DOCSLIB.ORG

Pollination of Zamia Incognita A. Lindstr. & Idárraga on a Natural

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pollination of Zamia Incognita A. Lindstr. & Idárraga on a Natural Pollination of Zamia incognita A. Lindstr. & Idárraga on a natural population in the Magdalena Medio, Colombia Trabajo de grado para el cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para obtener el grado de Bióloga de la Universidad CES Estudiante: Wendy A. Valencia-Montoya Asesores: Dino Tuberquia y Juliana Cardona-Duque Programa de Biología Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología Universidad CES 2015 Al Magdalena Medio, para que la magia de sus bosques sobreviva a la indiferencia, y siga contando historias Agradecimientos Deseo agradecer a mis padres por todo el apoyo y aliento que desde muy temprano me dieron en este camino de estudiar formalmente los seres vivos. Especialmente a mi mamá Gloria Montoya, por su colaboración desde el procesamiento de datos hasta aportes económicos para el trabajo de campo; y principalmente porque es la síntesis de la capacidad de asombro, que para mí es el legado clave para estudiar biología. A mi papá Gedwin Valencia por su enorme apoyo y entusiasmo hablando de las zamias a todas las personas que conoce. A mis asesores Dino Tuberquia y Juliana Cardona porque además de todo el apoyo académico durante estos años han sido un apoyo emocional muy importante, porque ellos son maestros que forman personas éticas y apasionadas. A Dino gracias por enseñarme a cerrar los ojos para ver los seres vivos y a Juliana porque es la personificación de la nobleza. A Arturo Aristizábal, amante de las zamias, porque de alguna manera él fue quién nos introdujo en la apreciación de éstas plantas. También quisiera agradecer a todos mis profesores especialmente a Maria José Sanín, por su sensibilidad, brillantez y apoyo durante la formulación del proyecto. También de manera muy especial a Cristina López-Gallego, gran estudiosa de las cícadas, por los consejos, la literatura, los insectos y las invitaciones a sus salidas de campo de zamias. Agradezco a todas las personas que me acompañaron durante el trabajo de campo: Cornelio Bota, Yeyson Montoya, Miguel González, Laura Isabel Marín, Laura Gómez Mesa, Eliana, Héctor Manuel Arango, Edwin Hurtado, Camilo Flórez y Sebastián Cifuentes. Especialmente quiero agradecer a Cornelio Bota y Yeyson Montoya quienes estuvieron en la mayor parte del trabajo de campo en el zamial, por la alegría y la música; que enmarcados en ese hermoso bosque tropical constituyen de los momentos más preciados en este trabajo de grado. A Henry Arenas-Castro, Cristina López-Gallego, Maria José Sanín, Edwin Hurtado, Alejandra Duque y Nicolás González-Castro por sus sugerencias al manuscrito. Agradezco muy especialmente a Gustavo Londoño y a Juan Luis Parra por el préstamo desinteresado de los equipos para registrar termogénesis. A la Beca Colombia Biodiversa de la Fundación Manuel Ángel Escobar por la financiación parcial de este estudio. A Cornelio Bota y Camilo Flórez, mis dos naturalistas favoritos, porque para mí son el ejemplo vívido de la pasión por los insectos y el monte. A Sergio A. Muñoz-Gómez por su incondicional acompañamiento intelectual y emocional. A Henry Arenas-Castro, por todas las conversaciones y porque ojalá sigan siempre instaladas en lo que me es imprescindible. A Edwin Hurtado por todo su apoyo durante el tiempo de campo y escritura, y principalmente por sus matices de profundidad y ternura. A Yeyson Posada, la ceiba, por entender las zamias y regalármelas en cada ojo dibujado. A Michael Castaño, el Sol, por toda la alegría desprendida de su elocuente sensibilidad. A Duberney Chaverra por introducirme con paciencia en el maravilloso mundo de los insectos. A todos mis compañeros de la carrera: Vanessa Correa, Norman Echavarría, Elisa Lotero, Laura Gómez, Alejandra Duque, Natalia Duque, Valeria Zapata, Juan Diego Ospina, Lina Bolívar, Camila García, Tomás Vallejo, Pedro Gómez, Esteban Urrea, Hana Londoño y Paula