The Role of Disruptive Technology and Decentralisation City of Cape Town New Water Programme

June 2020 Vol 28 No 5

Sivhili Injhinyeringi

FLUID CITIES OF CITY OF CAPE CONVENTIONAL AND TOMORROW: TOWN NEW WATER WATER SENSITIVE THE ROLE OF DISRUPTIVE PROGRAMME: URBAN DESIGN IN A TECHNOLOGY AND STEENBRAS GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP DECENTRALISATION WELLFIELD PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Page 41 We offer valves for precision processes - and demanding applications

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INTRODUCTION work starts – shaping young minds and to implement procurement legislation in Young people are always taught that the best equipping them with skills for the future. some of our government entities has led route to a better future is through education, In rural and township schools procure- to high levels of non-compliance, with and this formula has stood the test of time. ment of masks in particular should not misinterpretation of procurement legisla- Nelson Mandela and Barack Obama respec- be rocket science. Schools could procure tion, regulations, standards and National tively reminded us that education is the most these necessities from locals in their Treasury directives. This has also greatly powerful weapon that one can use to change villages and townships in accordance affected the consulting engineering and the world, and that if you think education with the constitutional prescripts of a construction industries. One of the ways is expensive, wait until you see how much system that is fair, equitable, transparent, to deal with this procurement challenge ignorance costs. competitive and cost-effective, thereby could be to have panels of service providers How then do we help our children economically empowering the locals by who are appointed on a rotational basis for continue the journey to a better future? investing in their skills and supporting works. Another way would be to make use With around 25 000 schools countrywide them to produce basic and simple products of a process that starts with an Expression (23 080 public and 1 920 independent), like masks. These need not be imported of Interest (EOI) stage (or gate), where 13 041 200 learners (12 408 755 public and from China. The Draft Public Procurement suitable companies are shortlisted to the 632 445 independent), and 444 850 teachers Bill encourages advancement of economic next Request for Proposal (RFP) stage, (407 000 public and 37 850 independent), all opportunities to previously disadvantaged where finally a preferred supplier can then with varying socio-economic conditions, it people and women, the youth and people be selected. This would eliminate lengthy is certainly a complex matrix to get all the with disabilities, and small businesses, procurement delays which negatively affect ducks in a row effectively. Having consulted thereby also promoting local production, infrastructure and service delivery. with a few urban and rural school principals which could of course include involvement during the course of May, their experiences in schools. The policies exist – all that is IN CLOSING regarding preparations to reopen schools required is boldness to implement them. As we galvanise our collective energies during the month of June were diverse. The shortage of water, toilets, class- and strengths to save this academic year, The rural schools were still waiting for rooms and desks remains an ongoing con- we should remember the saying, United the delivery of masks, sanitizers and water cern in many rural schools. Without this we stand, divided we fall. Pulling in the by suppliers of the Department of Basic basic infrastructure it will be increasingly same direction always bears more fruit. Education. Hence rural school principals difficult for schools not only to fight Covid- Eradication of poverty starts with edu- were doubtful about the readiness of their 19, but to adequately prepare their learners cating our nation. schools for reopening. On the other hand for the future. In the short to medium Let’s continue to practise social township schools were generally ready for term, online schooling therefore does seem distancing and hygienic reopening, except for those that had been to be rather unattainable for rural schools. methods to limit vandalised during the lockdown. A figure the spread of this of 99% readiness by township schools was HIGHER EDUCATION dangerous virus. reported by the Department. Private and Universities have transitioned to em- Stay home and independent schools were already miles bracing online learning during these be safe! ahead via online learning, with one learner awkward times. To this end the slight reporting that by the end of May they had reduction of the cost of data by MTN and Fana Marutla already completed the G12 Physical Science Vodacom has come in handy. Similar to SAICE President 2020 curriculum, so could start practising for the the Basic Education sector, procurement [email protected] final exam using old exam papers. practices need to be streamlined to support Two ways to address the challenges the new dispensation of a promising future. are to modernise our institutions, and to streamline procurement at both Basic and PROCUREMENT PRACTICES Higher Education levels. The Procurement Bill, which is awaiting public comment by the end of June 2020, BASIC EDUCATION should aim to simplify procurement in To eventually grow our economy to the order to eliminate inefficiencies and cor- desired levels of >5% this is where the ruption. The lack of capacity and skills

Civil Engineering June 2020 1 June 2020 Vol 28 No 5

Sivhili Injhinyeringi

Sivhili Injhinyeringi = Xitsonga ON THE COVER P14 The Katse Dam, completed in 1996, forms part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project which delivers water to Gauteng and generates electricity for Lesotho. Work on Phase II, towards the construction of the Polihali Dam, was resumed this month (see page 43) after a temporary Covid-19 halt. (Photo: Andrew Tanner 2006) FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK

Basic and Higher Education – navigating a difficult terrain �� 1

South African Institution of Civil Engineering CEO’S CORNER

June 2020 Vol 28 No 5

Maintenance of infrastructure – back to basics �� 4

Sivhili Injhinyeringi

Published by SAICE Block 19, Thornhill Office Park, Bekker Street, Vorna Valley, Midrand WATER ENGINEERING Private Bag X200, Halfway House, 1685 Tel +27 11 805 5947/8 | Fax +27 11 805 5971 http://www.saice.org.za | [email protected] �� CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Fluid cities of tomorrow 7 Vishaal Lutchman PrEng PMP [email protected] | Tel: +27 11 805 5947/8 Editor City of Cape Town New Water Programme: Realising the groundwater potential of Verelene de Koker [email protected] the TMG Aquifer through a drought response initiative – Steenbras Wellfield Project �� 14 Tel +27 11 805 5947/8 | Cell +27 83 378 3996 Editorial Panel Marco van Dijk (chairman), Irvin Luker (vice-chairman), Conventional and Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) within a greenfield township development �� Fana Marutla (president), Vishaal Lutchman (CEO), 21 Steven Kaplan (COO), Andile Gqaji, Jeffrey Mahachi, Avi Menon, Prisca Mhlongo, Jones Moloisane, Beate Scharfetter, Verelene de Koker (editor), Sharon Mugeri Assessment of water conservation and water demand management in the mining sector �� (editor’s assistant), Barbara Spence (advertising) 28 Annual subscription rate R730.00 (VAT included) Demystifying the H (Hybrid) flume primary device for open channel Advertising Barbara Spence, Avenue Advertising flow measurement and monitoring �� 33 [email protected] Tel +27 11 463 7940 | Cell +27 82 881 3454

Design and reproduction Handover of the upgraded St Francis Bay WWTW �� Marketing Support Services, Ashlea Gardens, Pretoria 36 Printing Fishwicks, Pretoria Less could be more: A case for the progressive consolidation of water services authorities ��38 The South African Institution of Civil Engineering accepts no responsibility for any statements made or opinions expressed in this publication, and all information is provided without prejudice. Consequently nobody SANCOLD News ��40 connected with the publication of the magazine, in particular the proprietors, the publishers and the editors, will be liable for any loss or damage sustained by any reader as a result of his or her action upon any statement or opinion published in this magazine. ISSN 1021-2000 IN BRIEF

Ancient Greek-era technology helps solve sanitation and solid waste disposal problems ��42

Civil Engineering June 2020 P36

LHWP Phase II diversion tunnel excavation starts ��43

AfriSam facilitates durable construction of Brakpan reservoir �� 44

Royal Show Grounds quarantine site ��45

Iconic Msikaba Bridge to be built by Concor-MECSA JV �� 46

BOOK REVIEW P33

The Way to the Bridge ��47

SAICE AND PROFESSIONAL NEWS

Obituary: Colin Allen Carter �� 48

Letters ��52

SAICE Training Calendar 2020 ��53 P42

Nominations for election of SAICE 2021 Council ��56

CARTOON

Civillain by Jonah Ptak: Flattening the Curve ��55 FUN QUIZ P46 SAICE Know Your Sector Competition ��41

REMINDER: Websites and email addresses on adverts are LIVE, and so is our contents page. HAPPY CLICKING! 3 CEO’S CORNER

SAICE’s CEO, Vishaal Lutchman, is launching his contributions to the magazine by joint article writing with a number of young SAICE leaders who are enthusiastically involved in the various SAICE units, and who thereby actively advance the Institution’s Growing Forward Together initiative. This first article was co-written with Tauqeer Ahmed from the Eastern Cape. Maintenance of infrastructure – back to basics

IMMENSE OPPORTUNITIES Our ability to ensure that we have in fact able to employ many innovative We would like to raise the notion of a sustainable society, despite all these means to address maintenance issues in the immense opportunities available in uncertainties, is premised on our ability our quest to ensure improvements in sus- implementing robust maintenance on all to keep our existing infrastructure in a tainable employment, education, health infrastructure in our country. The con- serviceable state over time, leaving us care, logistics and transportation, which cept of sustainability, as embedded in the prepared to deal with future risks and will in turn lead to social upliftment. United Nations’ Sustainable Development opportunities, not only as a nation, but Fundamental reform in policy, education Goals (SDGs), is recognised the world also as a region in Africa. Africa is poised and training is required in a corruption- over. Countries are, however, at various to hold 39% of the world’s population by free environment (the opposite of which levels of accepting and implementing the the end of the 21st century. New builds has seen the country lose out on both all-encompassing concept of sustain- and developments will be the order of the capital and maintenance budgets in the ability. For some countries the implemen- day, but the ability to fund and finance recent past). We do not have a choice any tation of these SDGs into their initiatives our growth will certainly be based on our longer but to prioritise maintenance, as could mean the discouragement of country being able to leverage its balance we risk succumbing to dilapidation of mega brown- and greenfield projects, sheet. One way to extract the greatest basic infrastructure and facing the wrath such as coal-fired power stations, due value from our SA Inc balance sheet will of the consequences. to their large carbon footprint. In other be to keep our existing assets in good Lack of maintenance of our assets is a instances the reducing demand for mega working order. Therefore, maintenance problem that can be solved. And we want infrastructure build could be due to low of existing infrastructure has to be as to solve it! Engineers bring innovation and population growth, concerted efforts to important as new capacity development solutions that are increasingly affordable, become carbon-neutral, plans. Incorporating the maintenance also due to their use of Fourth Industrial unaffordability, risks discussion into our institutions’ strategies Revolution technologies. So why do so in raising capital, would also counter the high risk of many asset owners still wait and not take and ongoing extreme social unrest, which we have advice from engineers who know how to overall global seen glimpses of due to failure of power maintain infrastructure? uncertainty and water systems. It cannot be stressed enough that with respect to We simply cannot continue to deny failure of our assets is a looming reality, revenue. the value of placing a concerted effort on as was predicted – our power crisis being maintaining our country’s assets! one example (generally unaffordable in a shrinking economy), and a 50% LOW GROSS DOMESTIC unemployment forecast being another PRODUCT serious example. For those in charge of South Africa, despite being a our assets, pleading ignorance or denying developed country, has one that there is a problem will still result of the lowest GDP growth in inevitable failure. However, for as rates on the continent, long as South Africa has skills (which it which seems to imply has in abundance) we have a chance to ineffective leadership bring it all back on line. It starts with at a number of understanding what maintenance is levels. We are and means.

4 June 2020 Civil Engineering THE MEANING OF MAINTENANCE Tauqeer Ahmed (Pr Tech Eng), who obtained an MTech in Civil Engineering from the Maintenance is the art of restoring Nelson Mandela University, is a Deputy Port Engineer for Transnet National Ports Authority infrastructure to its original functionality at the Port of Ngqura. He has 14 years of experience in consulting and state-owned or appearance, and maintaining it at that companies, working on a range of infrastructure projects, from planning, design and development to construction, operation and maintenance. Tauqeer is involved with the level. Because maintenance does not have SAICE Algoa Branch and is a Growing Forward champion. ([email protected]) ribbon-cutting potential, it is an often overlooked, misunderstood and ignored topic. In reality, infrastructure develop- QQ Ensuring that the maintenance that QQ Ensure that the inherent reliability of ment is an investment, and it needs to is required takes into account the assets is realised. be looked after to ensure a sustained applicable legislation and regulations QQ Ensure that assets are operated in ac- return on that investment. Infrastructure in terms of the asset, especially safety- cordance with design specifications. ensures delivery of services to the public related legislation and regulation. Institutions and asset owners need to and the functioning of economies – both QQ Incorporation of maintenance require- develop maintenance strategies to ensure today and for generations to come. ments during the infrastructure that investments made in assets are not Neglect of infrastructure causes it to fall planning and design phases of project made in vain. The Construction Industry into a state of neglect and disrepair, which development. Development Board (CIDB), in its guidelines results in a loss of investment made, and QQ Compiling and maintaining asset on National Immovable Asset Maintenance impacts heavily on the economy and the registers that include detailed data on Management Planning (2017), provides the wellbeing of a society. There could be the assets; this would typically include following constructs: various reasons that lead to neglect and warranty and guarantee details, QQ Purpose and content of the mainte- disrepair, including: servicing schedules, and inspection nance strategy QQ Lack of adequate maintenance planning intervals specific to the asset. A maintenance strategy establishes and strategies QQ Conducting routine and regular asset maintenance objectives, as well as QQ Poor understanding of maintenance condition assessments, including the management and delivery arrangements requirements development of standardised inspec- for the maintenance function. Aspects to QQ Misconceptions that newly built infra- tion sheets to ensure consistency in be included in the maintenance strategy structure does not need maintenance assessments. include: QQ Poor and inappropriate maintenance QQ Understanding the type of mainte- QQ Maintenance objectives to be specifications nance required for the asset (preventa- achieved, inclusive of monitoring and QQ Inadequate or no maintenance funding tive, corrective, preservation, etc). reporting arrangements due to poor budgeting, redirecting of QQ Planning the required maintenance QQ Maintenance delivery strategy; main- funds to other projects or loss of funds and creating the required maintenance tenance to be performed in-house or due to corruption schedules. to be contracted to service providers QQ Prolonged or misunderstood procure- QQ Ensuring adequate annual funding for QQ Maintenance function organisa- ment processes, which result in delayed the required maintenance activities. tional arrangements, inclusive of maintenance activities QQ Putting in place standing contracts organisational structure, roles and QQ Poor quality control during construc- to maintain the infrastructure, or en- responsibilities tion, which results in latent defects in suring that adequate and well-trained QQ Maintenance skills development plan the infrastructure. staff are employed to conduct the QQ Maintenance information require- We need to go back to basics. The mainte- required maintenance. ments and information management nance of infrastructure promotes economic QQ Having critical spares on contract QQ Health and safety relating to the use growth, sustainable development and com- or readily available in stores, and and maintenance of assets munity wellbeing. It should therefore be routinely ensuring that adequate stock QQ Key procedures, such as responding a critical focus area for all infrastructure/ levels are always available. to incidents and the investigation asset owners. Without systematic financial Taking into account the back-to-basics thereof and engineering management, infrastruc- elements above, we can identify the QQ Criteria for prioritising maintenance. ture can fail, to the detriment of public following as principles of infrastructure QQ Maintenance objectives safety, with key services not reaching cus- maintenance: Maintenance objectives are the goals tomers, resulting not only in wasted taxes, QQ Provide safe, effective and sustainable to be achieved by the maintenance but also in public unrest. Some elements infrastructure. function to ensure that assets are in that we need to consider when going back QQ Reduce financial risks. suitable condition to meet the require- to the basics of maintenance may include: QQ Provide adequate funding for mainte- ments of the entity, in a manner QQ Creating awareness and understanding nance activities. acceptable to regulators and other for the need to maintain infrastructure. QQ Ensure consistency and continuity in stakeholders. Maintenance objectives QQ Creating standard maintenance policies the execution of maintenance. are expressed as maintenance perfor- and procedures that cover all aspects of QQ Ensure compliance with statutory mance measures. the asset to be maintained. requirements. QQ Criteria for prioritising maintenance QQ Compilation of institutional mainte- QQ Reduce incidents of unplanned and There will seldom be sufficient nance strategies. breakdown maintenance. resources (human resources, financial

Civil Engineering June 2020 5 resources, maintenance equipment adopted per asset type, asset group and and materials) to undertake all for business-critical assets. maintenance needs. This requires QQ Appropriate resourcing methods Hydraulic Breakers that maintenance must be prioritised, (financial, human capital, spares and and the decision criteria used for materials). maintenance prioritisation should We need to get infrastructure to optimal be documented in the maintenance levels of condition and at minimum total strategy. Maintenance activities are cost to the asset owner. Maintenance FXJ275 prioritised largely based on asset risk should also be done to ensure that all legal exposure. Asset-based risk exposure is requirements, and the health and safety of determined by assessing: the asset, are in compliance. QQ The consequence (impact) of failure of components, and NURTURING OUR ASSETS QQ The probability (likelihood) of With the maintenance strategy and plans failure of components for each in place, South Africans can look at the component by considering its failure methods of implementing, and this is where mode status, e.g. its condition rating. the fundamental reforms with regard to the Both the consequence of failure and creation of sustainable employment, educa- probability of failure are determined tion, training and development are relevant. using rating scales that should be It is often only when we are executing our aligned with, or consistent with, the maintenance that we become knowledge- entity’s risk management framework. able about our country’s assets. Such knowl- FXJ125 FXJ175 FXJ275 FXJ375 FXJ475 QQ Assessing probability of failure edge is vital to effectively and efficiently Distribution and Product Support by: Probability of failure refers to the plan the new infrastructure with greater likelihood of a risk materialising, or an certainty. If we don’t know about our asset failing. A probability rating scale existing assets, we cannot make convincing is typically used to assess the likeli- business cases for new assets. Dissonant hood of a risk materialising. In an asset planning as a result of poor maintenance management context, the probability- gives rise to wasteful spend, ill-informed of-failure rating scale is calibrated business cases, inability to recover revenues, Scan to the typical average lifespan of the risking default on borrowing, and overall Me immovable asset portfolio of the entity. maladministration by the entity owning the Once strategies are developed and estab- asset. Such irregular spend often goes un- lished, a maintenance plan for the asset noticed within institutions that do not track needs to be drawn up. Effective planning the key performance indicators (KPIs) of of maintenance helps to manage and con- their infrastructure operations and use such Download any QR reader/scanner from the Google Play or Apple App Sore trol maintenance costs. It also improves as a basis for business planning. The current utilisation of the maintenance workforces disconnect between tariff regulators and Branches and (in-house or external contractor), reduces infrastructure operators is testament to the Dealers throughout delays and interruptions, and improves the lack of care in the past. South Africa and quality of maintenance work by adopting Our unique position on the continent Southern Africa the best methods and procedures. remains. If we strive to continually foster Maintenance plans should take into ac- a culture of care, we as a country with our count the life cycle plan of the assets (CIDB diversity of talents and with our world-class ELB Promise 2017), as the return on investment made engineering skills could effect much- should be over the design life of the asset. needed innovation, thereby contributing to The maintenance plan over the life cycle the continental body of knowledge about should cover the following as a minimum: the provision of sustainable infrastructure. Right Right Right QQ The maintenance type and approach Many countries face a similar problem, Job Time Way (e.g. preventative or corrective, interval- and often have no significant solutions based, etc) within the larger life cycle either. As engineers we need to support the strategy to be adopted for each asset call to asset owners to seriously prioritise www.elbequipment.co.za type, asset portfolio, and critical assets. sustainability, thereby replacing the current QQ The appropriate level of reliability crisis-management mode of working with chosen, given performance expectations planned, effective maintenance approaches. and the costs involved to achieve and/or maintain that level of reliability. Vishaal Lutchman Pr Eng, PMP +27 (0)11 306 0700 QQ The maintenance actions (e.g. moni- [email protected] [email protected] toring, testing, servicing, repairs) to be

6 June 2020 Civil Engineering WATER ENGINEERING Fluid cities of tomorrow

INTRODUCTION on the development of novel integrated Shuvir Lala, Pr Eng South Africa shows great potential for solutions. These solutions are to be un- Head of Engineering embracing the principles of the Fourth derpinned by the principles of disruptive KML Consulting Industrial Revolution. However, there technologies and the pillars of the Fourth [email protected] are various systemic hurdles in its path. Industrial Revolution. The development of skilled resources, One of the main challenges in South robust and secure infrastructure and Africa is water scarcity. This can be on disruptive technologies, such as sea- policy reformation are amongst the attributed to resource volatility, ageing water desalination, and these technologies few drivers that require attention. The infrastructure, poor water quality, water becoming more cost-effective. This leaves World Economic Forum’s Networked source contamination and drought us with the option of optimising the usage Readiness Index placed South Africa 61st conditions, amongst other factors. The or outflows. on a list of 138 countries. This Index is a effective management of water usage and conglomeration of metrics which address supply is one that has plagued utilities Integrated urban water three pertinent factors: Readiness, Usage due to varying degrees of technical, management – digital water and Environment. Each of the factors financial, political and socio-economic Artificial Intelligence (AI) is currently highlighted in Figure 1 require tailored factors. To deal with this problem the used in the water utility industry for reforms for South Africa to leapfrog from two fundamental options are to either various complementary activities. its current state. increase supply or manage demand. In These include the additional processing Once the country is successful in South Africa, the option for supply-side and issuing of commands paired with merging digital transformation with cur- augmentation from an already depleted conventional SCADA systems, real-time rent operations, attention can be focused resource is a long-term approach reliant process optimisation in treatment works, management and monitoring of assets and predictive analytics for early detection of errors. At present the goal of AI is not to Fourth replace human intelligence, but rather as Industrial Internet of an extension of it to enhance comprehen- Revolution Things sion of complex data problems (Figure 2). Blockchain Chemicals A possible solution is radical interven- and Materials tion through the adoption of disruptive Industry technologies. Machine/deep learning is South African one pathway which could offer success. Readiness Backed by a robust communication

Biotechnology system, smart meters and connected remote sensors, platforms for water dis- Agricaulture, Water tribution management at municipal level Food and Data and have already been developed. These con- Beverages Technology Artificial nected devices fuel the data entries which Intelligence are required for analysis by the platform. and Robotics The goal is to shift from traditional to Future of Food predictive analytics to aid in the optimisa- and Crops tion of water usage and management. Machine learning techniques can then Innovation inform on several methods for optimising Cities and water demand: Urbanisation Advanced Sustainable Materials The disaggregated water use and feedback Development Reports to consumers and utilities are analysed and would result in targeted water conservation techniques for reduc- Figure 1 Water data and technology synergy wheel (adapted from WEF 2020) tion in water usage. The link between

Civil Engineering June 2020 7 Drought planning Catchment control Adequate sanitation Water efficiency Water efficiency

Drought predictions Harmful algal blooms Drones and AI for real- Water supply monitoring Residential water Simulations for drought detection and monitoring time monitoring of river and management use monitoring and planning Streamflow forecasting quality Water quality simulation management Drought impact Automated flood- Ensuring adequate and data alerts Optimisation of industrial assessments centered infrastructure sanitation of water Self -adaptive water water use resources filtration Predictive maintenance of Real-time monitoring Asset maintenance water plants and management of on critical water and Early-warning system for household water supply wastewater expenditures water infrastructure Detect underground leaks in portable water supply Improving water security using Artificial Intelligence systems Smart meters in homes

Figure 2 Improving water security using Artificial Intelligence (adapted from Stankovic et al 2020) behavioural analytics and socio-economic Ageing infrastructure and leak waterborne system including operational profiles based on geographical location detection on utility mains infrastructure such as low-flush cisterns can also be factored into the data. These factors are major causes for non- and dual-pipe outlets. revenue water and water losses. Through Decentralised and low‐cost wastewater The computation of large volumes of machine learning it is possible to predict treatment systems can augment over- data for water demand forecasting, pipe failures, using data obtained by capacitated wastewater treatment works master planning and system operation remote sensors (pipeline characteristics, to reduce the operational load and delay By clustering data using remote sensors soil type, density, operating conditions, further capital expansion expenditure. from pipes, reservoirs, tanks, pump etc). This, in turn, informs on targeted As the urbanisation paradigm progresses, stations and consumers it is possible to pipeline maintenance schedules and the provision for safe sanitation solutions predict peak demand profiles and identify repair/replacement processes. will be the focus for growing human shortfalls in supplies for effective manage- developments. For a water-scarce country ment of water assets and infrastructure. DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER like South Africa, normal operation The implementation can be autonomously TREATMENT AND REUSE under traditional methods of connecting achieved in real time through connected The United Nations World Urbanisation each household to a centralised network devices and output commands. Prospects (2018) estimates the percentage elevates the technical, financial and envi- of South Africa’s population residing in ronmental consequences in the long term. The transformative step to urban areas at 80% in 2050. This trajectory water demand forecasting places strain on centralised wastewater Simplicity This would be the integration of opti- infrastructure and could render expansion A DEWATS system is meant to be sim- mising pipeline design and predicted efforts impractical. The need for diverging plistic for widespread adoption to occur. growth for an indicative design solution. from the traditional linear system of As the principle of DEWATS does not One of the problems designers face is the wastewater treatment (and in turn water relate to any specific treatment technology, overdesign of pipelines due to inaccurate reuse) in urban and peri-urban areas can the wastewater treatment process train demand profiles. Machine learning can be addressed by Decentralised Wastewater can be tailored in a similar fashion to synthesise geographical user demand, Treatment Solutions (DEWATS). modularised package plants (Figure 3). urban growth trajectory and socio- Urban water treatment of the future will be economic profiles to present inputs to Decentralisation highly reliant on the modularised diversity pipeline design with a higher degree of DEWATS could be a feasible alternative for of systems application. This approach accuracy. The testing of solutions and developing or underserved areas without allows for higher degrees of freedom and outputs can be achieved in real time by formal sewer connections to trunk mains adaptive responses to urbanisation over linking proposed solutions to the inte- or where there is a lack in provision of time. The process train can be tweaked to grated platform used by the utility. services. In South Africa, many subsidised treat wastewater on-site without the use housing developments are in backlog due of chemical or energy input, depending The effective management to the inaccessibility of services. Through on site conditions. Additionally, the main- of pressurised systems DEWATS it is possible to bridge the gap be- tenance requirements are significantly This is required to prevent excessive water tween waterless on-site sanitation (such as lower than those required at centralised losses during low activity of the pipeline. Ventilated Improved Pits) and conventional treatment plants. This offers the advantage Through a connected network of smart waterborne sanitation systems. A decen- of lower financial commitments to opera- meters, decisions can be made by a system tralised strategy may assist municipalities tion and maintenance while benefiting the to automatically adjust pressures on a mu- with the implementation of a dignified community through upskilling of the local nicipal scale for prevention of water losses. solution to sanitation provision through a workforce.

8 June 2020 Civil Engineering Effluent reuse The treatment process train accounts for the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and other non-potable uses. The reuse of Primary treatment treated effluent will offset the requirement Settler of potable water demand. This introduces Biogas digester the possibility of a circular water supply to reduce overall water demand at community Advanced levels. A higher level of control on the secondary treatment quality of treated effluent must be achieved Sedimentation Polishing pond to meet standards and legal specifications. (exemplary) This is in contrast to centralised systems frequently failing water quality tests Tratment modules when discharging effluent into natural waterways. Although failure of regulatory Dewats principle effluent standards is experienced in current DEWATS applications in South Africa, Anaerobic and facultative decomposition Secondary treatment research is under way into the adaptation Horizontal/Vertical Anaerobic Baffled of the treatment process train to achieve Gravel Filter Reactor (ABR) reuse of effluent for agricultural purposes (HGF/VGF) and discharge of treated effluent to natural waterways (Figure 4). However, the under- Anaerobic digestion development of municipal bylaws in relation Anaerobic filter to installation, modified effluent standards and discharge monitoring have delayed the realisation of scaled DEWATS solutions. SMARTER CONTRACTS THROUGH BLOCKCHAIN Figure 3 Treatment modules fulfilling DEWATS principles (adapted from Narayan et al 2017) The term blockchain has become associated with complex applications, such as crypto- currencies (Bitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum, etc). However, in its most basic form, the blockchain is a discrete set of digital information Resource and (the blocks) stored on a distributed ledger or cost efficiency database (the chain) which uses the internet as its carrier. The technology can operate Integration into sanitation Modular designs as a blend of public or private blockchain strategies architecture which varies restrictions on access, authorisation, permission, transparency, and distribution. However, with all blockchain applications, decentralised networks, consensus-backed verification Integration into and data integrity through cryptography are Reliability and landscape or Dewats the drivers of the technology. See Figure 5. development longevity The application of the technology can follow three main trajectories, as outlined by Weisbord (2018): QQ The storage of historical and real-time digital records on a public blockchain Regulatory Minimal such as catchment, water quality and compliance maintenance usage data QQ The exchange of digital assets or Reusability of treatment transfer of ownership by circum- products venting costly third-party routing/ processing systems such as direct payment of water bills to the utility QQ The execution of smart contracts to Figure 4 DEWATS benefits of application (adapted from UNESCAP 2020) reduce the time spent on paperwork,

Civil Engineering June 2020 9 enforcing contracts and interacting

with third parties (Weisbord 2018). Creation and transfer of Sequence The cornerstone of the progression of block- unique digital objects in a of blocks chain technology application in the water decentralised structure sector is the use of smart contracts. These are self-enforcing agreements which au- Encryption, transparency, tonomously fulfil the terms of the contract Digital trust verifiability, consensus and immutability after a set of rules has been verified through Distributed consensus of the blockchain. When paired digital ledger with smart sensors and connected devices, Programmable actions Smart contracts these types of contracts can streamline that can be traced consensus-based transactions through autonomy, thus reducing the need for costly and inefficient layered systems. Accessibility and Open source inclusiveness Shortening the supply chain Automated procurement can be used by utilities and businesses to initiate a smart Figure 5 The core principles of blockchains (adapted from Rodrigue 2020) contract for the replenishment of goods, such as dosing chemicals at a treatment plant or spares in routine maintenance/ Blockchain-based refurbishment. These are underpinned using Financial flow Financial flow smart sensors for validating the requirement of a depleted good. The smart contract can Payment service be used to validate the consensus protocols Financial Insurance for receiving goods and thereafter, automati- institution cally disbursing payment (Figure 6).

