julie Leonard working on projects in the field Claudio Soto-Azat Jonathan Loh Alex Thompson Derek Tittensor Michele Alicchio Maria Kirrane Lucy Anderson Jim Labisko Administrative and Support Staff Visiting Research Fellows Ekaterina Ardakova Emma Learner Amrit Dehal BSc Hons (Assistant Institute Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse Alex Ashford Alex Lee Administrator – Information Systems) Tiffany Bogich Mark Andre Auliya Sarah-Jane Lee Idrish Dudhwala BA Hons Accounting & Finance Eric Jensen Vojtech Balaz David Lesbarreres (Assistant Institute Administrator – Finance) Kamran Safi Claire Bedford Hila Levy Christina Herterich LLM ACIS LPC (Institute Administrator/Head of Support/Admin) Amel Belbachir Hannah MacGregor David Hitchcock (Assistant Institute Administrator – Pablo Carmona Belda Melissa Marr Buildings & Capital Projects) Scientific Publications and Meetings Liz Bonnin Marcio Martins Joanne Keogh (PA to Director of Institute, Institute Ruth Bramwell Niamh McHugh Administrator and Senior Staff) Journals and Meetings David Brewer James McKenna Marie Knudsen MSc BSc Hons (Health & Safety and Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications Liam Brierley Kirsten McMillan General Administrator) • and Meetings) Camilla Brocklehurst Anastasia Memmott Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Zoe Brooke Harriet Milligan Research Technicians Zoo Yearbook) Ruth Brown Michaela Moores Cristina Ariani (Research Technician) • Anne Braae BSc (Journals Manager) Victor Brugman Harriet Morris Kim Ballare (Research Technician) • Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Co-ordinator) • Paula Bull Katherine Moul Gemma Clucas (Research Technician) Megan Orpwood-Russell (Scientific Events Tamsin Burbidge Carlos Moura Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Co-ordinator) Ellie Butcher Abhilash Nair Programme Manager) Ffion Cassidy Emma-Louise Nicholls Christopher Durrant (Research Technician) Editors Journal of Zoology Ricardo Castro Cesar de Sa Mordecai Ogada Ellie Dyer MSc (Research Technician) Nigel Bennett PhD (Editor-in-Chief) Ria Chalder Helen O’Neill Dada Gottelli (Chief Technician) Virginia Hayssen PhD Jean Chi Annabelle Pagan Daphne Green HNC (Senior Technician) • Andrew Kitchener PhD Guo Heng Chin Yuan Pan Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician) Rob Knell PhD Vanessa Coldwell Amy Parker Shane McGuinness (Research Technician) • Mark-Oliver Rödel PhD Amy Collins Robert Pickles Solenn Patalano (Research Technician) • Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD William Cornforth Fiona Pearce Gabriela Peniche BSc. Biol. VN MSc (Pathology Reviews: Steven LeComber PhD Technician) Brendan Costelloe Gordon Pearson

Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician) Alan Cowlishaw Kirsi Peck Editors Animal Conservation Victoria Pook (Research Technician) • Olivia Daniels Elaine Potter Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse PhD Cassandra Raby (Research Technician) • Felicia Davies Victoria Price Res Altwegg PhD Frances Davis Netty Purchase Trenton Garner PhD Project Administrators Ranmali De Silva Marcela Randau da Costa Matthew Gompper PhD Carvalho Stefanie Deinet BA MSc (Living Planet Index Maria del Mar Masdeu Cano Iain Gordon PhD Administrator) Ignacio del Valle Christina Ravinet Todd Katzner PhD Rebecca Herdson (GAVIA Project Administrator) • Thomas Doherty-Bone Lucy Ritchie Stephen Redpath PhD James Duffy Elizabeth Robinson David Reed PhD Honorary Research Fellows Annie English Jo Roche Reviews: Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge Daniela Esteban Diaz Manuel Alvarez Rodriguez Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool Samantha Farrell Goncalo Rosa Editors International Zoo Yearbook Professor Tim Coulson, Imperial College London Annette Fayet Elizabeth Rowe David Field BSc MBA Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Zhou Feng Jon Russ Caroline Lees MSc Medicine, USA Andres Fernandez Loras Margarida Saavedra Kristin Leus LIC PhD Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London David Gill Anja Schlott R. Eric Miller DVM, DACZM Professor John Gittleman, University of Virginia, USA Lucy Girling Laura Simpson Alex Rübel Dr Med Vet Professor Katherine Homewood, University College Veronica Gomez Pourroy Thomas Sloan London Miranda Stevenson MBA PhD Lydia Gonzalez Maria Jose Maya Soriano Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London Anne Gourand Jenny Spencer Professor Ian Owens, Natural History Museum Jonathan Green Kathryn Sullivan Professor Andy Purvis, Imperial College London Library James Hansford Giulia Tessa Professor Charles Tyler, University of Exeter James Harbige Julia Thorley Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College Ann Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Ailsa Henderson Ayako Tokumine Michael Palmer MA (Deputy Librarian/Archivist) Marta Hernandez Merono Daniel Trotman Honorary Research Associates James Godwin (Library Assistant) Anne Hilborn Katrina Tung Teresa Abáiger Ruth Jones MSc (Assistant Librarian) Peter Hill Kathleen Upton Jonathan Baillie Emma Milnes MA (Retrospective Book Cataloguer) Matthew Holmes Jonathan Usherwood Jon Bridle Elise Huchard Ellie Vaughan Jakob Bro-Jørgensen Rhiannon Hughes-Lloyd Richard White Emmelianna Bujak • departures Lasanthi Jayananda Craig Williams Boris Dzyuba Elizabeth Jones Faye Willman Simon Goodman Miles Keighley Nick Isaac

Governance, staff and students 35 Brian Houghton Hodgson manuscripts ZSL Library Artefact of the month – August 2010

Brian Houghton Hodgson (1800–1894) is widely recognised for the great progress he made in describing the birds and mammals of Nepal. Realising that Nepal was virtually unknown to Europeans, Hodgson devoted the 23 years (1820–1843) he was posted there to study its peoples, customs, architecture, languages, religion and natural history.

ZSL is fortunate in having six manuscript volumes of his bird drawings and notes and two further volumes concerning mammals: circa 1,078 pages on birds and 456 on mammals.

Hodgson trained Nepalese artists to paint watercolours of the animals in the style of zoological illustrations and built up an enormous visual reference of pictures. While some paintings are finished, the manuscripts also contain sketches, notes and measurements like a field sketch book. Typically each drawing has a caption giving Hodgson’s unique species number, a scientific name, common local names, and locality. Hodgson described many animals for the first time; he discovered many others but their valid scientific names and descriptions are attributed to other zoologists owing to the difficulty in communications 170 years ago.

The Brian Houghton Hodgson manuscripts contain unique, useful, first-hand and important information for bird and mammal biology and conservation. ZSL has taken a number of steps to increase awareness of the manuscripts and their use.