Saravia por el acompañamiento tan importante durante el pregrado. A mis amigos Yenny Correa, Isabel Restrepo, Laura Muñoz, Camila Londoño, Lorena Quintero, Carolina Torres, Eliana Pineda, Juliana Herrera, Juliana Cerón, Sheela Turbek, Nancy Chen, Matt Dickinson, Héctor Arango, Yeyson Posada, David Taborda, Daniel Monsalve, Alejandra Clavijo, Blanca Arbeláez, Sebastián Cifuentes, Laura Sierra, Manuel Sánchez, Alejandro Ospina, Giovanny Pérez, Mauricio Zapata, Alejandro Ríos, Juan Guillermo Mesa, Juan David Sánchez, Alejandra Barrada, Liliana Palacio, Samuel Monsalve y David Mechas. También a Javier Cardona, David Cardona, Dolly Montoya, Alejandra Cardona, Rosario Giraldo, Celia Ramos, Carlos Montoya, Eliana Moyano, Paulina Valencia, Sandra Ortiz, Gloria Quintero, Juan Cardona y Margarita Cardona y todos los tíos y primos que se me escapan. A Juanita mi gata, lo más querido, porque este trabajo de grado fue escrito en compañía de ella y de Pala. A todos los integrantes del Grupo Abarco, Tejuntas y al Colectivo Bidikay por soñar conjuntamente con un país que tenga una mirada más sensible de su rica diversidad biológica y cultural. Finalmente deseo agradecer a los habitantes de la vereda Santa Bárbara, especialmente a Doña Alba y sus hijas Darsy y Yireth, por recibirnos siempre con tanto cariño. A Don Arturo quién nos transportó hasta la vereda, y muy especialmente a Miguel González por ser un apasionado de la diversidad y la conservación. Medellín, 1-VI-2015 Manuscript for Submission to Arthropod-Plant Interactions (Original Version) Research Article Pollination of Zamia incognita A. Lindstr. & Idárraga on a natural population in the Magdalena Medio, Colombia WENDY A. VALENCIA-MONTOYA1, DINO TUBERQUIA1, 2 & JULIANA CARDONA- DUQUE1, 2 1Programa de Biología, Universidad CES-EIA, Medellín, Colombia Calle 10 A No. 22 - 04 2 Grupo Biología CES-EIA Correspondence to: Wendy A. Valencia-Montoya. E-mail: [email protected] Telephone number: (+57) (4) 444 0555 Ext. 1240 Fax number: (+57) (4) 3113505 Abstract: The genus Zamia (Zamiaceae: Cycadales) holds its greatest diversity in Colombia and most of its species are highly threatened by different factors. One of the most relevant and frequently ignored aspects for the establishment of effective conservation programs, is its highly specialized reproductive biology. Despite the importance of pollination for the viability of the Zamia populations, there are no studies about the pollination process for these cycads in Colombia. Herein we describe the pollination process of Zamia incognita A. Lindstr. & Idárraga, in a natural population from the Magdalena Medio valley in Colombia. We found Pharaxonotha beetles in the male cones where they complete all phases of their lifecycle. Cones produce heat, which generally follows a circadian pattern and its magnitude and extent, are positively correlated with the elongation of the cones and pollen shedding; therefore, the increment in cones temperature seems to play an important role in attracting the beetles to the cones. By following marked beetles with fluorescent dyes as well as by direct observations of the beetles on and into female cones, remaining at pollination droplets for a long period, we confirmed that Pharaxonotha sp. is the effective pollinator of Zamia incognita. We suggest that the pollination droplets may serve as reward to the pollinators. We also discuss the relationships of this Zamia species with other insects like Eumaeus butterflies, Atta ants, flies and Meliponinae bees. Key words: cycad pollination, Erotylidae, plant thermogenesis, plant-insect interactions. Introduction The pollination in Zamiaceae was considered to be anemopholus until the 80’s end. However, this was a misconception due to a generalization of most Gymnosperms condition, and it has been reassessed by extensive evidence of insect pollination (e.g. Donaldson 1997, Norstog et al. 1986, Suinyuy et al. 2009, Tang 1987a, Terry 2001, Terry et al. 2005, Vovides 1991, Vovides et al. 1997, Wilson 2002). During most of the XX