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The Prosecutor V, Callixte Mbarushimana;

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The Prosecutor V, Callixte Mbarushimana; ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red 16-12-2011 1/215 RH PT Cour Pénale Internationale International Criminal Court Original: English NO.: ICC-01/04-01/10 Date: 16 December 2011 PRE-TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Presiding Judge Judge Sylvia Steiner Judge Cuno Tarfusser SITUATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR V. CALLIXTE MBARUSHIMANA Public Redacted version Decision on the confirmation of charges No. ICC-01/04-01/10 1/150 16 December 2011 ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red 16-12-2011 2/215 RH PT Decision to be notified, in accordance with Regulation 31 of the Regulations of the Court, to: The Office of the Prosecutor Counsel for the Defence Mr Luis Moreno-Ocampo Mr Arthur Vercken Ms Fatou Bensouda Ms Yael Vias-Gvirsman Mr Anton Steynberg Legal Representatives of Victims Legal Representatives of Applicants Mr Mayombo Kassongo Mr Ghislain M. Mabanga Unrepresented Victims Unrepresented Applicants for Participation/Reparation The Office of Public Counsel for The Office of Public Counsel for the Victims Defence States Representatives Amicus Curiae REGISTRY Registrar Deputy Registrar Ms Silvana Arbia Mr Didier Preira Victims and Witnesses Unit Detention Section Victims Participation and Other Reparations Section No. ICC-01/04-01/10 2/150 16 December 2011 ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red 16-12-2011 3/215 RH PT Table of contents L INTRODUCTION 6 1. Callixte Mbarushimana 6 2. Prosecution's allegations 8 3. Defence submissions 9 4. Submissions of Legal Representatives of Victims 11 IL PROCEDURAL HISTORY 12 III. CONSIDERATIONS BY THE CHAMBER ON THE CONDUCT OF THE PROCEEDINGS BY THE PARTIES 19 IV. EVIDENTIARY MATTERS 20 1. Standard of "substantial grounds to believe" 20 2. Approach to the Evidence 21 3. Anonymous witnesses' statements and summaries of witness statements 24 4. Defence challenges to the admissibility of evidence 26 (i). Materials Seized from Mr Mbarushimana's House at the Time of his Arrest 26 (ii). Communications Intercepted by the French and German Authorities 29 (Hi). Documents Emanating from Human Rights Watch 32 5. Specificity of the Document Containing the Charges 33 6. Rule of Speciality 36 V. WAR CRIMES 39 1. Contextual elements 39 2. Specific war crimes charged by the Prosecution 45 (a) Busurungi and surrounding villages 52 i. The allegations of the Prosecution 53 ii. The findings of the Chamber 55 a. Crimes allegedly committed in Busurungi in late January 2009 55 Whether the war crime of attack against civilians (Count 1) was committed 56 b. Crimes allegedly committed in Busurungi and surrounding villages on 3 March or in March 2009 56 Whether the war crimes of murder (Count 3) and mutilation (Count 4) were committed 56 c. Crimes allegedly committed in Busurungi and surrounding villages on or about 28 April 2009 58 Whether the war crimes of attack against the civilian population (Count 1), murder (Count 3), mutilation (Count 4), rape (Count 8) and torture (Count 10) were committed 58 d. Crimes allegedly committed in Busurungi and surrounding villages on or about 9-10 May 2009 59 (i) Whether the war crimes of attack against the civilian population (Count 1) and murder (Count 3) were committed 59 (ii) Whether the war crime of mutilation (Count 4) was committed 70 (Hi) Whether the war crime of rape (Count 8) was committed 73 (iv) Whether the war crimes of cruel treatment (Count 6) and torture (Count 10) were committed 74 No. ICC-01/04-01/10 3/150 16 December 2011 ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red 16-12-2011 4/215 RH PT (v) Whether the war crime of destruction of property (Count 11) was committed 77 (vi) Whether the war crime of pillaging (Count 12) was committed 79 (b) Manje 81 i. The allegations of the Prosecution 81 ii. Events alleged but not charged by the Prosecution in the DCC 82 Hi. The findings of the Chamber 82 Crimes allegedly committed in Manje on or about 20-21 July 2009 82 (i) Whether the war crimes of attacks against the civilian population (Count 1) and murder (Count 3) were committed 82 (ii) Whether the war crime of cruel treatment (Count 6) was committed 86 (Hi) Whether the war crimes of rape (Count 8) and torture (Count 10) were committed 86 (iv) Whether the war crime of destruction of property (Count 11) was committed 87 (c)Malembe 88 i. The allegations of the Prosecution 88 ii. The findings of the Chamber 89 a. Crimes allegedly committed in Malembe in August 2009 or on or about 11 to 16 August 2009 89 (i) Whether the war crime of attack against the civilian population (Count 1) was committed 89 (//) Whether the war crimes of