36 Collaborations

Adelphi University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List British Hedgehog Preservation Society Hedgehog Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA) Index health Anthropogenic drivers of emerging infectious diseases African Technology and Policy Studies Network British Herpetological Society Assessing the (Kenya) Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social conservation issue of Aesculapian snakes Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le sustainability and tipping points in African drylands introduced onto Crown lands Scienze del Mare (Italy) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands American Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird Health Sampled Red List Index Initiative; Hedgehog health Convention on Biological Diversity (Canada) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (ARC) Brunel University Population structure of otters in Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites Southeast Asia Convention on Migratory Species Living Planet Index harboured by the introduced wall lizard; Health Bulgarian National Museum of Natural History Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network surveillance for species recovery programmes Monitoring bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe Cetacean strandings investigation Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Butterfly Conservation Resource limitation in COSEWIC Regional Red List Programme Cetacean strandings investigation; Health butterflies; IUCN Sampled Red List Index surveillance for species recovery programmes; CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; Evaluating (Australia) Zoonotic virus infections in African bats the threat of vulture declines to public and animal CAB International IUCN Sampled Red List Index health in India; Garden bird health initiative; Impact of disease in the decline of house sparrows in the California Academy of Sciences IUCN Sampled Red Deakin University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red UK; Zoonotic disease spillover from fruit bats to List Index List Index humans in Ghana Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium Zoonotic Department of Conservation (New Zealand) Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled Red virus infections in African bats; Epidemiology of Regional Red List Programme List Index zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Henipavirus in Department of Forests (Cyprus) Regional Red List African bats; Fruit bats as bushmeat in Ghana; Arafura Timor Research Facility (Australia) IUCN Programme Zoonotic disease spillover from fruit bats to humans Sampled Red List Index in Ghana Department de l’Etude du Milieu et Agricole ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Carnegie Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Index; Regional Red List Programme Sampled Red List Index Desert Research Foundation of Namibia Auburn University (USA) Signal content of plumage Optimisation and social constraints in group-living Center for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) colour vertebrates; Coordination of social foragers in Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project patchy environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate Australian Museum and Department of Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Management of choice in desert baboons Environment and Conservation IUCN Sampled Red bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; List Index Downstream Research Group Conservation of the Health surveillance for species recovery Yangtze River dolphin Australian National University Evolution of programmes; Resource limitation in butterflies personality in social species Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Chytridiomycosis Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture emergence in Dominica; West Indian mammal Science Cetacean strandings investigation; IUCN extinctions; Conservation priorities for EDGE Sampled Red List Index Babraham Institute Molecular basis of a major mammals; Chytridiomycosis in Leptodactylus fallax evolutionary transition Centre for Genomic Regulation (Spain) Genetics of in Montserrat; Conservation of the critically caste determination in polistine wasps endangered mountain chicken frog; Ecology of the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (Canada) solenodon and hutia in agricultural and native forest International Programme on the State of the Ocean Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique systems in Dominica (IPSO) (France) Occurrence, distribution and abundance of African mammals; The role of individual biology in Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat biodiversity determining population-level processes in vertebrates in Eastern Europe; Urban habitat use by bats in Eden Project IUCN Sampled Red List Index London: implications for conservation policy; Centro Internacional de Ecologia Tropical Edith Cowan University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; (Venezuela) Regional Red List Programme Red List Index Conservation status of bats in Europe Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Essex Wildlife Trust IUCN Sampled Red List Index Bermuda Biological Station IUCN Sampled Red List Technologicas (Argentina) Regional Red List Index Programme Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain) Reproductive studies in gazelles Bigelow Marine Laboratory (USA) International Charles Darwin University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO) Red List Index European Bird Census Council Living Planet Index Biodiversity Synthesis Centre (USA) IUCN Sampled Charles University (Czech Republic) IUCN Sampled European Environment Agency IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index Red List Index List Index BIOSCAPE IUCN Sampled Red List Index Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health and reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of Gyps spp. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (Argentina) vultures in India Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) North IUCN Sampled Red List Index American bullfrogs as potential Batrachochytrium BirdLife International IUCN Sampled Red List Index Farmed Environment Company Ltd Management of dendrobatidis reservoirs in China; IUCN Sampled bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes Bombay Natural History Society (India) Red List Index Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Impact Fauna and Flora International Habitat use of tigers in Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program Living of vulture declines on public and animal health in altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic Planet Index India mammals; Conservation priorities for EDGE Clemson University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List mammals; Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring in Brigham Young University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Index Sapo National Park, Liberia List Index Communications Inc International Programme on Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland) British Antarctic Survey Chemosynthetically-driven the State of the Oceans (IPSO) Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red ecosystems south of the Polar Front; International List Index Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO); CONABIO (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation genetics of penguins; Molecular Federal University of Amazonas (Brazil) IUCN Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Living Planet approaches to coral conservation biology; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index Sampled Red List Index; Molecular ecology and Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) phylogenetics of Southern Ocean hydrothermal vent Conservation Breeding Species Specialist Group IUCN Sampled Red List Index fauna Regional Red List programme Finnish Environment Institute Regional Red List British Divers Marine Life Rescue Cetacean Conservation, Information and Research on Programme strandings investigation Cetaceans (Spain) Zoonotic potential of whale watching FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Building capacity and determining disease threats to Conservation International IUCN Sampled Red List Fisheries Research Services Odorant receptor gene Galapagos taxa Index expression in homing in Atlantic salmon

Collaborations 37 Food and Environment Research Agency Garden International Pacific Halibut Commission Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain) Bird Health Initiative Conservation genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks Mitigating the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Forestry and Wildlife Division (Dominica) Israel Ministry of the Environment Regional Red List Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; Programme European amphibian populations Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean IUCN SSC IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Museo de Historia Natural (Peru) Regional Red List Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-term Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Programme demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin Museum für Naturkunde (Germany) IUCN Sampled FrogLife Molecular and adaptive genetic variation of Red List Index ranavirus in the UK; Are humans spreading wildlife JM Kaplan Foundation (USA) International disease between British frog populations Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France) IUCN Programme on the State of the Ocean Sampled Red List Index Joint Nature Conservation Committee IUCN Sampled Galapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity and Red List Index; Regional Red List Programme determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa Nanjing Normal University (China) Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin Galapagos National Park Building capacity and Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Gardens (China) determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; National Aeronautics and Space Administration Constraints on recovery of small populations: the Ecology of West Nile virus in Galapagos (USA) Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; Hainan gibbon as a case study; Conservation Determinants of occurrence, distribution and Game and Fisheries Research (Finland) IUCN priorities for EDGE mammals abundance of African mammals Sampled Red List Index Kenya Wildlife Service Conservation priorities for National Agricultural Research Foundation (Greece) Genus-ABS Enhancement of sperm cell survival by EDGE mammals; Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project IUCN Sampled Red List Index epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health and National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps German Primate Centre (Germany) Optimisation reproduction in elephant populations in Asia spp. vultures in India and social constraints in group-living vertebrates Kumasi National University of Science and National Institute for Medical Research Modelling Global Biodiversity Information Facility (Denmark) Technology (Ghana) Ecosystem services in Ghana: amphibian response to Batrachochytrium Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond understanding the human component dendrobatidis Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (Namibia) National Institute for Public Health and the Coordination of social foragers in patchy La Trobe University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Environment (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice List Index List Index in desert baboons Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics National Museum of Natural History of Spain IUCN Göteborg Natural History Museum (Sweden) IUCN DNA damage and cancer: a biomolecular approach Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California National Museum of Nature and Science (Japan) Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring bat sea lions IUCN Sampled Red List Index biodiversity in Eastern Europe Liberian Forestry Development Authority Pygmy National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled Red List Greendale Veterinary Diagnostics Ltd Impact of hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo National Park; Index disease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals National Museums of Kenya Conservation priorities Griffith University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Lighthouse Foundation Deep-sea fauna of oceanic for EDGE mammals List Index islands National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Group on Earth Observations Secretariat Lincoln University (New Zealand) Ecology and (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; The role of (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; evolution of invasive alien species individual biology in determining population-level Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond London Aquarium Reproductive biology of the processes in vertebrates seahorse National Science Foundation (USA) IUCN Sampled Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece) London School of Economics Saving Sumatran Red List Index Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands swamps: carbon credits and biodiversity National Taiwan Ocean University IUCN Sampled conservation in Indonesia Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research Red List Index (Germany) Determinants of Batrachochytrium London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine National University of Ireland, Cork Deep-sea fauna dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites of oceanic islands populations harboured by the introduced wall lizard National University of Ireland, Galway Deep-sea Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station (Japan) fauna of oceanic islands; IUCN Sampled Red List IUCN Sampled Red List Index Macaulay Institute Susceptibility of social species to Index Humboldt Institute (USA) Regional Red List population decline in changing environments National University of Mongolia Regional Red List Programme Macquarie University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Programme Humboldt State University (USA) IUCN Sampled List Index; Parent-offspring conflict in cooperatively Natural England Health surveillance for species Red List Index breeding pied babblers recovery programmes; Evaluating threat to the sand Hungarian Natural History Museum IUCN Sampled Makerere University (Uganda) Living Planet Index lizard from parasites harboured by the introduced Red List Index wall lizard; Conservation genetics of adders in the Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetacean UK; Assessing the conservation issue of Aesculapian strandings investigation snakes introduced onto Crown lands Illinois Natural History Survey (USA) IUCN Sampled Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA damage and Natural History Museum Cetacean strandings Red List Index cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding investigation; The Frozen Ark project; IUCN Sampled urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions Institut Français de Recherche Pour L’Exploitation de Red List Index; Developing species identification la Mer (France) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Marine Research Institute (Iceland) Deep-sea fauna systems for bat echolocation calls; Health oceanic islands surveillance for species recovery programmes Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (France) Dynamics of species extinctions Marine Resources Assessment Group Molecular Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red List approaches to studying the conservation biology of Index Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and corals Cryomedicine – National Academy of Sciences Nature Conservancy IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics of euryhaline fish Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual selection NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Indexs species in fresh waters of the Ukraine and the hihi; Modelling dynamics of translocated populations Netherlands Institute for Ecology Deep-sea fauna of Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences oceanic islands (Estonia) Regional Red List Programme Max Planck Institute (Germany) The role of individual biology in determining population-level New York State Department of Health (USA) West Institute of Cancer Research A bimolecular processes in vertebrates; Determinants of Nile virus emergence in Galapagos approach to understanding urogenital carcinoma in occurrence, distribution and abundance of African California sea lions; Zoonotic potential of whale New York State Diagnostic Laboratory (USA) mammals watching; Effects of ultraviolet radiation on Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project cetacean health; Sentinel-based ecosystem health Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and New York State Museum (USA) Camera trapping as monitoring Environment (Montserrat) Conservation of the a census tool critically endangered mountain chicken frog Institute of Hydrobiology (China) Conservation of New Zealand Department of Conservation Sexual the Yangtze River dolphin; Conservation priorities Ministry of Environment (Japan) Regional Red List selection and the hihi for EDGE mammals Programme North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences Institute of Marine Research (Norway) Deep-sea Ministry of Environment (Prague) Regional Red List (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index fauna of oceanic islands Programme North of England Zoological Society IUCN Sampled Institute of Zoology (China) Ecology and evolution Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia) Red List Index; Chytridiomycosis emergence in of invasive alien species Coordination of social foragers in patchy Dominica environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN (Poland) Regional in desert baboons North-West University (South Africa) Behavioural Red List Programme ecology of Pyxicephalus adspersus; Testing the ‘Out Ministry of Lands and Resettlement (Namibia) Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Sciences of Africa’ hypothesis for the emergence of lethal Coordination of social foragers in patchy (CICIMAR) Determining age structure of cetacean amphibian chytridiomycosis environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice populations using telomeres as a biological clock; in desert baboons Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN Sampled Zoonotic potential of whale watching; Sentinel- Red List Index based ecosystem health monitoring Missouri Botanical Gardens (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Northern Territories Parks and Wildlife Service International Association of Astacology IUCN (Australia) Mammalian diversity patterns Sampled Red List Index Mongolian Academy of Sciences Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals International Livestock Research Institute (Kenya) Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social Moredun Research Institute Epidemiology of O’Malley Fisheries (Ireland) Deep-sea fauna of sustainability and tipping points in African drylands poxviruses in squirrels oceanic islands

