June 30, 2003

The Institute for the History of Psychiatry Annual Report to the Friends

July 1, 2002 - June 30, 2003

Interdisciplinary Research Faculty Richardson History of Psychiatry Research Seminar The Oskar Diethelm Library

Department of Psychiatry Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College Cornell University The New York Presbyterian Hospital 525 East 68th Street, Box 140 New York, New York 10021 (212) 746-3727

Front cover art and all other illustrations are from “On Monsters and Prodigies,” in Les Oeuvres D’Ambroise Paré Counsellor and First Surgeon of the King, Paris: Nicolas Buon, 1628.

Produced by CUMC Duplicating

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Interdisciplinary Research Faculty

The Institute for the History of Psychiatry: An Introduction Report from the Director's Office Report from the Associate Director

Oskar Diethelm Library: Librarian’s Report Exhibitions Nostalgia: The Rise and Fall of a Medical Diagnosis Recent Acquisitions The Papers of Dr. Roy Schafer

Eric T. Carlson Memorial Grand Rounds

Richardson History of Psychiatry Research Seminar: Seminar Program Director's Report Research Seminar Presentations, 2002-2003 Institute Working Groups

Cornell Studies in the History of Psychiatry Paul Lerner’s, Hysterical Men: War, Psychiatry, and The Politics of Trauma in Germany, 1890-1930

Special Tributes Reprint of Article on Oskar Diethelm, M.D. from The American Journal of Psychiatry

Research Faculty News

Visiting Fellow in the History of Psychiatry

Research Faculty Publications

Alumni News

Special Acknowledgments

Friends of the Institute for the History of Psychiatry

Interdisciplinary Research Faculty

George J. Makari, M.D. Director Nathan M. Kravis, M.D. Associate Director Diane Richardson, M.L.I.S. Special Collections Librarian Tanya Uhlmann Administrative Assistant

Anna M. Antonovsky, Ph.D. Ralph D. Baker, M.D. Michael Beldoch, Ph.D. Daria Colombo, M.D. Norman Dain, Ph.D. (Rutgers University) Katherine Dalsimer, Ph.D. Aaron H. Esman, M.D. Lawrence Friedman, M.D. William A. Frosch, M.D. Sander L. Gilman, Ph.D. (University of Illinois - Chicago) Robert Goldstein, M.D. Gerald N. Grob, Ph.D. (Rutgers University) Leonard C. Groopman, M.D., Ph.D. Leon D. Hankoff, M.D. John Kerr Barbara Fass Leavy, Ph.D. (Queens College, CUNY) Robert Michels, M.D. Doris B. Nagel, M.D. Louis A. Sass, Ph.D. (Rutgers University) Theodore Shapiro, M.D. Paul E. Stepansky, Ph.D. Craig Tomlinson, M.D. (Columbia University)

All have appointments at or are employed by Weill Medical College of Cornell University. If the member's primary academic position is elsewhere, it is given

in parentheses.

THE INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

AN INTRODUCTION

The Institute for the History of Psychiatry is an interdisciplinary research unit in the Department of Psychiatry of the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University and The New York Presbyterian Hospital. Its objective is to carry out, encourage, and advise scholarship in a broad range of historical topics that are relevant to the present day theory and practice of psychiatry. Its basic activities include the Richardson History of Psychiatry Research Seminars and the administering of the Oskar Diethelm Library. The foundation of the Institute was laid in 1936, when Dr. Oskar Diethelm, Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Director of the recently opened Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, began assembling books and journals important to the history of psychiatry, convinced as he was of their value to clinicians. Stimulated by this growing resource, Dr. Eric T. Carlson formally launched the History of Psychiatry Section (as the Institute was originally known) in 1958, when he received a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to pursue research into the history of American psychiatry. At the same time, Dr. Diethelm appointed him to a newly created position as Director of the Section. Under the leadership of Dr. Carlson, the activities and collections of the Section steadily expanded to serve a wide range of interests, from the education of medical students and residents to the exchange of ideas among historically oriented scholars from many disciplines. In the early 1960's, Dr. Carlson instituted the biweekly research seminars, which in 1993 were renamed the Richardson Research Seminars in honor of the Richardsons’ generous support. When Dr. Diethelm retired in 1962, the Section's rare books library was named in his honor. The Oskar Diethelm Library now contains over 50,000 printed items, constituting the most comprehensive collection

of its kind in the United States. Initially, the emphasis was on collecting British and American works from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries as well as Renaissance works in Latin. As the Library grew, however, it developed major collections dating from the 15th century in French, German, and Italian, as well as acquiring selected works in Arabic, Dutch, Hungarian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. The Library now counts among its holdings nearly every edition of the monographs of such important figures as Emil Kraepelin, Sigmund Freud, Isaac Ray and Benjamin Rush. The Library holds significant collections of works in such areas as the history of hypnotism and psychoanalysis, the American mental hygiene movement, and the temperance movement, as well as religious and medical debates on witchcraft, suicide, and sexual behaviors. There are also many early and rare first-person accounts of psychiatric illness, alcoholism, and drug abuse. The Library is particularly strong in complete runs of several crucial and uncommon journals. An impressive collection of hospital and asylum reports of the 19th and early 20th centuries has been amassed, amounting to more than 3,500 items. Dr. Diethelm recognized the value of knowledge contained in early dissertations written for the medical degree in pre-Enlightenment Europe. He traveled throughout Europe to identify them in foreign repositories and collect what he could for the Library, eventually collating his work into his Medical Dissertations of Psychiatric Interest before 1750 (Basel: Karger, 1971). The Library's collection of these theses now stands at nearly five hundred. In 1976, the manuscript division of the Library was officially established, indicating its growing importance as a repository for the unpublished papers of many organizations and individuals vital to the history of psychiatry. The Library now houses over sixty manuscript collections. It is the official depository of such institutions as the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, the American Psychoanalytic Association, and the Cheiron Society. Its holdings of the papers of D.W. Winnicott and David Levy make it an important resource for the study of child psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Through the generosity of Dr. Bernard L. Diamond, primary sources have been added to the division relating to such cases vital to the history of forensic psychiatry as the M’Naughton trial and the Guiteau trial, as well as more recent cases. There are also notable holdings related to the American mental hygiene movement and biological psychiatry, and letters by Clifford Beers,