century, entomophilous pollination was thought to be restricted to Angiosperms, and it has been considered as a key interaction that had played a pivotal role in promoting the overwhelming diversity of the interacting groups (Gorelick 2001, Norstog 1987). Pioneering studies in Zamia pollination challenged this paradigm (e.g. Norstog et al. 1986, Tang 1987a) and now we know that pollination in all the Zamiaceae genera relied on highly specialized relationships with insects, most of them beetles (Donaldson 1997, Norstog et al. 1986, Suinyuy et al. 2009, Tang 1987a, Terry 2001, Terry et al. 2005, Vovides 1991, Wilson 2002) and secondarily thrips (Terry 2001). The cycads exhibit an array of complex traits to attract insects: the female and male cones have differential attractants for feeding preferences; the pollinator life-cycles are coupled with plant phenology; and they volatilize their odors and have thermogenesis (Donaldson 1997, Norstog and Fawcett 1989). These features are shared with some beetle-pollinated angiosperm families (e.g. Cyclanthaceae: Eriksson 1994; Annonaceae: Gottsberger 1999; Arecaceae: Henderson 1986) and they are considered evolutionary convergences related to cantharophily (Norstog 1987, Terry et al. 2005). Due to the similarity of these cycad-insects interactions across different continents, and because most of the pollinator species belong to the not related beetle superfamilies Curculionoidea and Cucujoidea, it is now believed that the insect pollination has been independently evolved in different Zamiaceae genera (Suinyuy et al. 2009, Terry et al. 2004, 2005, Wilson 2002). These specialized associations indeed have important implications in cycad species conservation,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salesforce Park Garden Guide
    Start Here! D Central Lawn Children’s Play Area Garden Guide6 Palm Garden 1 Australian Garden Start Here! D Central Lawn Salesforce Park showcases7 California over Garden 50 species of Children’s Play Area 2 Mediterraneantrees and Basin over 230 species of understory plants. 6 Palm Garden -ã ¼ÜÊ ÊăØÜ ØÊèÜãE úØƀØÊèÃJapanese Maples ¼ÃØ Ê¢ 1 Australian Garden 3 Prehistoric¢ØÕ輫ÕØÊ£ØÂÜÃã«ó«ã«Üŧ¼«¹ĆãÃÜÜ Garden 7 California Garden ¼ÜÜÜŧÊÃØãÜŧÃØ¢ã«Ã£¼ÜÜÜũF Amphitheater Garden Guide 2 Mediterranean Basin 4 Wetland Garden Main Lawn E Japanese Maples Salesforce Park showcases over 50 species of 3 Prehistoric Garden trees and over 230 species of understory plants. A Oak Meadow 8 Desert Garden F Amphitheater It also offers a robust year-round calendar of 4 Wetland Garden Main Lawn free public programs and activities, like fitness B Bamboo Grove 9 Fog Garden Desert Garden classes, concerts, and crafting classes! A Oak Meadow 8 5 Redwood Forest 10 Chilean Garden B Bamboo Grove 9 Fog Garden C Main Plaza 11 South African 10 Chilean Garden Garden 5 Redwood Forest C Main Plaza 11 South African Garden 1 Children’s Australian Play Area Garden ABOUT THE GARDENS The botanist aboard the Endeavor, Sir Joseph Banks, is credited with introducing many plants from Australia to the western world, and many This 5.4 acre park has a layered soil system that plants today bear his name. balances seismic shifting, collects and filters storm- water, and irrigates the gardens. Additionally, the soil Native to eastern Australia, Grass Trees may grow build-up and dense planting help offset the urban only 3 feet in 100 years, and mature plants can be heat island effect by lowering the air temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • Bowenia Serrulata (W
