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Role of Media in Electoral Politics in India: a Study of General Elections 2014

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Role of Media in Electoral Politics in India: a Study of General Elections 2014 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Dissertation Role of Media in Electoral Politics in India: A Study of General Elections 2014 doctor philosophiae Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Arani Basu Dekan: Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal Gutachter/in: 1. Prof. Dr. Boike Rehbein 2. Prof. Dr. V. Sujatha 3. Prof. Dr. Vincent Houben Datum der Einreichung: 26.01.2016 Datum der Promotion: 29.04.2016 1 Abstrakt Das primäre Ziel der Studie ist die Herstellung von Nachrichten durch vermittelte buzzwords zu verstehen. Vermittelte buzzwords werden von Medienhäusern und verbreitet durch Zeitungen oder Nachrichtenkanäle geprägt. Hier liegt der Schwerpunkt insbesondere ist zu untersuchen, wie vermittelte buzzwords hergestellt werden durch Zeitungen vor einer Wahl und wie diese buzzwords auf die Wähler, den Einfluss von Nachrichten konditionieren. In diesem Zusammenhang ist das größere Ziel Medien-Politik-Gesellschaft Wechselbeziehung in einer der größten Demokratien in der Welt und einer der bedeutendsten südasiatischen Ländern heißt Indien zu erkunden. Die Studie nimmt eine Gesellschaft zentrierten Ansatz, der Medien als soziale Institution betrachtet und zielt darauf ab, die verschiedenen Funktionen und Wirkungen in den Beziehungen zu anderen sozialen Einrichtungen nämlich Politik und Wähler zu analysieren. In diesem Licht setzt diese Studie, dass die Medien die Rolle vis-a-vis der Politik (Staat) und die Wähler (Gesellschaft) im Umfang liegt, auf die sie beeinflusst und wirkt sich auf die letztere. Schlüsselwörter: Indische Medien, Herstellung von Nachrichten, Wahlpolitik, Mediated Buzzwords, indische General Election 2014 2 Abstract The primary aim of the study is to understand manufacture of news through mediated buzzwords. Mediated buzzwords are coined by media houses and disseminated through newspapers or news channels. Here the focus in particular is to explore how mediated buzzwords are manufactured by newspapers before an election and how these buzzwords condition the influence of news on the electorate. Within this context, the larger goal is to explore media-politics-society interrelationship in one of the biggest democracies in the world and one of the most significant South Asian countries i.e. India. The study adopts a society centric approach that views media as a social institution and aims at analyzing its various features and effects in its relations with other social institutions namely politics and electorate. In that light, this study posits that media’s role vis-a-vis politics (state) and the electorate (society) lies in the extent to which it influences and impacts the latter. This study will explore media’s influence on General Election 2014 in India with the help of mediated buzzwords identified through primary and secondary sources, analyze the relationship between buzzwords and newspapers (represented by the media houses) disseminating them and explore the impact and influence of these mediated buzzwords on the electorate cutting across different social locations. This study has three primary foci – to identify mediated buzzwords and issues during General Elections of 2014 in India, to analyze how the mediated buzzwords were used by the media houses to manufacture news during General Elections of 2014 in India, and to assess the effects of these mediated buzzwords on the formation of political opinion of the electorate during General Elections of 2014 in India. Key Words: Indian Media, Manufacture of News, Electoral Politics, Mediated buzzwords, Indian General Election 2014 3 Acknowledgements To begin, I would like to thank Prof. Boike Rehbein, my supervisor, for accepting me as one of his PhD candidates. Not only had he given me a direction about my research when all seemed to be lost and gone but his valuable advice and profound guidance was priceless. With his unmatched legacy in Sociology he has made my research skills razor sharp and my thought process critical. Prof Rehbein is the one who has moulded and moduled the Sociologist in me and it is impossible to pen down his influence in a few words. I shall always be indebted to him! I would like to specially thank Prof V. Sujatha, my co supervisor, for guiding me during the course of my lengthy but enriching field work across India. It would have been very difficult for me to take this work to completion without her insights, inputs and incredible support. I am also grateful to my funder Hanns Seidel Stiftung for providing me Scholarship and would like to warmly thank Dr. Volker Bauer, Director of the Foundation’s India chapter. My heartfelt thanks go to Institute for Asian and African Studies for offering me an ideal environment where I could concentrate on my research. To do a PhD is like climbing the topmost peak step by step! There were moments of hardship, frustration, bitterness, but there were also times of joy, encouragement, trust and help which I received from different people! I was deeply inspired by Prof. Anand Kumar of Jawaharlal Nehru University and many thanks to him for his unrestricted advice and encouragement! It gives me immense pleasure to thank Prof. V. Parthasarathy, Prof. Anand Pradhan, Prof. Avijit Mitra, Prof. Prasanta Ray, Prof. Maitrayee Sanyal and Prof. Sigrid Baringhorst for their varied observations and ideas. I am truly indebted to journalists Ajitha Menon and Paranjoy Guha Thakurta for their crucial inputs and insights on media and politics in India that contributed heavily to the research. I would also like to express my gratitude towards the wonderful and proficient staff I met at different libraries in both Germany and India, starting from the Institute for Asian and African Studies Library of Humboldt University, Berlin, Munich State Library, Munich, Jawaharlal Nehru University Library, Teen Murti Library, New Delhi and National Library, Kolkata. Also, I am indebted to the people from different walks of life whom I had interviewed during my field work in India. Many thanks for trusting me and my work. 4 I would like to thank my friend Amrita, for all the support I received from her during the entire phase of doctoral studies. Not only did she help me emotionally but also steered my ideas and concepts which helped me to improve my work, largely. I would like to thank my colleagues Tamer Soyler, Andrea Silva, Claudia Schuetz, Raoof Mir and Arvind Das for having long discussions over my thesis. I can’t deny that extensive talks with them at different cafes and mensas only made my work better! I also take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to my friends in Germany (a country which I call home) Tilly, Rudi, Elizabeth, Patrick and Kenya for all the support they extended to me in every hour of crisis both at personal level and functional level! It will be unfair on my part if I don’t express my deep sense of gratitude towards my friends (back home in India) including Amitabh, Vineet, Ashawari, Anik and Tupai for providing me the boost which was needed to complete my doctoral thesis. I would also like to thank my sister (Ishita) and brother in law (Subhajit) for unlimited moral support that they extended during the period. Lastly and most importantly without the unconditional support from my parents this research would have been impossible. I am ecstatic as ever and hope my thesis submission will bring some joy in my family and smile to my parents. For all the sacrifices my parents have done so far, the little I can do is to dedicate this modest accomplishment to them. Berlin, 21.01.2016 5 Table of Content Abstrakt .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 4 Table of Content .................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 The Media-Politics-Society Relationship .................................................................................... 12 1.2 Media-Politics-Society in the Indian Context ............................................................................. 14 1.3 Objectives, Research Questions and Hypothesis ......................................................................... 24 1.4 Research Methodology ................................................................................................................ 24 1.5 Issue of Ethical Neutrality in Research ....................................................................................... 26 1.6 Chapter Schemes ......................................................................................................................... 26 1.7 Limitations of the Study .............................................................................................................. 28 Chapter II ............................................................................................................................................. 30 Review of
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