38 Open University of Sri Lanka Conservation priorities Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis University of Auburn (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List for EDGE mammals (France) Determinants of Batrachochytrium Index dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian Omsk State Pedagogical University (Russia) IUCN University of Auckland (New Zealand) Automatic populations Sampled Red List Index detection, parameterisation and species State Institute for Nature Protection (Croatia) identification systems for bat echolocation calls Regional Red List Programme University of the Azores (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health State Museum of Natural History (Germany) of oceanic islands surveillance for species recovery programmes Regional Red List Programme University of Bangor IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Parques Nacionales de la República Dominicana Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red List Index Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Stellenbosch University (South Africa) Comparative University of Bath Cooperation in a eusocial tropical People’s Trust for Endangered Species studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; paper wasp Chytridiomycosis in Leptodactylus fallax in Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species Montserrat; Health surveillance for species recovery University of Birmingham Sexual selection and the programmes Stony Brook University (USA) West Indian mammal hihi; Extinction, island biogeography and extinctions community structure in island birds; Ecology and Pig Improvement Company Investigation of evolution of introduced avian malaria; Comparative predictors of boar sperm fertility following Swedish Board of Fisheries IUCN Sampled Red List studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; cryopreservation Index Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species Swedish Species Information Center IUCN Sampled University of Bournemouth IUCN Sampled Red List Red List Index Queen’s University Belfast IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and University of Braunschweig (Germany) IUCN Landscape Research IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index RAMAS IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Bremen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna if Taita Taveta Wildlife Forum Conservation priorities oceanic islands Rebikoff Foundation (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna of for EDGE mammals oceanic islands University of Bristol Evolution of echolocation in Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography of bats; Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south Receiver of Wreck, Maritime and Coastguard Agency the Serengeti cheetah population; National of the Polar Front; Optimisation and social Cetacean strandings investigation Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian mammals; constraints in group-living vertebrates Rewilding Europe Rewilding Europe A national plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania University of British Columbia (Canada) Roehampton University London Individual Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long-term International Programme on the State of the Ocean optimisation and social constraints in group-living demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; University of California (USA) Samburu-Laikipia vertebrates National Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian Wild Dog Project mammals; A national plan for carnivore conservation Romanian Bat Protection Organisation Monitoring in Tanzania; Determinants of occurrence, distribution bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe and abundance in African mammals Rothamsted Research Management of bumble bee Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A national habitat in agricultural landscapes plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN Sampled Technical University of Denmark IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index List Index University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled Red List mate choice in desert baboons; Evolutionary Tel Aviv University (Israel) Evolution of activity Index genetics of cooperation in meerkats; Optimisation patterns in mammals and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; Royal Netherlands Institute for Ocean Research Texas A&M University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Wildlife immunogenetics; The Frozen Ark project; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Index; Honey wasps: a vespid honeybee? Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Sexual selection and the hihi; Epidemiology of Tidewater Inc (USA) Regional Red List Programme Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Garden zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic virus Bird Health Initiative; Health surveillance for species Tour du Valat (France) Living Planet Index infections in African bats; IUCN Sampled Red List recovery programmes; Impact of disease in the Index; Conformist behaviour in humans; Evolution Tromso University (Norway) Deep-sea fauna of decline of house sparrows in the UK; Living Planet of cooperation in nature; Signal content of plumage oceanic islands Index colour; From bats to humans: the social, ecological Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) and biological dynamics of pathogen spillover; Royal Veterinary College Enhancement of sperm cell Coordination of social foragers in patchy Epidemiological aspects of amphibian survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; environments; Optimisation and social constraints chytridiomycosis Predictors of boar sperm fertility following in group-living vertebrates; MHC, parasite loads and cryopreservation; Epidemiology of parapoxvirus in mate choice in desert baboons squirrels; Problem-solving in primates; Optimisation University of Cardiff Phylogeography and and social constraints in group-living vertebrates conservation genetics of okapi Rutgers University (USA) Comparative studies UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre University of Colombo (Sri Lanka) Conservation linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; priorities for EDGE mammals and evolution of invasive alien species IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index University of Columbia (USA) Anthropogenic Universidad Andrew Bello (Chile) Saving mouth drivers of emerging infectious diseases brooding frogs: the impact of chytridiomycosis on Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Center (Russia) Darwin’s frogs University of Copenhagen (Denmark) Evolution of IUCN Sampled Red List Index personality in social species; Chytridiomycosis in Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain) Salmonella Reference Unit, Health Protection Kenya Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal Agency Garden Bird Health Initiative and oviduct epithelial cells University of Delhi (India) Conservation priorities for ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red List Index EDGE mammals Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Wildlife Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean strandings immunogenetics University of East Anglia Management of bumble investigation; Garden Bird Health Initiative bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Garden Bird Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) Health initiative; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Scripps Institute of Oceanography (USA) Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria Evolution and diversification of ants International Programme on the State of the Ocean Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico IUCN University of Edinburgh Beeworm: bumblebee- Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandings Sampled Red List Index nematode host-parasite interaction; Emerging investigation; Sentinel-based ecosystem health Universidade do Vale do Itajai (Brazil) IUCN Sampled disease threats to UK newts; Evolutionary genetics monitoring; Parasitism, immunity and sexual Red List Index of cooperation in meerkats dimorphism in the Galapagos sea lion Universita di Firenze (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List University of Erlangen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of Seawatch Foundation Cetacean strandings Index oceanic islands investigation Université de Poitiers (France) IUCN Sampled Red University of Exeter Genetics of caste determination Shaanxi Normal University (China) Conservation List Index in polistine wasps priorities for EDGE mammals; Disease threats and conservation of the Chinese giant salamander Université de Savoie (France) Determinants of University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of tigers in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic Simon Fraser University (Canada) Odorant receptor European amphibian populations mammals gene expression in homing in Atlantic salmon Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Garden University of Girona (Spain) Enhancement of sperm Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Bird Health Initiative cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index cells University of Aberdeen Cetacean strandings Smithsonian Institute (USA) Genetics of caste programme; Evolutionary dynamics of major University of Guam IUCN Sampled Red List Index determination in polistine wasps; Metabolic histocompatibility genes in Arctic charr; Deep-sea syndrome: a potential risk factor in African elephant University of Guayaquil (Ecuador) Building capacity fauna of oceanic islands; Odorant receptor gene infertility and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; expression in homing in Atlantic salmon West Nile virus emergence in Galapagos South African National Biodiversity Institute IUCN University of Adelaide (Australia) Ecology and Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List Programme University of Hohenheim (Germany) Evaluating evolution of invasive alien species; Sexual selection threat to the sand lizard from parasites harboured Sociedad Ornitologica de la Hispaniola (Dominica) and the hihi; Ecology and evolution of introduced by the introduced wall lizard West Indian mammal extinctions; Conservation avian malaria; Comparative studies linking ecology, priorities for EDGE mammals evolution and physiology; Extinction, island University of Hong Kong IUCN Sampled Red List biogeography and community structure in island Index Société Audubon d’Haiti Conservation priorities for birds EDGE mammals; West Indian mammal extinctions University of Illinois (USA) A bimolecular approach University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California State University of New York (USA) IUCN Sampled Medicine (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red List Index sea lions Red List Index University of Alberta (Canada) IUCN Sampled Red University of Kansas (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Species 2000 IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Index

