DOCSLIB.ORG

Fungal Endosymbiosis and Pathogenicity 3 4 Herbert Itabangi1, Poppy C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fungal Endosymbiosis and Pathogenicity 3 4 Herbert Itabangi1, Poppy C bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/584607; this version posted December 17, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Environmental interactions with amoebae as drivers of bacterial- 2 fungal endosymbiosis and pathogenicity 3 4 Herbert Itabangi1, Poppy C. S. Sephton-Clark1, Xin Zhou1, Georgina P. Starling2, Zamzam 5 Mahamoud2, Ignacio Insua3, Mark Probert1, Joao Correia1, Patrick J. Moynihan1, Teklegiorgis 6 Gebremariam4, Yiyou Gu4, Ashraf S. Ibrahim4,5, Gordon D. Brown6, Jason S. King2*, Elizabeth 7 R. Ballou1* and Kerstin Voelz1* 8 1Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, 9 Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. 10 2Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 11 2TN, UK. 12 3School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. 13 4 The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 14 Torrance, California, U.S.A. 15 5David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. 16 6 MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, 17 Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD 18 19 * To whom correspondence should be addressed 20 JSK: [email protected] 21 ERB: [email protected] 22 KV: [email protected] 23 24 25 Keywords: Murcomycete, Rhizopus, Ralstonia, Dictyostelium, endosymbiosis, evolution, soil 26 microbiology 27 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/584607; this version posted December 17, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract 2 Opportunistic infections by environmental fungi are a growing clinical problem, driven by an 3 increasing population of people with immunocompromising conditions. Spores of the 4 Mucorales order are ubiquitious in the environment but can also cause acute invasive infections 5 in humans through germination and evasion of the mammalian host immune system. How they 6 achieve this, and the evolutionary drivers underlying the acquisition of virulence mechanisms, 7 are poorly understood. Here we show that a clinical isolate of Rhizopus microsporus contains 8 a Ralstonia pickettii bacterial endosymbiont required for virulence in both zebrafish and mice, 9 and that this endosymbiosis enables secretion of factors that potently suppress growth of the 10 soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, as well as their ability to engulf and kill other microbes. 11 As amoebae are natural environmental predators of both bacteria and fungi, we propose this 12 tri-kingdom interaction contributes to establishing the endosymbiosis, and acquisition of anti- 13 phagocyte activity. Importantly, we show this activity also protects fungal spores from 14 phagocytosis and clearance by human macrophages, and endosymbiont removal renders the 15 fungal spores avirulent in vivo. Together, these findings describe a novel role for a bacterial 16 endosymbiont in Rhizopus microsporus pathogenesis in animals, and suggest a mechanism of 17 virulence acquisition through environmental interactions with amoebae. 18 In brief 19 How environmental fungi evolved the mechanisms that enable them to cause opportunistic 20 infections in humans is unclear. Here, we identify a novel tri-kingdom interaction, whereby a 21 bacterial endosymbiont, living within a clinical isolate of the ubiquitous environmental 22 fungus Rhizopus microsporus, causes the generation of a secreted activity that blocks the 23 growth and predatory activity of amoebae. We suggest this provides a new evolutionary 24 driver for the establishment of bacterial/fungal endosymbiosis and demonstrate this is critical 25 for fungal pathogenicity in vivo. 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/584607; this version posted December 17, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Introduction 2 Soil-dwelling fungi must evade predation by phagocytic amoebae and, similarly, pathogenic 3 fungi evade host phagocytic cells that defend against infection (1, 2). Interaction with amoebae 4 has been proposed as an evolutionary training ground for pathogenic fungi, enabling them to 5 resist the multifactorial stresses of the mammalian host. Mucoralean fungi such as soil- 6 associated Rhizopus microsporus, which causes invasive mucormycosis, successfully establish 7 in complex polymicrobial environments that include predatory amoeba. Yet, they lack common 8 strategies fungi employ to evade predation and phagocytosis: R. microsporus fails to mask cell 9 wall ligands in swollen spores, has a slow germination rate, and produces relatively low 10 biomass (3, 4). Mucorales resting spores also fail to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine responses 11 and do not induce strong phagocyte chemotaxis. Here, we investigate an as yet unexplored 12 aspect of R. microsporus pathogen biology: the impact of a bacterial endosymbiont on 13 interaction with amoebae and host phagocytes. 