Water trading and micro-grids The establishment of water markets in southern Africa is a relatively new concept. Contractual Contractual However, water trading has existed in the Partner A Smart Partner B agriculture industry (albeit in an unregu- contract lated market) for several years. A water trade INCOMING Outgoing goods goods is defined as a transaction wherein a sale inspection inspection Smart sensors or exchange of the rights to a water-related resource (surface water, rainwater, ground- Material flow Material flow water or water use licence/entitlement) held by the seller has been concluded by the buyer Blockchain information flow within an environment termed a water market. There has been some contention in Figure 6 Blockchain-based supply chain network (adapted from Fraunhofer 2018) the transfer of water rights and trading from one farm to another. However, a ruling has authority. The current Electronic Water resource capacity for water traders and for set a precedent for this within the Western Use Licence Application and Authorisation the integration into the coded consensus Cape. Water markets and trading present System (e-WULAAS), hosted by the protocols. This can be used as the basis the potential for dissemination of limited Department of Water and Sanitation, for the smart contract to determine the natural resources in an equitable and fair commits to turn-around times of up to 90 seller’s commitment to the buyer. In a manner to improve water management and days. The pairing of smart contracts with similar fashion, the buyer would set out use efficiency. At present, water trading the existing web-based platform will allow the characteristics of the water block to follows a linear approach which is rife with for the effective management of water be purchased (quantity, minimum quality, political and regulatory hurdles. use licences in a decentralised manner to tariff, etc). Once the physical aspects of The use of smart contracts and water provide the foundation for integrated water the trade have been verified through con- trading is one that could address the chal- trading. The rights, quantity, location, nected devices, autonomous and direct lenges currently faced by the agriculture expiry and transferability of the WUL payment will occur as each rule has been industry and soon-to-be commercial water would be stored on a publicly distributed satisfied and accepted by both parties. market. The right of use is currently con- ledger to allow for transparency, trust and This platform could speed up the process cluded by issuance of a paper-based Water traceability in the system. of water rights transfer across participants Use Licence (WUL) through an application The use of smart sensors will allow for by integrating regulatory compliance on a (WULA) with the water management the real-time dashboard approach to water transparent and distributed ledger system.

10 June 2020 Civil Engineering non-revenue water, followed by broader opportunities in water supply infrastructure (e.g. conventional water treatment, ground- Tap into new water development)”. For those munici- investor bases palities that are classified as PPP-ready, the funding models can be expanded to include Transact easily, Trade on instantaneously new venues retail investment and crowdfunding and 24/7 of liquidity through secured tokenisation of assets.

Tokenisation concept Infrastructure tokenisation is the digitalisa- tion of the rights to a physical asset where Companies Automate each token represents partial ownership of raising with Tokenised governance alternative markets with smart the total asset. The tokens are then stored methods objects in a cryptographic blockchain. These essentially represent “digital” shares in the physical asset with indisputable ownership due to the immutable nature of the Funds Exchanges blockchain. Tokenisation relies on smart investing sharing order contracts, which are self-executing, with books and in tokenised the terms of the agreement between buyer instruments connecting liquidity Regulation and seller being directly coded in advance. to cover The code and agreements contained new global therein exist across a distributed, decentral- markets ised blockchain network (Buterin 2014). For investors, tokenisation offers the ability to liquidate holdings with speed, Figure 7 Tokenised market differentiators (adapted from Token Market Partners Digital Content) ensure regulatory compliance and diversify portfolios across geographical constraints. This introduces transactional traceability of excess flows from DEWATS systems, This has been successfully achieved in and historic representation of data to previously highlighted, can act as a system liquid markets such as equities and foreign openly inform the market and regulators net generator to micro-grid communities. exchange. However, tokenisation offers the on current trades. The data can be used to The peer-to-peer transactional nature opportunity to achieve this in traditionally inspire confidence in the platform through of micro-grids allows for real-time dynamic illiquid markets. The reduced barriers to transparency of trading activities, attract tariff structure setting, water demand entry, possibility of fractional ownership, additional participants and allow for the balancing by local distribution of resources omission of third-party transaction super- real-time mapping of water resources for and efficient use of excess flows which visors and enhanced liquidity of previously effective management. By transacting would have otherwise been discharged. This illiquid assets are a few key benefits to directly as buyer and seller, the use of concept is currently in operation using elec- tokenising real-world assets (Blockbox.‌io intermediaries for trade management and tricity micro-grids with distributed genera- 2019). The use of tokens allows for a payment are made redundant, which in tion (small/micro-scale hydropower, rooftop tradable asset to be listed for cross-border turn reduces the cost of the transaction. photovoltaic, community biogas, etc). investment and exchanges. This broadens The commercial form of water trading the capital injections from local to inter- could present itself as decentralised water TOKENISING PPPs AND PUBLIC national investors, which attracts further harvesting. This type of water trading INFRASTRUCTURE market stimulation and investment in involves micro-grids of water “generators” The water and sanitation sector within public infrastructure. See Figure 7. supplying water resources (on-site treated South Africa is currently faced with rainwater/wastewater) to a connected increasing failures of poorly maintained Small-scale infrastructure funding network of consumers. The water use infrastructure, declining water quality The typical financing and transaction is intended for non-potable purposes; due to contaminated effluent, insufficient advisory costs involved for small to however, depending on the investment institutional capacity at municipal level medium-scale projects rarely fluctuate due appetite of the generator, can include and a growing funding deficit. To “plug the to the project preparation costs involved in potable sources should water quality gap” on infrastructure funding, one avenue forming a PPP. For this reason, smaller-scale standards be adhered to. Smart contracts that has been pursued are Public–Private infrastructure projects are generally over- for the integration of metering, billing and Partnerships (PPPs). As summarised by looked by larger commercial investors. On payment systems allow for use of a single the National Business Initiative, “Within the basis of decentralisation, the conglom- platform. The platform serves participants the water value-chain itself, the major eration of a small group of assets deployed to act as both consumers and generators opportunities [in PPPs] lie in desalination, in a local setting could have the potential on their digital accounts. The integration wastewater treatment, water reuse and to be more effective than its centralised

Civil Engineering June 2020 11 Smart contract Secondary markets Asset value/rights Listing of tokens on digitalised into discrete secondary exchange number of tokens platforms for further stimulus and assigned value of trading activity (fractionalisation) Asset selection Platform

Token management Tokenisation Trading Real-world assets Issuance and transfer of tokens Small-scale infrastructure Monthly reporting and remittance Water treatment works Investment management Water reuse initiatives Payment and returns on asset Urban developments Performance monitoring Off-grid energy projects Legal and regulatory compliance

Figure 8 How decentralised investment works (adapted from Alphapoint & T-Rex collaboration) counterpart. The advent of infrastructure are working towards. As with any new Narayan, A et al 2017. DEWATS implementation tokenisation then offers an investment concept or practice, a fundamental shift by BORDA. Available at: https://www. window for boutique retail, and institutional in our thinking is required to success- borda.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ and crowdfunding sources to introduce fully adopt its benefits. Our current state DEWATS_Inventory_2017_web.pdf decentralised water funding to these requires various technical, financial, (viewed on 1 June 2020). small-scale public infrastructure projects political and fundamental reforms before Rodrigue, J P 2020. The Geography of through blockchain-based PPPs. Where we are able to integrate these types Transport Systems. Available at: https:// there is a lack of public funding available for of technologies in our everyday lives. transportgeography.org/?page_id=10724 the implementation of small-scale solutions, However, there is reward in perseverance (viewed on 1 June 2020). the tokenisation approach can allow for and innovation, as we have seen in the Stankovic, M et al 2020. Use of 4IR bridging the shortfalls at a lower expected last industrial revolution. As stated in the Technologies in Water and Sanitation in rate of return. This has a downstream National Water Act “… water is a natural Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter- effect of reducing municipal debt burdens resource that belongs to all people …” American Development Bank. and excessive tariffs to consumers for Hence, it is the duty of all to commit to Token Market Partners Digital Content. newer technology adoption, as retail and safeguarding its preservation. Available at: https://tokenmarket.net/for- crowdfunded sources of capital require partners (viewed on 1 June 2020). lower returns on investment in contrast to REFERENCES UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and commercial financiers. See Figure 8. Alphapoint & T-Rex collaboration on Asset Social Commission for Asia and the The improvement of revenue col- Backed Digitization Lifecycle. Available Pacific) 2020. E-learning Course Material lection and cost-reflective tariffs are at: https://alphapoint.com/how-to- on Water Security in Asia and the drivers for PPPs. Using smart contracts, digitize-asset-backed-securities-using- Pacific – Module 1. Available at: https:// the investor is guaranteed an immutable blockchain-technology/ (viewed 1 June www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ execution of payment commands through 2020). Session%203.3_AIT%20-%20DEWATS- use of a coded blockchain network. Blockbox.io 2019. Step-by-Step Guide to Module-fv_26%20March.pdf (viewed on Additionally, tariffs for revenue collection Tokenizing Real-World Assets. Available 1 June 2020). could follow a real-time and dynamic at: https://www.theblockbox.io/step-by- WEF (World Economic Forum) 2020. WEF strategy through the computed outputs step-guide-to-tokenizing-real-world- Strategic Intelligence Forum. Available at: from a smart network. This avoids the assets/ (viewed on 1 June 2020). https://intelligence.weforum.org/topics/ possibility for areas to be over-supplied Buterin, V 2014. A next-generation smart a1Gb00000015MLgEAM?tab=publicat and under-charged, which typically oc- contract and decentralized application ions (viewed on 1 June 2020). curs in a centralised network. platform. (White paper: 3, 37). Weisbord, E 2018. Blockchain: the final drop Fraunhofer, I M L 2018. Blockchain and Smart in the wave of digital water disruption. CONCLUSION Contracts: Efficient and Safe Value-Added Available at: https://iwa-network.org/ The disruptive technologies mentioned Networks. (Weimert, Birgit & Prinz et al blockchain-the-final-drop-in-the-wave- in this article offer a snapshot of the pos- 2018: Technologies, research issues and of-digital-water-disruption-part-2/ sibilities that we as water professionals applications). (viewed on 1 June 2020).

12 June 2020 Civil Engineering Hermanus Gateway Wellﬁeld GWP12 Peninsula Aquifer wide diameter production borehole drilling City of Cape Town New Water Programme Realising the groundwater potential of the TMG Aquifer through a drought response initiative – Steenbras Wellfield Project

BACKGROUND Water and Sanitation) initiated the first been modified and newly identified water Groundwater from the Table Mountain comprehensive water resource planning schemes included, from the outset, a TMG Group (TMG) Aquifer was initially study for Cape Town and its surrounding Aquifer groundwater scheme was envis- proposed as a potential source of water metropolitan areas, titled the Western aged to be a viable scheme that would, over supply to the Cape Town metropolitan area Cape Water Supply System Analysis. The time, be called into service. during the 1990s. The TMG Aquifer is a study triggered a process of research, Wanting to realise the groundwater large, potentially high-yielding regional aq- investigation and consultation, of which potential of the TMG Aquifer, the City uifer underlying most of the Western and an outcome was a comprehensive list of of Cape Town (CCT) initiated the TMG Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa, as potential water-supply schemes. Although Aquifer Feasibility Study and Pilot Project shown in Figure 1. The (then) Department some of the potential water schemes have in 2002. The project comprised four main of Water Affairs and Forestry (now the Department of Human Settlements, Legend Town Fault Target zone Stephan Kleynhans Target site area Technical Director, Aurecon Dam [email protected] Geology Quaternary sediment Younger rocks Uitenhage Group Karoo Supergroup Martie Wahl Dwyka Group Civil Engineer, Aurecon Ecca Group [email protected] Cape Supergroup Witteberg Group Bokkeveld Group Rietvlei Formation Skurweberg Formation David Allpass Goudini Formation Head: Bulk Water Supply Cedarberg Formation Pakhuis Formation Lead Engineer: NWP Groundwater Programme Peninsula Formation Bulk Water Branch, City of Cape Town Graafwater Formation [email protected] Piekenierskloof Formation Older rocks Basement Granite Mazunda Halwiindi Principal Professionall Officer Bulk Water Branch City of Cape Town [email protected]

Joy Larsen Pr Eng Senior Project Manager and Technical Support (Civil) [email protected]

pHOTOS Rudolph de Girardier Mechanical Engineer [email protected] Figure 1 Overall extent of the TMG Aquifer

14 June 2020 Civil Engineering phases, namely: Inception, Preliminary, Table 1 Yield estimates and priorities of potential of the TMG Aquifer production wellfields Exploratory and Pilot, with each phase Initial Ultimate Priority Project/Aquifer building on the knowledge and under- (Mℓ/d) (Mℓ/d) (1 = highest) standing gained in the preceding phase. Steenbras 33 144 1 The Inception Phase, completed in 2003, Nuweberg 15 2 mapped out potential high-yielding target 230 areas for further focus. The Preliminary Groenlandberg 12 3 Phase, in which all the main groundwater Wemmershoek 5.5 16 4 target areas were evaluated and ranked Berg River Valley 10 30 5 for exploration drilling, was completed in 2005. Theewaterskloof (Nuweberg/ Voëlvlei 8 25 6 Eikenhof), Kogelberg/Steenbras and Helderberg Basin 10 30 7 Wemmershoek were identified and chosen Southern Planning District (SPD) 22 58 8 as the three main groundwater target areas proposed for exploration to gain a better understanding of the potential yields. Water Programme (NWP), to fast-track Strategy, the reader is directed to the Drilling of core boreholes as part of the the implementation of alternative water article titled “Towards improved water Exploratory Phase commenced in 2008 supplies for the CCT. As part of the NWP, security and resilience: Cape Town’s water and the core drilling component was com- the CCT aimed to implement water-supply strategy” (Gisela Kaiser & Rolfe Eberhard, pleted in August 2009. The Exploratory initiatives that would ultimately contribute Civil Engineering, October 2019, pp 7–11). Phase, which also included data analysis, to the drought resilience of the City in fu- environmental monitoring and conceptual ture. The TMG Aquifer was selected to be PROJECT DESCRIPTION infrastructure planning, was completed fast-tracked as an emergency water supply Eight target areas were considered in 2013. At this point, the CCT decided to source. Through dire circumstance, the for production wellfields, as shown in undertake an extended Exploratory Phase objective of the TMG groundwater scheme Table 1. First-order yield estimates were to also investigate the potential yield from shifted from exploration to production, undertaken for each of these areas, with the Groenlandberg/Klipfontein area near followed by cautionary and measured the ‘initial’ yields linked to the volumes Theewaterskloof Dam, and undertake yield production, with the Overstrand wellfield approved in the water-use licences, or tests by drilling and then test-pumping serving as the de-facto pilot phase. applied for, where water-use licences larger-diameter boreholes in the three The need to “… develop new water have not yet been issued, which is in-turn main target areas previously identified. resources from seawater, groundwater and informed by the geo-hydrology. In 2015, Overstrand Municipality wastewater …” in order to build resilience Wellfields were then prioritised based commissioned a wellfield that abstracts was amplified in the article titled “Cape on several criteria, such as: expected yield water from the TMG Aquifer, as well as Town – where we’ve been and where we per borehole (e.g. fewer high-yielding an extensive monitoring programme. want to go” (Gisela Kaiser & Neil Mcleod, boreholes will reduce the footprint of the The CCT, understanding that invaluable Civil Engineering, October 2018, pp 8–12). wellfield and be more economical), ease of lessons regarding the possible impact of Specific reference was made to the Table integration into existing bulk water infra- groundwater abstraction could be learnt Mountain Group Aquifer project as a structure, operational flexibility (e.g. the from the Overstrand wellfield and ap- potential augmentation option. This cur- ability to supply multiple water treatment plied to the CCT TMG Aquifer projects, rent article addresses in detail the TMG works), ease of operation (e.g. proximity to elected to delay the Pilot Phase and extend Aquifer project, with particular focus other infrastructure operated and main- the Exploratory Phase. In 2017, further on the Steenbras wellfield and adjacent tained by the City to allow for potential exploration drilling was initiated in Nuweberg wellfield. sharing of resources and workshops), Groenlandberg, as well as further drilling availability of power, landownership, time of yield test boreholes at Nuweberg, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES to implement and financial viability. Steenbras and Wemmershoek, with the The project forms part of the CCT’s Water The Steenbras, Nuweberg and Groen option to also explore other areas in future. Strategy to provide a more diversified and landberg wellfields were considered the The conventional structured imple- resilient water supply to extreme drought highest priorities based on favourable mentation process of the TMG Aquifer events and climate change in response hydrology and geology as confirmed by the groundwater scheme was disrupted in to the severe drought that peaked in the feasibility study and the criteria used to 2017 when a severe drought occurred Western Cape in 2017. In terms of the CCT rank the various target areas. The locations in the Western Cape. Local, Provincial Water Strategy objectives, the intention of these wellfields are shown in Figure 2. and National Drought Disasters were is to supply up to 50 Mℓ/d from the TMG CCT elected to commence with declared under Section 41(1) of the Aquifer by the end of 2023, with the option the Steenbras wellfield, followed by Disaster Management Act, 2002 (Act 57 to expand wellfields or develop new well- Nuweberg. Nuweberg is essentially an of 2002). With dam levels alarmingly low fields in future, should the need for further extension to the Steenbras wellfield, as and ‘Day Zero’ looming for the water users groundwater augmentation be required water gravitates towards the Steenbras in the greater Cape Town area, the CCT to ensure water security in the future. For pre-treatment plant before discharging initiated an emergency initiative, the New a concise summation of the CCT Water into the Steenbras Upper Dam. The

Civil Engineering June 2020 15 PhasePHASE 3 3 (12 (12 Mℓ/d)ML/D) GROENLANDBERGGroenlandberg WELLFIELDwellfield

PhasePHASE 2 2 (15 (15 Mℓ/d)ML/D) NuwebergNUWEBERG WELLFIELDwellfield PROPOSEDProposed STEENBRASSteenbras PhasePHASE 1 1 (30 Mℓ/d) (30 ML/D) BIOFILTRATIONbiofiltration PLANTplant STEENBRASSteenbras WELLFIELDwellfield

LEGENDLegend SteenbrasSTEENBRAS wellfield WELLFIELD NuwebergNUWEBERG wellfield WELLFIELD ExistingEXISTING Steenbras GroenlandbergGROENLANDBERG wellfield WELLFIELD STEENBRASwater treatment WATER 400400 0 800800 1 1600m600 m TREATMENTplant PLANT SCALEScale 1:40000 1:40 000 Plan PLAN ScaleSCALE 1:40 1:40 000 000

Figure 2 Location of the Steenbras, Nuweberg and Groenlandberg wellfields

Groenlandberg wellfield will be developed in parallel with the Nuweberg wellfield.

Steenbras wellfield Borehole siting was undertaken by the groundwater specialists, targeting high- yield fractures determined from airborne geophysics and extensive field mapping of fault structures. Figure 3 shows the results from the magnetic geophysics, which were used for siting boreholes along highly fractured zones. Proposed borehole positions were screened on-site by the environmental specialists, refinements made, and mitigation measures agreed upon before finalising the positions of the exploration, monitoring and production boreholes. A cross-sectional view of the Steenbras geology is shown in Figure 4. The primary target is the deeper Peninsula Aquifer due to its much greater storage volume, being fed from the higher rainfall regions and not utilised by other end users (for example farmers, municipalities, etc). The shallower Nardouw Aquifer is the secondary target. The location of all the boreholes planned for the Steenbras wellfield is shown in Figure 5. This shows both production and monitoring boreholes, Figure 3 Airborne magnetic geophysics results for the Steenbras wellfield

16 June 2020 Civil Engineering NW H8 balanced section SE 2 000 Kogelberg Hottentots Hollandberge anticline Kogelberg biosphere forest

Steenbras–Brandvlei 1 000 Megafault zone Steenbras

112~∆1 300Steenbras Damsyncline H8A13

Gordon’s Bay Strand 0

–1 000 Height relative to mean sea level (m) –2 000 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 Profile distance (m) No vertical exaggeration

NW H3–H6 balanced section SE 2 000 Kogelberg biosphere reserve

Kogelberg Kogelberganticline Steenbras 1 000 Steenbras–Brandvlei syncline Megafault zone

Steenbras pump station Steenbras Dam H8A5

R44

Gordon’s Bay 0 False Bay Height relative to mean sea level (m) –1 000 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 Profile distance (m) No vertical exaggeration

Geology/hydrogeology legend H8A5 Borehole example Sandveld Group/Alluvium Goudini Formation Winterhoek Anticline False Bay Suite Cedarberg Formation Mega‑Aquitard Syncline Ceres Subgroup Gydo Mega-Aquitard Pakhuis Formation Fault Rietvlei Formation Peninsula Formation Peninsula Aquifer Nardouw Aquifer Surface water Skurweberg Formation Basement Basement Aquitard

Figure 4 Cross-sectional view of the geology of the Steenbras wellfield

Photo 1 Drilling in progress at borehole H8A9 at Steenbras and whether the boreholes access water from the Nardouw or Peninsula aquifers. Boreholes accessing water from the Nardouw Aquifer are typically up to 300 m deep, whereas those accessing water from the Peninsula Aquifer vary from 700 m to 1 000 m in depth. Drilling these deep production boreholes, which start with diameters of up to 550 mm at surface, takes four to five months per borehole. Production boreholes were test-pumped to determine the sustainable yields. Only boreholes with yields of 10 ℓ/s and higher were developed as production boreholes. Those with lower yields were retained as monitoring boreholes. The highest yielding boreholes had sustainable yields of up to 70 ℓ/s when tested individually. A number of boreholes, especially those drilled into the Peninsula Aquifer, were artesian.

Civil Engineering June 2020 17 Gordon’sGORDONS BAYBay

H2A4H2A4 H2A2H2A2 H2A1H2A1

SteenbrasSTEENBRAS Lower LOWER Dam DAM H1A8H1A8

H6A1 H6A1 N2 SteenbrasSTEENBRAS Upper UPPER DamDAM

H8A11H8A11 H8A13H8A13

H3A2H3A2 H8A12 H8A3H8A3 H8A7H8A7 H1A3B H8A8H8A8 H8A2 H8A5H8A5 H8A9H8A9 H1A2 H8A10H8A10 H8A1H8A1 H8A4H8A4 H1A4B H1A1 N2N2

H1A4AH1A4A

H5A2H5A2

H5A1H5A1

LegendLEGEND

MonitoringMONITORING borehole BOREHOLE – Nardouw - NARDOUW Aquifer AQUIFER MonitoringMONITORING borehole BOREHOLE – Peninsula - PENINSULA Aquifer AQUIFER ProductionPRODUCTION borehole BOREHOLE – Nardouw - NARDOUW Aquifer AQUIFER ProductionPRODUCTION borehole BOREHOLE – Peninsula - PENINSULA Aquifer AQUIFER 160160 0 320320 640640m m RockviewROCKVIEW DamDAM SCALEScale 1:16000 1:16 000 Plan PLAN ScaleSCALE 1:16 1:16 000 000

Figure 5 Location of all boreholes planned for the Steenbras wellfield

PROPOSEDProposed STEENBRASSteenbras BIOFILTRATIONbiofiltration PLANT plant

PipelinePIPELINE 5 5

PipelinePIPELINE 11

UNDERGROUNDUnderground ELECTRICALelectrical LINEline

PipelinePIPELINE 4 4

PipelinePIPELINE 77

PipelinePIPELINE 22 PIPELINEPipeline 3 3

Legend PipelinePIPELINE 1 LEGEND ProposedPROPOSED DN DN 160 160 pipelinePIPELINE & & BELOW below GROUND ground ELECTRICITY electricity ProposedPROPOSED DN DN 200 200 pipelinePIPELINE & & BELOW below GROUND ground ELECTRICITY electricity ProposedPROPOSED DN DN 250 250 pipelinePIPELINE & & BELOW below GROUND ground ELECTRICITY electricity ProposedPROPOSED DN DN 315 315 pipelinePIPELINE && BELOW below GROUND ground ELECTRICITY electricity ProposedPROPOSED DN DN 355 355 pipelinePIPELINE && BELOW below GROUND ground ELECTRICITY electricity ProposedPROPOSED DN DN 400 400 PIPELINEpipeline & & BELOW below GROUND ground ELECTRICITY electricity ProposedPROPOSED DN DN 560 560 pipelinePIPELINE & & BELOW below GROUND ground ELECTRICITY electricity BelowBELOW ground GROUND electricity ELECTRICITY 100100 0 200200 400400m m SCALEScale 1:10000 1:10 000 Plan PLAN ScaleSCALE 1:10 1:10 000000

Figure 6 Pipeline routes and pipe diameters for the Steenbras wellfield

18 June 2020 Civil Engineering fire cycles in fynbos, the medium-voltage power cables were buried in the same trenches as the pipelines. Fibreoptic cables, feeding all the data from the respective boreholes to the centralised SCADA, were also installed in the pipeline trench. INTERESTING CHALLENGES

Photo 2 Completed pump house structure partially Environmental component clad with natural stone to reduce visual impact All wellfields under consideration are located in environmentally sensitive areas, and All drilling at the Steenbras wellfield is pulley size (diameter). The motors are fitted thus the environmental component of the expected to be completed by October 2020, with variable speed drives to further vary project was substantial, influencing every with expected yields of 15 Mℓ/d from the the flows to match the conjunctive use yield aspect of the design and construction of the Peninsula production boreholes and 15 Mℓ/d target set for the wellfield, as well as the wellfield, requiring a hands-on approach from the Nardouw production boreholes, i.e. water level limitations within the aquifer. from the City’s Environmental Management a total yield of 30 Mℓ/d from the Steenbras The pump house structures comprise Department, environmental specialists, wellfield. It is expected that a further four rooms to house the pump motor, stakeholders and regulatory authorities. 15 Mℓ/d will be obtained from Peninsula low-voltage and control equipment, The approach followed was to appoint boreholes in the Nuweberg wellfield. transformer and ring main units environmental experts, namely a botanist, In addition to the monitoring and respectively. Due to the environmental freshwater ecologist and visualisation production boreholes, the main infra- sensitivity of the area, the structures were specialists, and to closely liaise with other structure components of the Steenbras manufactured off-site as precast units and environmental departments and au- wellfield included: then erected on-site. This reduced the thorities to manage and mitigate impacts QQ robust high-volume positive displace- risk of environmental degradation due to where possible. Recently, offset specialists ment borehole pumps delivering up to concrete spills and also drastically short- have been appointed to provide guidance 50 ℓ/s per borehole ened the construction time on-site. To regarding construction and abstraction- QQ precast concrete pump house struc- further mitigate the visual appearance of related offset requirements. tures to accommodate the pump sets these rather large structures, visualisation An in-depth discussion of the envi- and electrical equipment specialists were appointed to provide ronmental aspects of the TMG Aquifer QQ 13 km of raw-water pipelines with advice about mitigation measures. The project will be the subject of a separate diameters up to DN 560 final solution was to clad the structures in article, scheduled to appear in the August QQ an 11 kV power supply network complete natural stone (see Photo 2). 2020 edition of Civil Engineering. with ring main units and transformers Pipeline diameters vary from DN 160 QQ a fibreoptic network and SCADA to DN 560. The pipe material chosen Procurement strategy system for the automated control and was HDPE, based on the acidic nature of An adaptive procurement strategy was re- operation of the wellfield the water (a pH as low as 4.0), the very quired for drilling the boreholes and for con- QQ a 45 Mℓ/d pre-treatment plant to restricted working widths varying from struction of the infrastructure. Groundwater remove iron and manganese. 6 m to 10 m (i.e. HDPE pipes can be welded projects typically follow a process whereby Figure 6 shows the pipeline routes and outside the trench and then installed), and exploration and production boreholes pipe diameters. the need to limit joints (i.e. the pipeline are drilled, followed by the infrastructure Positive displacement pumps, installed at working width is rehabilitated with fynbos, design, based on confirmed borehole yields depths from 80 m to 150 m, were considered and the risk of roots penetrating the joints and an environmental approval process, the best technical solution to deal with the and causing leaks had to be minimised). whereafter construction commences. Due to varying pumping heads due to water-level Due to the environmental sensitivity of the drought crisis, the drilling of exploration fluctuation in the boreholes, which could the area, and the risk of damage by natural and production boreholes, the infrastructure vary by up to 100 m, and changing frictional losses in the pumping mains (e.g. depending Photo 3 HDPE pipeline in progress on the number of operational boreholes, the flows in some pipelines will vary). The groundwater also has very high concentrations of iron and manganese, which required the careful selection of equipment and in- strumentation to mitigate the risk of failure or malfunctioning due to the precipitation of iron. The positive displacement pumps are belt-driven, which means that flows can easily be adjusted by strategic selection of