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Wilson, Gary Whittaker (2004) The Biology and Systematics of Bowenia Hook ex. Hook f. (Stangeriaceae: Bowenioideae). Masters (Research) thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1270/ If you believe that this work constitutes a copyright infringement, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1270/ The Biology and Systematics of Bowenia Hook ex. Hook f. (Stangeriaceae: Bowenioideae) Thesis submitted by Gary Whittaker Wilson B. App. Sc. (Biol); GDT (2º Science). (Central Queensland University) in March 2004 for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Tropical Plant Science, James Cook University of North Queensland STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned, the author of this thesis, understand that James Cook University of North Queensland will make it available for use within the University Library and by microfilm or other photographic means, and allow access to users in other approved libraries. All users consulting this thesis will have to sign the following statement: ‘In consulting this thesis I agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it in whole or in part without the written consent of the author, and to make proper written acknowledgment for any assistance which I have obtained from it.’ ………………………….. ……………… Gary Whittaker Wilson Date DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Cycad Species List
    Mailing Address: E mail: [email protected] 3233 Brant St. Phone: (619) 291-4605 San Diego CA, 92103-5503 Jungle Music Fax: (619) 574-1595 Nursery Location: 450 Ocean View Ave. Palms & Cycads We’re on the Web! Encinitas CA www.junglemusic.net The palm and cycad source since 1977 Cycad Availability SPRING/SUMMER 2006 Directions Leucadia Blvd Take Freeway 5 to Encinitas (10 minutes south of Oceanside, 30 minutes north of San Diego). N Ocean View Ave Ave View Ocean e Exit Leucadia Blvd West (toward ocean). v A W E s Immediate left on Orpheus Ave, u e h left on Union St, p S r Right on Ocean View Ave O Union St Location: 450 Ocean View Ave, Encinitas, CA (next to the “Monarch Program”) The following is a listing of species available as of APRIL 2006. Call for sizes and prices available. Many species are extremely limited in availability. Some species may have sold out by the time you get this listing. Some cycad species are given as a “locality”. For visits to the nursery, always call first. Mail orders are possible to most areas within the United States with minimum order of $200 plus s/h. Thank you for your interest. Cycads are for U.S. domestic use only and cannot be shipped internationally. Phil Bergman, Owner The purpose of this listing is to give palm and cycad enthusiasts a list of the species offered at this time. Sizes and prices are not included herein as availability changes frequently and creating such a listing would be far too cumber- some.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Element Concentrations of Cycad Leaves: Do We Know Enough?
    horticulturae Review Chemical Element Concentrations of Cycad Leaves: Do We Know Enough? Benjamin E. Deloso 1 , Murukesan V. Krishnapillai 2 , Ulysses F. Ferreras 3, Anders J. Lindström 4, Michael Calonje 5 and Thomas E. Marler 6,* 1 College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA; [email protected] 2 Cooperative Research and Extension, Yap Campus, College of Micronesia-FSM, Colonia, Yap 96943, Micronesia; [email protected] 3 Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society Inc., Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; [email protected] 4 Plant Collections Department, Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden, 34/1 Sukhumvit Highway, Najomtien, Sattahip, Chonburi 20250, Thailand; [email protected] 5 Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, FL 33156, USA; [email protected] 6 Western Pacific Tropical Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 October 2020; Accepted: 16 November 2020; Published: 19 November 2020 Abstract: The literature containing which chemical elements are found in cycad leaves was reviewed to determine the range in values of concentrations reported for essential and beneficial elements. We found 46 of the 358 described cycad species had at least one element reported to date. The only genus that was missing from the data was Microcycas. Many of the species reports contained concentrations of one to several macronutrients and no other elements. The cycad leaves contained greater nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations than the reported means for plants throughout the world. Magnesium was identified as the macronutrient that has been least studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidozamia Peroffskyana