Sigmund Freud, Morton Prince, William James, G. Stanley Hall, Johann Spurzheim, Andrew and George Combe, Herbert Spencer, August Forel, Francis Galton, S. Weir Mitchell, and Harry Stack Sullivan to name a few. From its earliest days, numerous scholars have worked in the Oskar Diethelm Library, publishing their discoveries as articles or books. From the Renaissance psychiatry that Dr. Diethelm pursued and the early American psychiatry that Dr. Carlson explored, the topics of inquiry multiplied. The list has grown to include biographies of psychiatrists, psychologists, and pioneers in mental hygiene; accounts of the development of child psychiatry and the changing attitude toward children; books on psychoanalysis and its reception in various parts of the world; histories of psychiatry during specific periods, of particular mental hospitals that epitomized the development of the field, and of particular sub-specialties such as the treatment of alcoholism or schizophrenia; studies in legal psychiatry; topics in British, German, and French psychiatry; histories and analyses of ideas and concepts in psychiatry, psychology, and psychoanalysis; works on the relationship between psychiatry and literature, and psychiatry and religion; and investigations of multiple personality and hypnosis. There are also two published volumes of symposia sponsored by the Section. Dr. Carlson organized the Friends of the Oskar Diethelm Library in 1964, thus widening the Library's circle of interested and active supporters. Those who could not participate directly, but who recognized the value of the Library's programs, began to give generously to benefit the collections and support the scholars who use them. The Friends' regular membership has grown steadily, while larger grants from far-seeing individuals and foundations have permitted the awarding of fellowships, the acquisition of special collections, and the consolidation of historical materials from the New York Hospital's Westchester Division into the Library. After the death of Ted Carlson in 1992, Dr. George Makari assumed the Directorship of the Institute. During his tenure, Dr. Makari has undertaken a number of initiatives, including the launching of the Cornell Studies in the History of Psychiatry book series, the inauguration of the Carlson Grand Rounds in the History of Psychiatry, the creation of specialized research working groups, and the modernization and professional cataloguing of the ODL's holdings. In 1994, the Institute for the History of Psychiatry responded to the prospective razing of the Payne

Whitney Clinic by moving the Oskar Diethelm Library to temporary quarters at the New York Academy of Medicine. The Library returned to the campus of Weill Medical College and the New York Presbyterian Hospital in the spring of 1999 where it now occupies state-of-the-art facilities. In 2003, Nathan M. Kravis was appointed Associate Director of the Institute.

Robert Goldstein, M.D.

FROM THE DIRECTOR’S OFFICE, 2003

When I contemplated taking a sabbatical this past year, I knew that I was in the very fortunate position of having an extraordinary team of people to rely on in my absence. Many of you know the marvelous and dedicated Special Collections Librarian Diane Richardson, whose extraordinary care for the Diethelm Library crosses over from duty and professionalism into the realm of passion. The Institute's administrative assistant Charlie Gross knew our sometimes Byzantine ways backwards and forwards. Daria Colombo had put her stamp on the research seminars. And lastly, one of the Institute's great supporters, Nathan Kravis accepted to serve as Acting Director in my absence. Nate has reported to you on the Institute's activities during that six month period. It is my pleasure to announce that upon my return, he has accepted the position of Associate Director of the Institute. Nate needs no words of introduction for many of you, but for those less familiar with his background, I would like to highlight some of his many achievements. Schooled under the tutelage of Philip Rieff at the University of Pennsylvania, Nate completed his undergraduate and medical training at the University of Pennsylvania, during which time he was a Visiting Scholar at the Library of Congress, researching the history of the concepts of rapport and transference. He then came to Payne Whitney for his residency training, where he immediately began to pursue research in the History Section. He was a Reader's Digest research fellow in the Section from 1987 to 1989. During that time he published his research on James Braid, and completed research on the prehistory of the concept of transference. Since 1989, Nate has been an

ardent and committed supporter of the Institute and the Library, and has often been called on to lend us his council. A deeply admired scholar and feted teacher, Nate has lectured on Freud and the history of psychoanalysis at numerous venues, including the Columbia Psychoanalytic Center, the Columbia Department of English and Comparative Literature, the Chicago Center for Psychoanalysis, NYU, and Mount Sinai. His latest publication was an entry on "Identification" in Edwin Erwin's The Freud Encyclopedia (2002). During our years coming up together in the History Section, Nate was the most gracious and thoughtful of friends, partners, and allies; a kind and dignified trouveur with a wicked wit, Nate Kravis embodies the spirit of open inquiry that Ted Carlson, Jacques Quen and Oskar Diethelm bequeathed the Section. I am delighted to welcome him in his new role.

George J. Makari, M.D.

REPORT FROM THE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR

Prior to my brief tenure as Acting Director during George Makari’s sabbatical I thought myself well acquainted with the inner workings of the History Institute. I quickly discovered, however, that the smooth operation of the Institute and the collections of the ODL require the constant and close attention of Dr. Makari and Special Collections Librarian Diane Richardson. Apart from our Richardson Research Seminar (so ably run by Dr. Daria Colombo), there is a grant from the APsaA to administer, there are donated materials to process and catalogue, scholars from all over the world who call with questions, on- site visiting researchers who need help accessing our historical materials, prospective donors to our Archives who need to be cultivated (or politely fended off), new books and journals to consider purchasing, distinguished guests of the Department or the Medical College who request tours of our rare books collection, and a whole host of others issues reflecting the Institute’s interdigitation with the larger community in which it is situated. Much of this was new territory to me. But because these matters were carefully anticipated by George before his departure and smoothly handled by Diane as they arose, my greatest

challenge was to find a way not to feel meretricious in my titular elevation. To the extent that I succeeded in this aim I did so by becoming Ms. Richardson’s acolyte. I pumped her for information about our collections and she obliged me with a series of crisp mini-lectures on our conservation and cataloguing efforts, what is entailed in the development of an on-line catalogue, confidentiality as it pertains to donated clinical materials, policies and procedures governing the use of the ODL by researchers, archive acquisition policies, copyright law, space needs, security concerns, budgetary and staffing constraints, and a variety of other topics. And she did this with a graciousness that allowed me to maintain the fiction that I was somehow supervising her. The whole experience taught me how much is comprehended in the administration of the ODL and the History Institute, and how many balls are simultaneously kept aloft by George and Diane and our recently departed Administrative Assistant, Charlie Gross. Thus chastened and humbled, I accepted appointment as Associate Director in January, 2003. Daunted by the temporary task of filling George’s shoes, I now face the challenge of more lastingly filling those of our previous Associate Director, the illustrious and beloved Jacques Quen. With Jacques’ exemplary record of service as my model, and with George’s and Diane’s continuing tutelage, I hope to be able to contribute to the Institute’s ongoing growth and vitality.

Nathan Kravis, M.D.

THE OSKAR DIETHELM LIBRARY

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT

The year has seen a significant increase in the number of researchers using Oskar Diethelm Library’s resources, from within Weill Cornell Medical Center as well as from other academic institutions. A few examples illustrate how the library serves both scholars working in the history of psychiatry and current practitioners hoping to inform contemporary psychiatric practice through the lessons of the past:

• Dr. Joseph J. Fins, Chief of the Division of Medical Ethics, researched ethical controversies surrounding psychosurgical procedures in preparing his review article “Ethical Implications of Psychiatric Neurosurgery” published in the April issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America.

• Dr. Kristina Jones, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Cornell, has been researching Thomas W. Salmon’s early work on “shell shock” victims of World War I in connection with her current work with New York City firefighters.

• Brett Kahr, Senior Lecturer at Regent’s College, London, returned in February to continue his study of the D.W. Winnicott papers. Brett’s biography of the noted child psychiatrist and psychoanalyst D.W. Winnicott is scheduled for publication by Random House in 2004.