Civil Engineering June 2020 19 the impacts of the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, current expectations are that the Steenbras wellfield will become fully operational by early 2021. The Nuweberg wellfield is expected to become operational by mid-2023. An extensive monitoring programme is being developed in parallel with the project implementation. This includes a detailed groundwater model that will be used to refine the actual borehole yields once the scheme becomes operational. Photo 4 Above-ground stream crossing with HDPE The model also takes into account the pipework and trench visible in the background potential impact that groundwater abstraction may have on the environment. design and construction all had to take place Iron and manganese within the shortest possible time frame. A detailed study was carried out on the CONCLUSION In order to provide flexibility, yet abide by fate of the iron and manganese when As elucidated in the article, the unusual very tight time frames, contractors were discharged into the Upper Steenbras circumstances of the TMG Aquifer appointed on Framework Contracts, which Dam. The in-lake dissolved iron concen- project, whereby the largest groundwater allowed for works projects to be issued tration is 0.27 mg/ℓ, compared to 2.5 mg/ℓ wellfield developed to date in the TMG as and when designs were finalised. This in groundwater from the Peninsula Aquifer needed to be implemented within approach ensured that construction could Aquifer. Furthermore, total iron concen- a very rigid time frame and in an envi- commence literally within a few weeks from trations in the Peninsula Aquifer greater ronmentally-sensitive manner, resulted completing the designs. than 20 mg/ℓ had been found at some of in the client, stakeholders, engineers, the boreholes. Based on water-quality specialists and contractors being involved Stream crossings guidelines, the in-lake target dissolved throughout the project duration, in a con- Nine stream crossings were identified by iron concentration in the Upper Steenbras stant process of evaluation and evolution, the environmental specialists, where they Dam should be kept below 0.5 mg/ℓ to thereby delivering a positive outcome on a recommended above-ground stream cross- protect aquatic ecosystems. The study complex multidisciplinary project. ings to avoid disturbing the streambeds. The showed that it would be possible to Key to the sustainability of fast- pipes had to be installed above the 1:100- discharge untreated groundwater directly tracked emergency projects is equally fast- year flood levels, and no pipe supports were into the Upper Steenbras Dam for a pe- tracked monitoring infrastructure and a allowed in the flow path of the streams, re- riod of approximately three years (based fully developed, but adaptive monitoring quiring the pipes to span lengths up to 13 m. on full production) before a pre-treatment programme underpinned by sophisticated The above-ground piping was manufactured plant should become operational. The numerical modelling and established from stainless steel with a suitable coating design of a 45 Mℓ/d pre-treatment plant, baseline characteristics determined and lining to protect it from the low pH of which will reduce the iron and manganese through in-field measurement. the groundwater. Stainless steel, however, concentrations, is currently under way, Undoubtedly, the TMG Aquifer has a much lower yield strength compared to with construction likely to commence by water scheme will become a cornerstone mild steel, requiring careful design to opti- mid-2021. of the CCT’s diversified water supply mise the wall thicknesses required against system providing a greater assurance the distances to be spanned. See Photo 4. PROJECT STATUS of water supply, particularly during The first borehole in the Steenbras well- extreme drought events, thus delivering Bedding material field was commissioned in March 2020, de- on the commitments of the CCT An interesting challenge in terms of the livering a yield of 50 ℓ/s. Notwithstanding Water Strategy. pipeline installation was to find bedding material with the same chemical composi- Project team tion as the natural fynbos environment. Client City of Cape Town This was a requirement on the part of QQ Aurecon (project manager, civil, mechanical and electrical engineers) the environmental specialists that proved QQ Umvoto Africa (groundwater specialist) QQ Southern Waters (environmental monitoring) challenging, because the natural pH was Consultants QQ Freshwater Consulting Group (freshwater ecology) extremely low (i.e. a pH of 5.6) and the soil QQ Dr C Boucher (botanist) was low in nutrients. In comparison, sand QQ Bernard Oberholzer Landscape Architects (visual specialist inputs) available from commercial quarries had a QQ Civil contractor responsible for pipelines – Amandla Construction pH of 9.0 and higher, and had much higher QQ Drilling – SA Rotsbore nutrient concentrations. A crusher dust Contractors QQ Mechanical and electrical – HidroTech Systems QQ Blue Science – search and rescue of indigenous vegetation, establishment of material from a nearby commercial quarry on‑site nursery, rehabilitation post-construction was found to be a suitable bedding material.

20 June 2020 Civil Engineering Conventional and Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) within a greenfield township development

INTRODUCTION water resources, the needs of different Akosua Boadu Anie In conventional Water Distribution water users, sanitation and stormwater Civil Engineer Systems (WDSs), water is taken from issues can transform our urban areas from Aseda Consulting Engineers source, treated, transported and dis- ‘water-wasteful’ to ‘water-sensitive’. This [email protected] tributed to users. Wastewater is then integrated systems approach is termed collected, treated and disposed into the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). environment. In urban areas, the design of WSUD is loosely described as ensuring Prof Adeshola Ilemobade conventional WDSs is therefore focused ‘urban design’ is done in a ‘water sensitive’ School of Civil and Environmental Engineering on meeting the demand for water, which manner, with the final goal being the ho- University of the Witwatersrand is typically increasing. listic management of the urban water cycle [email protected] During rainfall events in many urban to concurrently achieve desired economic, catchments, runoff (containing pollut- environmental and social targets and ants such as sediments, nutrients and benefits (Armitage et al 2014). systems, stormwater harvesting and reuse litter) is speedily evacuated, resulting WSUD (a term popularly used in schemes (Water by Design 2010). in erosion, pollution and disturbance of Australia, the UK, New Zealand and This study compares the conventional in-stream ecology. When urban surfaces South Africa) is also known as Low design and WSUD of stormwater and are impermeable, surface runoff increases, Impact Development in North America potable water systems within Villa Lisa and so does pollution downstream. and New Zealand, Sustainable Urban Extension 4 – a greenfield township devel- Controlling, conveying and disposing Drainage Systems or Sustainable Drainage opment. The benefits of both are assessed of runoff downstream are what informs Systems in the UK, Best Management and compared. For the conventional de- the design of Conventional Stormwater Practices in the USA and Canada, and sign, stormwater runoff generated within Management Systems (CSMS). Urban Green Infrastructure in the USA (Fletcher and nearby the greenfield township areas are heavily reliant on CSMSs. They et al 2015). development is conveyed into full-bore are, however, limited, because they limit WSUD considers conserving water underground pipes and concrete chan- groundwater infiltration and recharge, supplies by minimising treated water nels and then discharged into a nearby and consequently negatively impact other demand, minimising wastewater genera- municipal stormwater system. Potable aspects of the water cycle, e.g. reduced tion, maximising the use of alternative water to the township is from the nearby local evaporation. Sustained rainfall in- water resources (e.g. wastewater and rain- municipal reservoir, and is transported evitably increases the risk of downstream water), enhancing groundwater recharge, via a piped distribution network to end- flooding. improving air quality through greenery, users. Based on the unique characteristics Greenfield sites within rapidly urban- improving urban aesthetics, and managing of the township site, WSUD incorporated ising areas present unique opportunities stormwater quantity and quality. WSUD conventional designs and the following: to implement alternative approaches to solutions include erosion and sediment (i) Bio retention systems to improve conventional potable water and stormwater control, rainwater tanks, swales, porous runoff quality and quantity, and to protect management. An integrated systems ap- pavements, bio retention systems (or rain instream eco-systems from the effects of proach that takes into account the available gardens), constructed wetlands, infiltration increased runoff, (ii) Detention storage to stabilise receiving waterbodies and reduce This study compares the conventional design and WSUD of erosion, and (iii) Rainwater tanks to augment the required non-potable water stormwater and potable water systems within Villa Lisa Extension 4 – demand. A dual household water network a greenfield township development. The benefits of both are assessed was intended for this purpose. and compared. For the conventional design, stormwater runoff THE GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP generated within and nearby the greenfield township development DEVELOPMENT is conveyed into full-bore underground pipes and concrete channels The greenfield township development (Figure 1) is located south of Boksburg, and then discharged into a nearby municipal stormwater system. City of Ekurhuleni. The development

Civil Engineering June 2020 21 26/193 754 1018 1048 695 685 1151 21742173 20321 765 11271126 2581 28/193 57/193 793 736 1003 1037 1057 693 2166 21672168 2582 25/193 655 792 1006 694 686 2169 25832584 9 2170 2585 58/193 1019 1049 1139 3 2171 2586 5 1150 P 3 2587 2 3 9 4 2588 3 0 / 102/193 795 1004 1036 1056 R 2 2172 / /1 1 737 692 687 /1 2579 2040 1 9 9 100/193 O 9 2165 2580 2578 1616 9 3 3 3 799 1005 1140 3 20 2 3 1 6 654 752 P 3 +75500 2 4 2164 2577 6/193 / /1 0 1020 1050 1149 1 2163 2591 Y 1 / O 2592 9 9 1 6 PROPOSED TOWNSHIP2162 2590 R/36/138-IR 2 3 3 3 9 99/193 FLOOD LINE CERTIFICATION 738 1055 S 1107 2161 1 2 6 3 691 688 1141 m 110811091110111111121113 21602159 2589 +76000 / 1 798 796 11051106 11141115 /1 1 / 1035 923 1148 E Y 9 1 9 653 751 B 2573 204 2 9 3 3 9 8 689 D . 2041 2 657/138-IR 0 3 3 6 3 / 101/193 IN TERMS OF SECTION 144 OF THE NATIONAL WATER ACT, ACT 1034 1051 L 2152 2153 / /1 2 1 1033 1021 G . 2154 2574 2576 1 9 3/193 1 9 /1 739 1054 922 1142 2155 2575 5 9 9 3 1032 2593 1 3 3 3 9 7 R 2156 8 4 1 9 6 3 / No. 36 OF 1998, IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED THAT THE1030 TOWNSHIP1031 IS 690 1147 2157 5 / 750 2594 5 1 797 E /1 1 3 9 652 921 SCALE 1 : 6 000 25952596 8 9 9 /1 9 Y 2158 6 3 3 3 106/193 VILLA LIZA EXT. 4 1 3 9 6 1052 924 1123112211211120 2050 8 5 6 3 / NOT SUBJECT TO ANY FLOODLINE WITH AN EXPECTED FREQUENCY 1143W 11251124 111911181117 2151 25722571 / /1 4 1 740 920 1116 2570 1 9 / 9 9 1022 1053 1146 1104 2049 1 9 3 3 1 5 3 748 749 1023 O 20 7 3 6 9 / 2150 2569 2599 / /1 6 3 1 OF 1:50 YEARS651 OR 1:100 YEARS. 1025 O 2149 2600 1 9 5 9 2 107/193 1026 919 1144 SITUATED ON PORTION2148 3 OF THE 2598 1 9 3 3 /1 9 3 0 918 D 2147 6 3 7 9 4 2 7 741 1027 917 925 21462145 2597 / / 6 3 /1 0 / 108/193 1028 916 1145 1 1 6 9 6 1 1029 D 2565 20512052 9 9 / 9 3 / 9 2139 205 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 R 2138 2140 2566 2568 5 8 9 / 2 9 743 912 913 914 915 885 2567 / /1 6 3 1 0 3 746 911 IV 2141 2601 1 9 9 5 109/193 744 910 926 2142 9 3 3 7 9 3 / 745 909 E1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 FARM VILLA LIZA2143 675-IR 2602 -IR 1 3 9 /1 2 2 1 2 742 908 886 884 1089 1090 2603 2604 4 / 9 /1 0 9 0 110/193 907 887 1082 2144 /1 1 6 3 9 4 3 8 906 888 1081 ( 2060 9 4 9 8 9 3 / /1 905 889 1080 K 2564 2563 1 3 0 3 / 1 1 2 9 903 904 890 1623 1079 1 2137 2562 T 3 / 1 / 2 9 0 3 747 891 1077 1078 2059 / 1 3 9 1 0 3 9 819 892 2 2058 3 E 1 4 9 6 3 9 9 3 / 893 2136 2561 2 1 9 1 3 9 9 3 /1 1 818 894 927 9 2135 2608 2607 9 E 2 3 1 /1 0 2 9 2 9 112/193 111/193 817 895 ) REPRESENTED2134 BY THE FIGURE 2606 1 / /1 / /1 0 1 3 816 896 883 2133 / R 1 9 9 9 2 3 0 815 5 2131 T 9 3 5 7 3 8 / 814 897 1098 1097 1096 1095 1094 1093 1092 1091 2132 2605 5 1 3 4 4 0 9 3 /1 1 113/193 813 898 1099 1 4 S 1 2 /1 / 2 9 2 9 812 899 1100 , 2557 2061 2062 6 / /1 6 9 1 0 3 1 3 810 811 900 928 1101 8 2063 1 9 7 3 9 1 1 806 807 808 809 901 1102 7 1636 2125 2558 206 S 9 4 3 1 8 3 / /1 805 902 882 2124 2126 2559 2560 1 3 3 8 2 1 2 149/193 804 979 1103 m 2127 2609 O 0 / /1 / 9 1 9 978 A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-J-K-L-M-N-P-A2128 /1 1 9 1 0 3 2 3 803 821 820 977 1076 R 9 7 3 9 0 114/193GEOTECHNICAL152/193 CERTIFICATION 822 976 - 2129 2610 9 4 3 2 8 3 /1 /1 802 823 975 929 5 2611 2612 E 9 3 4 / 7 1 9 2 9 824 974 3 2130 7/193 / / 1 /1 9 3 1 3 801 825 973 881 2070 C 1 1 9 9 9 3 151/193 826 972 ,6 2556 2555 9 4 9 7 3 8 3 3 / / 1 THIS IS TO CERTIFY800 THAT THE TOWNSHIP LAYOUT 827ON THE PLAN IS 971 2123 2554 657/138-IR O 3 5 3 3 6 9 1 2 1 1 148/193 830 829 828 970 3 2069 N 3 / / / 1 9 1 9 7 835 834 833 832 831 969 m 2068 2 I 1 1 1 /1 9 3 4 3 /1 836 968 930 1068 2122 2553 2067 9 9 8 3 980 IN EXTENT: ±74,6478 Ha 2615 9 9 1 9 1 2121 2616 7 3 8 5 / / 9 967 981 1070 2614 H 1 4 3 3 1 1 1 4 IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 880 1067 1069 1071 5 2120 / 3 4 5 2 3 1 153/193 966 982 1072 6 4 1 9 9 8 7 / 837 965 983 1066 1073 7 2119 A R 8 9 / / 9 1 / 0 964 1074 2117 / 1 1 3 3 / 1 984 1065 0 2118 2613 1 1 6 7 5 1 5 9 9 1 9 838 985 1064 1 / 9 9 1 3 7 3 8 3 /1 /1 1 3 A3S SET OUT IN THE GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR THE 986 1063 2549 2071 2072 9 9 3 5 4 1 9 2 9 9 946 987 1062 2073 4 1 /1 /1 9 3 1 3 /1 155/193 839 945 988 2110 2111 2550 2074 / 9 9 6 6 1 9 944 989 EKURHULENI METROPOLITAN2112 MUNICIPALITY2551 2552 3 3 7 8 3 /1 /1 2 154/193 943 990 931 2113 2617 207 9 8 9 3 3 1 2 9 0 3 PROPOSED TOWNSHIP VILLA LIZA X4. 942 991 879 2114 2/193 /1 4 6 / 9 1 992 2115 7 /1 /1 1 9 3 7 3 /1 941 993 878 2618 2 3 7 9 9 5 / 1 9 1 938 939 940 994 2619 2620 3 9 4 3 8 3 /1 1 2 3 4 157/193 932 933 934 935 936 937 877 2116 3 /1 7 2 1 9 2 9 3 1 4 995 2628 2080 9 8 7 / 9 1 3 / / 840 876 (BOKSBURG CCC)2627 1 2 / 1 3 8 9 1 1 156/193 875 2626 / 3 3 1 9 4 1 9 1 9 949 948 2079 6 9 9 8 3 /1 /1 1 2 4 3 950 874 2625 2 /1 7 1 1 2 9 / 3 3 873 2624 2078 2076 3 3 9 8 3 / 9 1 5 2 40/193 158/193 951 872 2109 2077 9 2 3 1 9 3 3 /1 /1 2 2 841 952 52 2623 /1 3 9 /1 9 3 9 4 1 1 9 3 953 871 2622 5 1 8 3 / / 9 4 9 870 3 2 / 9 0 1 1 6 2 3 3 41/193 1 2108 2621 9 3 3 0 3 1 9 2 9 3 2 / 957 956 955 954 869 53 2107 9 3 / 9 2 / 1 2 159/193 961 960 959 958 /1 1 3 1 3 3 /1 1 9 962 868 54 2106 3 / 7 9 2 0 1 1 9 3 842 963 867 55 2105 2081 2082 2 3 2 9 3 / /1 9 4 866 2104 2083 3 9 3 3 1 2 3 3 160/193 56 LOCALITY PLAN2103 8 3 9 / 1 9 2 9 4 1 865 51 1 2 1 1 57 8 1/193 / /1 9 3 2 3 / /1 2 864 2102 5 4029 4 6 9 1 1 6 2084 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 9 3 863 2 2085 ARRY MARAIS ROAD 9 3 0 / 9 2 111 2099 1 3 9 / /1 1 2 4 3 7 862 58 / 3 9 3 T 2 B 1 /1 1 1 9 2 9 5 0 / HARE STREE 861 2098 (120 DU/Ha) 2 3 3 1 9 9 3 2 3 / / 2 1 162/193 161/193 113 112 3 9 3 / 2 3 0 2 1 1 9 2 859 114 2101 2095 1 3 3 5 / 1 9 1 9 3 3 4 844 115 50 / 9 5 9 /1 1 2 3 3 6 163/193 858 2094 2090 3 2 1 1 2 3 9 / 4 1 857 116 XISTING SERV. AREA TOTAL = 0,6272 Ha 1 2 / 4 /1 9 9 6 1 / 2 856 117 3 E 3 4 261/193 8 3 2 3 / /1 2 9 1 6 2100 9 3 6 9 9 3 1 3 2 9 1 855 118 59 2089 / 3 2 3 / 1 9 1 9 3 4 851 852 853 854 119 2097 2088 2087 1 5 /1 1 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 847 848 849 850 2086 VIDE SG NO. A448/1989) 75 UNITS 3 9 335/193 8 9 2 9 7 8 /1 / 845 846 120 110 49 ( 1 3 / 3 2 3 / / 9 2 9 1 165/193 2096 8 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 9 164163 4 (Deed of Servitude No.K 5333/1992s) S / 3 9 262/193 264/193 / 1 9 9 / 4 3 4 3 165 60 1874 2093 m 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 6 164/193 166 2092 O 0 9 0 5 2 9 8 7 5 /1 / 167 1875 R 0 3 /1 7 2 3 / / 2 9 2 1 109 404 48 E , 336/193 /1 5 1 1 4 3 4 9 168/193 168 3 9 9 / 1 9 1 9 6 3 3 3 166/193 169 C 1 3 3 3 315/193 1 2 3 3 7 170 121 61 405 5 1877 O 1 263/193 265/193 9 3 6 /1 / TREET 1886 T 7 3 9 / 2 2 1 LAMA S 171 1878 IN E / 3 3 /1 1 3 9 4 9 403 1876 1887 H E 1 7 1 1 9 3 3 169/193 167/193 108 47 1873 2091 3 9 9 3 2 8 +75000 1 R R 3 /1 3 3 3 / / 406 316/193 0 5 1 1 Y 62 H 6 T 9 314/193 266/193 / 2 9 2 9 122 6 1879 m S 3 3 268/193 6 /1 1 3 3 4 373 1885 E m 3 1 9 1 9 1 9 3 172/193 170/193 162 402 1884 1888 0 8 4 3 107 1872 R/36/138-IR B S 3 3 3 3 / / 468/193 374 46 I ,0 /1 9 5 1 4 2 1 2 1 461/193 464/193 465/193 469/193 407 1880 D . 4 W 9 /1 / / /1 9 5 9 460/193 63 L S 0 313/193 311/193 267/193 269/193 1 1 1 3 3 3 413/193 458/193 7 1871 1587 . 3 4 9 9 0 0 173/193 336 372 1889 E 4030 3 3 9 3 3 / / 171/193 123 401 3 9 3 3 1 1 3 375 1881 1895 3 1 3 / 2 9 2 9 337 106 45 1870 1883 L 4079 9 / 1 2 5 9 412/193 463/193 466/193 467/193 408 1860 /1 1 1 9 3 1 3 462/193 470/193 172 161 64 B (120 DU/Ha) 4 312/193 270/193 3 9 1 174/193 414/193 459/193 371 8 1890 1894 3 310/193 272/193 2 3 /1 /1 / 176/193 335 1869 (120 DU/Ha) / 2 2 9 5 124 400 1630 1896 E 3 1 2 9 5 3 410/193 457/193 338 376 105 1882 TOTAL = 0,6640 Ha 9 9 8 3 2 4 409 44 1891 R /1 3 / 6 177/193 160 1861 1868 1893 4 271/193 273/193 /1 1 175/193 471/193 370 65 TOTAL = 1,2680 Ha 79 UNITS 4 309/193 307/193 2 9 2 9 173 334 9 1897 G 3 3 9 472/193 125 399 26 2 5 3 411/193 1 1903 3 / 1862 1867 9 1 339 377 3 3 3 7 / 3 /1 / 9 5 456/193 104 410 9 / 5 5 43 . 152 UNITS /1 5 1 1 178/193 1 159 1859 1866 1892 R 2 / 1 4 1902 9 4 308/193 2 9 180/193 1 3 333 66 1863 1898 9 / 369 L 3 3 306/193 274/193 5 9 518/193 174 10 1925 2 3 4 3 9 276/193 6 126 398 1904 O . 3 3 6 4 0 340 3 1 378 4 4 1 3 474/193 9 / / / 473/193 B 6 1 408/193 9 103 1864 1899 1 4 9 411 / 1 7 1 / 2 9 179/193 1 158 42 1901 A 9 / 1 332 9 8 5 181/193 4 1 1924 3 / m 3 4 275/193 3 4 175 368 67 1926 6 303/193 277/193 5 0 5 516/193 1905 305/193 5 9 1858 D 6 3 3 3 / 6 453/193 341 127 397 11 1637 1911 4 4 520/193 1 1865 4 9 2 1 / 407/193 379 1 7 1 5 9 1 5 475/193 1927 /1 / 5 182/193 3 417/193 157 102 412 1857 1932 1900 9 9 / 6 3 9 476/193 331 41 3 4 1 184/193 9 3 176 367 1906 1910 3 304/193 302/193 278/193 /1 8 418/193 342 128 68 1851 1931 1928 1912 3 9 280/193 451/193 452/193 514/193 396 12 5 3 3 9 3 /1 515/193 380 1856 1923 0 9 3 9 9 521/193 1907 /1 1 185/193 183/193 7 156 101 413 1930 9 / T 3 522/193 30 1855 1909 3 2 /1 478/193 366 40 1852 6 5 299/193 279/193 281/193 E 3 405/193 477/193 E 343 129 69 1933 1913 1919 58 3 3 3 301/193 9 9 420/193 419/193 513/193 381 395 13 1980 1 5 9 E 3 450/193 4080 1 1 186/193 6 512/193 1853 1929 /1 / / 404/193 1908 9 3 R 3 1 449/193 524/193 523/193 1850 1922 1934 1918 1 3 5 188/193 9 9 178 344 365 39 1914 5 (120 DU/Ha) 3 300/193 T 3 399/193 479/193 130 70 T 1979 1981 8 3 298/193 282/193 5 421/193 T 394 480/193 382 T 1854 6 5 3 284/193 S / 328 14 1935 4 9 1 E 1915 m 422/193 415 187/193 154 E 1978 / E 1 /1 9 447/193 510/193 99 1940 1917 0 400/193 1982 17 X +2913500 9 6 A 3 448/193 511/193 179 345 364 +74500 X +2913500 1936 3 E E TOTAL = 1,4795 Ha 0 5 403/193 525/193 131 38 1939 E , 394/193 71 Y 3 3 297/193 295/193 283/193 285/193 M 526/193 383 393 3 3 1849 1977 9 327 R T 1921 1983 5530 5 R 15 1 1 482/193 5 / A T R 416 153 1970 481/193 T 1916 /1 7 424/193 509/193 346 T 1630 1848 1938 401/193 423/193 3 98 E T T 180 1637 34/138-IR 177 UNITS 9 5 L T 363 1976 393/193 T S 1941 3 3 446/193 508/193 E 132 E 3 1984 296/193 3 E 37 402/193 9 72 392 3 9 528/193 384 E PROPOSED 326 S 294/193 286/193 E E 445/193 527/193 5 S 1971 1 E 8 288/193 9 1 1937 1 M 16 / E R 152 417 5 /1 3 483/193 347 1985 1722 9 / 181 E R 1920 1942 1975 8 T 9 360/193 371/193 392/193 390/193 1 425/193 362 97 R U 3 6 9 484/193 133 M 5 / R D I P S 1972 426/193 5 391 T 3 506/193 325 1969 3 507/193 1617 R 385 73 36

P.O.S. 293/193 291/193 287/193 443/193 1 T 1948 7 172 5 5 N Y 444/193 4 529/193 L 1943 T U 1847

9 370/193 / 348 151 418 S 8 1968 T 17 / I R 61/193 389/193 1973 1991 1 3 372/193 182 A 1846 S 391/193 4 6 530/193

N 5 9 361 1 5 S 96 1944 O R 134 1947 1986 3 S

1 386/193 324 R 1990 486/193 N 1974 6 390 Y E 505/193 485/193 386 3 292/193 4 1967 S 2,1347 Ha 6 290/193 385/193 428/193 427/193 L 74 35 G 1638 B 504/193 349 E 1845 2 I 150 1723 375/193 442/193 D A 1960 5 A / 373/193 388/193 532/193 6 L I 18 S 1641 1946 D 1 183 1989 1724 I 360 5 9 64/193 531/193 419 G 1966 3 441/193 135 L N 95 3 D U 323 R 1992 P 2 387/193 487/193 387 R N 1844 1837 D 172 0 O 3 374/193 . 7 D 289/193 429/193 488/193 350 75 389 34 1945 1961 1988 1 6 376/193 384/193 O O E O L 5 149 1639 ,5 87 3 430/193 502/193 A A

8 W / 503/193 1640 . C 1 365/193 O 19 1965 1 9 439/193 F 1993

6 8 440/193 1843 S 3 379/193 533/193 G G P 1838 1962 M 1959

I 1987 8 5 . O 534/193 F 388 1642 1732 3 380/193 F 351 9 1 6 377/193 148 76 33 O 383/193 1836 1958 1994 6 501/193 490/193 185 F R 1963 2001 / 605/193 A H 1 432/193 489/193 321 137 20 1842 1839 D 9 431/193 500/193 358 a 3 368/193 545/193 378/193 438/193 A A 93 1964 2000 1731 536/193 535/193 D 352 1835 1957 1995 3 32 S 381/193 437/193 31 1690