Collaborations 39 University of Kent Mitigating the emergence of University of London, Kings College Environmental University of Staffordshire Resource limitation in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan change in riparian ecosystems: development of a butterflies midwife toad; Invasive species as vectors of disease new policy-planning tool University of Sussex Molecular basis of a major and amphibian declines; Factors influencing University of London, Queen Mary Population and evolutionary transition; Chytrid effects on natterjack cooperative behaviour and group performance in immunocompetent genetic variation; Molecular and toad population genetics; From bats to humans: the humans; Population and social structure of the adaptive genetic variation of ranavirus in the UK; social, ecological and biological dynamics of giant otter; Conservation status of European bats; Sex, flies and fungus; Epidemiology of poxviruses in pathogen spillover Implications of infectious disease for the global squirrels; Identifying emerging disease threats to UK trade and conservation of amphibians; The role of University of Tasmania IUCN Sampled Red List Index newts; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Eidolon individual biology in determining population-level helvum; Forest fragmentation and parasitism of University of Teesside West Indian mammal processes in vertebrates; Invasive species as Malaysian amphibians extinctions vectors of disease in amphibians; Sexual selection and the hihi; Assessing the conservation issue of University of London, Royal Holloway West Indian University of Texas (USA) Regional Red List Aesculapian snakes introduced onto Crown lands mammal extinctions; Primates of the Caribbean: Programme using historical era introductions of primates to the University of Koblenz-Landau (Germany) IUCN University of Victoria (Canada) Conservation Lesser Antilles to understand rates of island Sampled Red List Index genetics of the Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants evolution; Beeworm: bumblebee-nematode of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a University of Kuopio (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red host-parasite interaction multi-host and island system List Index University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red University of Virginia (USA) Energetic constraints on University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) MHC, List Index animal ecology parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity and University of Wageningen (The Netherlands) Camera University of Las Palmas (Spain) Cetacean determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa trapping as a census tool strandings investigation University of Monash (Australia) Ecology and University of Washington (USA) Long-term University of Lausanne (Switzerland) Evolution of evolution of introduced avian malaria demography of the Serengeti cheetah population nest-drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp University of Montpellier (France) MHC, parasite University of Wisconsin (USA) IUCN Sampled Red University of Leeds West Nile virus emergence in loads and mate choice in desert baboons; Influence List Index Galapagos; Social change, economic growth and of sociality on disease spread in socially-structured drivers of conservation threats in Galapagos; populations University of York International Programme on the Parasitism, immunity and sexual dimorphism in the State of the Oceans (IPSO); IUCN Sampled Red List University of Murcia (Spain) Enhancement of sperm Galapagos sea lion; Determining disease threats to Index cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial endemic Galapagos taxa; Dynamics of reproductive cells University of Yüzüncü Yil (Turkey) Signal content of dominance in dinosaur ants plumage colour University of Natal (South Africa) Dynamics of University of Liverpool Garden Bird Health species extinctions University of Zurich (Switzerland) Determinants of Initiative; Cetacean strandings investigation; Impact Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in of disease in the decline of house sparrows in the University of Neuchatel (Switzerland) Evolution of European amphibian populations UK; The role of individual biology in determining punishment and cooperation in nature population-level processes in vertebrates US Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Red List University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic Programme University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled constraints on animal ecology Red List Index US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Newcastle Chemosynthetically-driven University of London, University College ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Epidemiology Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Health and Coordination of social foragers in patchy of poxviruses in squirrels; International Programme reproduction in elephant populations in Asia environments; Constraints on recovery of small on the State of the Ocean populations: the Hainan gibbon case study; University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark project Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social sustainability Vaquita.org Foundation Conservation of the Yangtze and tipping points in African drylands; Large felid University of Oslo (Norway) The role of individual River dolphin ecology and interactions with humans in the biology in determining population-level processes in Veterinary Services Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus Algerian Sahara; Social and ecological dynamics of vertebrates infections in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic virus the bushmeat trade; Metapopulation dynamics of University of Oxford Population genetic units in the infections in African bats colobus in the coastal forests of Kenya; Resource Ethiopian wolf; Conservation genetics of adders in limitation in butterflies; Evolution of echolocation in Veterinary Services Division (Dominica) the UK; Camera trapping as a census tool; IUCN bats; Marine resources, livelihoods and conservation Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; Sampled Red List Index; West Indian mammal around a West African marine protected area; Implementation of a regional management plan for extinctions; Antarctic monitoring; Regional Red List Changing livelihoods: a comparison of land tenure amphibians in the Caribbean Programme; Epidemiology and dynamics of systems; Factors influencing cooperative behaviour poxvirus infection in birds in group performance in humans; Human-wildlife conflict, wellbeing and economic opportunity: University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone assay West University of Timisoara (Romania) IUCN coexisting with carnivores in the Gobi Desert; service Sampled Red List Index Climate change, drought impacts and mitigation of University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka) Health and Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust Conservation human-wildlife conflict in East African rangelands: reproduction in elephant populations in Asia priorities for EDGE mammals the case of Amboseli; Predicting the spatio-temporal evolution of the human footprint; Primates of the University of Portsmouth Conservation of Wild Camel Protection Foundation Conservation Caribbean: using historical era introductions of threatened amphibians by use of nuclear transfer priorities for EDGE mammals primates to the Lesser Antilles to understand rates technology Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-term of island evolution; Effect of agricultural University of Presov (Slovakia) IUCN Sampled Red demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; intensification on biodiversity in Chaco, Argentina; List Index National Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian Epidemiology of amphibian chytridiomycosis mammals; Wildlife Picture Index; Occurrence, University of Pretoria (South Africa) Evolution of University of London, Imperial College Comparative distribution and abundance of African mammals; cooperation in nature studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; The role of individual biology in determining Energetic constraints on animal ecology; University of Queensland (Australia) Semen freezing population-level processes in vertebrates Mammalian community structure and dynamics in macropods; Comparative studies linking ecology, Wildlife Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus infections in across gradients of land-use intensity in Malaysian evolution and physiology; Evolution of personality in African bats; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Borneo; Determinants of pathogen distribution and social species; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Eidolon helvum prevalence in a multi-host and island system; Wildlife Evolution of punishment and cooperation in nature management indicators for timber certification in Wildlife Trusts UK Health surveillance for species University of Quintana Roo (Mexico) IUCN Sampled West African forests; Mitigating the emergence of recovery programmes Red List Index Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden Bird midwife toad; Determinants of Batrachochytrium University of Reading Ecology of the solenodon and Health Initiative dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian hutia in agricultural and native forest systems in populations; Population-level cost of Batrachochytrium Dominica Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA) dendrobatidis infection in the Pyrenean midwife Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the University of Rochester (USA) Modelling the toad; Spatial global biodiversity monitoring in the Polar Front; Cetacean strandings investigation amphibian response to infection by context of data uncertainty; Invasive species as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-term vectors of disease in amphibians; Emerging disease demography of the Serengeti cheetah population threats to newts in the UK; Molecular approaches to University of Salzburg (Austria) IUCN Sampled Red he conservation biology of corals; Effects of private List Index World Dragonfly Association IUCN Sampled Red List ecotourism on a subsistence fishing community; Index University of San Diego (USA) Energetic constraints IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Mammalian diversity on animal ecology World Wildlife Fund Living Planet Index; Status and patterns; Modelling the dynamics of translocated trends of estuarine biodiversity; Rewilding Europe; populations; Ecosystem services in Ghana: University of Sheffield Enhancement of sperm cell Developing national measures of biodiversity understanding the human component; Dynamics of survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; change large mammal range collapse and extinction: Conservation genetics of penguins; Comparative evidence from the Holocene record; Bovine studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution of tuberculosis in cattle and badgers; Determinants of Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species; nest-drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp tiger occurrence and population viability in Cascading extinctions and the design of ecological fragmented landscapes; Disease susceptibility in risk indicators; Metabolic syndrome: a potential risk three amphibian species; The role of individual factor in African elephant infertility ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Conservation (Italy) biology in determining population-level processes Disease threats to endangered Sardinian newts University of Southampton Chemosynthetically- in vertebrates; Susceptibility of social species to driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Zoological Museum of Copenhagen (Denmark) population decline in changing environments; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands; Molecular IUCN Sampled Red List Index Management interventions for large mammal ecology and phylogenetics of Southern Ocean populations in Cambodia; Ecological and genetic hydrothermal vent fauna determinants of grey squirrel expansion in Italy and Britain; Whole genome analysis of University of St Andrews IUCN Sampled Red List Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Patterns and Index; Pelagic ecology of South West Indian Ocean processes in natural population declines; Testing the seamounts; Ecosystem service provision and ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis for the emergence of adaptive management in the Solomon Islands lethal amphibian chytridiomycosis