• Jonathan Sadowsky, Associate Professor of Medical History at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, used the Joseph W. Wortis papers in his research on the history of electroconvulsive therapy in the United States. Dr. Wortis was researching insulin coma therapy at Bellevue Hospital when he added ECT to his studies in the 1930s.

In terms of recent Oskar Diethelm Library activities, we currently have on display one of the few extant sets of “Perkins tractors.” On exhibit in the hallway outside the library, the tractors were a gift to the library from Dr. Jacques Quen, emeritus faculty member and an active member of the History of Psychiatry Section for many years. Purported to be the first medical device to receive a patent in the United States, the tractors became a fad in the first decade of the 19th century in both the U.S. and Great Britain. The tractors are displayed along

with a copy of the letters patent, testimonial broadsides published as advertisements, satirical lithographs poking fun at the tractors, and a double-blind study which showed the tractors were no more efficacious than “placebo” tractors made of painted wood – one of the earliest scientific papers describing the existence of the placebo effect. Also on display in the library is an exhibit tracing the rise and decline of nostalgia as a medical diagnosis. The word nostalgia was coined by Johan Hofer in his medical dissertation of 1688, describing an illness brought on by homesickness. A full description of this exhibit follows in the section headed, “Exhibitions.” During this past year, Roy Schafer, PhD, donated his papers to Oskar Diethelm Library. The manuscripts, correspondence and other documents detail Dr. Schafer’s long and distinguished career as a psychologist, psychoanalyst, and educator. This generous gift is further described in the section headed, “Recent Acquisitions.” We have also received as a gift the records and minutes of the Neuron Club, an organization of psychiatrists from western New York State. Active from the 1920s to the 1970s, the group was both professional and social. It served to keep state hospital psychiatrists abreast of advances in psychiatry and related fields. Work on compiling an online catalog progresses, with more than 17,000 titles presently in the catalog. Arrangements have been made with OCLC to download the records for our pre- 1801 holdings, produced by rare book cataloger Shaw Kinsley. With the addition of these pre-1801 records, the catalog will contain close to 20,000 records. Finally, work has begun on designing a website for the Institute for the History of Psychiatry. We plan to have an internet-based searchable online catalog up and running on this site within one year.

Diane Richardson, M.L.I.S.

EXHIBITIONS

Oskar Diethelm Librarian, Diane Richardson, curated an exhibit of works on nostalgia this past year. It was inspired by a 17th century pamphlet collected by Oskar Diethelm.

Nostalgia: The Rise and Fall of a Medical Diagnosis

While cataloging Dr. Diethelm’s collection of medical dissertations, I was surprised to come across a small pamphlet titled Dissertation Medica de Nostalgia, written in 1688 by Johannes Hofer. I had always associated the word nostalgia with literature and music – why was a seventeenth century Swiss medical student writing about it? Thus began an investigation that ended in the exhibit now on display in Oskar Diethelm Library: Nostalgia: The Rise and Fall of a Medical Diagnosis. Johannes Hofer not only wrote about nostalgia, he actually coined the word itself. At the time there was no universally recognized term for what we now call homesickness. Called heimweh by the Swiss and maladie du pays by the French, Hofer wrote: “Since it has no medical name, I have called it nostalgia, of Greek origin, from nostos, return to one’s native land, and algos, pain or distress.” By the beginning of the 18th century nostalgia was widely accepted as a medical diagnosis and included in the extensive nosological schemes of that period. Most discussions of nostalgia emphasized the special susceptibility of the Swiss to this condition. The illness was sometimes even referred to as die Schweizerkrankheit – the Swiss disease. This association was not surprising: For centuries, young Swiss men had hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers to various European rulers. The Swiss were far more likely to find themselves far from home facing stressful circumstances in unfamiliar surroundings than were the inhabitants of other nations. In 1710, Theodor Zwinger reported that Swiss mercenaries in France and Belgium became so homesick they deserted or fell deathly ill upon hearing a type of Swiss tune known as ranz des vaches. These were regional songs used to call cows from mountain pastures. Zwinger wrote that hearing these tunes had such a harmful effect on Swiss soldiers that singing, playing or whistling the songs was prohibited by law.

Nostalgia was described by William Falconer in A Dissertation on the Influence of the Passions upon Disorders of the Body (1788) as a disorder “…said to begin with melancholy, sadness, love of solitude, silence, loss of appetite for both solid and liquid food, prostration of strength, and a hectic fever in the evening; which is frequently accompanied with livid or purple spots upon the body.” He recommended “Peruvian bark” as the best remedy, “especially when joined with opiates; but when the disorder is violent, nothing avails but returning to their own country.” Nostalgia was associated with military life during the Napoleonic Wars of the 19th century, when young men from provincial areas were conscripted en masse to serve in national armies. Accounts from the era are replete with descriptions of “epidemic nostalgia,” when homesickness swept through military units causing mass desertions and serious illness. Nostalgia began appearing in the American medical literature during the Civil War. Theodore Calhoun, a military doctor with the Union Army, found that nostalgia was much less of a problem in units that were frequently engaged in battle; inactivity did much to encourage outbreaks of nostalgia among troops. Calhoun also noted that recruits from the country were more severely affected by nostalgia than those recruited from cities, an observation made earlier by the French. As the 20th century arrived and advanced, nostalgia began losing its connection to medicine as it was viewed as an historical oddity rather than as a clinical entity. On February 13, 1913, less than a year before his death, S. Weir Mitchell addressed the Physician’s Club of Chicago, reviewing his experiences as a surgeon in the Civil War some fifty years earlier. He noted that “…cases of nostalgia, homesickness, were serious additions to the peril of wounds and disease, and a disorder we rarely see nowadays. I regret that no careful study was made of what was in some instances an interesting psychic malady, making men hysteric and incurable except by discharge. Today, aided by German perplexities, we would ask the victim a hundred and twenty-one questions, consult their subconscious mind and their dreams, as to why they wanted to go home, and do no better than let them go as hopeless.” Nostalgia as a medical diagnosis disappeared entirely with the arrival of World War I.

Items on exhibit:

Johannes Hofer, Dissertatio Medica de Nostalgia, oder Heimwehe. Basel: Typis Jacobi Bertschii, 1688.

Theodore Zwinger, Fasciculus Dissertationum Medicarum Selectiorum. Basel: Typis Joh. Conradi à Mechel, 1710.

Johann George Zimmermann, Von der Referring in der Arzneykunst. Zürich: Drell, Gessner, Füeslim. 1777.

François Bossier de le Croix de Sauvages, Nosologia Methodica Sistems Morborum Classes. Amsterdam: Touraes, 1768.

Louis David Muret, Dissertatio Medica de Nostalgia in Helvetis Praesertim Considerata. Montpellier: J. F. Picot, 1780.

Thomas Arnold, Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes, and Prevention of Insanity. Leicester: G. Ireland, 1782.