    LLeeppiiddoozzaammiiaa ppeerrooffffsskkyyaannaa -- AA ccyyccaadd ffrroomm tthhee ttrrooppiiccaall eeaasstt ccooaasstt ooff AAuussttrraalliiaa What looks like a palm, grows in tropical rainforests along the coast of northern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, but isn’t a palm? Lepidozamia peroffskyana – a cycad, of course! Cycads are an, ancient group of plants, first recorded from the Permian, 280 million years ago. Palms, in contrast, are relatively recent arrivals, from the Cretaceous ~ 83 – 76 million years ago1. Cycads, which produce cones, are more closely related to conifers (pines, cedars, cypress) than they are to palms. Their growth habit has changed little since the Jurassic when they were abundant and widespread, so extant species still look like their fossil ancestors. Lepidozamia belongs to the family Zamiaceae, which evolved in the mid- Triassic; distribution of fossils includes genera in North and South America, L. hopei Europe, Australia and Antarctica, indicating that this family of cycads evolved prior to the breakup of Pangea1. L. peroffskyana There are two species of Lepidozamia, both of which occur in Australia. Lepidozamia peroffskyana in NE NSW, and L. hopei in far N. Queensland2. Nostoc is a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) which has been recorded in all genera of extant (living, modern day) cycads and has the potential to fix atmospheric nitrogen. In addition to normal roots that grow downwards, cycads, including Lepidozamia species, have roots that grow upwards, towards the soil surface; these are known as ‘apogeotropic’ roots. If apogeotropic roots are colonised by the cyanobacterium Nostoc, they are then known as ‘coralloid’ roots because of their uncanny resemblance to coral.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Genera of Aulacoscelinae Beetles Reflexively Bleed Azoxyglycosides Found in Their Host Cycads
    J Chem Ecol (2011) 37:736–740 DOI 10.1007/s10886-011-9977-5 Two Genera of Aulacoscelinae Beetles Reflexively Bleed Azoxyglycosides Found in Their Host Cycads Alberto Prado & Julieta Ledezma & Luis Cubilla-Rios & Jacqueline C. Bede & Donald M. Windsor Received: 25 January 2011 /Revised: 24 May 2011 /Accepted: 26 May 2011 /Published online: 8 June 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Abstract Aulacoscelinae beetles have an ancient rela- zamin, in the reflex bleeding; this is the first account of tionship with cycads (Cycadophyta: Zamiaceae), which potentially plant-derived compounds in secretions of the contain highly toxic azoxyglycoside (AZG) compounds. Aulacoscelinae. These data as well as the basal phyloge- How these “primitive” leaf beetles deal with such host- netic position of the Aulacoscelinae suggest that seques- derived compounds remains largely unknown. Collec- tration of plant secondary metabolites appeared early in tions were made of adult Aulacoscelis appendiculata leaf beetle evolution. from Zamia cf. elegantissima in Panama, A. vogti from Dioon edule in Mexico, and Janbechynea paradoxa from Key Words Aulacoscelinae . Aulacoscelis . Zamia boliviana in Bolivia. Total AZG levels were Azoxyglycosides . Chrysomelidae . Coleoptera . Dioon . quantified in both cycad leaves and adult beetles by high Janbechynea . Reflex bleeding . Zamia . Zamiaceae performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On average, cycad leaves contained between 0.5–0.8% AZG (frozen weight, FW), while adult beetles feeding on the same Introduction leaves contained even higher levels of the compounds (average 0.9–1.5% FW). High AZG levels were isolated One of the least understood plant-insect interactions is that from reflex bleeding secreted at the leg joints when beetles between cycads and aposematic herbivorous beetles in the were disturbed.