40 Staff Representation

Professional Affiliations International Association for Ecology and Health UK Cetacean and Marine Turtle Biodiversity Action Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Plan Steering Group Agencia Nacional de Evaluación y Prospectiva Paul Jepson (Member) (ANEP), Spain International Council for Exploration of the Sea Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Reviewer) Paul Jepson (Member, Ad hoc Advisory Group on UNEP-WCMC the Impact of Sonar on Cetaceans) Ben Collen (Honorary Fellow) American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Trent Garner (Member) International Embryo Transfer Society University of Liverpool William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES Regulatory Committee) Andrew Cunningham (Honorary Senior Research American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Fellow) Gillian Eastwood (Member) International Foundation for Science Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific Advisory Wildlife Disease Association Amphibian Ark Biobanking Advisory Group Committee) Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Scientific Committee, Rhiannon Lloyd (Biobanking Officer) European Section) International Union for the Study of Social Insects Animal Health Information Specialists (UK and Ireland) Seirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for British Section) World Congress of Herpetology Ann Sylph (Member) Trent Garner (Member, Executive Committee) IUCN SSC Bat Conservation Trust, UK Tim Blackburn (Member, Invasive Species Specialist Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Kate Jones (Trustee) Group); Monika Böhm (Member, Snake and Reptile Education Red List Authority); Ben Collen (Member, Red List Becki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar British Andrology Society Committee; Co-Chair, National Red List Working (Council Member) William Holt (Committee Member) Group; Member, Red List Technical Working Group; Member, Hippo Specialist Group); Andrew Zirichiltaggi, Sardinia British Ecological Society Cunningham (Member, Veterinary Specialist Group; Jon Bielby (Member) Jon Bielby (Member); Tim Blackburn (Council Member, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group); Member); Trent Garner (Member); Kirsty Kemp Sarah Durant (Member, Cat Specialist Group); John (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Ewen (Member, Reintroduction Specialist Group); Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian Specialist British Society for Parasitology Group); Dada Gottelli (Member, Canid Specialist Editorial Positions Jon Bielby (Member) Group); Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera Specialist Group); Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Wildlife Health Animal Conservation British Veterinary Zoological Society Specialist Group) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Editor); Jon Bielby Katie Colvile (Member); Fieke Molenaar (Council (Associate Editor); Tim Blackburn (Associate Editor), Member) King Saud University Nick Isaac (Associate Editor); Trent Garner (Editor); Tim Blackburn (Member, Distinguished Scientist Nathalie Pettorelli (Reviews Editor) Bushmeat Working Group Fellowship Scheme) Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe (Member) Animal Reproduction Science London Biology Librarians Group William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Centre for Ecology and Evolution Ann Sylph (Member) Tim Blackburn (Member, Steering Committee); Kate Biological Reviews Jones (Member, Steering Committee) London Learned and Professional Societies Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Librarians Group Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, South Michael Palmer (Member) Cryobiology Africa William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Tim Blackburn (International Science Advisor) Marine Mammal Society Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member; Committee Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Member; Sea Lion Carcinoma Working Group) Andrew Cunningham (Reviews Editor) Mexico Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Honorary Professor) Mexican National Science Academy EcoHealth Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Jon Bielby (Reviews Editor); Andrew Cunningham Charity Archivists and Records Managers Group (Member, Editorial Board) Michael Palmer (Member) Mexican Society of Marine Mastozoology Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (President Elect; Ecological Applications Conservation Commons European Delegate; Committee Member, Veterinary Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board) Ben Collen (Member, Steering Committee) Specialist Group) Emu: Austral Ornithology Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Nature Conservation Trust, South Africa John Ewen (Associate Editor) Andrew Cunningham (Member, TB Advisory Group; Sarah Durant (Trustee) Member, Amphibian Health Advisory Committee; Endangered Species Research Reviewer, Statutory and Exotic Diseases Research New Zealand Department of Conservation Andrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Rowcliffe Programme); Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian John Ewen (Member, Hihi Recovery Group) (Editor) Health Advisory Committee) Office International des Épizooties Global Ecology and Biogeography European Cetacean Society Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc Group on Kate Jones (Editor) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Amphibian Diseases) Journal of Applied Ecology European College of Zoological Medicine Rainforest Life Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor) Anthony Sainsbury (Member) Ben Collen (Member, Environmental Advisory Committee) Journal of Herpetology European Society for Evolutionary Biology Jon Bielby (Associate Editor) Trent Garner (Member) Ramsar Nathalie Pettorelli (Invited Expert, Scientific and Journal of Zoology Fisheries Society of the British Isles Technical Review Panel) Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board); Nichola Kirsty Kemp (Member) Raihani (Member, Editorial Board) Sheep Trust Frozen Ark William Holt (Trustee) Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals William Holt (Member, Steering Group); Rhiannon Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Editor) Lloyd (Member, Steering Group) Societas Europea Herpetologica Trent Garner (Member, Conservation Committee) NeoBiota Genetics Society Tim Blackburn (Editor) Trent Garner (Member) Society for Conservation Biology Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Global Biodiversity Information Facility Sciences Ben Collen (Task Co-Chair) Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Trent Garner (Member) Herpetologists’ League Tropical Conservation Science Trent Garner (Member) Society of Vector Ecology Ben Collen (Associate Editor) Gillian Eastwood (Member) International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis Wildlife Research Andrew Cunningham (Committee Member) Student Conference on Conservation Science Andrew Cunningham (Associate Editor) Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference Advisory Committee) Staff representation 41 Publications