William Falconer, A Dissertation on the Influence of the Passions upon Disorders of the Body. London: C. Dilly and J. Phillips, 1788.

Pierre François Percy, “Nostalgie” in Nouveau Dictionnaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques. Paris: Ballière, 1819.

Dominique Jean Larrey, “On the Seat and Effects of Nostalgia” in Surgical Essays. Baltimore: Maxwell, 1823.

J. Theodore Calhoun, “Nostalgia as a Disease of Field Service” in Medical and Surgical Reporter, 1864.

William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations. New York: D. Appleton, 1883.

S. Weir Mitchell, “The Medical Department in the Civil War” in Journal of the American Medical Association, 1914.

Diane Richardson, M.L.I.S.

RECENT ACQUISITIONS

The Papers of Dr. Roy Schafer

The Institute’s archival collections have been enriched by the recent donation of the professional papers of Dr. Roy Schafer. Dr. Schafer has been a major figure in American psychoanalysis and clinical psychology for over 50 years. The author of such seminal works as Aspects of Internalization, A New Language for Psychoanalysis, The Analytic Attitude and Retelling a Life, Dr. Schafer has made important contributions to the rethinking of psychoanalytic theory and practice in the light of recent developments in such fields as language theory, epistemology and the philosophy of science. In particular, he has emphasized the role of narrative in the psychoanalytic encounter and, while maintaining a fundamental allegiance to the Freudian tradition, has pointed to ways in which alternative views (most recently that of the London Kleinians) can enrich the possibilities of psychoanalytic interpretation and clinical discourse. Dr. Schafer’s gift includes drafts and manuscripts of his many scientific papers, as well as copies of his rich correspondence with such historically important figures as his mentor Dr. David Rapaport, Erik Erikson and others with whom he has worked during his distinguished career at the Menninger Foundation in Topeka, the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Mass. and the Department of Psychiatry at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. Together, they represent a crucial resource for students of the history of psychoanalysis in the second half of the 20th Century. The exigencies of Dr. Schafer’s move to new office quarters have proved a boon to the Institute for which both we and future generations of scholars will be grateful.

Aaron H. Esman, M.D.

ERIC T. CARLSON MEMORIAL GRAND ROUNDS IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

On May 28, 2003, we were honored to receive, as the ninth annual Carlson Lecturer, Mark Micale, Associate Professor of History at the University of Illinois. His academic background includes a B.A. from Washington College, a Ph.D. in History from Yale University (1987) with three years of research at the Harvard Society of Fellows and a dissertation on Jean-Martin Charcot, followed by two years at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. He taught at Yale and the University of Manchester prior to his appointment at Illinois, winning several grants and honors along the way. Building on his knowledge of comparative European and American intellectual and cultural history, the history of biological, medical and mental sciences, the development of neuroscience, psychoanalysis, and gender studies, and of historiography, Professor Micale has produced several significant publications and a number of works in progress as he deepens and integrates his understanding of complex and sometimes controversial fields of interest. He edited Beyond the Unconscious: Essays in the History of Psychiatry by Henri F. Ellenberger (Princeton University Press, 1993), adding his own excellent biographical essay on Ellenberger, an extensive anatomy of Ellenberger’s major work, The Discovery of the Unconscious (Basic Books, 1970), and an immensely useful bibliographical essay. With Roy Porter, he edited Discovering the History of Psychiatry (Oxford University Press, 1994), a landmark in the consolidation and legitimization of the field, which is aptly dedicated to Dr. Carlson. In Approaching Hysteria: Disease and its Interpretation (Princeton University Press, 1995), Professor Micale reworked a group of his own essays on hysteria and its historiography, in part “as a means to explore the larger, complex projects of conceiving and writing the history of psychodiagnostic systems generally and the history of disease as a whole” (p. xi). Enlightenment, Culture, and Passion: Historical Essays in European Thought and Culture (Stanford University Press, 2000), edited with Robert Dielte, brought together a large group of papers in honor of Peter Gay. And Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry, and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870-1930 (Cambridge University Press, 2001), edited with Paul Lerner and growing out of a 1996 University of Manchester conference, is an international collection of essays that surveys the history of the trauma concept leading to eventual characterization of post-traumatic stress disorder as a major psychiatric

diagnostic entity. A recently completed book of edited essays, due to emerge this year, is The Mind of Modernism: Culture, Medicine, and Psychology in Europe and America, 1880-1930 (Stanford University Press, 2003). Dr. Micale is currently on sabbatical completing a book on medicine and masculinity. At Grand Rounds, Dr. Nathan Kravis introduced Mark Micale as “one of the foremost historians of psychiatry.” He paid tribute to Dr. Carlson, too, calling him a modest man who was an unstintingly generous mentor to those who wanted to pursue research in a burgeoning new field, and he welcomed Dr. Carlson's wife Jean, with their daughter Karen and Karen's husband Jim Confino and son Brian, as special guests. Before launching his talk Professor Micale spoke with pleasure of this visit, reminding us that he had presented to the Richardson Research Seminar twice since 1985. Referring to Dr. Carlson's work on Benjamin Rush and his assembly of the Arno Press texts of classics in the history of psychiatry, he asserted that all scholars, particularly of American psychiatry, are indebted to him. On a more personal level, he told how, as a graduate student at Yale, he was able to cite Dr. Carlson’s work and the History Section at Cornell to legitimize his own interest in the growing field. Dr. Carlson's invitations to New York and his encouragement truly helped to launch his career as a professional historian. Many of his peers had reported similar experiences with Dr. Carlson. “Designing Minds: The Culture of Psychiatric Diagnostics in Our Time” was the subject of Professor Micale's Grand Rounds talk. The talk was a preliminary attempt at organizing his thoughts for his next book on the history and present state of psychiatric classification. This was a highly stimulating and provocative presentation, beginning with a brief summary of nosological history from ancient times, moving on to a detailed picture of Emil Kraepelin's contributions and ending with the late 20th century development of the successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals. The audience was drawn into the topic as Professor Micale outlined more than a dozen questions that were guiding his research along various lines that would ultimately shape his book. The Richardson Seminar presentation abstracted various themes and points from his forthcoming edited volume The Mind of Modernism, a collection of essays originating in interdisciplinary discussions with

Lawrence Rainey, a Joyce scholar and specialist in Anglo-English Modernism. The two academics discovered a number of notable parallels in the scientific and aesthetic worlds and elucidated them by utilizing essays on five topics: “Cultures of Hysteria,” “Technologies of the Psyche,” “Medicine, Literature, and Modernism,” “Transformations of the Self” and “Modernism and Anti-Psychologism.” The discernable themes seem to point the way to a general theory mapped out by Dr. Micale in the book and previewed in his talk. Both presentations evoked strong interest from their audiences and lively discussions afterwards.

Doris B. Nagel, M.D.