6 D 77 9 5529 1840 1950 7 M 1730 / 382/193 186 147 30 21 1691 1999 8 T 1 491/193 29 1643 1956 1996

9 546/193 492/193 138 28 5 2002 R 3 544/193 433/193 498/193 499/193 92 1834 1729 1 434/193 320 353 1733 537/193 1951 1998 17 E PROPOSED 435/193 187 436/193 538/193 22 1841 1833 1955 1734 E 3 1689 1949 2003 9 543/193 547/193 549/193 P 146 139 90 91 78 1644 1952 4081 T A 494/193 89 1692 1997 /1 5 NS 497/193 493/193 354 24 23 1735 52/19 Y 541/193 87 88 25 1832 2025 2004 1 P.O.S. 6 3 55 ST 540/193 319 26 1953 2011 0 3 548/193 3/19 R 188 1742

(120 DU/Ha) 6 0 542/193 603/193 3 E 1629 1645 1736 9 9 1688 149/138-IR m 55 ET 539/193 140 27 1954 2010 , 55 6

5 0 6 1 0/1 /19 1693 1828 2024 2005 N 0 A 0 / 93 55 3 557 495/193 81 79 1 , 6 1/19 /193 145 80 O TOTAL = 1,1242 Ha 0 M 5 7 0 3 496/193 355 1831 1741 2,7643 Ha 2 608/193 604/193 1 554/1 560 189 82 2009 2006 1737 R m A 0 /1 93 /193 318 83 1646 2023 2012 L T 6 9 555 561 84 1687 1829 6 /1 E T 0 3 /193 93 141 1740 H E 9 599/1 55 5 85 1694 2008 1743 135 UNITS E / 93 8/193 64/19 144 1827 2022 D E 1 598 5 3 56 86 V R 9 /193 59/1 5/1 190 356 I 1647 1830 2013 1744 R T 3 611/193 59 93 93 1739 A 602/193 5/ 56 S 6 193 2/19 568/1 317 1686 1826 2007 N 1 59 3 93 142 R 1738 0 600/1 4/19 563/1 569/1 1695 2021 1745 O /1 93 3 93 93 2014 R 9 12/193 591 5 5 143 305 1648 1 3 6 597/1 /193 66/19 72/1 191 T D 1825 1816 1752 93 3 93 E R O 304 6 596 590/1 567 573 357 RE 246 2020 1746 6 /1 9 /1 /1 T 303 1824 A m 1 93 3 5 93 93 Y S 1685 2015 3 5 87/1 57 316 S 302 Z D 5531 / 93/1 93 0/193 AN 301 1696 1751 1 B 1 93 5 586 57 P 1649 1823 1817 W 192 2019 5 9 92 /1 1 300 T 8 .L 3 615/193 /193 93 /193 299 2016 1747 4 589 583/1 57 298 E . 6 /1 9 4 P.O.S. 1 93 3 5 /193 E 1815 1750 I 5528 4 6 58 82/1 248 297 1684 1818 2018 1753 /1 18/1 8/19 93 295 296 9 93 61 P 3 579/ 1697 1650 1822 V 3 9/19 R 58 193 249 218 D M 1814 1754 S 0,4917 Ha 3 3 IM 5/1 1749 93 5 S 9 62 R 58 78/1 250 217 1 O 4 9 2017 A 2/ /1 3 T R / 193 S 93 5 251 307 306 1819 1748 6 6 6 E 7 I 1 PROPOSED N 7/ 23/ S 5 5/1 U 40 1804 1755 1 193 193 T 81/1 93 252 308 76 1683 1651 SCALE: 1:50 000 1813 E B 6 R 9 D 620 626 E 3 58 309 245 40 1698 1762 A /1 /1 E 0 253 7 1820 93 93 /1 N 310 5 6 627 T 93 254 E W 21/1 /193 577 311 407 E 1756 F 93 62 /193 255 219 312 4 3403 1821 1812 1805 P.O.S. O 4/19 630/1 576 F 313 407 4078 3 93 6 /19 256 216 3 1682 R 1652 1761 4077 625/ 31/19 3 247 257 314 1803 O 193 6 3 258 L 315 244 4072 1699 1757 294 T 16 28/19 634/ 271 1811 1806 D 19 O 40 0,2148 Ha m 3 62 3 63 270 T 71 ANNEXURE 1 1760 1,3835 Ha 9 5/ E 1802 1763 /1 19 E S B 93 3 269 R T 407 1653 3,1598 Ha S 632 638 ST 0 . /1 /1 220 W 1681 T L 40 93 93 268 PPY 406 1807 1764 m . 3 63 639 O E 9 1700 1810 1759 83 1 3/1 /19 267 215 P Y HOLDING 1 15 R 0 (12 93 63 3 243 4068 1801 0 6/ 64 266 E 1758 E D 19 2/19 E 1654 0 S U 3 63 3 6 265 283 406 P 1808ERF NO. OF NO.1765 OF AREA E , S TO /H 7/1 43/1 282 7 T a 93 93 R 281 1680 ZONING 1772 % 5 A ) 264 R 406 1800 T E L 640/1 280 6 1701 P 2 C = 0 93 263 221 279 40 1766 6 NO. ERVEN UNITS (Ha) 6 T 5 1 C ,68 41/1 262 278 1655 1809 6 93 214 S 242 O 6 T A 82 4 H 644 P 261 277 4064 1799 1771 U a /193 RIM 260 276 S , N T 40 1679 P 0 E O IT 194 RO 259 275 63 4087-4456, 4459-4588, 1767 0 E N S 195 S 273 274 40 1702 1770 E R 62 1656 S 284 R 1798 1773 m R m 196 TR 222 406 4590-4909, 4911-4940, 1420 1420 10,4554 14,01 D 5526 m E 1 "RESIDENTIAL 2" (68,45m² - 94,35m²) 0 197 E 241 m S E 1774 E O 0 T 0 0 198 T 4060 1678 1797 1769 1 0 213 W 4943-5192 & 5199-5518 , 4 O ,0 S 03 199 E 4059 1703 1657 1768 S 4 S 2 ( 200 W 1775 6 N 0,7299 Ha 12 290 405 W A 0 201 T 8 1782 1 A DU 40 1796 T C O T m 202 223 57 L E M R 1 OT /Ha AT 212 292 291 285 240 1677 1658 1776 T 6 A ) 0 C 203 272 40 A L H 293 L 56 1704 4036-4076 41 41 0,5100 A 0 0,68 C U m m = W FL 204 "RESIDENTIAL 2" (DUPLEX) (±125m²)1795 0 , Y 40 1781 S L 0 B ,8 205 55 A A S F 19 O 3 T 0 .L 9 4 R 206 40 1777 L G , 8 1 E 5 H R 4 . U a E 207 286 1676 1659 6 N T 8 P I 1 224 N 239 405 1783 1780 T R E 3 1 289 3 34/138-IR 1 S ,0 208 1705 0 6 209 288 A 4 C m U 05 1 2 1784 E 4029-4035, 4079-4082 & Y 1794 1779 A 211 405 C 4 1 1660 210 S 17 2174 5524 L 03 40 "RESIDENTIAL 4" (@ 120 DU/Ha) 1778 18,1670 24,34 4082 A 3 287 50 1675 1785 P (1 5525 L 20 238 404 1706 5519-5524 D 225 9 9 1792 P U 1 (120 DU/Ha) TO / 40 1661 (120 DU/Ha) H 6 48 1786 0,2318 Ha m T a A ) 1 M S 226 0 L 4 = 227 047 0 1 O 1674 TOTAL = 1,1551 Ha , W ,01 228 4046 1791 4 9 TOTAL = 0,8755 Ha S S 1 8 237 1787 3 N/A 3,2035 22 H 229 4045 1662 "COMMUNITY FACILITY" 4084-4085 & 5194 4,29 S UN a 230 IT 404 1707 O 138 UNITS S 40 231 4 1790 105 UNITS L PR 34 232 404 E O (1 3 1673 B P 2 233 4 D O 0 D 042 1663 S U 234 0 U R E T / 4 1789 O H 2 0 T m D T a 235 41 6 I E G A ) 236 0 R L 4 W V E = 1 040 "INSTITUTIONAL" 4457 & 55261788 2 N/A 0,9356 1,25 HOLDING 2 4083 0 Y 0 S R W , 5523 WO ,83 403 1664 E 6 5 9 O O 7 m S D H 4 1 0 0 L 1 a 38 D 0,8621 Ha 0 N R 00 , F I U 40 E V C 3 3404 6 O (120 DU/Ha) E NI 7 I Y ( T 4 1672 1665 C S 0 T K1 35 4036 A 2 N A 9) (1 5 m 2 E L TOTAL = 1,0697 Ha N/A 2,4418 M 1 0 4077 & 5196 2 3,27 1 S 6 "BUSINESS 2"1710 T ,2 0 m DU P 1 T E m 0 B O /H 1666 - , W . T R 56 L. A a) , 4 S L 128 UNITS 06m = 0,9 5522 119 933 H 1667 4078, 4083, 4086, 4458, 4589, 4910, SAN UNIT a HOLDING 3 DW (120 DU/Ha) S "MUNICIPAL" 4941-4942, 5193, 5195, 13 N/A 3,2977 4,42 1582 4086 OO 1668 5197-5198 & 5525 D TOTAL = 0,9332 Ha 0,0797 Ha ST Y m R L 0 5521 D 4084 L E 111 UNITS 0 1669 E I , 1671 A T 1670 O 5 2 L 6 794 "PUBLIC OPEN SPACE" 5527-5602 76 N/A 13,9216 18,65 1 7 5 0 1 (120 DU/Ha) 3 R 8 PRIMARY SCHOOL 9 , 0 2 R 1 2 0 582 3 P 1 8 4 6 8 5 8 . 0 9 O 9 E 9 9 E 9 9 m 0 0 . 0 S 0 9 m 0 7 0 , 0 2 . G 0 0 0 T 4 4 4 8 4 4 9 4 0 9 C 0 4 4 9 5 4 R TOTAL = 2,6991 Ha 4 9 0 TOTAL = 0,8171 Ha H A 0 9 1 0 4 a 0 0 2 A E , 0 0 3 1 4 4 1 0 5 4 4 L B 6 1 0 5 W 9 4 1 0 6 0 4 1 0 5520 L 1 4 1 P 0 7 98 UNITS 4 1 8 N/A N/A N/A 21,7152 9 "STREETS" / "ROADS" 29,09 4 0 1 E 2 3 6 4 1 0 4 0 5 0 E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 I C 1 1 1 C 4 6 4 H 4 4 1 8 4 4 (120 DU/Ha) 5 4 4 1 4 3 I 4 9 E HOLDING 14 2 1 C 0 1 A 6 9 7 0 8 6 6 4 6 K 1 6 1 1 6 6 1 5 2 5 P 2 H 1 1 5 L 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 E 3 1 4 4 1 1 2 1 4 4 4 A 4 - 4 1 4 1 5 2 4 4 5 P 4 5 4 4 1 6 4 4 2 5 3 S 4 1 2 TOTAL = 1,7358 Ha 4 T 4 5 R 1 1 2 EE 2 N 1 T 4 4 5 1 1 10 , 4 1 0

5 0 793 0 m 4 4 1 4 1 W 5 9 3 9 74,6478 100,00 4 1574 3635 O 1 5 0 TOTAL 8 1 E 2 1 4 1 7 7 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 6 8 7 7 8 5 1 4 6 T 9 7 7 O 0 4 7 1 1 7 2 3 5 7 4 4 4 7 6 6 3 7 X 6 5 4 1 2 4 6 1 4 7 208 UNITS 0 4 4 5553 7 7 4 9 7 5 9 4 4 4 S L 7 4 8 7 4 4 4 7 4 1 7 4 4 4 1 4 4 P.O.S. 1 7 I 1 7 4 1 4 4 0 1 3 4 4 1 1 3 4 4 7 1 1 1 3 4 I 1 1 4 1 L 1 4 4 8 1 1 4 6 1 4 4 8 7 1 2 4 4 1 1 S 4 9 4 4 4 4 8 M 4 4 4 3 4 5 7 4 1 1 0 4 4 5 4 0,3393 Ha 4 8 A 4 3 4 1 7 1 4 4 4 6 4 1 8 5 8 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 R T 4 8 m 1 8 3 6 1 3 2 4 6 4 4 1 1 3 4 8 7 8 4 1 4 4 8 M 4 1 5 1 3 8 4942 8 0 B E 5 4 4 4 8 1793 I 4 3 4 1 1 8 6 3 4 4 9 4 4 9 . 1 1 3 8 N 8 0 8 4 5 4 1 L 4 4 1 2 1 7 7 3 0,0417 Ha 5 2 4 4 G 8 5 4 8 6 8 S . 4 1 1 8 2 9 7 9 4 9 0 4 9 1 4 A 4 1 9 2 9 3 6 2 9 8 4 5 4 9 N G 4 1 8 5 1 4 9 8 5519 m 4 9 4 4 9 9 4 4 9 D 4 4 9 4 9 9 4 9 4 4 1 1 4 1 9 8 W 7 1 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 4 4 1 0 7 4 0 ANNEXURE 2 - GENERAL NOTES 1 6 C 4 O 1 5 4 4 4 9 8 4 6 4 3 1 4 4 4 9 2 H 1 4 1 9 O 4 4 9 4 0 0 4 5 4 2 R 4 4 3 4 I 4 4 2 9 0 4 C D 1 7 4 4 0 3 X +2914000 0 4 X +2914000 7 0 4 4 9 A 9 5 4 8 1 1 5 4 K 5 0 4 4 5 3 4 L 1 5 4 S 5 4 0 P 4 2 , 5 8 5 0 4 P 5 5 (120 DU/Ha) 3 1 5 T 3 4 4 2 3 0 5 E 4 5 A 2 3 3 4 2 H 0 2 4 4 6 R 4 2 2 4 2 6 0 4 5 A 4 4 7 5 2 4 0 2 4 2 I 4 7 7 4 E 3 2 N 2 4 0 4 4 6 5 8 1 4 5 5 6 0 4 0 4 S 9 4 2 5 E 2 3 T E 4 4 0 6 5 R 4 5 8 4 7 3 E 0 6 4 4 E I 4 8 5 3 4 4 2 T T 5 0 5 3 4 1 4 8 4 5 C 0 5 8 3 R 4 5 ,0 0 7 5 5533 3 E 2 6 0 7 5 3 m 4 L S 3 7 7 1 5 7 1 4 C 0 3 E 4 1 5 7 6 2 2 N 9 7 2 3 6 T 2 4 9 2 9 7 2 1 5 9 1 0 4 4 3 1 , 4 5 9 P , 0 3 5 9 0 4 m 5 1 9 . 0 2 5 4 9 O 3 9 0 4 2 5 3 4 1 W 4 . 0 4 4 0 S 2 3 4 7 9 4 5 4 4 9 . TOTAL = 2,0632 Ha 9 P.O.S. 4 9 5 3 4 0 0 m D 4 4 , 2 4 4 5 4 4 7 3 8 1. MIN. SIZE OF RESIDENTIAL 2 ERVEN = ± 68,45 m². 3 8 0 5 8 9 4 1 3 3 S 4 2 7 T 2 2 2 3 4 7 4 5 7 9 7 8 0 5 2 6 5 4 2 4 6 8 5 4 9 H 6 5 7 4 4 6 8 2 5 3 9 5 7 9 2 a 0 4 5 5 2 1 9 1 2 5 9 5 4 0 2 5 2 6 A 0,4942 Ha 2 4 2 6 3 5 6 2 4 4 4 3 5 4 4 W 5 5 2 2 9 4 5 2 4 5 1 5 2 6 4 0 5 5 9 2 5 5 5 5 2 9 7 2 5 4 E 5 4 A 8 5 2 5 2 5 9 6 5 2 5 5 5 1 4 5 2 5 5 8 2 2 5 5 4 5 4 4 2 7 2 5 9 3 S 4 0 2 6 2 2 5 5 2 1 4 2 4 5 Y 4 5 5 2 2 1 4 5 4 4 2 4 9 2 2 1 1 4 6 2 4 2 4 7 2 4 2 4 4 8 2 6 5 4 5 4 4 4 9 247 UNITS 6 1 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 5 2 E 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 9 4 6 4 9 4 4 5 3 1 4 4 4 5 1 m 4 4 5 0 5 4 2 5 0 0 4 6 4 9 4 4 5 8 1 4 1 4 5 4 7 5 4 4 5 6 2 1 6 5 4 9 6 5 3 O 0 4 2 5 1 3 6 4 L 1 4 4 4 6 4085 6 3 5 5 2 6 5 5 4 4 6 1 5 2 6 1 R 4 2 5 2 2 5 5 4 4 5 3 6 5 0 4 7 5 1 9 4 9 2 4 9 9 5 2. MAX. SIZE OF RESIDENTIAL 2 ERVEN = ±126,43 m². 2 6 1 4 1 9 4 1 5 6 8 5 4 9 , 5 1 9 2 I 4 2 9 2 1 0 6 5 0 4 5 9 5 4 9 6 5 4 4 4 4 2 5 1 9 4 1 3 4 2 6 6 4 9 N 4 3 9 T 5 4 1 4 4 9 4 6 5 4 4 2 2 5 1 4 4 5 R 6 1 8 4 0 5 4 0 5 4 6 4 1 5 7 4 2 A 5 2 4 2 7 7 3 8 HOLDING 4 0 4 4 0 9 5 2 6 5 4 8 0 L 9 4 5 4 6 6 8 5 8 1 CRECHE 2 8 2 0 7 7 8 4 5 5 9 4 8 7 4 8 P 8 5 9 0 4 7 8 4 1 7 E 2 2 S 7 8 9 3 0 7 9 H 4 7 6 4 6 7 4 5 9 9 C 6 5 4 5 7 9 9 9 4 2 2 9 9 6 4 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 I 6 7 4 5 9 7 4 9 4 4 5 N 9 O 7 9 5 4 5 9 5 7 0 4 HOLDING 15 2 7 5 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 E 9 2 7 7 4 4 2 9 7 4 4 4 4 9 4 L N 2 1 4 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 4 4 9 2 4 9 3 4 8 4 2 8 4 4 5 2 7 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 E 4 5 C 9 R 9 4 4 4 8 6 E 4 0,3860 Ha 4 P 3 3 4 2 7 0 5 S 4 9 2 2 A C 4 4 5 F 4 2 1 5 E 9 4 9 4 2 4 8 9 7 N 3 4 7 2 L 4 T 4 2 0 2 9 1 4 8 1 L 2 5 9 0 9 0 2 8 7 8 , 2 9 7 P 0 3. CONTOURS HAVE 1m INTERVALS. 7 2 5 0 2 8 m 2 1 6 2 4 9 4 2 4 4 6 2 5 9 2 O 6 H 2 6 8 9 2 6 A 8 6 4 4 2 2 6 4 9 4 9 2 6 9 I 5 8 9 8 1 2 8 3 6 7 0 3 1 W O 6 N 7 4 3 3 1 3 4 4 9 3 4 4 4 5 8 9 7 3 2 4 8 1 6 3 8 8 4 6 E 5 I 4 4 4 8 4 3 4 9 2 4 6 4 5 3 3 4 2 0 4 E 2 4 8 2 3 1 4 8 5 4 7 4 1 1 9 4 5 4 9 0 4 1 4 5 1 5 0 3 4 C 0 1 4 3 2 6 R 1 4 R 8 1 8 9 6 E 4 1 4 5 4 8 0 5 S 4 1 4 4 4 C 5 7 1 0 5 4 1 2 E 6 8 1 3 6 1 R N 6 5 4 5 1 4 6 5 7 T 4 6 4 0 5 8 5 0 4 5 1 6 5 2 6 0 5 9 8 9 1 0 2 5 1 R , 5 5 5 0 3 8 4 0 0 1 5 4 O 0 4 5 5 m 0 5 A 4 5 2 6 5 1 D 5 1 5 0 5 3 0 0 5 3 2 3 0 5 5 1 0 5 0 5 2 0 4 4 4 0 0 5 7 C 3 6 0 , 1 1 5 1 0 0 5 5 1 0 5 2 0 0 1 5 0 542 m 0 0 1 5 4 2 4 0 0 6 3 6 4 0 5 5 1 D 1 0 0 4 0 5 1 5 1 0 3 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 6 5 0 5 3 0 0 5 1 1 5 0 0 9 5 5 0 5 5 5 0 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 6 9 5 5 5 1 4 2 1 5 0 4 8 9 5 5 5 3 8 5 0 7 4 4 4 8 5 1 3 5 3 5 6 7 7 5 5 5 0 6 8 9 1 6 0 5 4. CONTOUR DATUM = SEA LEVEL. 3 7 8 5 5 0 4 6 3 8 4 0 2 9 3 0 3 6 4 4 1 0 3 7 6 5 5 5 N 3 5 2 0 1 3 0 1 5 0 2 4 3 4 1 3 3 5 0 0 7 1 4 3 0 4 2 4 6 3 0 0 7 5 3 6 5 2 5 5 0 2 W 0 6 3 5 9 0 2 4 1 4 6 0 5 0 3 6 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 6 0 7 6 4 8 5 3 0 9 6 0 5 0 5 9 I 3 4 0 8 6 6 5 0 0 3 6 0 0 1 3 0 6 6 9 4 6 9 5 3 0 6 4 3 0 6 6 5 5 3 0 4 6 5 5 0 3 3 4 1 5 0 3 7 3 0 4 6 0 3 7 1 3 9 4 4 6 4 0 m 8 4 4 5 3 3 9 6 6 5 4 4 4 5 3 3 9 2 8 5 0 3 4 4 0 9 3 3 1 3 4 4 4 1 7 4 3 4 5 3 4 6 9 5 6 4 0 4 5 4 3 4 5 5 4 8 O 3 4 7 2 0 2 4 2 0 5 2 4 6 4 3 4 3 4 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 2 4 9 5 5 9 4 4 6 5 9 1 9 4 6 1 0 4 4 4 0 2 9 0 4 0 4 2 0 5 4 9 4 4 6 9 9 V 3 0 4 4 5 5 9 5 5 8 5 0 9 4 5 6 7 4 6 9 4 4 2 9 6 5 4 5 3 3 9 4 9 9 0 4 5 4 3 1 6 4 5 4 0 4 9 4 4 5 4 8 4 4 3 4 3 6 5 4 3 4 9 4 9 5 5 4 N 2 4 N 7 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 6 5 5 3 0 4 3 4 4 9 4 8 9 0 5 0 4 3 2 2 2 0 0 3 2 9 5 4 4 4 4 5 0 5 3 2 6 9 5 0 5 8 4 5 9 4 9 0 5 5 4 4 1 1 20,00m ROAD IGH 0 , 0 5 5 4 4 4 0 1 5 3 2 6 5 0 0 2 4 4 9 5 1 3 5 O 9 5 A 5 5 3 4 5. CONTOURS SUPPLIED BY BIGEN AFRICA. 0 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 0 4 5 3 7 3 6 5 5 0 3 6 8 6 2 S 5 L O 4 9 9 0 7 4 9 4 4 5 4 8 5 5 0 4 5 4 4 4 1 4 6 4 6 3 6 2 5 5 3 4 P 2 7 A 4 9 9 3 9 8 4 8 4 6 4 8 K 7 9 4 3 4 4 5 4 5 6 0 2 L 4 H 5 2 7 6 1 3 4 4 5 8 7 9 6 0 8 5 4 4 5 8 6 5 4 4 R 8 H 6 4 8 4 9 4 6 5 4 P 0 4 4 4 6 2 4 3 0 5 2 5 8 I 6 7 4 1 8 C 5 9 4 6 4 N 4 2 5 4 5 7 H 0 4 8 3 4 5 7 2 4 3 2 5 4 4 6 0 6 5 C O 0 7 5 4 5 8 6 5 0 0 1 E 4 5 5 5 8 4 6 5 0 0 4 3 5 4 6 6 3 I 5 2 2 0 2 8 5 4 0 5 4 6 5 5 5 5 0 N 1 5 N 6 5 4 O 5 0 5 5 5 T 5 6 0 4 8 R 4 0 5 1 5 6 4 5 2 1 3 5 6 5 E 4 5 4 5 C 4 3 5 E 4 5 R 8 3 9 4 5 4 3 4 2 4 0 0 3 5 E 0 N 3 5 5 2 7 4 2 S 4 3 6 5 7 C 5 4 4 9 4 9 3 F 5 5 5 E 8 4 5 3 8 5 0 5 N 4 3 7 2 5 4 3 T H E 4 6 4 C 5 6 L R 9 1 4 4 5 7 2 E 5 4 0 8 4 4 6 0 , 4 8 8 S 5 0 3 3 4 0 5 4 4 6 2 0 O C 2 m 5 4 5 E T 4 4 F 4 5 6 1 7 0 N 5 4 5 3 4 9 6 4 7 T 0 5 7 2 4 6 1 5 5 1 6 W 0 0 7 5 5 4 0 L 5 6 , 5 4 7 8 0 9 P 0 9 0 6 0 5 0 8 m 6 6 6 5 E 0 5 0 6 6 5 0 O 4 6 7 5 0 4 5 6 6 E 9 9 0 3 1 6 5 0 6 5 5 0 5 7 5 4 0 3 6 7 5 9 6 6 R 0 8 4 8 6. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM = WG29 . 2 5 4 9 W 6 5 E 5 4 9 6 0 4 4 3 4 4 7 5 4 6 4 4 4 5 1 7 9 4 3 5 6 5 N 4 4589 5 5 4 4 4 4 6 4 0 2 4 3 6 3 2 8 5 6 4 3 4 0 5 3 E 1 4 4 4 2 5 9 5 2 4 4 3 1 4 4 0 3 3 R 1 8 3 3 0 5 4 6 O 5 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 A 0 3 5 R 9 3 8 4 5 D 5 5 6 4 8 0 3 4 3 6 1 4 3 5 6 7 6 7 4 4 0 6 8 5 E 3 6 9 , 6 0 4 5 3 6 3 4 0 5 7 6 1 4 5561 4 0 3 3 m 4 8 4 5 4 6 0,1241 Ha 4 4 2 6 9 4 8 6 9 3 8 0 2 4 6 3 R 3 5 4 4 4 8 1 6 R O 3 5 3 4 4 A 3 8 4 4 4 6 6 3 8 4 4 9 D 8 5 0 4 4 3 2 4 1 3 5 4 1 1 2 8 7 9 3 1 3 5 4 0 1 8 3 9 5 5 4 9 , 1 0 0 9 5 4 2 4 1 4 1 5 0 0 5 5 m 1 0 9 5 6 5 0 R 3 1 5 9 0 5 1 1 5 5 0 P.O.S. 0 2 0 5 4 0 3 5 3 5 O 4 5 5 0 5 5 3 4 4 5 0 3 3 5 6 9 5 0 5 5 9 5 5 1 0 2 1 5 5 4 4 4 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 9 5 5 5 0 4 4 8 9 5 2 2 5 3 4 3 4 5 9 0 5 3 5 8 7 1 8 5 T 4 2 2 4 7 3 A 4 6 5 1 4 3 8 0,2961 Ha 2 7 8 9 6 5 5 4 7 4 2 1 1 4 5 1 5 9 5 4 1 3 4 2 0 7 6 7 8 3 6 4 2 5 2 5 5 0 0 5 5 7. THE CONTOURS ARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH REGULATION 18(1) 4 3 1 1 9 5 4 0 2 8 7 8 9 7 5 4 2 9 6 8 2 D 8 5 5 4 8 1 0 9 S 0 5 4 8 2 9 5 4 7 8 4 5 5 2 7 4 3 8 5 0 5 5 8 1 3 9 4 7 7 2 0 5 4 8 7 8 7 3 3 5 1 E 3 7 5 0 5 3 1 2 8 9 5 7 4 3 5 1 4 6 6 7 3 5 5 8 3 5 0 5 1 2 0 2 4 4 4 3 5 3 K 3 2 2 0 4 9 7 4 5 1 1 9 6 5 0 1 5 4 1 1 0 0 5 4 1 4 4 4 3 0 9 0 9 4 5 5 1 HOLDING 16 4 5 8 1 1 5 5 0 4 7 1 6 1 4 3 0 0 5 2 5 5 R 1 4 1 5 1 2 4 1 4 1 5 4 2 4 0 V 7 1 4 8 4 4 5 4 1 5 1 4 4 2 4 4 1 1 5 4 OF THE TOWN-PLANNING AND TOWNSHIPS ORDINANCE, 1986. 4 7 1 4 1 1 4 3 1 5 1 5 3 1 1 2 7 I 1 9 5 1 5 4 4 M 5 5 4 7 CONEFLOWER ROAD 16,00m 1 5 3 4 0 1 2 1 5 5 4 8 1 6 0 5 1 E 4 3 1 5 4 5 7 A 1 2 5 5 2 1 1 1 3 A 0 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 1 5 P 5 1 8 4 6 7 5 5 6 L 8 1 0 5 0 7 0 5 6 D 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 L 5 6 P 4 7 9 1 9 6 4 0 1 5 6 3 0 7 4 3 E 6 4 4 7 5585 1 6 H 4 8 1 8 1 3 6 0 R 1 5 3 6 2 4 3 8 8 W 1 3 4 4 9 3 6 7 0 3 I 5 5 4 0 5 7 3 9 0 1 3 N 1 4 2 3 4 3 3 1 W 5 6 0 3 4 6 1 4 6 O 5 0 6 1 5 5 E 0 5 8 1 4 5 5 4 4 3 1 7 5 5 2 P.O.S. 0 3 4 5 5 5 0 9 2 6 O 5 0 5 E 2 3 2 5 4 3 5 1 5 6 5 2 0 5 1 4 4 2 D 4 C 0 4 R 5 4 2 4 5 4 1 3 7 E 5 D 4 0 5 2 S 4 4 4 9 4 C 5 E 9 1 4 4 3 5 1 N 5 4 7 7 27/138-IR 4 4 0 O 3 3 T 4 4 0,1505 Ha 5 C 1 4 R 0 5 3 4 E 1 7 ,0 5 4 4 S 6 0 4 4 4 m

4 6 CE 0 5

4 8 N 5 5 3 9 8. ALL AREAS AND DIMENSIONS ARE APPROXIMATE AND 4 1 7 5 3 4 4 4 T 5

2 0 1 7 10 5 5 S R 9 9 , 5 3

0 1 4 00 7

8 m L 6

2 1 8 9

7 5

O 4 0 2 5 1 3 6 1 7

8 3 1 4 7

1 5

5 2 9 5 9

2 7 4 5

S 1 6 3 5 3

4 8 5 1 8 8 Z

7 5 9 7 3 5 4 4

4 7 8 6 0 0

3 9 5

0 4 8 5

E 2 7 9 5 7 3 9

7 9 0 6 1 5

3 8 6 7

8 9 0 4 5 0 2

4 7 8 7 9 1 5

9 3 7 0 F 4 5

B 3 1 8 5 3 0

8 6 3

6 9

7 0 1 2 1

4 4 6 8 5 2 7 9 4 6 0 1 9 2

7 5

A 3 4 6 6 8 5 0 5 3

9 6

6 7 0 5 3

4 7 6 7 5 3 4

8 6 7 1 5 9 7

4 6 0 5 5

6 7 6 8

4 8 6 7 5 5 7

Y 3 6 0 5 8 7

6 4 5 O 7 6

6 5 4 7 5 8

0 1 5 5 T

4 4 6 6 8

6 4 7 6 5

4 6 5 5 8

6 4 6 7 7 3 3 6

C 3 4 4 3 5 8

R 4 6 5 8 4 8

5 4 4 4 7 1 9 3 3 8

E 4 8 SUBJECT TO FINAL SURVEY.