14 Pathogenic Mucorales span multiple genera, with the Rhizopus genus causing almost 15 half of all documented cases and high mortality in susceptible patient populations (5-12). 16 Infection occurs through inoculation with dormant, immunologically inert spores. Upon 17 germination, these spores become metabolically active and begin to swell (13, 14). Based on 18 analogy to Aspergillus spores, frequently used as a model for Mucorales, swelling is expected 19 to reveal Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) and induce increasing rates of 20 phagocytosis which must be overcome by rapid hyphal extension (15, 16). However, swollen 21 spores in the Rhizopus genus are often no more readily phagocytosed than resting spores and 22 R. microsporus spores are phagocytosed at lower rates than other well studied fungal spores 23 (17-20). While in some species, larger spore size (12.3 µm) reduces phagocytosis, the small 24 spore size of R. microscoprus (5 µm, comparable to other well-phagocytosed particles) makes 25 this unlikely to explain the observed reduced uptake (21, 22). 26 A common strategy fungi employ to evade phagocytosis is through masking cell wall 27 ligands (16, 23-28). Two classic examples of this are the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule 28 and the Aspergillus spore hydrophobin layer, which effectively block phagocytosis by 29 preventing detection of MAMPs (15, 16, 27-30). However, there is no evidence of 30 hydrophobins in the R. microsporus genome, and evidence of cell wall remodelling that masks 31 MAMPs is limited to the hyphal phase (31). Moreover, R. microsporus has a slow germination 32 rate, and produces relatively low biomass, which are predicted to reduce fungal virulence (3, 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/584607; this version posted December 17, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 4, 21, 32-34). Together, these differences suggest an alternate strategy available to Rhizopus 2 for the evasion of phagocytosis during the early stages of germination. 3 4 Mucormycete plant pathogens, including the Mucorales, are frequently colonized or 5 influenced by bacteria of the genera Burkholderia, Paraburholderia, and Ralstonia, all closely 6 related to the Pseudomonas genus (35-37). During endosymbiosis, Burkholderia spp. influence 7 fungal behaviour such as growth and sporulation, and also mediate plant pathogenesis (37, 38). 8 For example, the endotoxin Rhizoxin is secreted by Burkholderia rhizoxina during mutualism 9 with R. microsporus and inhibits plant defences (39, 40). The Ralstonia solanacearum 10 lipopeptide ralsolamycin can influence chlamydospore development and hyphal invasion (37). 11 While endosymbionts are widespread in patient fungal samples, a role for endosymbionts in 12 preventing fungal phagocytosis has not been established (35). Rather, work examining this 13 interaction in the context of phagocyte-deficient mouse models found no correlation between 14 endosymbiont presence and fungal virulence (35). We recently showed that phagocyte activity 15 in the early stages of infection control are critical for predicting Mucorales disease outcome, 16 suggesting that phagocyte-deficiency primes the host for infection (41). Together, this raises 17 the hypothesis: do endosymbionts specifically impact fungal interaction with phagocytic cells, 18 including both environmental amoebae and mammalian macrophages and neutrophils, leading 19 to enhanced fungal virulence? 20 21 Here, we investigate the interaction of environmental and early host phagocytic cells with R. 22 microsporus. We report, for the first time, a role for a bacterial endosymbiont of R. 23 microsporus in modulating the interaction with these phagocytic cells and further expand this 24 to demonstrate a role in the early stages of disease in both zebrafish and murine models of 25 infection.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Multifaceted Approach to Combating Leishmaniasis, a Neglected Tropical Disease
    OLD TARGETS AND NEW BEGINNINGS: A MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO COMBATING LEISHMANIASIS, A NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy from the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Adam Joseph Yakovich, B.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Karl A Werbovetz, Ph.D., Advisor Approved by Pui-Kai Li, Ph.D. Werner Tjarks, Ph.D. ___________________ Ching-Shih Chen, Ph.D Advisor Graduate Program In Pharmacy ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis, a broad spectrum of disease which is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania , currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries worldwide. There are over 2 million of new cases of leishmaniasis occurring annually. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from potentially disfiguring cutaneous leishmaniasis to the most severe manifestation, visceral leishmaniasis, which attacks the reticuloendothelial system and has a fatality rate near 100% if left untreated. All currently available therapies all suffer from drawbacks including expense, route of administration and developing resistance. In the laboratory of Dr. Karl Werbovetz our primary goal is the identification and development of an inexpensive, orally available antileishmanial chemotherapeutic agent. Previous efforts in the lab have identified a series of dinitroaniline compounds which have promising in vitro activity in inhibiting the growth of Leishmania parasites. It has since been discovered that these compounds exert their antileishmanial effects by binding to tubulin and inhibiting polymerization. Remarkably, although mammalian and Leishmania tubulins are ~84 % identical, the dinitroaniline compounds show no effect on mammalian tubulin at concentrations greater than 10-fold the IC 50 value determined for inhibiting Leishmania tubulin ii polymerization.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Screening for Inhibitors of the Human Mitotic Kinesin Eg5 with Antimitotic and Antitumor Activities
    Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 1079 In vitro screening for inhibitors of the human mitotic kinesin Eg5 with antimitotic and antitumor activities Salvatore DeBonis,1 Dimitrios A. Skoufias,1 agents were mainly first isolated from plants. The Vinca Luc Lebeau,2 Roman Lopez,3 Gautier Robin,1 alkaloids, vincristine and vinblastine (isolated from leaves Robert L. Margolis,1 Richard H. Wade,1 of the Madagascar periwinkle plant), are now used to treat and Frank Kozielski1 leukemia and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, whereas paclitaxel 1 2 (Taxol) [originally extracted from the bark of the western Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France; Laboratoire yew tree (2)] and its semisynthetic analogue docetaxel de Chimie Organique Applique´e, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite´Louis Pasteur, Faculte´de Pharmacie, (Taxotere) are approved for the treatment of metastatic Illkirch, France; and 3Service de Marquage Mole´culaire et de breast and ovarian carcinomas. The success of these natural Chimie Bio-organique, CEA-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France products has initiated the development of f30 second- generation tubulin drugs currently in preclinical or clinical development (reviewed in ref. 3). Abstract All antimitotic tubulin agents interfere with the assembly Human Eg5, a member of the kinesin superfamily, plays and/or disassembly of microtubules and produce a char- a key role in mitosis, as it is required for the formation of acteristic mitotic arrest phenotype. Even low paclitaxel a bipolar spindle. We describe here the first in vitro concentrations (f10 nmol/L), with no obvious effect on microtubule-activated ATPase-based assay for the identi- microtubule dynamics, are sufficient to block cells in mito- fication of small-molecule inhibitors of Eg5.
    [Show full text]
  • A Newly Isolated Rhizopus Microsporus Var. Chinensis Capable of Secreting Amyloytic Enzymes with Raw-Starch-Digesting Activity
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2010), 20(2), 383–390 doi: 10.4014/jmb.0907.07025 First published online 24 December 2009 A Newly Isolated Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis Capable of Secreting Amyloytic Enzymes with Raw-Starch-Digesting Activity Li, Yu-Na1,2, Gui-Yang Shi1,2, Wu Wang1,2*, and Zheng-Xiang Wang1,2* 1The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China 2Research Center of Bio-resource and Bio-energy, School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China Received: July 19, 2009 / Revised: November 15, 2009 / Accepted: November 17, 2009 A newly isolated active producer of raw-starch-digesting are available, but researchers continue to search for new amyloytic enzymes, Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis amyloytic enzymes that could create new applications. CICIM-CU F0088, was screened and identified by The traditional course of enzymatic starch saccharification morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic is a high-energy-consumption procedure, which significantly analyses. This fungus was isolated from the soil of Chinese enhances the cost of starch-related products. Therefore, to glue pudding mill, and produced high levels of amylolytic reduce the cost of starch processing, the importance of activity under solid-state fermentation with supplementation enzymatic saccharification of raw starch without cooking of starch and wheat bran. Results of thin-layer chromatography has become well recognized recently [24, 34]. This has showed there are two kinds of amyloytic enzymes formed generated a worldwide interest in the discovery of several by this strain, including one α-amylase and two glucoamylases. raw-starch-digesting amyloytic enzymes that do not require It was found in the electron microscope experiments that gelatinization and can directly hydrolyze the raw starch in the two glucoamylases can digest raw corn starch and a single step [26, 34].