RICHARDSON HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH SEMINAR

SEMINAR PROGRAM DIRECTOR’S REPORT

The past academic year was notable for seminar presentations that addressed a variety of topics in our field, with both returning and new speakers from various disciplines and from across the country. We were pleased to begin the year by welcoming back Reader’s Digest Fellow Eric J. Engstrom to speak about Kraepelin, and several presentations in the fall focused on the development and future of psychiatry and psychoanalysis. As usual, as well as welcoming psychiatrists and psychoanalysts to meet with us, we were pleased to be able to invite a variety of scholars from the humanities, illustrating repeatedly the richness of the encounter between psychoanalysis and a variety of academic disciplines. The spring seminars offered a striking variety of material, from presentations about the history of child abuse to Shakespeare to Sacher-Masoch. It was apparent that the scholars we invite feel they benefit significantly from the kind of attention and knowledge their audience brings to bear on their work and it is this cross pollination of knowledge that renders the Richardson History of Psychiatry Research Seminar an exciting and unique setting. I was honored and challenged to begin this year as the director of the Richardson Seminar and am inspired by the high standard set by my predecessor, Dr. Craig Tomlinson. I also want to thank Dr. George

Makari and Dr. Nathan Kravis as well as archivist Diane Richardson and administrator Charlie Gross, for assisting me in innumerable ways in my new role.

Daria Colombo, M.D.

SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS, 2002-2003

September 18 Eric J. Engstrom Ph.D., Free University of Berlin “On Eugenic Practices and Professional Politics: Emil Kraepelin’s ‘Social’ Psychiatry.”

September 25 John Kerr “‘The Goody-Goods Are No Good’ Historical Notes on the Origins of the Training Analysis.”

October 2 Kenneth Eisold, Ph.D., International Society for the Psychoanalytic Study of Organizations “Psychoanalysis: A Failed Profession and Its Future.”

October 16 Simon Baatz, Ph.D., National Institutes of Health “The Killing of Bobby Franks: Leopold-Loeb and the Making of American Psychiatry.”

November 6 Edward Erwin, Ph.D., University of Miami “The Idiographic Problem in Psychiatry- and What to Do About It.”

November 20 Charles Shepherdson, Ph.D., SUNY Albany “Reading Antigone: Mourning, the Law, and the Ethics of

Psychoanalysis.”

December 4 Ruth Leys, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University “The Question of Survivor Guilt.”

December 18 Madelon Sprengnether, Ph.D., University of Minnesota “Irma’s Mouth/ Freud’s Mouth: The Dream of Psychoanalysis.”

January 8 Peter J. Swales, Independent Historian. "Burroughs in the Wilderness-'Gangsterling,' Part II."

January 29 Susan Lanzoni, Ph.D., Boston University "Existential Analysis: From Interpretive Method to Psychotherapeutic Intervention."

February 5 Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Ph.D., Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research "Discovering Child Abuse."

March 5 Cheryce Kramer, Ph.D., Max Planck Institute for the History of Science “The Illenau Asylum - A Fellowship of 'Gemüth.'”

March 19 James Keeley, Ph.D., Independent Scholar “The Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma, or: Telepathic Freud.”

April 2 Perry Meisel, Ph.D., New York University "Pornography and the Primal Scene."

April 16 Meredith Anne Skura, Ph.D., Rice University "Shakespeare's Theater of the Mind: Analysis in the Archives."

May 7 Vanessa Ryan, Ph.D., Yale University "Mental Machinery: How the Victorians Tried to Harness the Mind."

May 28 Marc Micale, Ph.D., University of Illinois Eric T. Carlson Memorial Lecture: Grand Rounds “Designing Minds: The Culture of Psychiatric Diagnostics in Our Time.”

Richardson Seminar "The Mind of Modernism: Reflections on Cultural Relations between Psychology, Medicine, and the Cultural Arts in Europe and America, 1870-1930."

June 4 Gregg M. Horowitz, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University "Psychoanalysis and the Endless Crisis of Political Authority."

June 18 John Munder Ross, Ph.D., Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons "Savage Venus: Sacher-Masoch and the Muse of Cruelty."

INSTITUTE WORKING GROUPS

In addition to the Richardson Seminars, the Institute has formed smaller "Working Groups" to foster and support faculty members' common research interests. We have asked the chairs of these groups to report briefly on the activities of their respective groups.

Working Group on the History of Psychoanalysis

This year the group set itself on a course of study pairing works by psychoanalyst-historians with works addressing non-psychoanalytic historiographical problems and questions. We read historical articles by familiar psychoanalyst authors (F. Baudry, R. Steiner, J. Frosch, K. Eisold), excerpts from the Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, articles and book chapters by scholars in neighboring disciplines ( C. Geertz, J. Bruner, E.G. Mishler), pieces on debates in American political history (Q. Skinner, J. Brewer, B. Bailyn), excerpts from a book on the early history of Christianity (E. Pagels), and essays and book chapters by historians writing about their understanding of their discipline ( C.A. Beard, J.E. Morison, J.L. Gaddis). In addition, George Makari, M.D. presented a chapter from the book he is writing on the history of psychoanalysis.

Nathan Kravis, M.D. & Robert Michels, M.D.

Working Group on Psychoanalysis and the Arts

The Working Group on Psychoanalysis and the Arts, chaired by Dr. Katherine Dalsimer, heard presentations by members of the group on current works-in-progress. Professor Barbara Fass Leavy spoke about the Oedipus Myth and Dr. Jane Kupersmidt presented a discussion on “The Confidence Man.” We then turned to a classic text, Meredith Skura’s The Literary Use of the Psychoanalytic Process, the discussion led by Dr. Aaron Esman. Through this discussion, the group decided to focus on reading particular works of literature, paired with critical essays about those texts. We began with Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw, followed by Shoshana Felman’s essay “Turning the Screw of Interpretation.” Both meetings were led by Dr. Hilary Beattie.

Katherine Dalsimer, Ph.D.

CORNELL STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

The following is a review of the latest volume of the Cornell University Studies in the History of Psychiatry book series. The series is edited by George J. Makari, M.D. and Sander L. Gilman, Ph.D.

Lerner, Paul. Hysterical Men: War, Psychiatry, and The Politics of Trauma in Germany, 1890-1930. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003.