    [Show full text]
  • Proliferated Megasporangiate Strobili of Zamia Furfuracea (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) and Its Possible Evolutionary Implications for the Origin of Cycad-Megasporophylls
    Palaeodiversity 6: 135–147; Stuttgart, 30 December 2013. 135 Proliferated megasporangiate strobili of Zamia furfuracea (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) and its possible evolutionary implications for the origin of cycad-megasporophylls VEIT MARTIN DÖRKEN & BRIGITTE ROZYNEK Abstract At a 30-years-old individual of Zamia furfuracea (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) cultivated in the Botanic Garden Bo- chum (Germany), several proliferated megasporangiate strobili were found. The morphology of normal and prolif- erated strobili was compared. Within the proliferated strobili the sequence of megasporophylls, cataphylls, tropho- phyll-like leaves, followed again by a flush of cataphylls, was similar to those developed at the stems of extant Cycas species. However, all proliferated megasporangiate strobili were sterile. Within the proliferated strobili the pinnate trophophyll-like leaves that were replacing the terminal megasporophylls can be regarded as an atavism possibly reflecting the primitive character of megasporophylls in cycads. Thus, the results of the morphological examinations and also the comparison with fossil taxa may deliver new data supporting the idea that pinnate cycad-megasporo- phylls are a plesiomorphic feature within cycads. Keywords: Zamia, Cycadales, strobilus, megasporophyll, proliferation. 1. Introduction often wedge-shaped with a hexagonal outer face. In some species they have one or two distal spine-like appendages. Due to the morphology of megasporangiate strobili, me- Each megasporophyll bears only two ovules, which are gasporophylls and the attachment of ovules, the systemat- developed deeply within the strobilus. The micropyles are ics among extant cycads is still debated. Some authors sug- pointing towards the axis of the strobilus. gest a concept composing of three families: Cycadaceae, In contrast with the Zamiaceae, among the Cycadaceae Stangeriaceae, and Zamiaceae (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Eumaeus Atala (Lycaenidae) in Re-Establishments
    joumal of the Lepidopterists' Society ,56(4 ), 2002, 272- 276 THE EFFECTS OF SEASON, HOST PLANT PROTECTION, AND ANT PREDATORS ON THE SURVIVAL OF EUMAEUS ATALA (LYCAENIDAE) IN RE-ESTABLISHMENTS EILEEN M. SMITHl Department of Environmental Studies, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA ABSTRACT. The primary purpose of this study on Eurrweus atala. the atala butterfly, was to determine which factors influence lalval sur­ vival during re-establishment of atala butterfly populations. An inexpensive protective cover of fabric netting over the host plants at the re­ establishment site was found to have a positive effect on the number oflalvae that survived to pupation. Season was also found to have an effect on the number of rc-established larvae that survived to pupation. Significantly more larvae survived to pupation during the wetter summer sea­ son than during the drier winter season. This suggests that future attempts to re-establish the atala should take place in the summer and should consider the use of protective netting over host plants. In the course of this study. the mortality of atala eggs was found to be high, and two new ant predators of atala eggs were found. Additional key words: c()ontie. cycasin. insect. The atala, Eumaeus atala Poey, is a hairstreak but­ Atala multiplied at various locations in South terfly (Lycaenidae, subfamily Theclinae) with a tumul­ Florida from Coral Gables to Florida City (Landolt tuous history. It was once considered to be extinct 1984). "The atala has made a spectacular recovery and throughout south Florida due to the exploitation of its is now found in urban and natural areas around Fort sole native larval host plant, but the atala has since Lauderdale and Miami" (Emmel & Minno 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • APS EAST HILLS GROUP NEWSLETTER August 2018
    APS EAST HILLS GROUP NEWSLETTER August 2018 NEXT EHG MEETING: 7.30 pm, Wednesday 1 August 2018 Travels in Colombia – Robert Walters Robert has visited the country twice, and recently trekked there. Come along for the adventure! Please bring something to share for supper. LUGARNO-PEAKHURST UNITING CHURCH 909 Forest Road Lugarno (opposite the Chivers Hill Lugarno shops) VISITORS WELCOME WELCOME to the August 2018 edition of the East Hills Group Newsletter. The main focus is our July meeting – just a sample of the interesting information and experiences from our members' night. During our August meeting we'll travel to Colombia with our speaker, and also focus on things nearer home, including planning for the APS NSW quarterly gathering in September, an invitation from Bunnings and our annual donations. I hope to see you there! Jan Douglas Editor http://austplants.com.au/East-Hills East Hills Group Newsletter August 2018 Page 1 FROM OUR JULY MEETING Our July meeting included presentations from six members. Here's a taste of what they shared with us. Words compiled by Liz Cameron and Jan Douglas Photos were provided by the members who spoke. Boyd Webster – An encounter with Eucryphia lucida (Tasmanian Leatherwood) Boyd was on an ANPSA post-conference tour in January when he visited Nelson Falls in the Wild Rivers National Park and found Tasmanian Leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida, family Eucryphiaceae) flowering in abundance. He captured their beauty in his photos – petals strewn across the forest floor, white flowers with delicate anthers fading from red to grey, long narrow green leaves and lichen-covered trunks.