Abaigar, T., Barbero, J. & Holt, W.V. (2011) Trajectory Brekke, P., Bennett, P.M., Santure, A.W. & Ewen, J.G. Collen, B., Howard, R., Konie, J., Daniel, O. & Rist, J. variance and autocorrelations within single sperm (2011) High genetic diversity in the remnant island (2011) Field surveys for the endangered pygmy tracks as population level descriptors of sperm track population of hihi and the genetic consequences of hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis in Sapo complexity, predictability and energy generating re-introduction. Molecular Ecology 20: 29–45. National Park, Liberia. Oryx 45: 35–37. ability. Journal of Andrology. DOI: 10.2164/ jandrol.110.012302 Brekke, P., Bennett, P.M., Wang, J., Pettorelli, N. & Collen, B., Purvis, A. & Mace, G.M. (2010) When is a Ewen, J.G. (2010) Sensitive males: inbreeding species really extinct? Testing extinction inference Acosta-Jamett, G., Astorga-Arancibia, F. & depression in an endangered bird. Proceedings of from a sighting record to inform conservation Cunningham, A.A. (2010) Comparison of chemical the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences. assessment. Diversity and Distributions 16: 755–764. immobilization methods in wild foxes (Pseudalopex DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1144 griseus and Pseudalopex culpaeus) in Chile. Cooke, S.B., Rosenberger, A.L. & Turvey, S. (2011) Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46: 1204–1213. Bro-Jorgensen, J. (2011) Intra- and intersexual An extinct monkey from Haiti and the origins of the conflicts and cooperation in the evolution of mating Greater Antillean primates. Proceedings of the Allebone-Webb, S., Kumpel, N.F., Rist, J., strategies: lessons learnt from ungulates. National Academy of Sciences of the United States Cowlishaw, G., Rowcliffe, J.M. & Milner-Gulland, Evolutionary Biology 38: 28–41. of America. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009161108 E.J. (2011) Use of market data to assess bushmeat hunting sustainability in Equatorial Guinea. Brown, R.M., Jordan, W.C., Faulkes, C.G., Jones, Coy, P., Lloyd, R., Romar, R., Satake, N., Matas, C., Conservation Biology 25: 5.97–606. C.G., Bugoni, L., Tatayah, V., Palma, R.L. & Nichols, Gadea, J. & Holt, W.V. (2010) Effects of porcine R.A. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships in Pterodroma pre-ovulatory oviductal fluid on boar sperm Andersson, C., Lundstedt-Enkel, K., Katsiadaki, I., petrels are obscured by recent secondary contact function. Theriogenology 74: 632–642. Holt, W.V., Van Look, K.J.W. & Orberg, J. (2010) and hybridization. PLoS One 6(5): e20350. A chemometrical approach to study interactions DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020350 Craigie, I.D., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmford, A., Carbone, C., between ethynylestradiol and an AhR-agonist in Collen, B., Green, R.E. & Hutton, J.M. (2010) Large stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Journal of Brown, R.M., Nichols, R.A., Faulkes, C.G., Jones, mammal population declines in Africa’s protected Chemometrics 24: 768–778. C.G., Bugoni, L., Tatayah, V., Gottelli, D. & Jordan, areas. Biological Conservation 143: 2221–2228. W.C. (2010) Range expansion and hybridization in Bai, C.M., Garner, T.W.J. & Li, Y.M. (2010) First Round Island petrels (Pterodroma spp.): evidence Davison, N.J., Simpson, V.R., Chappell, S., Monies, evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in from microsatellite genotypes. Molecular Ecology R.J., Stubberfield, E.J., Koylass, M., Quinney, S., China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced 19: 3157–3170. Deaville, R., Whatmore, A.M. & Jepson, P.D. (2010) American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Prevalence of a host-adapted group B Salmonella Yunnan Province, China. EcoHealth 7: 127–134. Bryden, J., Funk, S., Geard, N., Bullock, S. & Jansen, enterica in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) V.A.A. (2011) Stability in flux: community structure in from the south-west coast of England. Veterinary Baillie, J.E.M., Griffiths, J., Turvey, S.T. & Collen, B. dynamic networks. Journal of the Royal Society Record 167: 173–176. (2010) Evolution Lost: Status and Trends of the Interface 8: 1031–1040. World’s Vertebrates. London: Zoological Society of Di Fonzo, M.M.I., Pelletier, F., Clutton-Brock, T.H., London. Butchart, S.H.M., Baillie, J.E.M., Chenery, A.M., Pemberton, J.M. & Coulson T. (2011) The population Collen, B., Gregory, R.D., Revenga, C. & Walpole, M. growth consequences of variation in individual Baker, K.S., Caccamo, M., Daly, G., Bexfield, N., (2010) National indicators show biodiversity heterozygosity. PLoS One 6(5): e19667. Kellam, P., Suu-Ire, R., Hayman, D.T.S., Heeney, J., progress: Response. Science 329: 900–901. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019667 Cunningham, A.A., Wood, J.L.N. & Murcia, P. (2010) Volant viruses: a metaviromic study of a West Carbone, C., Pettorelli, N. & Stephens, P.A. (2010) Duff, J.P., Colvile, K., Foster, J. & Dumphreys, N. African bat population. In Proceedings of the 15th The bigger they come, the harder they fall: body size (2011) Mass mortality of great crested newts International Bat Research Conference, Prague, and prey abundance influence predator-prey ratios. (Triturus cristatus) on ground treated with road salt. 23–27 August 2010: 95–96. Horácek,ˇ I. & Benda, P. Biology Letters. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0996 Veterinary Record 168: 282. (Eds). Prague: Faculty of Science, Charles University. Carbone, C., Turvey, S.T. & Bielby, J. (2011) Intra-guild Duffus, A.L.J. & Cunningham, A.A. (2010) Major Banguera-Hinestroza, E., Bjorge, A., Reid, R.J., competition and its implications for one of the disease threats to European amphibians. Jepson, P. & Hoelzel, A.R. (2010) The influence of biggest terrestrial predators, Tyrannosaurus rex. Herpetological Journal 20: 117–127. glacial epochs and habitat dependence on the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – diversity and phylogeography of a coastal dolphin Biological Sciences. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2497 Durant, S.M., Craft, M.E., Foley, C., Hampson, K., species: Lagenorhynchus albirostris. Conservation Lobora, A.L., Msuha, M., Eblate, E., Bukombe, J., Genetics 11: 1823–1836. Cassey, P., Maurer, G., Duval, C., Ewen, J.G. & Mchetto, J. & Pettorelli, N. (2010) Does size matter? Hauber, M.E. (2010) Impact of time since collection An investigation of habitat use across a carnivore Barcenas, R.T., Yesson, C. & Hawkins, J.A. (2011) on avian eggshell color: a comparison of museum assemblage in the Serengeti, Tanzania. Journal of Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae. Cladistics. and fresh egg specimens. Behavioral Ecology and Animal Ecology 79: 1012–1022. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x Sociobiology 64: 1711–1720. Everest, D.J., Stidworthy, M.F., Milne, E.M., Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cruz, M., Cedeno, V. Cassey, P., Portugal, S.J., Maurer, G., Ewen, J.G., Meredith, A.L., Chantrey, J., Shuttleworth, C., & Goodman, S.J. (2010) Seasonal effects and fine- Boulton, R.L., Hauber, M.E. & Blackburn, T.M. (2010) Blackett, T., Butler, H., Wilkinson, M. & Sainsbury, scale population dynamics of Aedes taeniorhynchus, Variability in avian eggshell colour: a comparative A.W. (2010) Retrospective detection by negative a major disease vector in the Galapagos Islands. study of museum eggshells. PLoS One 5(8): e12054. contrast electron microscopy of faecal viral particles Molecular Ecology 19: 4491–4504. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012054 in free-living wild red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) with suspected enteropathy in Great Britain. Blackburn, T.M., Lockwood, J.L. & Cassey, P. (2011) Clark, F.E. (2011) Space to choose: network analysis Veterinary Record 167: 1007–1010. Fifty years on: confronting Elton’s hypotheses about of social preferences in a captive chimpanzee invasion success with data from exotic birds. In ommunity, and implications for management. Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R. & Armstrong, D.P. 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42 Foote, A.D., Vilstrup, J.T., De Stephanis, R., Verborgh, Richards, S.J., Rodríguez, L.O., Ron, S.R., Rondinini, Loras, A.F., Hidalgo-Vila, J., Hermosilla, C., Garcia, G., P., Abel Nielsen, S.C., Deaville, R., Kleivane, L., C., Rylands, A.B., de Mitcheson, Y.S., Sanciangco, J.C., Lopez, J., Duffus, A.L.J., Cunningham, A.A. & Roca, V. Martin, V., Miller, P.J.O., Oien, N., Perez-Gil, M., Sanders, K.L., Santos-Barrera, G., Schipper, J., (2011) Preliminary health screening and possible Rasmussen, M., Reid, R.J., Robertson, K.M., Rogan, E., Self-Sullivan, C., Shi, Y., Shoemaker, A., Short, F.T., pathogen determination in a Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, Simila, T., Tejedor, M.L., Vester, H., Vikingsson, G.A., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Silvano, D.L., Smith, K.G., Smith, 1758) (Amphibia: Bufonidae) population. Journal of Willerslev, E., Gilbert, M.T.P. & Piertney, S.B. (2010) A.T., Snoeks, J., Stattersfield, A.J., Symes, A.J., Natural History 45(1–2): 1–14. 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Chanson, J., Collen, B., Cox, N.A., Darwall, W.R.T., Dulvy, N.K., Harrison, L.R., Katariya, V., Pollock, C.M., Lawson, B., Malnick, H.M., Pennycott, T.W., Peel, A.J., Fernández Loras, A., Baker, K.S., Hayman, Quader, S., Richman, N.I., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Tognelli, Macgregor, S.K., John, S.K., Duncan, G., Hughes, D.T.S., Kamins, A., Rossiter, S.J., Sargan, D.R., M.F., Vié, J.-C., Aguiar, J.M., Allen, D.J., Allen, G.R., L.A., Chantrey, J. & Cunningham, A.A. (2010) Acute Cunningham, A.A. & Wood, J.L.N. (2010) Disease Amori, G., Ananjeva, N.B., Andreone, F., Andrew, P., necrotising pneumonitis associated with Suttonella investigations in straw coloured fruit bats (Eidolon Ortiz, A.L. A., Baillie, J.E.M., Baldi, R., Bell, B.D., Biju, ornithocola infection in tits (Paridae). Veterinary helvum) in the Gulf of Guinea islands. In S.D., Bird, J.P., Black-Decima, P., Blanc, J.J., Bolaños, Journal 188: 96–100. Proceedings of the 15th International Bat Research F., Bolivar-G., W., Burfield, I.J., Burton, J.A., Capper, Conference, Prague, 23–27 August 2010: 244–245. D.R., Castro, F., Catullo, G., Cavanagh, R.D., Leadbeater, E. & Chittka, L. (2011) Do inexperienced Horácek,ˇ I. & Benda, P. (Eds). Prague: Faculty of Channing, A., Chao, N.L., Chenery, A.M., Chiozza, F., bumblebee foragers use scent marks as social Science, Charles University. Clausnitzer, V., Collar, N.J., Collett, L.C., Collette, B.B., information? Animal Cognition. Cortez Fernandez, C.F., Craig, M.T., Crosby, M.J., DOI: 10.1007/s10071-011-0423-4 Peel, A.J., Fernandez Loras, A., Baker, K.S., Hayman, Cumberlidge, N., Cuttelod, A., Derocher, A.E., D.T.S., Kamins, A., Rossiter, S.J., Sargan, D.R., Wood, Diesmos, A.C., Donaldson, J.S., Duckworth, J.W., Li, Y.M., Ke, Z.W., Wang, Y.H. & Blackburn, T.M. (2011) J.L.N. & Cunningham, A.A. (2010) Potentially Dutson, G., Dutta, S.K., Emslie, R.H., Farjon, A., Frog community responses to recent American zoonotic viruses in straw coloured fruit bats (Eidolon Fowler, S., Freyhof, J., Garshelis, D.L., Gerlach, J., bullfrog invasions. Current Zoology 57: 83–92. helvum) in the Gulf of Guinea islands. In Gower, D.J., Grant, T.D., Hammerson, G.A., Harris, R.B., Proceedings of the European Wildlife Disease Heaney, L.R., Hedges, S.B., Hero, J.-M., Hughes, B., Linnell, J.D.C., Rondeau, D., Reed, D.H., Williams, R., Association Conference, Vlieland, The Netherlands, Hussain, S.A., Icochea, M.J., Inger, R.F., Ishii, N., Altwegg, R., Raxworthy, C.J., Austin, J.D., Hanley, 13–16 September 2010: 13. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Iskandar, D.T., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kaneko, Y., Kottelat, M., N., Fritz, H., Evans, D.M., Gordon, I.J., Reyers, B., European Wildlife Disease Association. Kovacs, K.M., Kuzmin, S.L., La Marca, E., Lamoreux, Redpath, S. & Pettorelli, N. (2010) Confronting the J.F., Lau, M.W.N., Lavilla, E.O., Leus, K., Lewison, R.L., costs and conflicts associated with biodiversity. Pereira, H.M., Belnap, J., Brummitt, N., Collen, B., Lichtenstein, G., Livingstone, S.R., Lukoschek, V., Animal Conservation 13: 429–431. Ding, H., Gonzalez-Espinosa, M., Gregory, R.D., Mallon, D.P., McGowan, P.J.K., McIvor, A., Honrado, J., Jongman, R.H.G., Julliard, R., McRae, Moehlman, P.D., Molur, S., Alonso, A.M., Musick, J.A., Loh, J., Collen, B., McRae, L., Deinet, S., De Palma, L., Proença, V., Rodrigues, P., Opige, M., Rodriguez, Nowell, K., Nussbaum, R.A., Olech, W., Orlov, N.L., A., Manley, R. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2010) Living Planet J.P. Schmeller, D.S., van Swaay, C. & Vieira, C. (2010) Papenfuss, T.J., Parra-Olea, G., Perrin, W.F., Polidoro, Index. Living Planet Report 2010: Almond, R. (Ed.). Global biodiversity monitoring. Frontiers in Ecology B.A., Pourkazemi, M., Racey, P.A., Ragle, J.S., Ram, M., Gland, Switzerland: WWF. and the Environment 9: 459–460. Rathbun, G., Reynolds, R.P., Rhodin, A.G.J.,