The tenth volume in the Cornell University Studies in the History of Psychiatry is especially relevant today. Hysteria, always one of the most interesting expressions of the human mind and body in conflict, has resurfaced of late as a focus of academic interest even in the face of its decline as a formal psychiatric diagnosis. Paul Lerner, in this beautifully written and superbly annotated book, takes us back to what might seem to be a fairly narrow slice of the recent past, but in fact illuminates a particularly telling period of an ongoing problem. What is trauma (these days: what is post-traumatic) and who if anyone besides the one traumatized should bear the burden of its costs? When, in the first World War, the German army began to break down after its initial westward advance, thousands upon thousands of soldiers were left with dramatic disorders of sight, hearing and gait, with tics, tremors and stutters. There was an epidemic appearance of hysterical symptoms for which the medical authorities were completely unprepared. Lerner’s book details the variety of responses to this overwhelming confrontation. After an initial enthusiasm for the beliefs of the leading German neurologist Hermann Oppenheim, who attributed these symptoms to the trauma of war, all the other leading figures in military medicine found almost unanimous agreement that the men were not suffering so much from the trauma of being shell-shocked or buried alive, but from pre-existing hysteria. In other words, they were originally constitutionally feeble and in that sense had conditions for which the military and the state could hardly be held responsible. Thus the pensions which Bismarck’s social legislation instituted in the 1890s,

and which had provided for those who had been traumatized by accident and injury in the rapidly modernizing state (collectively known as sufferers of ‘railway spine’) were no longer thought to be applicable to those injured by accident or injury suffered in war. Hysterical Men follows the course of the debate throughout the war and into the ‘pension’ wars which followed. Even the psychoanalysts were involved for a short while, and prominent psychiatrists and government officials attended the 1918 Budapest Congress where Ferenczi, Abraham and Simmel were featured speakers. Nevertheless, the wartime diagnostic debate in Germany was rooted, as Lerner puts it, “...in the unique circumstances of German social legislation …of German concepts of masculinity and mental health, and particularly freighted with economic concerns.” Chapter eight of the book follows a chronological line from the situation in German psychiatry before the war through the early fascination with Oppenheim’s traumatic neurosis, and then the sudden turn to so called “active techniques” for treating the exploding patient population generated in the war. The active techniques varied from short, intense hypnotic suggestion to electrical shocks to affected body parts, to isolation of soldiers to protect them from the “effeminizing” effect of sympathy from others and especially from relatives. Lerner describes these diverse treatment approaches as being essentially “suggestive” therapies, which depended for their efficacy on the strong charismatic will of the doctor presenting himself as a dominant militaristic figure over the passive patient. Success rates were claimed to be in the 80 to 95 percent range, and, interestingly enough, were used almost exclusively on the lower rank soldier class who were seen as peasant types, uneducated and open to such intervention; they were not used on the more educated and sophisticated officer class. In a chapter entitled, “The Dictatorship of the Psychopaths,” Lerner describes the situation after the military collapse at the end of the war. “The male hysteria problem entered a new phase… (and) active treatment… came under scrutiny by the lay public and political leaders.” The diagnosis of hysteria, “the shadow side of trauma’s history” arose as an alternative to the diagnosis of traumatic neurosis, but it, in turn, resulted in the pension wars and attacks on the psychiatrists who favored it. Even today the question of trauma as an explanation of symptoms as against the diagnosis of the ‘disease’ of hysteria reflects an ongoing

public and professional debate. Is trauma a disorder of the self or of society? Is its victim a victim of himself or of the social order? Paul Lerner’s wonderfully erudite book is essential reading for thinking through this ongoing question.

Michael Beldoch, Ph.D.

SPECIAL TRIBUTES

Oskar Diethelm, M.D., 1897–1993

The following profile of Oskar Diethelm, was published in the June 2003 issue of The American Journal of Psychiatry.

Oskar Diethelm was Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Cornell University Medical College and Psychiatrist-in- Chief of its affiliated Payne Whitney Clinic from 1936 to 1962. A protégé of Adolph Meyer at Johns Hopkins’ Henry Phipps Clinic, Diethelm moved to New York City and the Payne Whitney Clinic (architecturally modeled after the Phipps Clinic, but 25% larger) at the age of 39. Meyer had warned him to be wary of accepting the position if he would have administrative authority over so many patients that he would not be able to know each one personally. Diethelm would make rounds daily at Payne Whitney, monitoring the care of all inpatients and overseeing each treatment. Every patient was “the Professor’s.” As a clinician, he espoused a humane, pragmatic, “patients-first” focus. L. Jolyon West, a Payne Whitney Clinic resident (and later chairman at the University of Oklahoma and the University of California, Los Angeles) remembered being scolded for having magazines on the inpatient unit that were four weeks old, the message being one of always respecting the dignity of patients. During Diethelm’s tenure as Chairman he transformed Payne Whitney from an elite private hospital to an academic department of psychiatry. He fostered a number of research endeavors, including Harold Wolff’s work in psychosomatic medicine and the social

psychiatry studies of Thomas Rennie and Alexander Leighton. However, the research closest to Diethelm’s own heart was historical. Diethelm firmly believed that only by examining the history of psychiatry could the discipline more firmly come to grips with the fads, customs, and fashions that too often dominated the field. Deeply interested in the psychiatry of the Renaissance, Diethelm wrote an important scholarly work on this poorly known period of our history (1). He also spent summers scouring Switzerland (a member of a fourth generation of Swiss physicians, he was born in Lachen), as well as the rest of Europe, searching for rare books that related to the history of psychiatry. Diethelm’s book-hunting expeditions marked the beginning of what today is one of the great collections of materials pertaining to psychiatry. The collection, appropriately known as The Oskar Diethelm Library, contains more than 50,000 volumes that date from the 15th century to the present. The collection is part of the Weill Cornell Medical Library and is housed at New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. Reference

1. Diethelm, O: Medical Dissertations of Psychiatric Interest Printed Before 1750. Basel, Switzerland, S Karger, 1971

George J. Makari, M.D. Robert Michels, M.D.

RESEARCH FACULTY NEWS

Anna M. Antonovsky, Ph.D. taught a required course on Freud’s late works (1927-39) to candidates of the Institute for Psychoanalytic Training and Research (IPTAR). She also presented a paper (in May 2003) on “Fantasy, sexuality and drive: Jean Laplanche re-thinks Freud” to an IPTAR Conference on Unconscious Fantasy. The conference honored the memory of Jean Schimek. Dr. Antonovsky also participated in an interdisciplinary discussion group at Columbia University on interpretations of Freud’s Moses book. She remains a Training and

Supervising Analyst of IPTAR.

Michael Beldoch, Ph.D. was a discussant at the forum at the American Psychoanalytic meetings in Boston. The topic was the work of photographer Shellburne Thurber, who presented Memory and Material Space, a series of photographs of psychoanalyst’s offices empty of analyst and patient. He continues as Clinical Professor at Weill Medical College of Cornell University.

Daria Colombo, M.D. continues her tenure this year as director of the Richardson History of Psychiatry Research Seminar. She is a candidate at The New York Psychoanalytic Institute and is in private practice. She was the recipient in 2003 of the first Award for Candidate Writing from The New York Psychoanalytic Institute Foundation. Her paper on the early 20th century Italian priest and psychiatrist Agostino Gemelli has been accepted for publication by The Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences and her paper on the role of governesses and maids in Freud’s cases was accepted for presentation at the International Psychoanalytical Association’s 43rd Congress. She also presented a paper coauthored with Elizabeth L. Auchincloss at The Payne Whitney Clinic Grand Rounds.

Norman Dain, Ph.D. continues his work on anti-psychiatry. He was the commentator on a group of five historical papers at a symposium titled “The Invisible Plague: Severe Mental Illness,” at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in San Francisco, June 20, 2003.