4 4 5 0 2 3

4 6

S 4 4 4 4 7 6

C 3 4 5 1 3 3 8 4 N 3

E 4 4 5 5 3 3 8

6 3

N 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 3

T 4 6 4 5 3

4 4 7 5 3

1 4 5 5 7

0 4 5 1 5 3 4 4 H 5 3 9

, I 5 3

0 4 6 5 0 4 4 4 3 4 3 m 1 6 5 5 5

HOLDING 5 5 1 6 5 1 6 5

1 5 4 4 5 1 3 5 5 5 5 3 E 4 1 4 5 5

1 5 0 P 4 4 4 5 1 5 4 1 5 8 5 4 4 5550 5 3 1 5 5 5 5 1 4 3 5 4 9 5 6 3 9 2 5 5 5 5 3 4 6 4 2 3 9 3 8 6 W 5 5 3 4 4 3 9 5 6 1 4 7 1 7 5 6 3 4 5 3 5 9 4 m 1 0 P.O.S. 6 5 3 0 6 8 5 5 5 M 2 0 3 9 3 6 1 9 , 4 9 1 6 0 0 6 5 6 9 O 6 1 9 5 3 5 6 1 5 5 4 3 9 6 R T 1 T 5 7 6 O 9 6 6 N 5 8 8 0 5 6 S E 0 3 5 3 3 8 4 6 E 1 3 9 4 C , 4 5 6 5 4 B 0 1 7 5 S 3 6 3 4 A 5 E 5 5 9 0,1503 Ha 4 4 1 2 LINE OF NO ACCESS Y 7 4 4 R 2 3 4 5 5 4 1 2 3 4 C 5 3 1 9 5 1 4 3 0 9 8 1 7 4 5 3 3 5 0 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 9 1 3 8 3 4 H 7 5 4 7 6 3 5 4 R 9 5 3 5 3

a 3 3 9 4 1 0 3 1708 3 2 9 5 3 5 3

9 9 8 M 8

H 5 5 3 8 0 3

4 8 3 a 1 8 8 3

8 8 1 A 3

6 2 1 8 2 5 5

7 7 1 9 5

1 1 8

1 5 7 . 2 6 6

2 4 1 P 5

5 5 5 3 5

5 3 1 5 2

3 4 1 4 1 5

4 4 6 2 6

3 1 1 1 5

5 3 2 3 1 2 L 5

7 I 5 1

3 1 3

6 2 2 4 2 5 4

0 8 0 5 2

4 4 3 1 1 1 5 8 5 5 7 9

2 E

4 3 1 5 7 7 6 8 8 H 2 4 5 1 0 8 P

G 5 8 7

3 1

7 4 2 7 2

7 7 5 8 5 3 4 S

4 3 7 1 5 8 8 W 4

3 2 5

7 7 7 7 9 8

4 7 1 7 7 3 8

2 3

7 7 3 7 1 2

4 2 7 8

4 7 8 3

7 7 8

4 .

4 2 7 3 7 7 1 1 8 2 8 O 4 8 7

7 2 3 8

4 2 8

4 4 7 4 7 5 1 2 2

7 7

HOLDING 13 4 4 2

7 2

1 4 7 4 4 7

7 4

4 7 7 7 2 9 O 5 5 3

7 4

4 4 4 4 2 2 0

4 4 H 2

1 4 4 4 1 1 1

7 2 4 4 7

0 4 5

4 7 4 6 5

4 4 4 5 5 5 D 3

4 4 7 4 7 5 2

4 4 5 1 0

4 7 7 5 5

9 4 4 4 5 2 0 5

4 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 9 16m BUILDING LINE 4 5 9

5 4 4 8 5 1 5 8 2 O 566 8 4 7 5 7

4 4 5 4 1 CR 5 3 2 7 4 4 1 3 . 3 7 9 E

4 4 2 S 5 5 4 4 5 C 3 4 5 5 E 5 3 1 8 9 564 R 7 2 N 1 3 T 5 4 5 1 3 4 5 1 0 2 9 0,0 9 5 3 7 4 0m 5 4 M 5 4 APL 1 2 9 5 P EW 5 5 3

4 5 O 5 5 5 2 4458 9 O 9 5 D 9 6 0 O

7 4 4 9 C 5 1 5 2 9

1 8 1 7 ,

2 7 2 R 5 5 6

8 8 2 8

3 3 5 9

7 565

8 7 5 6 E 4 4 5

563

6 5 4 8 7 2 9

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4 7 5 9

5 6 S 5 6

4 6 8 6 0 2 4

7 A 5

9 6 8 4

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1 0

3 6 9 8 9 C 3 2 0

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4 9 2 5 6 8 7 1 9

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51 5 2 2. ERVEN 4029, 4032, 4033, 4034 AND 4085 ARE SUBJECT TO A 4,00m WIDE STORM WATER 0

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4 5 4 4 5 82 OF THE LOCAL AUTHORITY, AS INDICATED ON THE GENERAL PLAN. CL 0,00m HIG OUDBER CENT 1 H R RY CRES OAD HOLDING 18 S N O 5196 W D R 1,0583 Ha O P S T R 4941 E E T 1,1601 Ha 1 15 3 85 ,0 0 R/5/134-IR HOLDING 23 m 15 HOLDING 7 81

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F X +2914500 A X +2914500 N O O R R Figure 1 Site development plan and localityHOLDING 20 map of the greenfield township development 111 T HOLDING 8 A HOLDING 27 H N E R R N PLANKONSULT HOLDING 9 O R L O A HOLDING 10 D 110 HOLDING 26

D HOLDING 104 HOLDING 22 A O R R/134-IR 6/134-IR E Table 1 PCSWMM input parametersL for pre-development P SCALE 1 : 2 000 A occupies an area of ~75 Ha and is to ac- HOLDING 25 M PTN. 1 / HOLDING 29 HOLDING 21 TW +74500 0 40 80 120m

I Y CA ST OPY RIGHT HELD BY PLANKONSULT RESBE R C E ROA R / HOLDING 29 O 105 D A +76000 +75500 +75000 D 57/138-IR commodateY 1 574 mixed-use erven. The Y HOLDING 30 Y Value 12/134-IR 106 Model parameter Units 107 case study area has a gentle slope with a Impervious Pervious slight fall to the southwest, towards the Flow length m 2 050 road on the southern boundary. The unde- veloped site is covered with veld grasslands. Imperviousness % 0 100 Slope % 0.10 PRE- AND CONVENTIONAL POST- DEVELOPMENT RUN-OFF Manning’s n 0.01 0.10 Depression storage mm 1.27 2.54 Due to the size and potential complexity of stormwater management within the Green-Ampt suction head mm n/a 290.07 greenfield development, the first task was Green-Ampt conductivity mm/h n/a 0.51 to model pre- and post-development (con- Green-Ampt initial moisture deficit fraction n/a 0.23 ventional and WSUD) runoff. PCSWMM was employed for this task and a simulation of the model was undertaken. 1994 to 28 August 2016 (8 728 days, i.e. impact of climate and land use change. In the model, total precipitation equaled ~12 years), at 5-minute intervals, was Event-based rainfall runoff models are the cumulative of infiltration, runoff, obtained from the South African Weather applied to infrastructure designs where evapo-transpiration and depression storage Services. Figure 2 shows rainfall and mod- a storm design is required to achieve the within the development. The runoff coef- elled runoff during this period. design hydrograph, generally catering for ficient represents the ratio of total runoff The highest rainfall intensity maximum and extreme events (Sordo- to total precipitation, and the runoff and (11.6 mm/hr) occurred on 12 September Ward et al 2016). In this case study, the routing continuity errors were less than 1%. 2001 and lasted for one hour. The con- WSUD design was undertaken using Table 1 presents input into PCSWMM for tinuous pre-development rainfall runoff event-based rainfall modelling to match the pre-development condition. The closest model in Figure 2 assumes that the future the conventional design. weather station to the development was trend will be the same as the past, and The development was simulated using at the OR Tambo International Airport. this is useful for long-term purposes such design storms for various recurrence Rainfall data for the period 19 October as the estimation of design discharges and intervals. Input for this simulation (i.e.

22 June 2020 Civil Engineering 12 10 8 6 4

Rainfall (mm/hr) 2 0 0.35

0.30

0.25 /s)

3 0.20

0.15 Runoff (m

0.10

0.05

0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Date/Time

Figure 2 Pre-development rainfall and runoff

Table 2 Pre- and conventional post-development runoff rainfall depth and recurrence interval) Recurrence Probability of Conventional post- was obtained for an SCS Type 3 storm Rainfall Pre-development interval occurrence in 3 development peak from Smithers and Schulze (2012), and (mm) peak runoff (m /s) 3 (years) one year (%) runoff (m /s) pre- and conventional post-development 2 50 56.80 2.26 24.91 peak runoff calculated (Table 2). The target recurrence interval for the development 5 20 78.30 4.06 35.49 is the 10-year design storm as required by DHS and CSIR (2019), and agreed to by the 10 10 94.70 5.59 43.58 municipality, taking into consideration the 20 4 112.10 7.34 52.17 development characteristics. After computing detention, infiltra- 50 2 137.50 10.41 64.80 tion and evapo-transpiration, PCSWMM 100 1 158.8 13.19 75.41 computes runoff. A flow-duration curve, which illustrates the frequency of occurrence of various rates of flow, is the cumulative frequency curve prepared by 45 arranging all discharges in order of mag- 40 nitude and subdividing them according 35 Conventional post-development to the percentages of time during which

/s) 30 3 specific flows are equalled or exceeded. 25 When utilising flow-duration curves, 20 all chronologic order or sequence is lost

Runoff (m 15 (Cheremisinoff 1997). The cumulative du- 10 Pre-development 5 ration for which individual discharge rates 0 are exceeded under both pre- and post- 0.01 0.1 1 10 development conditions are compared. Duration of exceedance (hr) Figure 3 represents pre- and conventional post-development runoff flow- Figure 3 Pre- and conventional post-development runoff flow-duration curves duration curves.

Civil Engineering June 2020 23 WSUD POST-DEVELOPMENT RUN-OFF Three WSUD scenarios were modelled 45 40 to arrive at the best combination of Conventional post-development 35 WSUD interventions for the greenfield

/s) 30 Post-development (with RWH) development. 3 25 WSUD Scenario 1: Post-development 20 (with rainwater harvesting, RWH) Runoff (m 15 10 Pre-development An annual average daily potable water 5 demand of 37.57 ℓ/s and peak demand of 0 76.82 ℓ/s were calculated for the develop- 0.01 0.1 1 10 ment. The harvesting and use of rainwater Duration of exceedance (hr) for non-potable water end uses (e.g. toilet flushing, laundry, household cleaning, Figure 4 Scenario 1: Pre- and post-development (with RWH) runoff flow-duration curves

45 Conventional post-development Conventional post-development 40 Pre-development 35 Post-development (with RWH) Post-development (with RWH) 30 /s) 3 25

20 Runoff (m 15

5 Pre-development

0 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 Tue 12 Nov 2019 Time Wed 13 Nov 2019

Figure 5 Scenario 1: Pre- and post-development (with RWH) peak runoff hydrograph landscaping and air-conditioning) can reduce the demand for potable water. 45 40 Hence, the non-potable water demand for Conventional post-development the different land use categories within 35 Post-development (with RWH) /s) 30 the development was estimated (columns 3 1, 2 and 3 of Table 5 on page 26). 25 Post-development (with RWH, 20 bio-retention and vegetated swales) The model by Mpofu (2019) was em-

Runoff (m 15 ployed to determine the most appropriate 10 RWH tank size (based on supply reliability, Pre-development 5 catchment characteristics, commercially 0 available tank sizes, rainfall characteristics 0.01 0.1 1 10 and non-potable water demand) for each Duration of exceedance (hr) land use category. Implementing RWH within the development resulted in the Figure 6 Pre- and post-development (with RWH, bio-retention and vegetated swales) runoff reduction of runoff volumes (Figure 4). flow-duration curves In this scenario, the peak runoff reduced by 26.85% from 43.58 m3/s to strategic locations within the develop- WSUD Scenario 3: Post-development 31.88 m3/s (Figure 5). ment to intercept and convey runoff to (with RWH, bio-retention cells, vegetated an exit point. The vegetated swales also swales and detention pond) WSUD Scenario 2: Post-development permit some runoff infiltration. Runoff In Scenario 3, a detention pond was (with RWH, bio-retention cells flow-duration curves for this scenario are added to the WSUD treatment train. and vegetated swales) presented in Figure 6. Using the PCSWMM storage calculator, In Scenario 2, in addition to RWH, In this scenario, peak runoff further the detention pond was sized to provide bio-retention cells (or rain gardens) and reduced by 3.70% from 31.88 m3/s in the volume required to meet pre- vegetated swales were implemented at Scenario 1 to 30.70 m3/s (Figure 7). development peak runoff conditions after

24 June 2020 Civil Engineering 45 Post-development (with RWH, Conventional post-development 40 bio‑retention and vegetated swales) Conventional post-development 35 Pre-development Post-development (with RWH) 30 Post-development (with RWH) Post-development (with RWH, /s)

3 bio-retention and vegetated swales) 25

20 Runoff (m 15

10 Pre-development 5

0 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 Tue 12 Nov 2019 Time Wed 13 Nov 2019

Figure 7 Pre- and post-development (with RWH, bio-retention and vegetated swales) peak runoff hydrograph

post-development runoff of 43.58 m3/s to 13 30.03 m3/s in Scenario 3). Table 3 presents 12 Conventional post-development 11 a summary of runoff and outflow results. 10 Post-development (with RWH)

/s) 9 3 8 COSTS AND BENEFITS Post-development (with RWH, 7 There are several methods that can be 6 bio-retention and vegetated swales) 5 used to determine if a project is economi-

Outflow (m 4 Pre-development cally feasible. These include Net Present 3 Post-development (with RWH, bio-retention, 2 vegetated swales and detention pond) Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return 1 (IRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Return on 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 Investment (ROI), Cost Effectiveness Ratio Duration of exceedance (hr) and the Payback Period. The BCR method was used in this study. A BCR is a ratio used Figure 8 Pre- and post-development (with RWH, bio-retention, vegetated swales and to indicate the overall relationship between detention pond) outflow-duration curves project costs and benefits. A BCR greater than 1.0 means that the project is economi- implementation of RWH, bio-retention In this scenario, peak runoff further cally desirable. The largest BCR amongst and vegetated swales (see Figure 8). An reduced by 2.18% from 30.70 m3/s in several projects is the most desirable. BCR outflow of 5.39 m3/s from the pond met Scenario 2 to 30.03 m3/s (Figure 9). is therefore often used to analyse and make the pre-development runoff (5.59 m3/s) In total, a 31.10% reduction in the peak decisions on project alternatives. This conditions. runoff was achieved (from conventional study did not measure environmental and

45 Post-development (with RWH, Conventional post-development 40 bio-retention, vegetated swales and detention pond) 35 Conventional post-development Post-development Post-development (with RWH, bio-retention and vegetated swales) 30 Pre-development (with RWH)

/s) Post-development (with RWH) 3 25 Post-development (with RWH, bio-retention, Post-development (with RWH, bio- vegetated swales and detention pond) retention and vegetated swales) 20 Runoff (m 15

10 Pre-development 5

0 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 Tue 12 Nov 2019 Time Wed 13 Nov 2019

Figure 9 Pre- and post-development (with RWH, bio-retention, vegetated swales and detention pond) peak runoff hydrograph

Civil Engineering June 2020 25 social benefits, such as improved amenity, Table 3 Summary of results reduced pollutants and improved air quality. Scenario 3 post- development (with Therefore, benefits assessed were savings Conventional RWH, bio-retention, in potable water not paid for due to RWH Pre-development post- vegetated swales development meeting non-potable water requirements. and detention pond) Project costs Peak runoff 5.59 m3/s 43.58 m3/s 30.03 m3/s Table 4 presents cost summaries for the different scenarios considered. The Outflow (m3/s) 5.59 m3/s 43.58 m3/s 5.39 m3/s project design life is 40 years at a nominal Total runoff volume (m3) 48 530 m3 74 640 m3 66 950 m3 interest rate of 6.5%.

Table 4 Cost of conventional and WSUD post-development

Annual Present value of operations and operations and Item Capital cost Total maintenance maintenance cost cost

Potable water infrastructure R16 289 588.00 R286 539.18 R4 053 247.67 R20 342 835.67

Stormwater infrastructure R64 914 140.92 R277 176.00 R3 920 800.55 R68 834 941.48

Conventional post-development infrastructure cost R89 177 777.15

Potable water infrastructure R16 289 588.00 R286 539.18 R4 053 247.67 R20 342 835.67

Stormwater infrastructure (pipe network only) R45 599 838.35 R232 650.50 R3 290 963.90 R48 890 802.24

RWH R19 907 365.00 R668 726.44 R9 459 487.82 R29 366 852.82

WSUD Scenario 1: Post-development (with RWH) R98 600 490.73

Bio-retention R6 423 955.84 R174 438.05 R2 467 518.12 R8 891 473.96

Vegetated swales R1 758 881.08 R350 024.95 R4 951 287.38 R6 710 168.45

WSUD Scenario 2: Post-development (with RWH, bio-retention cells and vegetated swales) R114 202 133.14

Detention pond R6 111 021.58 R231 786.06 R3 278 735.94 R9 389 757.51

WSUD Scenario 3: Post-development (with RWH, bio-retention cells, vegetated swales and detention ponds) R123 591 890.65

Project benefit (potable water savings) Table 5 Potable water savings due to RWH The City of Ekurhuleni’s 2019/2020 water Average Potential savings Average non- Average potable (i.e. average tariff policy (CoE 2019) was used to deter- potable Description potable demand cost non-potable mine potable water savings as a result of demand demand (R/month)‌ demand met by (ℓ/s) implementing RWH (Scenario 1). Table 5 (ℓ/s) RWH) (R/month) presents water savings summaries for the Residential 2 16.44 3.23 R1 023 322.72 R201 046.07 different scenarios considered. The use of RWH can potentially Residential 2 (duplex units) 0.48 0.09 R29 546.64 R5 804.85 save R777 480.94 (33% in water bills) Residential 4 15.10 4.89 R940 015.60 R248 499.16 each month and R131 974 530.89 over 40 years. This is equivalent to 34.74% Church 0.01 0.01 R711.34 R437.47 savings in the potable water demand. Crèche 0.01 0.004 R351.47 R216.15 The 1.74% difference between the savings Primary school 0.05 0.03 R2 432.41 R1 495.93 in litres and the savings in Rands is due to the variable average demand per land Institutional 1.62 1.41 R108 308.15 R94 228.09 use and the different tariffs levied per Business 2 2.26 1.97 R150 757.79 R131 159.27 end user. Based on the above costs and benefits, Municipal 1.48 1.28 R98 437.40 R85 640.54 a BCR of 1.07 (conventional versus WSUD Public open spaces 0.13 0.13 R8 953.39 R8 953.39 Scenario 3 post-development) was cal- Total 37.57 13.05 R2 362 836.90 R777 480.94 culated. This benefit cost ratio indicates that the WSUD Scenario 3 alternative is Percentage 34.74% 33.00% financially better than the conventional Present value of potential savings in potable water over 40 years R131 974 530.89 alternative. WSUD Scenario 1 and WSUD

26 June 2020 Civil Engineering The use of RWH can potentially design. This conclusion is arrived at even Human Settlement. DHS and CSIR. save R777 480.94 (33% in water bills) without considering the environmental Pretoria. ISBN 978-0-6399283-2-6. and social benefits (e.g. improved amenity, Fletcher, T D, Shuster, W, Hunt, W F, Ashley, R, each month and R131 974 530.89 reduced pollutants and improved air Arthur, S, Trowsdale, S, Barraud, S, Semadeni, over 40 years. This is equivalent quality) from the implementation of A, Mikkelsen, P S, Rivard, G, Uhl, M, to 34.74% savings in the potable WSUD infrastructure. Dagenais, D & Viklander, M 2015. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – The evolution and water demand. The 1.74% difference REFERENCES application of terminology surrounding urban between the savings in litres and Armitage, N, Fisher-Jeffes, L, Carden, K, drainage. Urban Water Journal, 12: 525–542. Winter, K, Naidoo, V, Spiegel, A, Mauck, Mpofu, S 2019. Generalised Storage-Yield- the savings in Rands is due to B & Coulson, D 2014. Water Sensitive Reliability Relationships for the Sizing of the variable average demand Urban Design (WSUD) for South Africa: Rainwater Harvesting Systems in South per land use and the different Framework and Guidelines. WRC Africa. MSc Dissertation, School of Civil and Report No TT 588/14, Water Research Environmental Engineering, University of the tariffs levied per end user. Commission. Pretoria, South Africa. Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Cheremisinoff, N P 1997. Relationship Smithers, J & Schulze, R 2012. Design Rainfall Scenario 2 also result in higher BCRs of Between Groundwater and Surface Water, and Flood Estimation in South Africa. 1.34 and 1.16 respectively. Groundwater Remediation and Treatment WRC Report 1060/1/03, Water Research The implementation of WSUD within Technologies, 39–83. Commission. Pretoria, South Africa. new developments allows for the reduc- CoE (City of Ekurhuleni) 2019. 2019/2020 Sordo-Ward, A, Bianucci, P, Garrote, L & tion in stormwater run-off generation Tariffs: Water supply services and Granados, A 2016. The influence of the and a decrease in potable water demand. incidental charges. Benoni, South Africa. annual number of storms on the derivation Although the total cost of implementing DHS (Department of Human Settlements, of the flood frequency curve through WSUD was significantly higher than South Africa) and CSIR (Centre for event-based simulation. Water, 8: 335. the conventional design, the cost benefit Scientific and Industrial Research) 2019. Water by Design 2010. A Business Case for Best analysis indicates that WSUD is economi- The Neighbourhood Planning and Design Practice Urban Stormwater Management cally more desirable than the conventional Guide (The Red Book): Creating Sustainable (Version 1.1). Brisbane, Queensland.

Civil Engineering June 2020 27 Assessment of water conservation and water demand management in the mining sector

demand on current resources and ultimately regarding their environmental management. Givarn Singh also have a positive impact on water quality It was identified that most mines in South Golder Associates Africa [email protected] (Haggard et al 2015). It has therefore become Africa do not have adequate water manage- essential to incorporate the WC/WDM ment procedures in place, and therefore principles and subsequent measures in the the need for an implementation guideline water management of a mine site. around WC/WDM was identified. Golder was then appointed by the Department Nirvishee Juggath BENCHMARKS and the Minerals Council of South Africa Golder Associates Africa [email protected] The Department of Water and Sanitation to develop a WC/WDM implementation (DWS), in collaboration with the Minerals guideline to assist the South African mining Council of South Africa and Golder industry with principles around water bal- Associates Africa, developed commodity- ances and the effective implementation of based national water use efficiency (WUE) WC/WDM. The outcome of this project was Gideon Bonthuys benchmarks to guide the acceptable levels of the Water Conservation / Water Demand Golder Associates Africa [email protected] water usage by the mining industry (DWS Management Implementation Guideline 2016a). The WUE indicators were set to (DWS 2016a) and the Benchmarks Report drive the improvement in water use ef- (DWS 2016b). The company also developed ficiency through effective implementation of a WC/WDM Self-Assessment Reporting water conservation measures and strategies Tool, which enables the mining industry to Stephinah Mudau within mining operations. The Minerals calculate their WUE indicators, as well as Minerals Council South Africa [email protected] Council is committed to the cause of sus- develop a five-year implementation plan as is tainable water use and encourages members required by the DWS (2016a). of the organisation to follow suit, leading the Currently Golder is busy with a project way for the implementation of WC/WDM in commissioned by the Water Research the sector. Commission (WRC), titled Water William Pulles In 2016, Golder Associates Africa, Conservation / Water Demand Management Golder Associates Africa [email protected] played a pivotal role in the development in the South African Mining Industry – A of the Guideline for the Development and Compendium of Best Practices. The purpose Implementation of Water Conservation and of this project, which will be concluded soon, Water Demand Management Plans for the is to present case studies of best practices INTRODUCTION Mining Sector, published by the DWS (DWS and innovations in water management in the The principles of water conservation 2016b). This guideline was developed as an South African mining industry by ensuring and water demand management (WC/ implementation methodology to provide all initiatives presented are underpinned by WDM) are critical for ensuring sustain- technical guidance to mines on the develop- the concept and principles as advocated by able water supply in our water-scarce ment of a mine-specific WC/WDM plan the Implementation Guideline (DWS 2016a). country. According to a 2015 study by the that includes mine-specific WUE targets Various water balances and WC/WDM Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit designed to optimise the mine’s WUE status calculations were conducted for this project (IMWaRU) of the School of Chemical and in the shortest possible time. for mines of various commodities (coal, gold, Metallurgical Engineering at the University The company has been a leader in the platinum, diamond, chrome, iron ore, sand, of the Witwatersrand, the mining industry WC/WDM space for some time. As early as etc) across South Africa, and also for some utilises 3% of the total water withdrawn in 2012 Golder assisted the then Department mines within Zambia, Botswana and Ghana. South Africa (Haggard et al 2015). Through of Water Affairs (DWA) and the Chamber Golder has since assisted the Samancor the correct implementation and/or improve- of Mines (COM) with the State of the Chrome Mines, some of the Seriti opera- ment of current mine water management Environment of Mines project. This project tions, Anglo Coal and Anglo Platinum, strategies, mine water requirements can evaluated the state in which the more as well as Impala Platinum with their potentially be reduced, which will reduce the than 40 mines at the time were operating WC/‌WDM reporting.

28 June 2020 Civil Engineering WC/WDM Self-Assessment Reporting Tool

Completed WC/WDM for the year WC/WDM Progress Current Status Tool 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Still to complete WC/WDM for the year

Section of the self assessment tool to be used WC/WDM plan initialisation data input for entry of all data associated with the initial WC/‌WDM Plan.

Section of the self assessment tool where general General information unit mine and WC/WDM plan information are entered.