Publications 43 Pettorelli, N., Gordon, I.J., Katzner, T., Gompper, Thorogood, R., Ewen, J.G. & Kilner, R.M. (2011) M.E., Mock, K., Redpath, S., Garner, T.W.J. & Sense and sensitivity: responsiveness to offspring Altwegg, R. (2010) Protected areas: the challenge of signals varies with the parents’ potential to breed maintaining a strong backbone for conservation again. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B strategies worldwide. Animal Conservation – Biological Sciences. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2594 13: 333–334. Tittensor, D.P., Baco, A.R., Hall-Spencer, J.M., Orr, Pettorelli, N., Ryan, S., Mueller, T., Bunnefeld, N., J.C. & Rogers, A.D. (2010) Seamounts as refugia Jedrzejewska, B., Lima, M. & Kausrud, K. (2011) from ocean acidification for cold-water stony corals. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): Marine Ecology 31(suppl. 1): 212–225. unforeseen successes in animal ecology. Climate Research 46: 15–27. Turvey, S.T. (2010) Evolution of non-homologous venom delivery systems in West Indian insectivores? Piyapong, C., Butlin, R.K., Faria, J.J., Scruton, K.J., Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1294–1299. Wang, J. & Krause, J. (2011) Kin assortment in juvenile shoals in wild guppy populations. Turvey, S.T. (2010) Failure of the baiji recovery Heredity 106: 749–756. program: conservation lessons for other freshwater cetaceans. In Biology, Evolution and Conservation of Raihani, N.J. & Clutton-Brock, T.H. (2010) Higher River Dolphins within South America and Asia: reproductive skew among birds than mammals in 377–394. Ruiz-Garcia, M. & Shostell, J.M. (Eds). cooperatively breeding species. Biology Letters New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 6: 630–632. Turvey, S.T., Weksler, M., Morris, E.L. & Nokkert, M. Raihani, N.J. & Hart, T. (2010) Free-riders promote free- (2010) Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the riding in a real-world setting. Oikos 119: 1391–1393. extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and Raihani, N.J., Nelson-Flower, M.J., Golabek, K.A. & species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society Ridley, A.R. (2010) Routes to breeding in 160: 748–772. cooperatively breeding pied babblers Turdoides bicolor. Journal of Avian Biology 41: 681–686. Walker, L.A., Lawlor, A.J., Llewellyn, N.R., Pereira M.G., Potter, E., Molenaar, F.M., Sainsbury, A.W. & Reyers, B., Pettorelli, N., Katzner, T., Gompper, M.E., Shore, R.F. (2010) Anticoagulant rodenticides in Redpath, S., Garner, T.W.J., Altwegg, R., Reed, D.H. predatory birds 2007 and 2008: a Predatory Bird & Gordon, I.J. (2010) Animal conservation and Monitoring Scheme (PBMS) report. Lancaster: Centre ecosystem services: garnering the support of for Ecology and Hydrology. mightier forces. Animal Conservation 13: 523–525. Wang, J.L. (2010) Effects of genotyping errors on Richardson, K., Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D.P. & parentage exclusion analysis. Molecular Ecology Hauber, M.E. (2010) Sex-specific shifts in natal 19: 5061–5078. dispersal dynamics in a reintroduced hihi population. Behaviour 147: 1517–1532. Wang, J.L. (2011) COANCESTRY: a program for simulating, estimating and analysing relatedness Riddell, C.E., Sumner, S., Adams, S. & Mallon, E.B. and inbreeding coefficients. Molecular Ecology (2011) Pathways to immunity: temporal dynamics of Resources 11: 141–145. the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) immune response against a trypanosomal gut parasite. Wang, J. (2011) Unbiased relatedness estimation in Insect Molecular Biology 20: 529–540. structured populations. Genetics 187: 887–901.

Robinson, R.A., Lawson, B., Toms, M.P., Peck, K.M., Wilkie, D.S., Bennett, E.L., Peres, C.A. & Kirkwood, J.K., Chantrey, J., Clatworthy, I.R., Evans, Cunningham, A.A. (2011) The empty forest revisited. A.D., Hughes, L.A., Hutchinson, O.C., John, S.K., Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pennycott, T.W., Perkins, M.W., Rowley, P.S., 1223: 120–128. Simpson, V.R., Tyler, K.M. & Cunningham, A.A. (2010) Emerging infectious disease leads to rapid Woodroffe, R. (2011) Demography of a recovering population declines of common British birds. PLoS African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) population. One 5(8): e12215. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012215 Journal of Mammalogy 92: 305–315.

Rodriguez, J.P., Rodriguez-Clark, K.M., Baillie, Woodroffe, R. (2011) Ranging behaviour of African J.E.M., Ash, N., Benson, J., Boucher, T., Brown, C., wild dog packs in a human-dominated landscape. Burgess, N.D., Collen, B., Jennings, M., Keith, D.A., Journal of Zoology 283: 88–97. Nicholson, E., Revenga, C., Reyers, B., Rouget, M., Smith, T., Spalding, M., Taber, A., Walpole, M., Wright, E., Hayman, D.T.S., Vaughan, A., Temperton, Zager, I. & Zamin, T. (2010) Establishing IUCN Red N.J., Wood, J.L.N., Cunningham, A.A., Suu-Ire, R., List criteria for threatened ecosystems. Weiss, R.A. & Fooks, A.R. (2010) Virus neutralising Conservation Biology 25: 21–29. activity of African fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses. Virology 408: 183–189. Schloegel, L.M., Daszak, P., Cunningham, A.A., Speare, R. & Hill, B. (2010) Two amphibian diseases, Yesson, C., Clark, M.R., Taylor, M.L. & Rogers, A.D. chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, are now (2011) The global distribution of seamounts based on globally notifiable to the World Organization for 30 arc seconds bathymetry data. Deep-Sea Research I Animal Health (OIE): an assessment. Diseases of 58: 442–453. Aquatic Organisms 92: 101–108.

Simpson, V.R., Tomlinson, A.J., Molenaar, F.M., Lawson, B. & Rogers, K.D. (2011) Renal calculi in wild Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in England. Veterinary Record. DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1929

Sparks, T.H., Butchart, S.H.M., Balmford, A., Bennun, L., Stanwell-Smith, D., Walpole, M., Bates, N., Bomhard, B., Bruno, J., Buchanan, G., Chenery, A.M., Collen, B., Csirke, J., Diaz, R.J., Dulvy, N., Fitzgerald, C., Herkenrath, P., Kapos, V., Mayaux, P., Tierney, M., Waycott, M., Wood, L. & Green, R.E. (2011) Linked indicator sets for addressing biodiversity loss. © 2011 The Zoological Society of London. Oryx 45: 411–419. Registered charity no. 208728

Sumner, S. & Pettorelli, N. (2011) The high cost of Edited by Linda DaVolls being a woman in science New Scientist 18 July: 26–27. Design by newlevel.co.uk

Sutherland, W.J., Armstrong, D., Butchart, S.H.M., All rights are reserved, no part of this Earnhardt, J.M., Ewen, J., Jamieson, I., Jones, C.G., publication may be reproduced, stored in a Lee, R., Newbery, P., Nichols, J.D., Parker, K.A., retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or Sarrazin, F., Seddon, P.J., Shah, N. & Tatayah, V. by any means, electronic, photocopying, (2010) Standards for documenting and monitoring recording or otherwise, without prior bird reintroduction projects. Conservation Letters permission of the publisher. 3: 229–235.