Katherine Dalsimer, Ph.D. supervises residents in psychiatry at Weill Medical College and postdoctoral fellows at the Columbia University Mental Health Service. This spring she also taught an elective for residents on poetry and fiction. She called the course “Ear Training,” tracing connections between the close reading of literature and the quality of listening that the clinical situation requires. Within the Institute for the History of Psychiatry, Dr. Dalsimer chairs the Working Group on Psychoanalysis and the Arts.

Aaron H. Esman, M.D. was a panelist on the topic of “Ernst Kris and

Artistic Creativity” at the January 2003 meetings of the American Psychoanalytic Association. He recently served as a discussant at the New York Psychoanalytic Society (“Psychoanalytic Treatment of a Boy with OCD”) and at The Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine where the writings of Hans Loewald was the topic.

Lawrence Friedman, M.D. is working on the nature of therapeutic action in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy. He presented a discussion of a paper by Charles Brenner at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute, the Keynote Address at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, Grand Rounds at Columbia’s Department of Psychiatry, single seminars at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research. He was also a panel member for a discussion on Hans Loewald at the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine. He is on the Faculty of the New York University Psychoanalytic Institute, is advisor to its Curriculum Committee, and was made Honorary Member of the Psychoanalytic Association of New York. He continues as Associate Editor of The Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, and is a member of the Editorial Board of The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, the Program Committee and the Project 2000 committee on education of the American Psychoanalytic Association.

William A. Frosch, M.D. now Professor Emeritus, remains an active teacher of medical students during their third year clinical rotation on the in-patient service, continues to supervise residents, and has provided administrative supervision for the Chief Residents. In the past year, he has presented his work on Samuel Pepys to Charaka and to the Vidonians.

Sander L. Gilman, Ph.D. is Distinguished Professor of the Liberal Arts and Sciences and Medicine and Director of the Humanities Laboratory at the University of Illinois/ Chicago. He is also Honorary Professor at the Free University of Berlin. He continues to lecture at Universities throughout the U.S. and Europe, including a recent talk for the Saul and Gladys Weitzman Lecture in conjunction with a Kafka Exhibition at the Jewish Museum in New York City, and was the keynote speaker at the Body History Conference at Trinity College. He edits the "Picturing

History" series for Reaction Books (London) and is a reader for fifteen presses and nine journals in six fields. In addition, he provided interviews for NPR, BBC-TV, Channel 4 (London) and was the subject of a full length profile for WDR (Frankfurt). He received a NEH Translation Award for the Nazi Culture Handbook.

Robert Goldstein, M.D. continues on the voluntary faculty of Weill Medical College and is the editor of the Institute's Annual Report. He is currently writing a book on temperament.

Gerald N. Grob, Ph.D. continues his research on the history of disease, and currently has two papers in progress on deinstitutionalization. He is also working on a piece on the history of Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health (1977-1978). He gave the following two lectures: "Mental Health Policy in Modern America: The Role of Consumers and Providers," Grand Rounds, University of Rochester School of Medicine, October 2002 and the first annual history lecture, "Mental Health Policy in Modern America," at the annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 2002.

Leonard C. Groopman, M.D., Ph.D. is a Faculty Associate in the Division of Medical Ethics at Weill Medical College of Cornell University.

Leon D. Hankoff, M.D. continues as a voluntary faculty member at Weill Medical College of Cornell University.

John Kerr is now Senior Consulting Editor at the Analytic Press.

Nathan M. Kravis, M.D. teaches and supervises Payne Whitney Clinic residents and psychoanalytic candidates at Columbia, where he is training and supervising analyst. He was Acting Director of the Institute for the History of Psychiatry during George Makari’s sabbatical. In January, 2003 he was appointed Associate Director.

Barbara Fass Leavy, Ph.D. has continued her work on crime fiction

over the past year and is planning to complete a book on Ruth Rendell by the end of this year. She gave a lecture entitled, “Controversies Over Greek Mythology and the Oedipus Complex” to the Working Group on Psychoanalysis and the Arts.

George J. Makari, M.D. is Director of the Institute for the History of Psychiatry. He was Visiting Associate Professor at Rockefeller University while on sabbatical during the first half of the academic year, during which time he was working on a book project on the history of psychoanalysis. This past year he joined the Editorial Board for History of Psychiatry and continues on the editorial boards of Psychiatrie, Sciences Humaines, Neurosciences, American Imago, International Journal of Psychoanalysis and the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. He also serves as co-editor of the Cornell Studies in the History of Psychiatry book series. He delivered the Muriel Gardner Lecture in Psychoanalysis and the Humanities at Yale University on April 10th, 2003. The title of his presentation was “Building a Psychoanalytic Community: Origins and Identity in Vienna, 1902-1908.” In addition, he taught aspects of the history of psychoanalysis and psychiatry to Cornell's psychiatry residents and Columbia's psychoanalytic candidates and supervised electives in the history of psychiatry with Cornell medical students.

Robert Michels, M.D. delivered the Sy Grolnick Memorial Lecture at North Shore University Hospital and the Franz Alexander Memorial Lecture at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. In addition, he gave grand rounds at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and at Lenox Hill Hospital, and presented papers at the American Psychoanalytic Association annual meeting, the American College of Psychiatrists annual meeting, the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, and the Columbia Psychoanalytic Center Arden House Faculty Retreat. He moderated a panel during the Columbia University- New York Presbyterian Hospital- New York City Police Foundation joint symposium: “Clinical Lessons from Collaboration with the NYPD.” In January 2003, Dr. Michels was appointed Deputy Editor of The American Journal of Psychiatry. He is also active on the editorial boards of several other journals, including: Clinical Neuroscience Research,

Psychiatry and The International Journal of Psychoanalysis.

Doris B. Nagel, M.D. continues her research on the diagnosis and the treatment of schizophrenia in the first half of the 20th Century in the United States.

Louis A. Sass, Ph.D. continues to serve as chairman of the Department of Clinical Psychology at the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology at Rutgers University. In 2003, he gave invited talks at the following places: Department of Modern Languages, University of Sussex, England; Society for Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration, New York City; Psychoanalysis Seminar, New School for Social Research, New York City; Charité Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin; Philosophy Society, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Norwich Wittgenstein Workshop, UK; Department of Anthropology, New York University; and the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University.

Theodore Shapiro, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Weill Medical College, has been a steady participant at the Richardson History Seminar and a member of the working group on the history of psychoanalysis. He has been at work in The Sackler Institute of Developmental Psychobiology using hypnotic techniques to study attention. He delivered the Plenary Address at the Boston meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association. His talk was entitled, “Use Your Words.”

Paul E. Stepansky, Ph.D. continues as Managing Director of the Analytic Press, where he oversees the acquisitions program in psychiatry and psychoanalysis. As a historian, he continues to explore the history of surgery in the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially as it intersects with psychiatric issues and concerns.

Craig Tomlinson, M.D. completed another year as program director for the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine. He continued to teach, work, and supervise in the Psychiatry Department at Columbia University. He also continues to teach at the Columbia Psychoanalytic

Center. He continued research on a project on the history of psychoanalysis and medicine in relation to hysteria. He and his family also celebrated the birth of a third boy in April.