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Fungi and Conservation of the Free- 2 Methionine-R-Sulfoxide Reductase in Multicellular Eukaryotes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free- 2 methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes 3 4 Hayat Hage1, Marie-Noëlle Rosso1, Lionel Tarrago1,* 5 6 From: 1Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 7 Marseille, France. 8 *Correspondence: Lionel Tarrago ([email protected]) 9 10 Running title: Methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi 11 12 Keywords: fungi, genome, horizontal gene transfer, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide 13 reductase, protein oxidation, thiol oxidoreductase. 14 15 Highlights: 16 • Free and protein-bound methionine can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO). 17 • Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) reduce MetO in most organisms. 18 • Sequence characterization and phylogenomics revealed strong conservation of Msr in fungi. 19 • fRMsr is widely conserved in unicellular and multicellular fungi. 20 • Some msr genes were acquired from bacteria via horizontal gene transfers. 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of Pseudomonas Bacteria As Biocontrol Agents Against Multiple Plant Pathogens
    The potential of Pseudomonas bacteria as biocontrol agents against multiple plant pathogens Sophie Elizabeth Clough Doctor of Philosophy University of York Biology September 2020 Abstract Plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (the causative agent of bacterial wilt), and plant parasitic nematodes Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) and Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) have devastating impacts on several economically important crops globally. While these pathogens are traditionally treated with agrochemicals, their use is in decline due to legal restrictions and harmful impacts on the environment. One environmentally- friendly alternative to agrochemicals could be biocontrol, which takes advantage of naturally occurring plant growth-promoting bacteria. While recent studies have shown promising results, there is no clear screening pipeline to identify and validate successful biocontrol strains with broad activity against multiple different pathogen species. This thesis establishes a screening method to identify effective Pseudomonas biocontrol agents to both bacterial and nematode pathogens using a combination of in vitro laboratory assays, comparative genomics, mass spectrometry and greenhouse experiments. It was found that Pseudomonas strains suppressed both pathogens, with strains CHA0, MVP1-4 and Pf-5 showing high activity. Several secondary metabolite clusters were identified and the suppressive role of DAPG, orfamides A and B and pyoluteorin antimicrobials were experimentally verified. Experimental evolution was used to show that R. solanacearum can evolve tolerance to Pseudomonas strains during prolonged exposure in vitro. However, further work is needed to test whether the evolution of tolerance could limit Pseudomonas biocontrol efficiency in the field. High nematode suppression by all Pseudomonas strains was observed in laboratory assays. Moreover, clear behavioural and developmental changes were observed in response to tested individual compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizopus Microsporus with Posaconazole
    Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizopus Microsporus With Posaconazole Fan Yuan Southeast University Medical College Jun Chen Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Fang Liu Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Yongchao Dang Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Qingtao Kong Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Hong Sang ( [email protected] ) Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Case report Keywords: pulmonary mucormycosis, Rhizopus microspores, diabetes mellitus, posaconazole Posted Date: March 16th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-302265/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/7 Abstract Background: Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection occurring chiey in the lung or the rhino-orbital- cerebral compartment, particularly in patients with immunodeciency or diabetes mellitus. Among Mucorales fungi, Rhizopus spp. are the most common cause of mucormycosis. Case presentation: We report the case of pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus in a young patient with diabetes but no other apparent risk factors. The diagnosis has mainly relied on clinical manifestation, positive pulmonary tissue biopsy, and fungal culture. The patient was successfully treated with posaconazole oral suspension and remains asymptomatic at one-year follow-up. Conclusions: Pulmonary mucormycosis is a life-threatening condition and based on direct microscopy, histopathology, and culture for the diagnosis. Background Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection but is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Mucormycosis occurs most commonly in immunocompromised patients, such as those with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, trauma, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy [1–3].