Section of the self assessment tool where the initial Initial WC/WDM plan data input: 2019 water balance, production data, WUE targets and WC/WDM action plan are entered.

Water balance data Section of the self assessment tool where water balance and production data for the base case Simple data entry Detailed data entry situation are entered

Section of the self assessment tool where WUE WC/WDM plan data targets, WC/WDM action plans and schedules are entered.

Section of the self assessment tool where WUE Reporting targets, WC/WDM action plans and schedules are entered.

Save WC/WDM data for 2019: Save progress Submit WC/WDM data for 2019: Submit

Figure 1 Minerals Council of South Africa Water Conservation / Water Demand Management Self-Assessment Reporting Tool

THE WSART QQ It assists in creating a water management WDM plan is a five-step process outlined as The mining industry has now called for strategy for the mine to understand follows: guidance on implementing the methodology demands and water supply requirements. QQ Step 1: This step allows the mine prescribed in the Implementation Guideline. QQ It identifies initiatives for better water personnel to capture data that is relevant The Minerals Council, which acknowledges management to realise more efficient use to the water balance of the site. This can the necessity to incorporate WC/WDM of water and subsequent water savings. be done at a simplified or detailed level, principles and subsequent measures in the QQ It assesses the fit-for-purpose water re- based on the information available, for water management of a mine site, has taken quirements, and the level of water reuse the mine and the complexity of the mine the lead in developing a user-friendly tool to and recycling required, thereby reducing operation. assist the mining sector in this regard. treatment costs. QQ Step 2: The tool uses the inputs to The Water Conservation / Water QQ It allows for clear management reporting develop a standardised water balance for Demand Management Self-Assessment on the water management status on site. the mine site. The water balance is the Reporting Tool (WSART) (Figure 1) has QQ It allows for future prediction of the state foundation for the implementation of been implemented with the key purpose of water management on site and what WC/WDM, as it calculates the baseline of simplifying the implementation of WC/ measures can be implemented. water use efficiencies for the site. WDM. The tool also ensures consistency QQ It ensures that water management plan- QQ Step 3: This step allows the mine in conducting water balances in the ning becomes simpler. to set WC/WDM targets based on mining industry and with the calculation QQ Annual updates can be conducted more company-specific standards and water of WC/WDM, and allows for consistent easily. management goals. These targets and reporting of WC/WDM plans in the WSART has been developed in the MS- baseline WUE values are compared mining industry. Excel platform, and it is user-friendly and to the benchmarks as reported in the The WSART is a voluntary tool, the use compatible with most Windows-based Benchmark Report. of which is encouraged by the DWS and operating systems. The user is guided in a QQ Step 4: Based on the baseline results, the Minerals Council. The main benefit of stepwise format from the inputting of data and the targets set for the mine, a WSART is that it allows mines to implement to the final development of the five-year site-specific WC/WDM plan can be WC/WDM, assess their implementation of WC/WDM plan, with the progression of the developed within the mine’s own WC/WDM and develop the site water bal- plan’s implementation and the reporting of governed timelines and budgets. The ance that is required for implementation of results also supported in the tool. Figure 2 effectiveness of the WC/WDM plan is WC/WDM. Additional benefits of the tool shows a flowchart of the WSART process. measured by comparing WUE values include the following: The development of the five-year WC/ with the values of previous years, the

Civil Engineering June 2020 29 Start

General information input QQ Mine identification data QQ WC/WDM plan ID data QQ Mine specific lists

Detailed water balance & production data QQ Mining operation WB & production data QQ Beneficiation operations WB & production data Yes Does the mine have QQ Redisdue disposal operations WB & production detailed WB data? data QQ Support operations WB & production data

Simplified water balance and production data QQ Water balance data QQ Production data

Initial WC/WDM plan data Update WC/WDM plan data QQ Set initial WC/WDM targets QQ Set updated WC/WDM targets QQ Set initial WC/WDM plan QQ Set updated WC/WDM plan actions and schedule actions and schedule

WC/WDM plan reporting View and print reports

Do reports No Check correspond with for data WC/WDM‌ plan? errors

Yes

Submit data Clear all data

Implement WC/WDM plan

Compile annual update data No

Is it necessary to Is it necessary to Yes Yes No change plan targets or submit new 5-year WC/ actions? WDM plan?

Figure 2 The WSART process

targets set, as well as the benchmark the implementation of the selected WATER USE EFFICIENCY for the industry. WC/WDM initiatives. Annual water The summary water balance (Figure 3), QQ Step 5: The final step is a review and balance and WC/WDM updates can developed in Step 2 of the five-year WC/ update of the WC/WDM plan, based be performed based on the results or WDM plan process creates the foundation on the updated water balance after management changes at the mine. for the WSART tool. The water balance

30 June 2020 Civil Engineering Mine name

Inflows Year Outflows

Board/portable water A Dust suppression I

River water B Point discharge to river J

Ground water C Point discharge to aquifer K

Rain/run-off D Evaporative losses L

Surface moisture on external ore E Seepage losses M

Other off-site sources F Irrigation losses N

Unspecified sources G Water treatment plant residues O

Surface moisture on product P

Interstitial water in fine residues Q

Human consumption R

Unspecified sinks S

Water diverted directly to off-site third parties T

TOTAL MINE TOTAL Water sent to off-site third parties U

H H

Recycled water circuits

WUE indicators GRI metrics Total water use m3/day G4-EN8: Total water use m3/day Consumption water use m3/day G4-EN10a: Total volume of water recycled and reused m3/day Volumes of wastewater lost m3/day G4-EN10b: Total volume of water recycled and reused Total specific water use m3/ton as % of total water withdrawel % Consumptive specific water use m3/ton G4-EN22: Total water discharge by quality and destination % Percentage of total wastewater not reused % Recycle ratio %

Figure 3 WSART Summary Water Balance Template inputs and outputs are used to calculate WUE targets and the actual progress of the accuracy of the WC/WDM indicators the following recommended Water Use the WC/WDM plan are compared to is determined from the percentage of Efficiency (WUE) indicators: indicate to the mine whether the initiatives data added. One can visually observe the QQ Total water use undertaken are effective or insignificant. improved accuracy in the monitoring of QQ Consumptive water use The users have the option to adjust the site- water data during these years. Furthermore, QQ Volumes of wastewater lost specific targets set annually, should they the quality of the water used on the mine QQ Total specific water use wish to further challenge themselves to save is categorised percentage-wise to show QQ Consumptive specific water use water above and beyond their initial targets. the trend during the five-year WC/WDM QQ Percentage of total wastewater not used plan. Figure 4 shows an example output of QQ Recycle ratio WATER BALANCE the WSART tool with regard to the water These indicators form the basis of WC/ The water balance inputs, outputs and re- balance inputs, accuracy trends and water WDM and mines are encouraged to find cycled streams are reported by the WSART quality, as discussed. ways of reducing, reusing and recycling over the five-year period. Mine personnel water to achieve the targets set by them- can gauge the amount of water coming IN CLOSING selves over the five-year period. Based on into their site, the amount leaving, and the The WSART assists the mine to report this potential to improve water use effi- amount being recycled over this period, standardised water balances and WC/ ciency for their site, users of the tool develop which would indicate the impact of the WDM plans effectively and quickly. a site-specific WC/WDM strategy with WC/WDM plan in action. The tool not only The mine can evaluate the WC/WDM management actions that are populated in assesses the water usage performance of the initiatives implemented, update targets the tool. The tool captures the budget al- mine, but also addresses the quality of the on an annual basis and assess ongoing located, the timelines and the annual targets water data. Data is categorised, measured, performance. The tool empowers the for each management action. The annual modelled, calculated and estimated, and mine to become a responsible user of

Civil Engineering June 2020 31 on a broad range of interventions that Water balance inputs, outputs and recycle streams aim to create a culture of efficiency and 6 000 enhance the value of water in the mind of 5 000 the end-user is pivotal to ensure that the principles of WC/WDM are realised. )

ℓ 4 000 The principle of WC/WDM is one of 3 000 the five Water Sector Priority Focus Areas set in the National Water Resourcing

Volume (M 2 000 Strategy (NWRS) by the DWS. The 1 000 concept is important, as it ties into the 0 NWRS’s strategic approach to optimise the 1 2 3 4 5 use of resources to ensure economic effi- Year ciency, ecological sustainability, and social Water balance inputs Water balance outputs Recycled streams equity within the country. The WC/WDM concept is therefore not unique only to the Water balance accuracy trends mining industry, but to all sectors. 100 While it makes business sense to 90 do so, it is also the right thing to do, 80 especially in South Africa, where water 70 demand continues to increase against a 60 50 backdrop of a limited water resource. As 40 water is scarce, mine water consump-

Percentage (%) Percentage 30 tion can severely impact local supplies. 20 Reducing water consumption is a key 10 requirement in moving towards a more 0 1 2 3 4 5 sustainable mining industry. Year Water balance inputs M&M Water balance inputs C&E ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Water balance outputs M&M Water balance outputs C&E The authors wish to extend a special word of thanks to the Minerals Council of South Africa for their continued Mining operations water quality 70 contribution and commitment to the goal of sustainable mine water usage. The 60 authors also wish to acknowledge that 50 the Minerals Council of South Africa has 40 contributed financially to several of the

30 ongoing WC/WDM projects discussed within this article and has assisted invalu-

Percentage (%) Percentage 20 ably in managing the development of the 10 WSART tool. 0 1 2 3 4 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY Year DWA (Department of Water Affairs) 2013. Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 National Water Resource Strategy – Water for a Sustainable and Equitable Future, Figure 4 WSART example output for the tracking of the WC/WDM plan progress Second edition. DWS (Department of Water and Sanitation) water and helps a mine to know, manage adjustments to optimising water use, 2016a. Benchmarks for Water Conservation and improve its water management status amending incorrect usage, and avoiding and Water Demand Management (WC/ by providing a standardised water balance wastage of water and water loss, but also WDM) in the Mining Sector. summary for the mine, a site-specific encourage a reduced reliance on new DWS (Department of Water and Sanitation) five-year WC/WDM plan, site-specific water. While at its core water demand 2016b. Guideline for the Development and calculated water efficiencies and compari- management remains a technical exercise, Implementation of Water Conservation and sons to the benchmarks, and reporting a paradigm shift in mindset is required at Water Demand Management Plans for the graphics to visualise the mine’s trends a practice and operational level that in- Mining Sector. and improvements. advertently translates into reduced water Haggard, E L, Sheridan, C M & Harding, K G The success of WC/WDM initiatives consumption through improved manage- 2015. Quantification of water usage at and the improvement of water efficien- ment or demand for water. Changing be- a South African platinum processing cies within a mine site require not only haviour and perceptions that are focused plant. Water SA, 41(2): 279–286.

32 June 2020 Civil Engineering Demystifying the H (Hybrid) flume primary device for open channel flow measurement and monitoring

INTRODUCTION water channelises through any accumu- The American Dust Bowl experience lated sediments and, as the flow rises, Peter van der Merwe Pr Tech Eng Consultant for Flumes and Weirs of the 1930s saw the establishment and these sediments ultimately push through [email protected] mandate of the Soil Conservation Service the flume. in 1935 to conserve the nation’s soil and Unlike the Parshall (ASTM & ISO), water resources. With this mandate, Rectangular Long-Throat (ISO) and the researchers of the Soil Conservation Palmer-Bowlus (ASTM) flumes, the H Reclamation and Improvement, Services began investigating the develop- (Hybrid) flumes have not been defined in Publication 20. ment of a flume suitable for measuring a standard, but by research publications, The approach sections for HS / H / HL agricultural flows. The result was the H the following being the most common: flumes are based upon the research of: flume, so called because it was the eighth The dimensions for the H flumes are QQ Gwinn, W 1984. Chute Entrances in a series of flumes investigated. The reviewed in two primary publications: for HS, H, and HL Flumes. Journal of flume was accepted, as it combined the QQ Brakensiek, D, Osborn, H & Rawls, W Hydraulic Engineering, Vol 110, No 5, flow sensitivity of a v-notch weir with the 1979. Field Manual for Research in May. flat floor and self-cleaning properties of Agricultural Hydrology, Agriculture a flume. The H series of flumes are more Handbook No 224, February. FLOW EQUATIONS AND TABLES than flumes – they are modified weirs QQ Gwinn, W & Parsons, D 1976. Operators in the field find it easier to with a v-shaped throat and no diverging/ Discharge Equations for HS, H and use calibrated flow tables instead of flow discharge section. The design allows a HL Flumes. Journal of the Hydraulics equations. wider range of low-flow sensitivity, as Division, Vol 102, No HY1, January. H flume flow tables can be calculated well as high-flow rate measurement. Metric conversions of the H flumes and to the top of the flume. Unlike other The flume is ideal for edge-of-field low- their discharge tables, combined with a flumes, there is no designed freeboard average flow runoff monitoring, as well development of a standard best fit equa- with the standard dimensions. In practice, as the monitoring of substantially higher tion, was proposed by: a freeboard is recommended in the event rainfall flows. The flat floor of the H QQ Bos, M G 1989. Discharge that, when maximum flows occur, the flumes means that it passes sediments and Measurement Structures, 3rd Edition. flume could overflow with loss of flow ac- smaller debris with ease. While originally International Institute for Land curacy. The unique shape of the H flume developed for agricultural runoff monitoring, the versatility of this flume can be H flume installed used in a number of different applications: QQ Edge-of-field monitoring QQ Earthen channels and furrows QQ Monitoring landfill leachates QQ Watershed monitoring QQ Dam seepage QQ Industrial discharge QQ Sewage treatment works (screened/ treated flows) H flumes work well in mine applications, as their range of flows are large and their flat floors readily pass large amounts of sediment without clogging. Even with the integral approach section, sediments do not affect H flumes, as many flumes and all weirs do. At low flows, when sediments tend to drop out in the approach section,

Civil Engineering June 2020 33 (more weir than flume) has meant that the discharge equation for the flume is three separate flow regimes: low, transitional and main. The flow equations, however, can be difficult to work with typical applications; the need to transition from one equation to another, as the level in the flume rises and falls, becomes needlessly cumbersome. To simplify flow calculations, Bos developed a single, standard, best-fit equation for the data:

Log Q = A + B log H + C [log H]2

Where: Q = discharge in m3/s H flume for a mine project H = upstream head in metres A, B & C are the constants H flume construction Bos’s equation and table requires only three dimensionless constants for each flume size and the level at the point of measurement. The equation is useful over the full range of flows. DESIGN H flumes are grouped into three distinct classes for a given height (D = flume depth): QQ HS flumes (low flows – 2 to 25 ℓ/s), width1.05D length 1.5D QQ H flumes (medium flows – 10 to 2 400 ℓ/s), width 1.90D length 1.35D QQ HL flumes (high flows – 1 600 to 3 200 ℓ/s), width 3.20D length 1.5D The v-shaped discharge of the H flume means that it has little resistance to downstream submergence. As a result, H flumes H flumes for SW runoff have very small submergence ratios (HS and H 25%, HL 30%), and the site should always be designed for free-spilling discharge. The H flume design is a relatively short length, with approach length sections of length 2D. The position of measurement is close to the converging outlet of the flume. With the unified flow equation for H flumes the accuracy is to within ±3%. There is no published information on the dimensional tolerances required for H flumes, but given their low flow sensitivity, the dimensions for the flume should be at ±2% accuracy. Dimensional accuracy is not required in the construction of the approach section. The turndown ratio of these flumes is as great at 10 000:1, which is far greater

34 June 2020 Civil Engineering QQ For installation in earthen channels and furrows, care should be taken to ensure that a stable invert is present and that the elevation does not change during dry or wet seasons, or low-flow periods. QQ The flume must be centred in the flow stream. QQ The narrow opening of the flume must be set downstream. QQ All of the flow must go through the flume; there should be no bypass. QQ If sediment is a concern, the approach section can be provided with a sloped floor so that channelisation does not occur. The slope should not exceed 1:8.

H flume for pond runoff FLUME DOWNSTREAM LOCATION SITE QQ Flow must freely spill off the discharge than other flume types. H flumes require capacity to minimum capacity. For ex- end of the H flume. free-spilling discharges. H flumes for ample, a device with a maximum output QQ The downstream channel should be stormwater flows are normally installed of 10 units and a minimum output of 2 reinforced and protected so that scour at the end of stormwater pipes before they units has a turndown ratio of 5. does not occur. spill into retention basins. QQ The downstream channel must be Turndown ratio refers to the width FLUME LOCATION SITE clear of vegetative growth or the of the operational range of a device, and QQ The flume must level from front-to- collection of debris causing the flow is defined as the ratio of the maximum back and from side-to-side. backing up into the flume.

Civil Engineering June 2020 35 ENGINEERING YOUR HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

B a s e d i n S o u t h A f r i c a O f f e r i n g S e r v i c e s t o A f r i c a https://www.maccaferri.com/za/solutions/slope-protection/ Aerial view of the recently upgraded St Francis Bay wastewater treatment works and wetland area Handover of the upgraded St Francis Bay WWTW

BACKGROUND phases having been constructed as may be classified as Extended Aeration The handover ceremony of the upgraded ‘turnkey’ design-and-construct contracts. Activated Sludge Technology. This tech- St Francis Bay wastewater treatment SRK Consulting were appointed by the nology was also considered favourable as works (WWTW), for the Kouga Local client as the consulting engineers to de- the plant operators were already accus- Municipality in the Eastern Cape, took sign and implement the upgrading of the tomed to the existing plant’s operational place recently. The upgrade has taken the WWTW. This included the design and processes and procedures. capacity from 750 m3/day to 2 000 m3/day,‌ implementation of additional infrastruc- and also included the refurbishment ture to meet the increased volumetric and THE UPGRADE of the existing civils, mechanical and organic loading of the works. The sludge- Prentec was appointed as the main electrical works, thereby ensuring that ef- handling capacity of the works was also contractor on the project. The plant was fluent being discharged from the WWTW upgraded to accommodate the increase in designed by Prentec’s Process Director, complies with the required standards. sludge volumes. The hydraulic loading on Martin Pryor, together with Senior The Kouga Local Municipality forms the treatment works is extremely seasonal, Process Engineer Kathy Visentin. Site part of the Sarah Baartman District since the area has a permanent population construction and activities were man- Municipality. The newly upgraded plant of approximately 10% of the peak holiday aged by Site Manager, Willie Lyons, therefore serves the growing communities population, and therefore experiences and Workshop Manager, Chris van der of St Francis Bay, Cape St Francis and peak loading in December and January Merwe, who managed the fabrication of Sea Vista, and will be able to cater for (Christmas holidays) and again in April all Prentec’s equipment for the project. future development in the area, where (Easter holidays). According to Prentec’s Project the municipality is already proactively At the launch, SRK Consulting’s Manager, Duncan Klinkert, the upgrade providing infrastructure for future Principal Engineering Technologist, Tiaan project was undertaken over a period of economic growth. Claassen, explained that, after various two years (February 2018 to February Speaking at the handover ceremony, technologies had been investigated for the 2020), but spanning three financial Prentec’s Managing Director, Stewart upgrade, it was concluded that it would year periods to enable the client, whose Buchanan, said that the company had be in the best interest of the municipality financial year ends in June, to manage the constructed the original plant in 1995, to continue using the cost-effective project budget in realistic time frames. with two subsequent capacity upgrades technology currently in place, namely The project was therefore split into in 2000 and 2007, each of the 250 m3/day‌ Sequential Batch Reactors (SBRs), which three portions, each to be completed

36 June 2020 Civil Engineering within the respective financial period. QQ Plant reliability – offers great flex- Scope of works Portion 1 entailed the refurbishment of ibility and reliability in operation. QQ Installation of two No 0.625 Mℓ/day SBR the existing works, Portion 2 dealt with QQ Operational control – the system reactors, complete with floating aerator, the construction and commissioning of eliminates the operating problems and inlet, decant, de-sludge pipework, and sludge drying beds the new plant equipment, and Portion 3 housekeeping requirements associated QQ Upgrading of the existing mechanical and saw the construction of the wetland area with the day-to-day control of acti- electrical equipment for the plant discharge, and included vated sludge plants, e.g. sludge bulking, QQ Construction of new inlet works QQ fencing and landscaping. sludge recirculation, washing down of Construction of a new concrete balancing tank and upgrading of the balancing tank pumps The project was delayed at the start, clarifiers, etc. QQ Replacement of the switchgear Q due to the discovery of a protected Q Plant performance – the system is not QQ Construction of an artificial wetland Milkwood tree, which had been planted sensitive to large or daily fluctuations by the plant operator at the inception of in organic and hydraulic loads supplied the original works. Special permission had to the plant, thus producing consist- OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE to be obtained to remove the tree from ently high-quality effluent. The Kouga Local Municipality has been the site, and this caused significant delays, QQ Waste excess sludge – the total volume operating the plant since its inception in with the result that the sequence of con- of sludge produced is reduced, due to 1995, and the original plant operator is still struction works had to be shifted around. a longer average sludge age and higher working at the plant. The upgrade employs Hence Portion 2 commenced earlier, while recommended operating levels of the the same principles and technology which Portion 1 was set aside until permission mixed liquor suspended solids. enables ease of operation by the client. The had been obtained from the Department QQ Labour / maintenance – greatly addition of new technology and automa- of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to reduced due to the plant’s automatic tion systems through a computerised remove the tree. mode of operation and the simplicity SCADA system and mechanically operated Despite these delays the project was of its construction. inlet works screens, allow for a larger plant completed on time and under budget, and QQ Plant extensions – batch plants are to be more readily controlled. Prentec pro- with an outstanding safety record of over constructed in modular fashion hence vided training to five plant operators. This 78 000 man-hours without a single lost extensions are simple to implement included theoretical and practical training, time injury. and extremely cost-effective. which would allow these operators to also QQ Environmentally friendly – the total work on other plants in the area that utilise THE TECHNOLOGY oxidation process eliminates the similar SBR technology (such as Prentec’s Prentec has, over a period of 44 years, formation of obnoxious odours, thus Thornhill plant, for example). perfected the application of the SBR batch reactors are more environmen- technology for industrial and domestic tally acceptable. Info wastewater treatment works. SBR waste- Debbie Besseling water treatment plants are batch process Key players [email protected] treatment plants producing high-quality Client Kouga Local Municipality effluent requiring minimal supervision and maintenance. Main contractor Prentec (Pty) Ltd Portion 1 The Prentec SBR treatment process is Consulting Q SRK Consulting Q Refurbishment of the existing works, based on total oxidation by the extended engineers inclusive of all civil, mechanical and electrical aeration principle of the activated sludge Civil earthworks: SP Excel works QQ process and may be described as a Construction and commissioning of new Sub-contractors Electrical installations: inlet works controlled biological process where the Servelec QQ Construction and commissioning of a new aeration of the mixed liquor, settling and balancing tank decanting of the treated effluent take place in a single reactor. SMMEs AND LOCAL LABOUR The batch treatment plant technology The contractor was required to hire local Portion 2 was developed to meet the ever-increasing labour as far as possible, mainly from the QQ Commissioning of two new 625 kℓ/d SBR demand for the processing of sewage areas of St Francis Bay, Sea Vista and Cape units and associated civil, mechanical and arising from small communities and iso- St Francis, resulting in 44 639 worker electrical and electronic works QQ Construction of new buildings – office, lated industries which have limited access hours being completed by local labour on ablutions, generator room and chlorine to large municipal sewage systems. The the project. dosing building batch treatment system has been installed In addition, Prentec and their specialist QQ Refurbishment and repurposing of existing in hundreds of locations throughout contractors sourced and employed local buildings QQ Demolition of existing buildings the world, and has many advantages, sub-contractors and suppliers, thereby QQ Construction of sludge drying beds including the following: broadening the involvement of local small QQ Construction of dried sludge handling QQ Total capital costs – reduced by businesses and contractors, which in turn facility QQ Construction of gravel access road eliminating settling tanks and sludge helped to advance the experience and QQ Making safe of redundant infrastructure recirculation equipment, together with ability necessary to grow these entities into QQ Installation of security fencing a reduction in sludge handling facilities. substantial self-supported businesses.

Civil Engineering June 2020 37 Less could be more: A case for the progressive consolidation of water services authorities

Lubabalo Luyaba Pr Eng development and use of natural CHALLENGES PRESENTED Municipal Infrastructure Support Agent resources while promoting justifiable BY THE STATUS QUO Performance Management Information Systems economic and social development. South Africa has a total of 144 Water [email protected] Sections 156 and 229 of the Constitution Services Authorities (WSAs), comprising outline municipal powers and functions, 8 metros, 23 districts and 113 local while Schedule 4b of the Constitution al- municipalities. locates the provision of potable water supply The performance or readiness to Dr Cornelius Ruiters Pr Eng Municipal Infrastructure Support Agent and domestic wastewater to local govern- deliver on the constitutional mandate of Specialist Engineer: Water and Sanitation ment. The Water Services Act (Act 108 of water and sanitation services provision by [email protected] 1997), in the context of this article, defines most WSAs has been poor, inconsistent how water and sanitation services are to be and unreliabe. This is evidenced by the provided, in part by introducing the concept consistently high backlogs and dys of a Water Services Authority (WSA) and functional water services infrastructure Ntandazo Vimba Municipal Infrastructure Support Agent a Water Services Provider (WSP). This Act which result in people not having access Accounting Officer deals with the mechanisms or modalities of to basic water services, which is a violation [email protected] how S24 and S27 of the Constitution can be of Section 27 of the Constitution. The realised through WSAs and WSPs. Department of Water and Sanitation The Local Government Municipal (DWS) has, and continues to issue, count- OUTLINE Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998), in the less directives to WSAs with wastewater The purspose of this article is to present context of this article, provides for an ap- treatment works discharging untreated a case to continue with the progressive propriate division of functions and powers and/or partly treated sewage to the natural consolidation of Water Services Authorities between the different categories of munici- environment (water resources and/or onto (WSAs), authorising District Municipalities palities. Of significance is that the Act vests land sites). This is in violation of Section to perform the function where this is not the authority to allocate (after consultation) 24 of the Constitution. Furthermore, already the case. the WSA function to municipalities with these wastewater violations are significant the Minister of Cooperative Governance health risks, as they can result in cholera, BACKGROUND and Traditional Affairs. Section 84(1b and typhoid, methemoglobinemia, etc. Access to water is a basic human right in 1d) of the Act allocates the function to In line with Section 154 of the South Africa. Section 27 of the Constitution District Municipalities. Section 84(3)(a) Constitution, both provincial and national states that everyone has a right to access allows (after consultation) the Minister to government have undertaken various tar- sufficient water (S27-1b) and instructs authorise a Local Municipality to perform geted support and intervention programmes (S27-2) the state to take reasonable legislative the function as a WSA. Section 84(3)(d) to improve the water and sanitation services and other measures, within its available allows the Minister to revoke or retract the crises at local government, but these have resources, to achieve the progressive realisa- authorisation, consultation possibly implied not yielded the desired outcomes, as the tion of this right. but not explicitly stated, to perform the challenges persist and increase. Although sanitation is not a basic human WSA function from a Local Municipality, The most recent example of the extent right, Section 24(a) of the constitution states but due consideration and/or discretion of the challenge is the Covid-19 pandemic. that everyone has a right to an environment must be given when exercising this decision. National government, in particular DCoG that is not harmful to their health or well- Considerations include, but are not limited and DWS, has had to intervene directly being. It goes further to state (S24-b) that to, those listed in Section 84(3)(d) (i, ii and iii). to provide water and sanitation services. everyone has the right to have the environ- Currently, the provision of water and The provision of these services is the role ment protected, for the benefit of present sanitation services by most Water Services and responsibility of WSAs that receive and future generations, through reasonable Authorities is not desirable and we should significant investment for water and legislative and other measures that: consider available reasonable legislative and sanitation services infrastructure develop- QQ prevent pollution and ecological other measures, within available resources, ment annually in terms of the division of degradation to achieve the progressive realisation of revenue under the Division of Revenue QQ promote conservation, and water and sanitation-related rights of Act. If WSAs were functional, the extent QQ secure ecologically sustainable communities. of the national intervention for water and

38 June 2020 Civil Engineering sanitation services provision would not down, by notice in the Government Gazette QQ The continued application of any by- have had to be as comprehensive. and after consultation with the Minister of laws and resolutions in the area of the The historic efficacy and sustainability Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation municipalities in question and the extent of national government WSA support and and the MECs for Local Government in the of such application capacity building have been hindered by the provinces, the Water Services Authority QQ Restructuring of the division of excessively high number of WSAs that need (S84-1b and 1d) functions and powers from revenue, budget allocations and project support versus the available resources and/ Local Municipalities. implementation. or support. The process could start with those Water The District Development Model (DDM) Services Authorities that have performed CONCLUSION has revived the call, among other priorities, persistently poorly over a specified period, as The performance of the majority of Water to use district spaces as the level of interven- evidenced by (among other criteria): Services Authorities leaves much to be tion, support and coordination in local QQ Water and wastewater treatment works desired, and one could go as far as saying government. National government therefore, non-compliance pre-directives and it is a national risk. It is therefore encum- should take every available opportunity to directives received bent upon us all to find ways of improving institutionalise the DDM. QQ Under-expenditure of conditional grants the status quo, while bearing in mind the (Municipal Infrastructure Grant and complexities, nuances and particularities OPPORTUNITY FOR CHANGE Water Services Infrastructure Grant) of local government, and water and sani- To align with the District Development QQ Poor audit outcomes tation services provision. The progressive Model (DDM) and improve the efficacy and QQ Under-expenditure on repairs and consolidation of the number of Water sustainability of national government sup- maintenance. Services Authorities, undertaken with due port and capacity building, Water Services It is reasonable to assume that the care, could be a lever for positive change Authorities should be progressively consoli- Constitution would affirm this proposal, as in the journey towards the sustainable dated to the 44 District and 8 Metropolitan it is in line with the state taking reasonable provision of water and sanitation services Municipalities. legislative and other measures, within avail- in South Africa, and should therefore This consolidation is also potentially able resources, to achieve the progressive be explored. beneficial from a technical and financial realisation of basic human rights (in this perspective. The impact of the shortage instance water and environmental). REFERENCES of engineers might be decreased with the South Africa 1996. Constitution of the Republic of consolidation, but more importantly, it KEY CONSIDERATIONS South Africa, Act 108. Government Printers: would be easier to support a progressively The implementation of this progressive Pretoria. decreasing number of WSAs. The move consolidation and revoking would have South Africa 1997. Water Services Act, Act 108. could also assist from a financial perspective to consider the legal, practical and other Government Printers: Pretoria. with the unlocking of economies of scale consequences, which may include, but are South Africa 1998. Local Government Municipal in infrastructure planning, development, not limited to: Structures Act, Act 117. Government operation and maintenance. QQ The transfer of staff Printers: Pretoria. Section 84-3(d) of the Municipal QQ The transfer of assets, liabilities, rights, South Africa 2000. Local Municipal Systems Structures Act (Act 117) empowers the obligations, administrative and other Act, Act 32. Government Printers: executive authority to progressively scale records Pretoria.