Teacher, A.G.F., Cunningham, A.A. & Garner, T.W.J. (2010) Assessing the long-term impact of Ranavirus Print conforms to ISO 14001. Cover stock infection in wild common frog populations. Animal certified by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Conservation 13: 514–522. Text pages 1–36 produced using 75% recovered fibre certified by FSC. Thornton, A. & Raihani, N.J. (2010) Identifying teaching in wild animals. Learning and Behavior 38: 297–309.

44 Student Publications

PhD Theses Carvalho, M. (2010) Evolution of hypercarnivory: the Fernandez Secades, C. (2010) Analyzing human- reappearance of the sabertoothed ecomorph. wildlife conflict reports and public awareness and Carrizo, S. (2011) Changes in the distribution and perceptions of Solenodon paradoxus and abundance of North American breeding birds. Rejbakoz, S. (2010) Haematology and serum Plagiodontia aedium, Hispaniola’s last endemic University of Cambridge, UK. biochemistry investigation of free-ranging and mammals (West Indies). stranded Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Craigie, I. (2010) An assessment of the performance of pups from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, San Miguel Ghoddousi, A. (2010) Habitat suitability modelling of Africa’s protected areas. University of Cambridge, UK. Island and the marine mammal centre, California. the brown bear Ursus arctos in Croatia and Slovenia using telemetry data. Dadam, D. (2010) Is disease an important factor in the Smith, K. (2010) Can ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) decline of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in show self-control? Gill, D. (2010) Drivers of change in hunter offtake Greater London? University of Liverpool, UK. and hunting strategies in Sendje, Equatorial Guinea. Tiller, L. (2010) Evaluation of cash crops (for Hayman, D. (2011) Lagos bat virus ecology in essential oils) as a compensation and mitigation Jaworska, N. (2010) Evaluating benefits of Eidolon helvum. University of Cambridge, UK. method for the human-wildlife conflict in Bardia mangroves on fish pond production and protection National Park, Nepal. in Ajuy, Panay Island, the Philippines. Martinez, L. (2011) Effect of solar radiation on cetaceans. University of London, Queen Mary, UK. Yap, X. (2010) The effects of PCBs and mercury Landymore, S. (2010) Measuring the potential exposure on thymic involution and thymic cysts in development pressure on protected areas as a result Schulte-Herbruggen, B. (2011) The importance of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). of the mineral resources they contain. bushmeat in the livelihoods of cocoa farmers living in a wildlife depleted farm-forest landscape, South le Courtois, S. (2010) Household choices in rice West Ghana. University College London, UK. MSc Theses – Wild Animal Health cultivation in a social-ecological system and impacts Awarded by University of London, UK on productivity: lessons from Anororo, Lac Alaotra, Taylor, M. (2011) Distribution and diversity of Madagascar. octocorals from longline by-catch around South Hardman, K. (2010) One swab closer to stopping a Georgia. Imperial College London, UK. serial elephant killer (herpesvirus). Lin, Y. (2010) The link between maximum likelihood and the forecast accuracy of mechanistic population Montalba, A. (2010) Refining a novel method for the models. MSc Theses – Wild Animal Biology detection of invasive amphibians in the environment. Awarded by University of London, UK Lloyd, S. (2010) Habitat suitability modelling for the Reynard, J. (2010) Do competitive exclusion Anjouan scops owl, a cryptic unstudied species. Andrews, H. (2010) Faecal sampling to measure products have a place in avian reintroduction cortisol for the evaluation of stress in wild black programmes: Investigating competitive exclusion of Marino, A. (2010) Public attitudes toward the brown rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) populations in Kenya. Enterococcus hirae in corncrake Crex crex chicks. bear in Croatia: a change over time.

Boere, J. (2010) Sperm-female tract interactions in the Richardson, H. (2010) Retrospective cost-benefit Mollon, A. (2010) The effect of point count duration Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). analysis of the wildlife and domestic veterinary on avian density estimates. A case study of distance programme (WDVP) established in the buffer zone sampling surveys of the avifauna of St Lucia. Bray, A. (2010) The significance of different habitat of Chitwan National Park, Nepal since 1998. types on gastrointestinal parasites and Nicholls, A. (2010) An assessment of the success of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis prevalence in Sa, R. (2010) Surviving reintroduction: measurement agri-environment schemes at increasing breeding Malaysian amphibians. of behavioural responses of Amur leopard (Panthera success of lapwing in the Avon Valley, Hampshire. pardus orientalis) to Amur tiger (Panthera tigris Cairns, N. (2010) Nutrition of two-toed sloths in altaica) faeces. Parks, D. (2010) Crop damaging endangered parrots: captivity. finding solutions for both people and parrots on Seara, S. (2010) Prevalence of tuberculosis Bonaire. Devery, S. (2010) The occurrence of reproductive (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium pathology in captive canids and its effect on fertility. bovis) in captive and wild Sri Lankan elephants. Phillipson, A. (2010) Separating commodity fact from commodity fiction. Golding, S. (2010) Conservation of bacterial diversity during reintroduction of hen harriers. MSc Theses – Conservation Science Richards, M. (2010) Does nest temperature affect Awarded by Imperial College London, UK breeding success in the yellow-shouldered Amazon Hickey, I. (2010) Is training enriching? Investigating if (Amazona barbadensis) on Bonaire, Dutch Antilles? positive reinforcement training is psychologically Aveling, T. (2010) Change we can believe in: enriching for captive tigers. assessing trends in abundance of galliformes in the Smith, M. (2010) Assessing the viability of managed Upper Seti Khola Valley, Nepal. relocation as a conservation strategy. Janska, S. (2010) Brown bear (Ursus arctos) vehicle collisions in the western Carpathian mountains of Brown, M. (2010) Exploring a sustainable trophy Sullivan, K. (2010) Global biodiversity indicators: Slovakia: spatial analysis and identification of risk hunting model for saiga antelope of the Betpak dala scenario modelling for fisheries policy. factors. population of Kazakhstan. Swart, C. (2010) Measuring the state of health of Joshua, J. (2010) Relationship between Costelloe, B. (2010) The power of global biodiversity sacred forests, Kenya. Using the black-and-white macroinvertebrate fauna and environmental indicators to detect and inform different protected colobus monkey (Colobus angolensis palliates) as variables in Nairobi river tributary, Kenya. area policies. an indicator species.

Kleespies, C. (2010) Stress and behaviour in wild Daniel, B. (2010) The effects of upland management Uozumi, A. (2010) Do zoos work at raising baboons. practices of avian diversity. awareness? Quantifying the impact of informal education on adults visiting Japanese zoos. Lutz, A. (2010) The effect of management variables Dauncey, V. (2010) Identifying local social data on behaviour of polar bears housed in European zoos. needed for conservation organisations designing van Broekhoven, W. (2010) Perceptions driving local livelihood programmes: a case study in the Seti support for marine conservation. A comparison of Maciag, E. (2010) Gastrointestinal parasite shedding Valley, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. three case studies in the Philippines. of three species of lemur (Eulemur flavifrons, Mirza zaza and Lepilemur sahamalazensis) in differently Dyson, P. (2010) Assessing the effects of protected Walters, J. (2010) Evaluating the suitability of wildlife degraded forest fragments on the Sahamalaza area management on the livelihoods and attitudes monitoring methodology for tropical forest Peninsula, Madagascar. of local communities in the Shimba Hills, Kenya. conservation. A comparison of transect surveys and camera trapping. Noon, K. (2010) Characterisation and expression of Earle-Mundil, H. (2010) Permanent monitoring plots the leptin gene in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). for the national tree Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis Wheeler, S. (2010) The impact of human and assessment of the distribution and conservation encroachment into natural ecosystems upon Raby, C. (2010) An investigation into the variable status of an associated endemic species Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. infections in susceptibility of chacma baboons to endoparasites, Stenandrium carolinae in the Turks and Caicos western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla in as a result of social hierarchies influencing Islands. Lope National Park, Gabon. glucocorticoid levels.

Student Publications 45 For further information about the Institute of Zoology please contact: Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

Institute of Zoology The Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY

Telephone +44 (0)20 7449 6610 [email protected] www.zsl.org