rape (Count 8) and torture (Count 10) were committed 91 (Hi) Whether the war crimes of destruction of property (Count 11) and pillaging (Count 12) were committed 91 b. Crimes allegedly committed in Malembe on or about or on the 15 September 2009 92 (d) Mianga 93 i. The allegations of the Prosecution 93 ii. The findings of the Chamber 94 Crimes allegedly committed in Mianga on or about 12 April 2009 94 (i) Whether the war crimes of attacks against the civilian population (Count 1) and murder (Count 3) were committed 94 (ii) Whether the war crime of rape (Count 8) was committed 98 (Hi) Whether the war crime of torture (Count 10) was committed 99 (iv) Whether the war crimes of destruction of property (Count 11) and pillaging (Count 12) were committed 99 (e)Kipopo 101 i. The allegations of the Prosecution 101 ii. The findings of the Chamber 101 Crimes allegedly committed in Kipopo on or about 12-13 February 2009 101 Whether the war crimes of attack against civilians (Count 1), murder (Count 3) and destruction of property (Count 11) were committed 101 (f) Luofu and Kasiki 103 i. The allegations of the Prosecution 103 ii. The findings of the Chamber 103 No. ICC-01/04-01/10 4/150 16 December 2011 ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red 16-12-2011 5/215 RH PT Crimes allegedly committed in Luofu and Kasiki on or about 18 April 2009 103 Whether the war crimes of attack against civilians (Count 1), murder (Count 3) and destruction of property (Count 11) were committed 104 3. Existence of a nexus between the armed conflict and the alleged crimes 105 VL CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 105 VIL INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 116 L The law 116 (a) Objective Elements 117 i. a crime ivithin the jurisdiction of the Court is attempted or committed 117 ii. the commission or attempted commission of such a crime was carried out by a group of persons acting with a common purpose 117 Hi. the individual contributed to the crime in any way other than those set out in Article 25(3)(a) to (c) of the Statute 120 Level of contribution 120 Contributions after the f act 125 (b) Subjective Elements 127 i. the contribution shall be intentional 127 ii. shall either (a) be made with the aim of furthering the criminal activity or criminal purpose of the group; or (b) in the knowledge of the intention of the group to commit the crime 128 2. Prosecution's submissions 128 3. Majority's findings 128 (a) The suspect's role as a leader of the FDLR and his alleged contribution to a common plan 129 (b) Alleged articulation and dissemination of an international media campaign seeking to conceal the crimes committed by the FDLR on the ground and to extort political concessions 134 (c) Alleged leadership and authority with respect to FDLR contacts with external parties for the purpose of peace negotiations 139 (d) Alleged encouragement of troops on the ground through press releases and speeches 141 No. ICC-01/04-01/10 5/150 16 December 2011 ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red 16-12-2011 6/215 RH PT PRE-TRIAL CHAMBER I of the International Criminal Court (respectively, "Chamber" and "Court"), in the case of the Prosecutor v, Callixte Mbarushimana; HEREBY RENDERS THE FOLLOWING DECISION. I. INTRODUCTION 1. Callixte Mbarushimana 1. The suspect, Callixte Mbarushimana ("Mr Mbarushimana" or "the Suspect"), was born on 24 July 1963 in Ndusu, in Ruhengeri, Northern Province of Rwanda. He is a Rwandan national, allegedly of Hutu ethnicity and is a computer engineer. In 2003, he acquired refugee status in France, holding a residence permit which expires on 31 December 2013.^ 2. The Document Containing the Charges ("DCC") alleges that Mr Mbarushimana has been associated with the Forces Démocratiques pour la Liberation du Rwanda ("FDLR") since at least 2004.^ According to their statute, the FDLR is an armed group seeking to "reconquérir et défendre Ja souveraineté nationale" of Rwanda.^ 3. According to the information provided by the Prosecution, in the aftermath of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, as the rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, gained control of the country, members of the former Forces Armées Rwandaises ("ex-FAR") and members of the interahamwe^ militias allegedly responsible for the Rwandan genocide ^ ICC-01/04-01/10-330-AnxA-Red, para. 1; see also ICC-01/04-01/10-T-6-Red2-ENG CT WT, p. 3, line 17. 2 DCC, para. 2. 3 EVD-PT-OTP-01080, « Manifeste-programme et statuts des Forces Démocratique de Libération du Rwanda » ("FDLR Statute"), at 1515. 4 Literally in Kinyarwanda "those who work together", the name given to Rwandan Hutu militias trained to kill Tutsi during the Rwandan genocide. See EVD-PT-D06-01265, Expert report of Witness 2, at 0015-6.
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