Civil Engineering June 2020 39

South Africa Peter Pyke Pr Eng Secretary: SANCOLD [email protected] SANCOLD News

SANCOLD EVENTS long-term behaviour of materials, etc, The successful 2019 SANCOLD (South also have to be taken into account to African National Committee on Large achieve this long-term goal. Dams) Conference was held at the aha Some 220 participants shared in the Kopanong Hotel in Benoni in Gauteng three-day event, which included two days from 6 to 8 November under the general of technical presentations, social events theme Sustainable long-term dam infra- and a study visit to the Vaal Dam, as structure development and management. well as the SANCOLD Annual General The motivation for this theme was Meeting and a Young Person’s Forum based on the fact that, similar to the (YPF) function. current problems around the long- At the main event Adèle Bosman term implementation, operation and from the University of Stellenbosch was maintenance of large-scale electricity awarded the Best Presentation by a YPF infrastructure in South Africa, issues are member. The prize comprises compli- also starting to surface with regard to mentary registration for SANCOLD 2021. water infrastructure at various levels. In The healthy renewal in interest in the addition, many parts of the country have conference and study tours was indeed also experienced a severe drought over appreciated (the 2018 event by contrast the last few years. Urgent intervention drew around 100 participants). is therefore needed to prevent a similar Due to Covid-19 the SANCOLD 2020 long-term scenario for water infrastruc- Conference had to be cancelled, but we ture in South Africa. The focus therefore look forward to its return in November needs to change to proper long-term 2021, with a conference in Gauteng sustainable operation and maintenance under the theme Resilient dams in a (including preventative maintenance). challenging environment. Details of the Adèle Bosman being handed the prize by The potential future impact of aspects conference will be circulated early in 2021 SANCOLD chair Dr Quentin Shaw for the such as climate change, sedimentation, (www.sancold.org.za‌ ). best YPF presentation ICOLD UPDATE The world-wide lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic has played havoc with arrangements for holding the 88th Annual Meeting of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), which was originally scheduled to be held in New Delhi, India, from 4 to 10 April 2020. It was postponed to 26 September – 1 October, and again more recently to 28 November – 3 December 2020. We trust that the situation will normalise before then so that travel arrangements will be possible. SANCOLD is represented on 20 of the ICOLD Technical Committees which produce Bulletins of good practice on technical issues. These Bulletins cover all aspects relating to dams and are made available to the industry. The Bulletins and other relevant documents are available to SANCOLD members at The 2019 SANCOLD Conference in session no cost.

40 June 2020 Civil Engineering CHINCOLD DONATES FACE MASKS TO SANCOLD CHINCOLD (Chinese National Committee on Large Dams) recently donated 1 000 disposable face masks to SANCOLD, who decided that the greatest need for these masks would be the frontline of the campaign against the Covid-19 pandemic. SANCOLD expressed their appreciation to CHINCOLD for their generosity and requested that the masks be sent to the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in Johannesburg. SANCOLD FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR POST‑GRADUATE STUDIES IN 2020 SANCOLD continues to support two post-graduate students in 2020 to further the National Flood Studies Programme (NFSP) which has the aim to update the data and methods used for design flood estimation in South Africa. Continuing this programme, SANCOLD is again providing financial support of Udhav Maharaj Ryshan Ramlall R75 000 to the following two candidates whose research links into furthering this programme, and who are working under the and runoff using the results and methodology from a CSM guidance of Prof JC Smithers at the University of KwaZulu-Natal: system that was developed. QQ Udhav Maharaj whose research is titled Refine and update QQ Ryshan Ramlall whose research is titled Assessing and up- the SCS-SA model for design flood estimation to account for dating techniques for disaggregating daily rainfall for design antecedent moisture conditions and joint association of rainfall flood estimation.

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Civil Engineering June 2020 41 IN BRIEF

be inexpensive to implement and easy to manage. Additionally, SMEC wanted the process to build capacity for municipal staff and local service providers. The solution implemented for treating the sewage sludge is in many respects similar to the approach adopted by ancient Greek communities. These communities drained sewage from their settlements away from the water source to a collection basin (cess pit), from where it was drained to agricultural fields to water crops and fertilise soils. Sunlight (UV rays) played an important part in killing bacteria. Taking that same principle and adding a few modern touches, SMEC designed and set up an easy-to-manage system to deal with the effluent from the town’s septic tanks and separate solid particles from the liquid waste, which is then converted to an organic fertiliser. Placing of filter stones The liquid sludge from septic in sludge drying beds tanks can now be taken to a site of approximately 2 hectares in extent, several ANCIENT GREEK-ERA TECHNOLOGY HELPS SOLVE kilometres outside Arba Minch. The treatment process involves separating SANITATION AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS liquid and solids by spreading the sludge over a large sand base and allowing the Rapid urbanisation and a growing student separated into glass, paper and plastic for liquid to drain to a treatment pond. Here a population in the southern Ethiopian recycling. natural biological process neutralises the university town of Arba Minch have put Bolstered by funding from the African bacteria, and the resulting treated effluent an immense strain on the capacity of Development Bank, the Arba Minch can drain into the local stream, located the local municipality to deal with the Municipality awarded a bid for the design upstream of the town’s main water source. sanitation and solid waste disposal of its and implementation of a more effective The solid waste which is left behind burgeoning population. system to global engineering consultancy is dried in the sun, where the natural Located along the Great Rift Valley, SMEC. The SMEC project team decided biological processes and UV rays take care Arba Minch was founded in the early to take an holistic approach to the of remaining pathogens. The dried cakes 1960s. The name translates to Forty problems of sanitation and solid waste are turned on a weekly basis and after 20 to Wells, which is an indication of how well disposal by designing a system that would 40 days they can be safely handled, bagged resourced with water this fertile area is. All households and institutions in Construction of sludge drying beds nearing completion the town use septic tanks in the absence of an integrated sewerage system. These tanks are emptied on average once a year, and the contents were being taken out of town and discharged directly into a small tributary of the Kulfo River, which drains into Lake Abaya. This practice not only affected the stream, but also placed at risk the ground water wells, contaminating the town’s water supplies, as well as that of local fruit farms. The solid waste is collected by private individuals who are contracted to the municipality and use donkey carts. These private operators transport the solid waste to a site out of town, where it is roughly

42 June 2020 Civil Engineering LHWP PHASE II DIVERSION TUNNEL EXCAVATION STARTS

During the first week of June the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) started speeding up the resumption of advanced infrastructure works in Phase II of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) with the beginning of excavation works of two diversion tunnels. The two tunnels will divert the Existing waste dumping site – waters of the Senqu River away from the uncontrolled and unregulated natural river bed, thereby creating a dry foundation and work area needed for the and sold to local farmers. This source of Drainage. “The project implementation construction of the Polihali Dam. natural fertiliser is already in great demand involved the use of two local emerging Tente Tente, Chief Executive of the from banana and other fruit farmers. contractors, as well as local material LHDA, confirms that the construction Solid waste management from and local labour. As part of our team we of the diversion tunnels is an impor- households is also receiving an updated co-opted the services of a professor at the tant element of the Phase II advance plan that will see more people being Arba Minch University who assisted us infrastructure works, which were halted employed in the separation and recycling in the training of municipal staff and who during the Covid-19 lockdown period. of the waste. A small composting industry will be engaged to assist in keeping the “We are pleased to see construction work involving collection of waste from gardens projects running successfully on a long- restarting, including the work on the and kitchens, and converting this into or- term basis.” diversion tunnels. However, particularly ganic compost is already being effectively The projects were planned to be fully at this time, the LHDA’s priority is the run by a few families from the town. completed by the end of May 2020. The safety of its employees and the communi- For these projects to remain viable and Arba Minch Municipality has reported ties who are affected by the construction effective, SMEC adopted a multi-pronged that an international funding agency work,” Tente says. Full resumption of the approach that included the buy-in from is looking at using the same model as a Phase II advance infrastructure construc- the local inhabitants. A marketing blueprint for similar projects in other tion works, as well as the project’s social campaign was created to raise awareness secondary Ethiopian towns. and environmental programmes, will be of the municipality’s goals and to secure incremental as consultants and contrac- public involvement in the plans. Info tors meet their Covid-19 mitigation obli- “The project philosophy adopted by gations and travel restrictions are lifted. Nicholas Rowse the SMEC team was to find solutions Functional Manager: Water Supply, The diversion tunnels will take ap- that suit the local inhabitants and the Sanitation and Drainage proximately 18 months to complete, from environments in which they work,” says SMEC the contract start date. Building two tunnels +27 12 481 3985 Nicholas Rowse, SMEC’s Functional will increase the capacity to carry floods [email protected] Manager for Water Supply, Sanitation and and will provide flexibility to work in one tunnel while the river flows in the other one. Solid waste transfer station The tunnels, one 7 m in diameter and nearing completion almost a kilometre in length, and the second, 9 m in diameter and of a similar length, run parallel to each other from the intake point to the outlet downstream of the dam. They will be excavated by the drill-and-blast method, and will be supported by rock bolts and shotcrete as required. The SCLC Polihali Diversion Tunnel Joint Venture was awarded the diversion tunnel construction contract in April 2019. It comprises South African and Lesotho expertise: Salini Impregilo S.p.A (South African branch), Cooperativa Muratori Cementistri CMC di Ravenna (South African branch), LSP Construction (Pty)

Civil Engineering June 2020 43 Ltd (Lesotho) and CMI Infrastructure Ltd (South Africa). The Metsi a Senqu-Khubelu Consultants Joint Venture (MSKC), which also includes a number of South African and Lesotho- based firms – Aurecon (SA), Knight Piesold (SA), Hatch Goba (SA), SMEC (SA) and FM Associates (Lesotho) – designed the diversion tunnels and is already supervising the construction work. Phase II of the Lesotho Highlands AfriSam secured the contract to supply 2 500 m³ Water Project builds on the successful of readymix concrete for the Brakpan reservoir completion of Phase I in 2003. It delivers water to the Gauteng region of South reservoir currently under construction at that is being used for this project, calls for Africa and utilises the water delivery Sallies Village in Brakpan. fly ash as a supplementary cementitious system to generate electricity for Lesotho. The City of Ekurhuleni, as part of a material (SCM). As the standard opera- Phase II will increase the current supply commitment to address water capacity tional mix supplied by AfriSam’s Sub-Nigel rate of 780 million cubic metres per constraints within its region, embarked on plant contains slagment, the operations annum incrementally to more than 1 270 building 29 reservoirs during the period team had to introduce a customised million cubic metres per annum. At the 2018 to 2021. This will see a combined concrete mix, changing from using slag- same time it will increase the quantity of storage capacity of 550 megalitres being ment to fly ash in order to meet the project electricity generated at the Muela hydro- added to the infrastructure. requirement. power station, and is a further step in the Superway Construction won the con- The slump was initially specified at process of securing an independent elec- tract for the construction of the new reser- very low levels between 10 mm and 60 mm. tricity source to meet Lesotho’s domestic voir. The scope comprises the construction This was a concern, considering the high requirements. The hydropower further of the reservoir and all ancillary works, minimum binder content specified, am- feasibility studies confirmed that conven- including the perimeter fence, new access bient temperatures and the need to pump tional hydropower is the preferred option road, chambers and guardhouse. Elements the concrete. Close consultation between for the Phase II hydropower component where concrete is specifically required AfriSam’s technical team, Superway and identified three potential sites. include the strip footings, walls, column Construction and the consulting engineers bases, columns, column heads and roof. resulted in an agreed slump of 125 mm in Info The implementing agent, the conformance with SANS 878. Development Bank of Southern Africa, The careful calculation of the water– The Public Relations Manager issued detailed project specifications – cement ratio to not exceed 0.5 ensured Lesotho Highlands Development Authority 18 megalitre reservoir, 8.2 m high, 60 m that the tight shrinkage specification of +266 2224 6000 [email protected] diameter, slightly sloped concrete roof. between 0.3 and 0.45 mm would be met. AfriSam secured the contract to supply A crystalline waterproofer has been incor- 2 500 m3 of readymix concrete based on porated into the mix to further enhance its ability to meet the stringent quality permeability properties, while a CHRYSO AFRISAM FACILITATES specifications. All concrete supplied has to curing compound allows adequate be as per the consulting engineers’ material cementing reactions to aid strength gain, DURABLE CONSTRUCTION specification for an impermeable water impermeability, abrasion resistance and retaining structure. SANS 2001-CC1-2012, durability. A well-graded aggregate is used OF BRAKPAN RESERVOIR the specification for structural concrete for this special application. This custom

According to Xolani Mbatha, technical The project necessitated a continuous supply of readymix concrete and AfriSam allocated product team leader at AfriSam, the com- between 7 and 12 trucks for each pour pany’s quality readymix creates concrete possibilities for the production of durable infrastructure. “Productive collaboration between AfriSam and contractors is critical for the successful execution of any project, and this is especially so when it comes to defining and meeting product specifications and facilitating delivery within construction programme scheduling,” he says. An excellent example of the success of such a cooperative part- nership is clearly visible at the site of the

44 June 2020 Civil Engineering mix underpins AfriSam’s capability to de- pandemic. The purpose of this site is there- sign and supply a fit-for-purpose readymix fore to serve as a ‘stepping-stone’ – a space concrete, in this case a workable mix which where suspected Covid-19 cases from accommodates placing techniques and congested communities can be tested, and meets the project specification. if necessary, isolated pending their results. The reservoir is being constructed Four of the existing halls within in three lifts for the full circumference, the show grounds were selected for the ensuring stability for the reservoir walls. project, but they all required a revamp in As this necessitates a continuous supply preparation for the intended use. Sika’s of readymix concrete, AfriSam allocated Regional Sales Manager, Mervyn Naidoo, seven readymix trucks to each pour, recommended Sika products for the increasing to 12 trucks when required. project, which were accepted by the KZN The roof has to be poured in one Department of Health. So, it was with session. Jurie Moolman, Superway great pride that Sika (a specialty chemicals Construction site manager, says the big- company known for its bonding and gest challenge is not the volume of the sealing technology) was able to join forces daunting single pour of 630 m3, but to with the Department of Health, and West ensure an acceptable finish over such a Side Trading Contractors, to be involved One of the transformed exhibition halls large area. Detailed planning will be done in such a project. Sika was tasked with to ensure all the required resources are the responsibility to provide the relevant strength qualities. As the floors were available to achieve this milestone. products to redo the floors, which had to required to be seamless, the expanded Work on site commenced in May be flawlessly smooth and in meticulous joints were covered with Sikagard®-720 2019 with a contract completion date condition to cater for the beds and spe- EpoCem®. Thereafter, in order to build set for June 2020. Prior to the Covid-19 cialised health care machinery. ramps to level the floor, Sikadur®-43 ZA, lockdown, Superway Construction was on Contractor West Side Trading’s focus a three-component repair and filling track to hand over the project by the end area was the actual revamping of the mortar, was applied. of May, ahead of time and on budget. floors within the halls, using the Sika On conclusion of the project, President products. The revamp had to be done Ramaphosa took a walkabout at the Royal Info within a limited time frame to make the Show Grounds and expressed his extreme space available as soon as possible. satisfaction with the results. The KZN Coralynne & Associates The halls required 4 600 m2 of a MEC shared these sentiments and con- [email protected] 2 mm self-levelling epoxy floor coating. gratulated the team with achieving these on behalf of AfriSam www.afrisam.com For this Sikafloor®-263 SL ZA, in light results in only 12 days. grey, was used. It is a solvent-free, epoxy and resin-based floor coating which has Info the specific quality of self-smoothening ROYAL SHOW GROUNDS floors. Additional floor repair required Romaine Cloete Sika South Africa the application of Sikafloor®-200 Level, a +27 31 792 6500 QUARANTINE SITE self-levelling, waterproofing cementitious [email protected] screed with a high level of hardness and The Royal Show Grounds in Pietermaritzburg, site of the annual Royal Sika’s floor treatment completed, prior to the installation of ceilings Agricultural Show, were earmarked to become a KZN quarantine facility for housing suspected Covid-19 patients. As stated by Minister Patricia De Lille: “One of the key tasks for the Department of Public Works and Infrastructure has been to identify state-owned buildings which could possibly be used as quarantine sites in all 44 districts and eight metros.” The use of this space in Pietermaritzburg would allow for the availability of 2 141 isolation beds, and 479 beds for quarantine purposes. It has been stated on numerous occa- sions by President Cyril Ramaphosa that the health and safety of South Africans is the number one priority in dealing with the

Civil Engineering June 2020 45 ICONIC MSIKABA BRIDGE TO BE BUILT BY CONCOR-MECSA JV

Destined to be the longest cable- stayed bridge in Africa (according to www.‌highestbridges.com) the Msikaba Bridge is being constructed by Concor Infrastructure in a joint venture with Mota Engil Construction. Significant work has already been done on the establishment infrastructure to support the construction Aerial view of the southern pylon excavations and anchor works. Work on the approach roads and block excavations for the cable-stayed Msikaba Bridge the significant pylon foundations and anchor blocks for the bridge are currently Bloukrans Bridge (on the Garden Route) The Msikaba Bridge itself will require under construction. with a height of 216 metres and the 43 000 m3 of concrete, 2 700 t of struc- Being built over the Msikaba Gorge Mtentu Bridge (N2 Wild Coast route) tural steel, 1 090 t of cables and 3 100 t of near Lusikisiki in the Eastern Cape, the which, when completed, will be 223 me- steel reinforcing. Msikaba Bridge forms part of the N2 Wild tres high. Not to be overshadowed by the bridge Coast project being undertaken by the According to Lucas Tseki, CEO of is the balance of works contained in the South African National Roads Agency Concor, what is important is that the Joint contract which includes construction of 1.5 Limited (SANRAL). Venture has overcome the initial com- km of approach roadworks on either side When completed this spectacular munity challenges through significant of the bridge. Expressed in quantities, this bridge will also be the second longest community engagement strategies, with will include 650 000 m³ of bulk earthworks, main-span bridge crossing ever built the various community stakeholders and of which 430 000 m³ will comprise hard on the continent, with a tower-to-tower businesses now being on board. rock, a conventional three-span bridge distance of 580 metres. Its two pylons will Concor has a strong legacy in the and four in-situ concrete culverts crossing be 127 metres high. construction of iconic bridges, having some of the tributaries. A significant With a bridge deck at 194 metres constructed the Bloukrans Bridge back in amount will be spent on projects to benefit above the valley floor, the Msikaba Bridge 1983. At the same time, the company also the wider community, including upgrading will also be the third highest bridge in built the Grootrivier and Bobbejaansrivier or repairing gravel roads in the district. Africa, eclipsed only by the existing Bridges, all in the Eastern Cape. Tseki explains that, due to the remote- ness of the project and the logistics travelling from the northern side to the southern side (a three hour drive), a cable-way will be installed as part of the temporary works. Due to the specialist nature of this installation, a company from Switzerland has been appointed to install the cable-way. “The cable car system will be used to transport people and small amounts of material from one side to the other,” Tseki says. Work on the project was suspended due to the national Covid-19 lockdown, but has been resumed under the Level 3 restrictions, with all the necessary measures having been put in place to ensure the health and safety of all stakeholders.

Info

Coralynne & Associates [email protected] on behalf of Concor Construction Temporary site offices at Msikaba South www.concor.co.za prior to the main offices being set up

46 June 2020 Civil Engineering BOOK REVIEW The Way to the Bridge

The future is based on the shoulders of the by written and Compiled past and in his recently published book, e Way to the Bridge

The Way to the Bridge, author Nicol van Walt van der Nicol An overview on the historic drifts, der Walt provides an historic overview of bridges and the roads of the Free State the drifts, bridges and some roads built in An overview on the historic drifts, bridges and the roads of the and theFree roads bridges State Way the historicThe on drifts, – An overview to Bridge the the Free State, going back approximately 150 years. In the words of Professor Piet Jordaan (retired from the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria) in one of two perspectives published alongside the foreword to the book, the author “is one of a dying breed of world-class padmakers who, during the period 1950 to the mid-80s, planned, designed and constructed the road network of South Africa, in the past gener- Compiled and written by Nicol van der Walt ally accepted as the best in Africa”. Publishing details The bridges and drifts were designed and The Way to the Bridge built long before the advent of computer- Title (An overview on the historic drifts, aided design procedures in an era when bridges and roads of the Free State) the ‘art, feel and romance’ of engineering Author Nicol van der Walt were paramount in the construction of Publisher The Heritage Foundation infrastructure. The research the author has carried out in documenting and describing ISBN 978-0-9947175-2-8 the construction of more than 100 old Pages 120 bridges built using rudimentary methods, R230.00 including VAT, excluding Price judged by today’s standards, to cross the delivery generally slow-moving westerly flowing SAICE Bookshop (+27 11 805 5947) rivers traversing the province is impressive. Angelene Aylward ([email protected]) Of particular interest is the description, together with photos and illustrations, of bridges built to cross the major rivers, road construction materials, with large parts i.e. the Gariep (Orange) and Vaal Rivers where active and swelling clays dominate the forming the southern and northern borders geomorphology. However, the climatic and of the province, respectively, as well as soil conditions have provided the basis for the challenging road conditions along its essential food production and farming. The eastern mountainous border with Lesotho way in which the development of the road and KwaZulu-Natal. The bridge structures network of the province has been influenced the author describes range from submers- to serve this end is also described. ible drifts to major steel truss bridges built By documenting the evolvement of the between 1880 and the late 1930s using road system in the Free State, with the em- imported steel trusses placed on masonry phasis on bridges, the author has produced a abutments and piers. Forty-four steel valuable reference work for future road en- bridges out of a total of 77 built during this gineers who, when the current problems in period are still in use today, most of them the road sector are overcome and resources now showing their age! become available, will hopefully contribute The book also draws the link between to the upgrading of our secondary and ter- the road network of the province and the tiary road networks, thereby stimulating the “produce of the land”, as well as the post- economic development of our rural areas. 1950 opening up of the goldfields of the province. The point is made in the book Dr Malcolm Mitchell that, despite the generally flat topography [email protected] of the province, it is not endowed with good

Civil Engineering June 2020 47 SAICE AND PROFESSIONAL NEWS Obituary – Colin Allen Carter 9 February 1925 – 1 April 2020

Colin Allen Carter Pr Eng passed away As a member of the first student peacefully at his home in Knysna on stream-gauging expedition to 1 April 2020. He deserves to be remem- Lesotho working for Colin, I learned bered at length, but before embarking on to like and respect him. He and I did his longer life story, the brief summary at a few long horse rides, during one the start of this obituary might hopefully of which he displayed courage and urge the hasty reader to continue reading fortitude in a major thunderstorm. about this inspiring man. Colin retired as Director of Ninham I’ll always treasure Colin’s quick and Shand in 1991, but continued to work for a incisive take on project problems number of years after that. that tortured me as a young water He served on the Committee of the resources engineer back in the day, SAICE Water Engineering Division for followed by putting me at ease with many years, and as chairman in 1980. He his friendly chatty suggestions about was also a respected and active Fellow of a way forward … which always the South African Academy of Engineering worked out! (SAAE) until his age made it difficult for him to attend functions. But even at the Colin definitely had an uncanny age of 95, he continued to be well informed enjoyed caravanning around Knysna, but knack of getting to the nub of about world events and maintained his mostly at Hermanus Yacht Club where projects at an early stage, and my interest in water projects, which had been he and the family enjoyed sailing. Chris personal experience from early on his main field of engineering. passed away suddenly in September 2013 showed me he was able to greatly He took up tennis when he was 12 and while hiking near Knysna. improve clients’ understanding of only stopped playing in 2008! He remark- Colin is succeeded by his four chil- complex technical and other issues ably also found time to play the piano dren – Juliet, Nicholas, Alison and Daniel. during reporting, and later, stages of throughout his life. A few quotes from some of his col- projects. Colin married Chris in Cape Town in leagues give insight into why he was such August 1956. She was a keen mountain a respected engineer, mentor, leader, boss, When he recruited me in London hiker, accomplished sculptor, and a superb colleague, friend, and not least, report in 1971, it changed my life and was homemaker and mother. They both writer and editor! the start of a most rewarding career, during which Colin was a respected Colin and his wife Chris in 2009 mentor and friend.

An outstanding engineer, a clear thinker, and fine human being.

I still marvel at his ability to write a complete technical report (on pink paper nogal) with blanks left for tables and graphs, ending in a fully argued set of conclusions, and only then instructing me to do the detail calculations/modelling and then fill in the blanks!