    [Show full text]
  • Cycad Day 2011 Auction Results
    Cycad Day 2011 Auction Results Species/Item Size Winning Bid Plants Ceratozamia kuesteriana 1 gal. $20 Ceratozamia latifolia 3 gal. $22 Ceratozamia latifolia 3 gal. $20 Ceratozamia latifolia 5 gal. $30 Ceratozamia miqueliana x euryphyllidia 1 gal. $45 Ceratozamia miqueliana x euryphyllidia 1 gal. $42 Ceratozamia norstogii 2" cone $27 Ceratozamia robusta 'Santiago Tuxtla' 3 gal. $12 Ceratozamia sp. 'Palma Sola' 1 gal. $12 Cycas angulata 4" tube $15 Cycas couttsiana 4" tube $45 Cycas debaoensis 2" cone $12 Cycas debaoensis 3 gal. $27 Cycas elephantipes 4" tube $27 Cycas guizhoensis x taitungensis 4" tube $22 Cycas panzhihuaensis 1 gal. $3 Cycas panzhihuaensis 1 gal. $12 Cycas panzhihuaensis 1gal. $10 Cycas petraea 3 gal. $15 Cycas tropophylla x micholitzii 5 gal. $25 Dioon edule 'Palma Sola' 2" cone $5 Dioon edule 'Queretero' 5 gal. $30 Dioon mejiae 3 gal. $20 Dioon mejiae 3 gal. $15 Dioon mejiae 8" tube $5 Dioon merolae 10" tube $32 Dioon merolae 3 gal. $20 Dioon spinulosum 7 gal. $25 Dioon spinulosum 7 gal. $25 Encephalartos natalensis 'Oribi Gorge' 2" cone $25 Encephalartos transvenosus x woodii 1 gal. $30 Encephalartos arenarius 2" cone $22 Encephalartos cerinus 4" tube $40 Encephalartos chimanimaniensis 3 gal. $50 Encephalartos ferox 7 gal. $35 Encephalartos ferox 'Xai Xai' 3 gal. $20 Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi 2" cone $30 Encephalartos gratus 20 gal. $80 Encephalartos gratus 3 gal. $5 Encephalartos hildebrandtii 1 gal. $20 Encephalartos hildebrandtii 3 gal. $10 Encephalartos hildebrandtii 3 gal. $10 Encephalartos hildebrandtii 5 gal. $35 Encephalartos horridus 3 gal. $42 Encephalartos lehmannii 1 gal. $25 Encephalartos lehmannii 2" cone $17 Encephalartos natalensis 4" tube $25 Encephalartos ngoyanus Rooted sucker $35 Encephalartos nubimontanus 4" tube $105 Encephalartos princeps 4" tube $42 Encephalartos pterogonas 10" tube $27 Encephalartos pterogonas 3 gal.
    [Show full text]
  • Zamia Furfuracea Cardboard Plant, Cardboard Cycad1 Edward F
    FPS-618 Zamia furfuracea Cardboard Plant, Cardboard Cycad1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction General Information The rigid, woody, medium-green foliage of cardboard plant Scientific name: Zamia furfuracea emerges from a large underground storage root and forms Pronunciation: ZAY-mee-uh fer-fer-RAY-see-uh a loose, spreading, symmetrical rosette (Fig. 1). Providing Common name(s): cardboard plant, cardboard cycad a tropical landscape effect, cardboard plant’s mounding Family: Zamiaceae growth habit is ideally suited for use in containers or as Plant type: shrub a specimen. Several can be planted together for a lush, USDA hardiness zones: 9B through 11 (Fig. 2) tropical effect. They also create a dramatic effect when Planting month for zone 9: year round mass-planted in a shrub border, eventually reaching to Planting month for zone 10 and 11: year round six or eight feet tall. Plant on three- to five-foot centers to Origin: not native to North America create a mass planting. Uses: border; mass planting; container or above-ground planter; specimen; suitable for growing indoors; accent Availability: somewhat available, may have to go out of the region to find the plant Figure 2. Shaded area represents potential planting range. Figure 1. Cardboard plant 1. This document is FPS-618, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1999. Reviewed February 2014. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Edward F. Gilman, professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations.
    [Show full text]