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Analysis of the Basal Lineage Fungus Rhizopus Oryzae Reveals a Whole-Genome Duplication
    Genomic Analysis of the Basal Lineage Fungus Rhizopus oryzae Reveals a Whole-Genome Duplication The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ma, Li-Jun, Ashraf S. Ibrahim, Christopher Skory, Manfred G. Grabherr, Gertraud Burger, Margi Butler, Marek Elias, et al. 2009. Genomic analysis of the basal lineage fungus rhizopus oryzae reveals a whole-genome duplication. PLoS Genetics 5(7): e1000549. Published Version doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000549 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8148898 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Genomic Analysis of the Basal Lineage Fungus Rhizopus oryzae Reveals a Whole-Genome Duplication Li-Jun Ma1*, Ashraf S. Ibrahim2, Christopher Skory3, Manfred G. Grabherr1, Gertraud Burger4, Margi Butler5, Marek Elias6, Alexander Idnurm7, B. Franz Lang4, Teruo Sone8, Ayumi Abe8, Sarah E. Calvo1, Luis M. Corrochano9, Reinhard Engels1, Jianmin Fu10, Wilhelm Hansberg11, Jung-Mi Kim12, Chinnappa D. Kodira1, Michael J. Koehrsen1, Bo Liu12, Diego Miranda-Saavedra13, Sinead O’Leary1, Lucila Ortiz- Castellanos14, Russell Poulter5, Julio Rodriguez-Romero9, Jose´ Ruiz-Herrera14, Yao-Qing Shen4, Qiandong Zeng1, James Galagan1, Bruce W. Birren1, Christina A. Cuomo1., Brian L. Wickes10.* 1 The Broad Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Prepared with Aged Bean Grains Fermented by Rhizopus Oligosporus
    Research, Society and Development, v. 10, n. 2, e38110212503, 2021 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12503 Vegan tempeh burger: prepared with aged bean grains fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus inoculum Hambúrguer vegano de tempeh: preparado com grãos de feijão envelhecidos fermentados por inóculo de Rhizopus oligosporus Hamburguesa vegana tempeh: preparada con granos de frijoles añejos fermentados con inóculo de Rhizopus oligosporus Received: 01/30/2021 | Reviewed: 02/07/2021 | Accept: 02/10/2021 | Published: 02/20/2021 Juliana Aparecida Correia Bento ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9015-9426 Federal University of Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Priscila Zaczuk Bassinello ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8545-9501 EMBRAPA Rice and Beans, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Aline Oliveira Colombo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2198-0760 Federal University of Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Rayane Jesus Vital ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-8905 Paulista University, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Rosângela Nunes Carvalho ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6862-8940 EMBRAPA Rice and Beans, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This work has the objective of producing inoculum to enable tempeh production from aged common bean, by checking fermentation development according to the soybean/common bean ratio and defining the procedure for tempeh preparing in compliance with regulation on standards for acceptable microbiological contamination. Tempehs of common bean (BT), soybean (ST) and both (SBT) were produced by two methods (traditional and modified). The viable BT was used for hamburger preparation, which was evaluated for sensory acceptance in comparison to the traditional ST.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Microbiological Safety of Tempeh Made from Unacidified Soybeans
    438 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 48, No. 5, Pages 438-441 (May 1985) Copyright11 International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians Evaluation of the Microbiological Safety of Tempeh Made from Unacidified Soybeans NOBUMASA TANAKA, SUSAN K. KOVATS, JEAN A. GUGGISBERG, LOUISE M. MESKE and MICHAEL P. DOYLE* The Food Research Inslilute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1925 Willow Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/48/5/438/1651486/0362-028x-48_5_438.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 (Received for publication October 3, 1984) ABSTRACT an expected shelf life of several weeks if handled prop­ Studies were done to evaluate the safety of tempeh made erly. However, the product is often displayed on a pro­ from unacidifed soybeans and inoculated with different bacterial duce counter with little refrigeration or sometimes on a pathogens. Pathogens were added to either the soybeans before display table without refrigeration. Little is known about fermentation by Rhizopus oligosporus or the tempeh after fer­ the microbiological safety of tempeh during production mentation and steaming. In the latter method, the inoculated or at the retail and consumer level. The purpose of this products were incubated at several different temperatures (5, study was to determine the ability of foodborne bacterial 10, 15 and 25°C). Clostridium botulinum (types A and/or B) pathogens to grow or produce toxin in tempeh during toxin was produced in 2 d during the fermentation and within production and when the heat-treated, packaged product 5 d at 25°C or 4 wk at 15°C in tempeh inoculated and incubated in vacuum packages after fermentation and steaming.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioconversion of Cassava Root to Ethanol by Co-Cultivation of Amylolytic Enzyme Production Mould and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