I feel grateful for our long years of friendship and will miss his active

48 June 2020 Civil Engineering interest in me, my career and family, Colin’s initial task was to develop a better scientific understanding of the his intelligent insights and his dry wit. hydrology of the Lesotho Highlands, and he soon undertook his first hair- raising Landrover trip up the Moteng Pass to the crude meteorological Outside of work he was always interesting, friendly and ready to station which was the base from where he proceeded on horseback. adopt a balanced view. study Civil Engineering at the University Basuto Hydrology Department in the He was always ready to listen to of the Witwatersrand. headwaters of the Malimabatso River staff working under him. After graduating in 1945, he joined and other tributaries of the Senqu River. the South African Railways and Harbours Accurate calibration of these weirs was He never hesitated to re-write long (as it was known then) where his father obviously necessary. Colin researched sections of my reports! worked, and served in Port Elizabeth on and purchased current meters which “boring construction work”, as well as on were difficult to use for gauging floods He deserves a substantial obituary the Cape Town harbour works, which he in the swiftly flowing rocky mountain in the magazine of the profession in found more to his liking. streams, and therefore he perfected a which he excelled. While still in Port Elizabeth, he was way of gauging the flows by the “salt dilu- fortunate to hear Ninham Shand present tion method”, which was published as a One of his children wrote: his address as President of SAICE (1946). paper by SAICE. Colin personally led the He was so impressed that, without any calibration teams of students to undertake It is most heart-warming to hear expectation of ever realising the dream, gauging during their summer vacations. the many anecdotes of people who he declared that Ninham was the man The recalibration of the flow gauges worked with my father during his he would like to work for. Four years confirmed the high runoffs in the upper long and successful engineering later, in Cape Town, he saw the firm’s Malimabatso River catchment and career, especially hearing the esteem advertisement for an engineer. He applied showed, as was set out in the Ninham in which he was held. immediately, was called for an interview Shand report to the Government of Of course, I knew him better and was astonished when Ninham offered Basutoland in 1956, that, by tunnelling in his family life than his profes- the 25 year old Colin the job on the spot. westward through the Maluti and Thaba sional life, but can see the common In 1950 he joined the firm, which at the Putso mountains, a substantial hydro- threads of his nature in terms of his time had a total staff complement of 20, electric power station could be developed benevolence, innovative and prac- and so began a career in Shand’s that went with water transferred to the Orange tical problem-solving abilities, sense on to his retirement 41 years later. Free State. of fairness, pragmatic way of dealing His first recorded project was to He continued to be instrumental in with things and his integrity. All of improve the water supply for Bredasdorp, the ongoing investigations culminating which made him a wonderful father which he enjoyed doing, and which in the 1968 Ninham Shand and Partners and role model. In relation to the proved to be the beginning of his “water” report, the Oxbow Complex Consolidated last quality, we jokingly referred to it journey. Many others followed, largely Proposal. For many more years he tracked as The Curse of The Carter Honesty. municipal water supplies and agricultural the other studies that were carried out In spite of how important his irrigation projects in the Cape Province by Binnie and Partners, Henry Olivier, engineering career was to him and and into the Orange Free State. and others. all he achieved in his work, it was In 1955 things changed when Colin In 1963 the Carter family moved to remarkable that he was always there was called into Ninham’s office. The boss Johannesburg after Colin had been chosen to spend evenings, weekends and was clearly elated, having just returned by Ninham to represent the firm as the holidays with the family. We all con- from a trip on horseback up the pony trail Deputy Chief Engineer and Alternate sider ourselves to be very fortunate known as the Moteng Pass. His plans for Director on the Board of the French/ to have had such an intelligent, kind a dam and tunnel to transfer water from South African International Orange River and generous father. Lesotho to South Africa were taking Consulting Consortium (IORCC), which shape, and he had picked Colin to be his had been appointed for the design of the The following more detailed overview of chief lieutenant. Hendrik Verwoerd (Gariep) and van Der Colin’s career hopefully gives a fair idea of Colin’s initial task was to develop a Kloof dams. His quiet, firm manner, keen his enormous contribution to the profes- better scientific understanding of the insight and technical knowledge were sion and the country. hydrology of the Lesotho Highlands, and put to the test in developing teamwork Colin was born in Cape Town and he soon undertook his first hair-raising and an effective working relationship in attended Tamboerskloof Junior School Landrover trip up the Moteng Pass to the multinational design team. This was before moving to South African College the crude meteorological station which helped when he was able to develop a cor- School (SACS) in Standard 3, becoming was the base from where he proceeded dial working relationship with the French, a boarder from Standard 8, when he was on horseback. At that time the hydrology particularly with Jean-Pierre Frey, the just 13 years old. He matriculated from had been based on limited flow records chief designer. Colin’s interest in languages SACS at the age of 15 and then went on to from small weirs installed by the then was also no doubt helpful, being fluent in

Civil Engineering June 2020 49 Afrikaans and having a passable knowledge consortium had investigated and analysed of French, German and Spanish. the cost benefits of 28 alternative combina- In October 1965, while living in tions of dam sites and conveyance systems. Johannesburg, and some ten years after Reviewing the results, Colin, supported his key role in starting the hydrological by others, was of the opinion that the studies in Lesotho, he wrote a paper optimum scheme had not yet been identi- titled Basutoland as a Source of Water for fied. Based on his insight, engineering and the Vaal Basin which was published by hydrological understanding, he identified SAICE in October 1965 and presented in a layout with a potential dam site at Katse, Johannesburg, Pretoria and Bloemfontein. which had not been analysed previously. This confirmed that the transfer of water Following the government’s reviews of would have benefits to both countries, the Pre-Feasibility Study, the consultants and formed part of his MSc thesis which were asked to carry out a short Layout was supervised by Prof Des Midgley at the Refinement Study, Stage 2A, to include the University of the Witwatersrand. Colin Carter, always approachable to help layout with a dam site at Katse, as well as Colin returned to Cape Town in 1969, solve an intricate problem (1992) to increase the project yield from 50m3/s becoming an Associate, then Partner and to 70 m3/s. That study concluded that the later a Director of Ninham Shand Inc. He new landscape where promotion of profes- layout with a dam at Katse, as Phase 1A, was involved in numerous water resource, sional services was permitted. was the optimum layout and should water supply and pumped storage proj- Living in Camps Bay, he took a keen form the basis for the detailed Stage 2B ects, as well as other urban infrastructure interest in his children’s education, and par- Feasibility Study. schemes, including the tricky canalisation ticularly the Camps Bay High School. He In the Stage 2B study the economic of the Elsieskraal River which flowed was soon elected chairman of the School viability of the hydropower component, through a highly urbanised area. Governing Body, to the significant benefit determined by comparing the cost of a Apart from his engineering projects, of the school and the education of three of water-only scheme with the proposed Colin was responsible for Ninham Shand’s his children who attended that school. multipurpose scheme, was still a concern. contract documentation and formulated In 1983 the South African Department Working with hydropower specialists, the first ground-breaking set of Standard of Water Affairs appointed the Olivier Colin initiated the investigation of an option Specifications for Civil Engineering. This Shand Consortium, and Lesotho appointed which linked the transfer tunnel from Katse formed the basis of what became the SABS the Lahmeyer McDonald Consortium to directly to the hydropower station, without 1200 (now SANS) standards, in which, for carry out a Joint Feasibility Study of the an intervening head pond at Sentelina, as many years, Ninham Shand staff played Lesotho Highlands Water project (LHWP). had been proposed in the Pre-Feasibility a leading and developmental role. In the Colin was the Shand’s elder statesman for and Refinement studies. This would provide early 1980s, he also had the foresight to the project and an influential member of additional head, directly from Katse to initiate and take charge of a Marketing the team, respected by all parties. the hydro power plan at Muela and result Department, tasked with compiling useful During the Pre-Feasibility Study from in additional energy at the power station. marketing material about the firm in the August to December 1983, the consulting Although the concept of the headrace tunnel being 48 km long was, to say the th Colin on his 90 birthday with his children (from left) least, unconventional, it proved technically Nic, Alison (Preyer), Daniel and Juliet (Janssens) sound. This layout did indeed improve the financial viability of the hydroelectric component of the project and was adopted for the detailed Stage 2B Feasibility Study. In October 1986, the Treaty between Lesotho and South Africa was signed, and the project proceeded to the design and construction phases. In the design phase, Colin was a reviewer and chairman of the Lesotho Highlands Consultants comprising Coyne and Bellier, and Sogreah (both from France), Sir Alexander Gibb (UK), and the South African firms Ninham Shand, Keeve Steyn and Knight Piesold (previously Watermeyer Legge Piesold and Uhlman) who were appointed for the design and construction supervision of the Katse Dam and the Transfer Tunnel to Muela. Construction commenced in 1991,

50 June 2020 Civil Engineering Working with hydropower specialists, Colin initiated the investigation of an option which linked the transfer tunnel from Katse directly to the hydropower station, without an intervening head pond at Sentelina, as had been proposed in the Pre‑Feasibility and Refinement studies. This would provide additional The Katse Dam, the planning of which Colin was highly involved in (Photo: Andrew Tanner, 2006) head, directly from Katse to the hydro power plan at Muela and with many topics, and on how various and ten, still able to get around, result in additional energy at governments were managing or misman- living extremely comfortably, and aging natural resources. enjoying the support and frequent the power station. Although the In 2011, Colin and his wife left Cape company of my four devoted concept of the headrace tunnel Town, moving to their Leisure Isle house children, and other relatives and being 48 km long was, to say the in Knysna, fulfilling a long-held ambition. friends. Sadly, as mentioned above, Chris passed least, unconventional, it proved away suddenly in September 2013, while Colin, you counted yourself lucky, but technically sound. This layout hiking with friends. Colin continued none were so lucky as your colleagues did indeed improve the financial living there until the end, having become and friends who had the privilege of a beloved member of the friendly Leisure knowing you. viability of the hydroelectric Isle community and always appreciative component of the project and of their support. In his own memoir Colin Andrew Tanner Pr Eng, FSAICE wrote, under the heading “Lucky me”: was adopted for the detailed [email protected]

Stage 2B Feasibility Study. I have enjoyed an exceptionally fortunate life. First, my health has Sources: the year Colin retired, and the first water always been excellent, and I have Ninham Shand, The Man, The Practice. Tony flowed into the Vaal Dam in 1998. seldom suffered from infectious Murray 2010. Colin was also closely involved with the diseases, no doubt largely due to a A window on my Past. Colin Carter. Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme and was good diet provided, first by my Mom Memories from Juliet, Nicholas, Alison and appointed chairman of the Management and then by Chris. Daniel, and numerous ex-colleagues and Committee of the international consul- Second, writing this has drawn friends, particularly Mike Shand. tants’ consortiums (Van Niekerk Kleyn and my attention to the great support Edwards, Ninham Shand and the Swiss offered unfailingly by my Dad. firm, Electrowatt). The project, in an envi- Then there was the matter of ronmentally sensitive area, also had several choosing, without much knowledge, interesting engineering innovations. It was a career that could offer the sort of commissioned in 1988. work I enjoyed doing, and finding Apart from these milestone projects, employment which made this a Colin played an important role in reality, working for the very special numerous other projects, and was always Ninham Shand. available to support various project teams. This led to a string of opportuni- When Colin retired from Ninham ties where, again without much Shand in 1991, the MD Peter Thomson knowledge, I made the right choices. said at Colin’s retirement party: “If you I met and got to know expert profes- ask Colin Carter a question, as like as sionals from various countries and not you’ll get a surprising answer.” This was able to broaden my knowledge perhaps best captures Colin’s propensity into areas not generally available. for lateral thinking. This resulted in my being chosen to After retirement, his involvement in head teams and committees, even in the profession continued on a part-time areas not to do with engineering. Long past the standard three score years and basis, and he never lost his keen interest in So here I am now … long past ten Colin was still enjoying life to the full, and all things engineering. He kept up to date the standard three score years with gratitude

Civil Engineering June 2020 51 dare say that what was meant was actually Roman citizens. Of course, a lack of vision is nothing new: “Where there is no vision the people perish.” (Proverbs 29:18)

Dr Frank Netterberg USELetters OF NON-POTABLE WATER IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION [email protected] The comments in Civil Engineering on than the 20-year design life of the roads. the water problem by Guy Price et al in Unfortunately, due to later lack of interest CONSTRUCTION OF October 2012, Marthinus Retief and André by them, this work was never written up. van Tonder in October 2015, Mike Muller This was brought to the attention of THE KAAIMANSRIVIER in June 2017, Mpati Makoa of SANRAL in the relevant authorities on more than June 2018, Gisela Kaiser and Neil Macleod one occasion. Yet, before and even during RAILWAY BRIDGE of the City of Cape Town in October 2018, the drought, the present road authorities and Gisela Kaiser and Rolf Eberhard in have expressed no interest in funding the Civil Engineering, November 2019, October 2019, and the announcement writing up of this work in order that it can pp 8–19 by Krishna Naidoo of SANRAL at the be applied. Whilst it is a bit late, as I have only recently October 2019 Road Pavement Forum that In addition to using non-potable read the article, I would like to congratu- a working group on water for roads has water, there are also ways of lowering the late Dr Johannes Haarhoff on his most been established, have prompted me to add optimum moisture content (OMC) for interesting and informative article on the some of my own experience. compaction by means of certain additives, construction of the Kaaimansrivier Railway One way of making water go a little compacting at the second (lower) OMC Bridge, which featured in the November further is to use non-potable water for road possessed by some materials, and even 2019 edition of Civil Engineering. and other pavement construction instead of “dry” compaction. It brought back fond memories of my the potable water usually specified. It may Such work was also carried out years early days in civil engineering when, as a not be generally appreciated that, allowing ago both in South Africa and elsewhere, young engineer, I was involved on site in for losses such as wastage and evaporation, and some of it progressed to full-scale use. major railway departmentally constructed construction of each new road in dry Some of this was published, too. projects, mainly long tunnels. weather in a dry climate usually requires The use of non-standard materials or These and earlier days were when what upwards of 1 000 m3 of water per day. methods usually requires more, rather I regard as “real engineering” was carried Even 1 000 m3 would be sufficient for than less, engineering, and is of course out by the rail, road and water authority 20 000 people at the daily Cape Town not without risk. However, the purpose of engineers through departmental construc- drought ration of 50 litres/day/person. Up the research was to identify any such risks tion, without the assistance of modern aids to 10 000 m3 were used for the Springbok– and find ways to overcome them, and in such as CAD, etc. Departmental engineers Pofadder road in 1982, i.e. enough for this it was successful. had to be perceptive, and have the ability to 200 000 people per day! Just as an interesting afterthought: exercise sound judgement and make deci- Research and consulting work on the In ancient Rome under the Emperor sions “on the spot”. use of non-potable water, and even sea- Claudius, by around 50 AD, the inhabit- I appreciate that all professions have to water, in road construction were carried ants were all provided with free water at advance with the times, but feel that the out by the writer over many years, both the rate of 182 litres per person per day! vast majority of young engineers, other than in the Cape Town area and elsewhere in The Aqua Claudia alone was 193 km long, those working for contractors, are missing southern Africa. and there were about 480 km of conduits out on the “romance of engineering” where This showed that, with certain precau- of which about 80 km ran underground or you had to get your “hands dirty” and deal tions, even seawater could be used in all in covered channels. with unforeseen events as they arose. layers, including a granular base under a There must be a lesson in this I would be pleased to have other views thin seal, in the slurry of a Cape seal and somewhere, as Cape Town seems unable on what real civil engineering is about. in plain concrete. to achieve this nearly 2 000 years later. Congratulations Johannes! This work even included full-scale However, having said this, I should maybe road experiments carried out at the qualify it a bit: Although the historians use Dr Malcolm Mitchell request of the road authorities of the the term “inhabitants”, of which there were [email protected] time and monitored by me for more probably about 1 million at that time, I

52 June 2020 Civil Engineering SAICE Training Calendar 2020 Course Name Course Dates Location CPD Accreditation No Course Presenter Contact

4 August 2020 Midrand SAICEcon18/02268/21 Adjudication and Arbitration: How to Credits: 1 ECSA Hubert Thompson [email protected] deal with Challenges to Jurisdiction SACPCMP/CPD/18/009 25 August 2020 Cape Town 5 hours SACPCMP SAICEcon18/02254/21 General Conditions of Subcontract Credits: 1 ECSA for Construction Works – First Edition 17 August 2020 Port Elizabeth Benti Czanik [email protected] SACPCMP/CPD/18/032 (2018) GCSC 2018 6 Hours SACPCMP SAICEcon19/02451/22 SAICE Suite of General Conditions of 6–7 August 2020 Durban Credits: 2 ECSA Contract: GCC 2015, SGCC 2018 and Benti Czanik [email protected] SACPCMP/CPD/19/016 GCCSF 2018 20–21 August 2020 Pretoria 12 Hours SACPCMP Introduction to the SAICE General SAICEcon19/02450/22 Conditions of Contract for Credits: 1 ECSA 14 August 2020 Pietermaritzburg Benti Czanik [email protected] Construction Works Third Edition SACPCMP/CPD/19/017 (2015) 6 Hours SACPCMP

Project Management of Construction 4–5 August 2020 East London SAICEcon18/02375/21 Neville Gurry [email protected] Projects 25–26 August 2020 Port Elizabeth Credits: 2 ECSA Structural Steel Design to SAICEstr18/02396/21 22 September 2020 Durban Greg Parrott [email protected] SANS 10162‑1-2005 Credits: 1 ECSA Reinforced Concrete Design to SAICEstr18/02395/21 23 September 2020 Durban Greg Parrott [email protected] SANS 10100-1-2000 Credits: 1 ECSA

28 Sept–2 Oct 2020 Durban SAICEtr19/02561/22 Practical Geometric Design Tom Mckune [email protected] 9–13 November 2020 Midrand Credits: 5 ECSA 19–20 August 2020 Cape Town Leadership and Project Management SAICEbus19/02507/22 9–10 September 2020 Durban David Ramsay [email protected] in Engineering Credits: 2 ECSA 14–15 October 2020 Midrand 18–19 August 2020 Bloemfontein SAICEcon19/02517/22 The Legal Process dealing with Credits: 2 ECSA 6–7 October 2020 East London Hubert Thompson [email protected] Construction Disputes SACPCMP/CPD/15/010/RV 20–21 October 2020 Midrand 12 hours SACPCMP Earthmoving Equipment, Technology SAICEcon19/02447/22 and Management for Civil Engineering 28–30 October 2020 Midrand Prof Zvi Borowitsh [email protected] Credits: 3 ECSA and Infrastructure Projects 17 August 2020 Cape Town Legal Liability Occupational Health SAICEcon17/02038/20 7 September 2020 Bloemfontein Cecil Townsend Naude [email protected] and Safety Act (OHSA) Credits: 1 ECSA 28 September 2020 Polokwane 18–19 August 2020 Cape Town Construction Regulations from a SAICEcon20/02618/23 8–9 September 2020 Bloemfontein Cecil Townsend Naude [email protected] Legal Perspective Credits: 2 ECSA 29–30 September 2020 Polokwane 20–21 August 2020 Cape Town Legal Liability Mine Health and SAICEcon18/02359/21 10–11 September 2020 Bloemfontein Cecil Townsend Naude [email protected] Safety Act (MHSA) Act 29 of 1996 Credits: 2 ECSA 1–2 October 2020 Polokwane

Report Writing for Individuals and 8–9 September 2020 Durban SAICEbus19/02456/22 Elaine Matchett [email protected] Teams 22–23 September 2020 Port Elizabeth Credits: 2 ECSA SAICEwat19/02412/22 Water Security and Governance TBC Martin van Veelen [email protected] Credits: 2 ECSA Equipment Options to reduce SAICEwat19/02493/20 19 August 2020 Polokwane Peter Telle [email protected] Hammer Water Credits: 1 ECSA Mile Sofijanic NEC3 Project Manager Accreditation SAICEcon19/02464/22 [email protected] 6–9 October 2020 Midrand Andrew Baird Programme Credits: 4 ECSA [email protected] Mahdi Goodarzi Introduction to the NEC3 family SAICEcon19/02557/22 and the NEC3 Engineering and 2–3 September 2020 Midrand Mile Sofijanic [email protected] Credits: 2 ECSA Construction Contract (ECC3) Introduction to the NEC 3 SAICEcon17/02301/20 Professional Services Contracts 4 September 2020 Midrand Mile Sofijanic [email protected] Credits: 1 ECSA (PSC3 and PSSC3) Register online: www. saice.org.za

Civil Engineering June 2020 53 SAICE Training Calendar 2020 Course Name Course Dates Location CPD Accreditation No Course Presenter Contact Introduction to the NEC4 and the SAICEcon19/02505/22 14–15 September 2020 Midrand Mile Sofijanic [email protected] ECC4 Credits: 2 ECSA SAICEcon19/02522/22 Introduction to the NEC4 PSC4 16 September 2020 Midrand Mile Sofijanic [email protected] Credits: 1 ECSA Specification for Structural Concrete CESA-1434-05/2021 (Concrete for Contractors and 20–21 August 2020 Midrand Bruce Raath [email protected] Credits: 2 ECSA Consultants)

6–7 October 2020 Durban SAICEbus19/02457/22 Project Presentation Skills Elaine Matchett [email protected] 13–14 October 2020 Port Elizabeth Credits: 2 ECSA SAICE / Computational Hydraulics Int (CHI) Surface Water and Integrated 1D-2D 15 September 2020 Stellenbosch Chris Brooker SAICEwat17/02197/20 Meghan Korman Modelling with EPA SWMM5 and Onno Fortuin Credits: 1 ECSA [email protected] PCSWMM – 1 Day 27 October 2020 Johannesburg Robert Fortuin Surface Water and Integrated 1D-2D 15–16 September 2020 Stellenbosch Chris Brooker SAICEwat17/02198/20 Meghan Korman Modelling with EPA SWMM5 and Onno Fortuin Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected] PCSWMM – 2 Days 27–28 October 2020 Johannesburg Robert Fortuin Surface Water and Integrated 1D-2D 15–17 September 2020 Stellenbosch Chris Brooker SAICEwat17/02199/20 Meghan Korman Modelling with EPA SWMM5 and Onno Fortuin Credits: 3 ECSA [email protected] PCSWMM – 3 Days 27–29 October 2020 Johannesburg Robert Fortuin SAICE / South African Road Federation (SARF) SAICEtr20/02606/23 [email protected] Assessment and Analysis of Test Data TBC TBC R Berkers Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected]

Concrete Road Design and 19 August 2020 Durban SAICEtr19/02472/22 B Perrie [email protected] Construction 7 October 2020 Midrand Credits: 1 ECSA Dr P Strauss [email protected] C Brooker SAICEtr20/02608/23 [email protected] Stormwater Drainage TBC TBC Dingaan Mahlangu Credits: 4.5 ECSA [email protected] Alaster Goyns Traffic Signals Design and Intesection SAICEtr20/02607/23 [email protected] TBC TBC Dr John Sampson Optimisation Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected] HDM4 (The Highway Development SARF20/HDM4-2/23 [email protected] TBC TBC Prof Alex Visser and Management) Credits: 3 ECSA [email protected] Perspective on Traffic Impact Steven Sutcliffe [email protected] TBC TBC SARF17/TIA01/20 Assessment Prof Mark Zuidgeest [email protected] Understanding and Investigation of SARF20/TIA02/23 [email protected] 22–24 July 2020 Durban Craig Proctor-Parker Road Traffic Accidents Credits: 3 ECSA [email protected] SAICE / Classic Seminars Susan Russell SAICEproj18/02374/21 Project Management Foundations TBC TBC Martin Bundred [email protected] Credits: 3 ECSA Elridge Ntini SAICEproj18/02259/21 Philip Russell Earned Value Management TBC TBC [email protected] Credits: 1 ECSA Andrew Holden SAICEproj18/02360/21 Advanced Project Risk Management TBC TBC Elmar Roberg [email protected] Credits: 2 ECSA SAICE / Candidate Acadamy Getting Acquainted with Basic CESA-1574-04/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org Contract Administration and 27–28 July 2020 Online Theuns Eloff Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected] Quality Control

Getting Acquainted with General 24–25 August 2020 Online CESA-1575-04/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org Theuns Eloff Conditions of Contract (GCC2015) 19–20 October 2020 Midrand TBC Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected]

Getting Acquainted with 15–16 September 2020 Online SAICEgeo18/02216/21 lizelle@saicepdp.org Edoardo Zannoni Geosynthetics in Soil Reinforcement 13–14 October 2020 Midrand TBC Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected]

Getting Acquainted with Road 3–4 August 2020 Online CESA-1576-04/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org Theuns Eloff Construction and Maintenance 16–17 November 2020 Midrand TBC Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected] Register online: www. saice.org.za

54 June 2020 Civil Engineering SAICE / Candidate Acadamy Course Name Course Dates Location CPD Accreditation No Course Presenter Contact 29–30 July 2020 Online Getting Acquainted with 2–3 September 2020 Online CESA-1577-04/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org Andrew Brodie Sewer Design 7–8 October 2020 Bloemfontein TBC Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected] 4–5 November 2020 Port Elizabeth TBC Getting Acquainted with Water SAICEwat18/02328/21 lizelle@saicepdp.org 26–27 August 2020 Online Stephen Mallory Resource Management Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected] SAICEcon20/02672/23 Getting Acquainted with Planning, 6–7 July 2020 Online SAICEcon20/02673/23 lizelle@saicepdp.org Scheduling and Programming of Theuns Eloff (online) [email protected] Construction Projects 26–27 October 2020 Midrand TBC Credits: 2 ECSA Pressure Pipeline and Pump Station 15 & 17 July 2020 Online CESA-1578-04/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org Design and Specification – a Practical Dup van Renen Credits: 2 ECSA [email protected] Overview 21 & 23 September 2020 Cape Town TBC Road to Registration for Candidate 8 July 2020 Online CESA-1579-04/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org Engineers, Technologist and Allyson Lawless Credits: 1 ECSA [email protected] Technicians 9 September 2020 Online 22 July 2020 Online Road to Registration for Mature 17 September 2020 Online CESA-1641-10/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org Engineers, Technologist and Stewart Gibson Credits: 1 ECSA [email protected] Technicians 1 October 2020 Midrand TBC 24 November 2020 Cape Town TBC Road to Registration for Mentors, CESA-1580-04/2022 lizelle@saicepdp.org 20 July 2020 Online Allyson Lawless Supervisors and HR Practitioners Credits: 1 ECSA [email protected] In-house courses are available. To arrange, please contact: Cheryl-Lee Williams ([email protected]) or Dawn Hermanus ([email protected]) on 011 805 5947. For SAICE-hosted Candidate Academy in-house courses, please contact: Dawn Hermanus ([email protected]) on 011 805 5947 or Lizélle du Preez (lizelle@saicepdp.org) on 011 476 4100. Register online: www. saice.org.za

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Civil Engineering June 2020 55 TO ALL SAICE CORPORATE MEMBERS NOMINATIONS FOR ELECTION OF SAICE 2021 COUNCIL

Call for nominations to elect the SAICE 2021 Council in terms of Clauses 4.2 and 4.6 of the SAICE Constitution

In accordance with Clause 4.2 of the Constitution, the following According to a 2004 Council resolution, candidates are requested Office Bearers have been elected for 2021: to also submit a Focus Statement (please see Section C below in this regard). QQ Section A: (Curriculum Vitae) President Mr V Krishandutt Information concerning the nominee’s contribution to the Institution. President-Elect Prof M Vanderschuren QQ Section B: (Curriculum Vitae) Information concerning the nominee’s career, with special Vice-President Mr A Clothier reference to civil engineering positions held, etc. Q Vice-President Mr J Padayachee Q Section C: (Focus Statement) A brief statement of what the nominee intends to promote / Vice-President Prof C Roth achieve / stand for / introduce / contribute, or his/her preferred area of interest. In terms of Clause 4.2.4 of the Constitution, the following person is ipso facto a member of the Council for 2021: Closing date for nominations: 31 July 2020 Immediate Past-President Mr F Marutla The acceptable transmission formats are e-mail, fax and ordinary surface mail.

Please note: Nominations received without an attached Nomination of Council members in accordance with Curriculum Vitae will NOT be considered. the SAICE Constitution and By-laws In terms of Clauses 4.6 and 4.6.1 of the Constitution and Clauses If more than 16 nominees (four of whom must be under 36 years of 2.1 and 2.1.1 of the By-laws: age, only turning 36 in 2022 or later) are received, a ballot will have QQ Nominated candidates have to be Corporate Members of to be held. In the event of such a ballot, the Curriculum Vitae and SAICE. Focus Statement will accompany the ballot form. If a ballot is to be QQ Elected members will serve for two years. held, the closing date for the ballot will be 31 August 2020. Notice QQ The number of Council members will be 16, eight of whom of such a ballot will be sent out using two formats, namely: will be nominated and elected annually in terms of By-laws 2.1 QQ By e-mail to those Corporate Members whose electronic ad- and 2.1.1, which state: dresses appear on the SAICE database, or QQ Calls for nominations for election to Council will be done QQ By normal surface mail to those Corporate Members who annually by means of a notice in the SAICE magazine and have not informed SAICE of their e-mail addresses. by electronic mail to all Corporate Members. QQ Such nominations shall be signed by the nominee, then All nominations and ballots will be treated with due respect and proposed and seconded by two Corporate Members using confidentiality. the standard nomination form. V Lutchman PrEng PMP Nominations for election to Council must be accompanied by a Chief Executive Office Curriculum Vitae of the nominee, not exceeding 75 words. The South African Institution of Civil Engineering format of the Curriculum Vitae is described in Sections A and April 2020 B below.

56 June 2020 Civil Engineering

nominee nominee ignature ignature S S of of (Corporate Member) (Corporate Member) ouse, 1685 alfway H Name in block letters block in Name letters block in Name (Corporate Member) (Corporate ag X200, H (Corporate Member) (Corporate ECONDER econder s S Signature Signature 2021 orm ational Office,ational 2020 July for attention Memory S cheepers, 31 by N E F C I Postal address: B Postal Private A | Name in block letters block in Name letters block in Name (Corporate Member) (Corporate Member) (Corporate 12 Corporate Members12 roposer roposer P P Signature Signature N omination e-Mail: [email protected] | irst N ames irst N ames F F 4 Under 36 Members (should only turn 36 in 2022 or later) or 2022 in 36 turn only (should Members 36 4 Under 805 5971 011 Fax: Please fax,Please e-mail this post or plus form, the CV the of nominee, S to S urname S urname

Civil Engineering June 2020 57 RETAINCROSS

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