    Kasem Bundit Engineering Journal Vol.8 Special Issue May 2018 112 The 9th International Science, Social Science, Engineering and Energy Conference (I-SEEC 2018) BIOCONVERSION OF CASSAVA ROOT TO ETHANOL BY CO-CULTIVATION OF AMYLOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION MOULD AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE Natcha Kagwanwong1, Chularat Sakdaronnarong2, Paritta Prayoonyong3 and Woranart Jonglertjunya4 1,2,3,4Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 rd., Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand ABSTRACT This work was to study the bioethanol production from cassava root using co-fermentation with fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus and Trichoderma reesei) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ethanol fermentation from cassava root, one important step in pretreatment is Liquefaction. In this step, the α-amylase enzyme is used to hydrolyze starch in cassava root to get smaller molecules and lower viscosity. For cassava powder (5% w/v) hydrolysis, co-culture of A. niger with R. oligosporus gave highest reducing sugar of 25.1 g/l at 5th day of cultivation. The highest ethanol of 12.9 g/l was achieved by using R.oligosporus, A. niger and T. reesei for 5 days-fungi fermentation and subsequent ethanol fermentation by co-cultivation with S. cerevisiae for 18 hours. Using alpha-amylase liquefaction, R. oligosporus fermentation, centrifugation and then S. cerevisiae fermentation, ethanol concentration of 45 g/l was found in 24 hours. KEYWORDS: Bioethanol production, Fermentation, Cassava root, Fungal amylase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1. Introduction Several years ago, global oil prices rose steadily since the discovery of oil, there is less and the demand for oil is more current. Oil prices soared a dramatic impact on the world economy in many ways, because oil is a major cost of production.
    [Show full text]
  • Multifocal Rhizopus Microsporus Lung Infection Following Brush Clearing
    University of Massachusetts Medical School eScholarship@UMMS Infectious Diseases and Immunology Publications and Presentations Infectious Diseases and Immunology 2014-08-08 Multifocal Rhizopus microsporus lung infection following brush clearing Artsiom V. Tsyrkunou University of Massachusetts Medical School Et al. Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/infdis_pp Part of the Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, and the Respiratory Tract Diseases Commons Repository Citation Tsyrkunou AV, Ellison RT, Akalin A, Wiederhold N, Sutton DA, Lindner J, Fan H, Levitz SM, Zivna I. (2014). Multifocal Rhizopus microsporus lung infection following brush clearing. Infectious Diseases and Immunology Publications and Presentations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2014.08.001. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/infdis_pp/212 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This material is brought to you by eScholarship@UMMS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Infectious Diseases and Immunology Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of eScholarship@UMMS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Medical Mycology Case Reports 6 (2014) 14–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Medical Mycology Case Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mmcr Multifocal Rhizopus microsporus lung infection
    [Show full text]
  • Biology, Systematics and Clinical Manifestations of Zygomycota Infections
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IBB PAS Repository Biology, systematics and clinical manifestations of Zygomycota infections Anna Muszewska*1, Julia Pawlowska2 and Paweł Krzyściak3 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawiskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected], [email protected], tel.: +48 22 659 70 72, +48 22 592 57 61, fax: +48 22 592 21 90 2 Department of Plant Systematics and Geography, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland 3 Department of Mycology Chair of Microbiology Jagiellonian University Medical College 18 Czysta Str, PL 31-121 Krakow, Poland * to whom correspondence should be addressed Abstract Fungi cause opportunistic, nosocomial, and community-acquired infections. Among fungal infections (mycoses) zygomycoses are exceptionally severe with mortality rate exceeding 50%. Immunocompromised hosts, transplant recipients, diabetic patients with uncontrolled keto-acidosis, high iron serum levels are at risk. Zygomycota are capable of infecting hosts immune to other filamentous fungi. The infection follows often a progressive pattern, with angioinvasion and metastases. Moreover, current antifungal therapy has often an unfavorable outcome. Zygomycota are resistant to some of the routinely used antifungals among them azoles (except posaconazole) and echinocandins. The typical treatment consists of surgical debridement of the infected tissues accompanied with amphotericin B administration. The latter has strong nephrotoxic side effects which make it not suitable for prophylaxis. Delayed administration of amphotericin and excision of mycelium containing tissues worsens survival prognoses. More than 30 species of Zygomycota are involved in human infections, among them Mucorales are the most abundant.
    [Show full text]