VISITING FELLOW IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

The Institute was delighted to host Dr. Cheryce Kramer as a Visiting Research Fellow, from February to May of 2003. Dr. Kramer came to us from the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, where she was a research fellow. A graduate of Stanford University, the University of Chicago and the University of Cambridge, Dr. Kramer has lectured extensively and been the recipient of many prizes, including the Rockefeller Center Research Residence in Bellagio, and a NEH scholarship. During her stay with us, she was researching work on the configuration of asylum space in 19th century Europe. Recently, she was appointed Research Associate of the Historical Institute at the Deutsches Museum. We wish her the very best and look forward to her future contributions.

Report from Cheryce Kramer

I would like to thank the Institute for the History of Psychiatry, especially George Makari and Diane Richardson, for their generous help in arranging a three month affiliation, from February through April, at the Weill Medical College. During that period I was able to conduct extensive research on the library's choice collection of 19th century German psychiatric texts, focusing especially on the period from 1840 to 1880. The strictly chronological organization of the collection drew my attention to lateral connections between authors and to historical contexts that opened up productive new lines of enquiry. Having the chance to present my work to the History of Psychiatry Seminar was not only an honor and a pleasure, but also exposed the argument to much expert feed-back and put me in contact with colleagues whose friendly support

greatly enriched my stay in New York.

2002-2003 RESEARCH FACULTY PUBLICATIONS

Dain, N., Review of "The Ivory Leg in the Ebony Cabinet: Madness, Race, and Gender in Victorian America," T. Cooley, American Historical Review, 108: pp. 520-528, 2003.

Dalsimer, K., Review of “The Captive Muse: On Creativity and its Inhibition,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2002.

Esman, A. H., "Psychoanalysis and ‘Science: Other Criteria’ (reply to Brenner)." Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis, 11: pp. 77-78, 2002.

, Introduction to Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood, S. Freud, New York: Barnes and Noble, 2003.

Friedman, L., “What Lies Beyond Interpretation, and is that the Right Question?” Psychoanalytic Psychology, 19(3): pp. 540-551, 2002.

, “Symbolizing as Abstraction: Its Role in Psychoanalytic Treatment.” Symbolization Desymbolization: Essays in Honor of Norbert Freedman, R. Lasky (Ed.), New York: Karnac, 2003.

*Gilman, S.L., "Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward an Iconography of Female Sexuality," Development: A Cultural Studies Reader, S. Schech & J. Haggis (Eds.), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 65-78, 2002 and in a shortened version in The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader, A. Jones (Ed.), London:Routledge, pp. 130-150, 2003.

, "Otto Weininger und Sigmund Freud- Rasse und Geschlecht in der Entstehung der Psychoanalyse," Grenzgänge zwischen Wahn und Wissen: Zur Koevolution von Experiment und Paranoia 1850-1910, T. Hahn, J. Person & N. Pethes (Eds.), Frankfurt: Campus, pp. 315-332, 2002.

, "A Dream of Jewishness Denied: Kafka’s Tumor and A Country Doctor," A Companion to the Works of Franz Kafka,J. Rolleston, (Ed.), Rochester: Camden House, pp. 263-280, 2002.

, "Alfred Adler und die Psychologie der kosmetischen Chirurgie in den USA," Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 70: pp. 11-17, 2002.

, "Die Erzeugung eines neuen Selbst: Computer, Bilder und neue Gesichter," Das zweite Gesicht: Metamorphosen des fotographischen Porträts, C. Kemp & S. Witzgall (Ed.), München: Prestel, pp. 164-169, 2002.

, “The Fat Detective: Obesity and Disability,”Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities, S.L. Snyder, B.J. Brueggemann & R. Garland- Thomson (Eds.), New York: The Modern Language Association, pp. 271-282, 2002.

, “The Man who Mistook his Stereotype for Himself: An Interview with Sander Gilman,” Reform Judaism, Spring: pp. 51-79, 2003.

*Grob, G.N., The Deadly Truth: A History of Disease in America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.

,"Commentary” (on article “Was Silas Weir Mitchell Really a Psychiatrist”), Israel Journal Of Psychiatry, 40(1): pp. 35-39, 2003.

Hankoff, L.D., Review of "Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative," S.K. Goldsmith, T.C. Pelmer, A.M. Kleinman & W.E. Bunney (Eds.),

JAMA, 289(23): pp.3177-3178, 2003.

, Review of "Is Nothing Sacred? The Non-Realist Philosophy of Religion," Selected Essays by D. Cupit, Humanities/ Aitia. 24(1): pp. 24- 26, 2003.

, Review of “Let the Cow Wander: Modeling the Metaphors of the Veda and Vedanta,” M.W. Myers, Humanities/ Aitia, 24(2): pp. 37- 38, 2003.

Makari, G.J., Review of "On ‘Romancing with a Wealth of Detail,’” P. Kuhn, Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 3(4): pp. 389-394, 2002.

, & R. Michels, “Oskar Diethelm, M.D., 1897-1993.” American Journal Of Psychiatry, 160(6): pp. 1060, 2003.

*Michels, R., "Psychoanalysis and Health,” Challenges of Psychoanalysis in the 21st Century, J. Guimon & S. Zac de Filc (Eds.), New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 67-72, 2002.

, "Exposure to Traumatic Images: Symptom or Cause?" Psychiatry, 65(4): pp. 304-305, 2002.

, "The Several Relationships of Theory and Practice." Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 72: pp. 275-285, 2003.

Sass, L., “Lacan and 9/11.” Raritan, 23(1): pp. 162-166, 2003.

Shapiro, T., “Reanalysis in the 21st Century.” Journal Of Clinical Psychoanalysis, 12: pp. 19-29, 2003.

Tomlinson, C., "The Early History of the Concept of Confidentiality in Psychoanalysis," Confidentiality: Ethical Perspectives and Clinical Dilemmas, C. Levin, A. Furlong, & M. O'Neill, (Eds.), Hillsdale, New

Jersey: The Analytic Press, 2003.

* Partial Bibliography

ALUMNI NEWS

Daniel Burston, Ph.D. fellow (1986-1989) continues to publish widely on psychoanalysis and philosophy. His recent articles include, “Erik Erikson and the Impossible Profession,” (The Psychoanalytic Review) and “Scheler, Nietzsche and Social Psychology,” (Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis).

Hannah S. Decker, Ph.D. fellow (1967-1970) is Professor of History at the University of Houston. To mark the publication of Lifetime Editions of Kraepelin in English (five volumes) by Thoemmes Press, Professor Decker is writing a long essay review on Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926). This will appear in 2004 in two parts in consecutive issues of the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. She has recently published book reviews in JAMA, Journal of Social History and the Journal of Modern History.

John Efron, Ph.D. fellow (1988-1989) has left Indiana University and has taken up the Koret Chair in Jewish History at the University of California-Berkeley.

Eric Engstrom, Ph.D. fellow (2000-2001) continues to work at the Institute for the History of Medicine in Berlin and at the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry in Munich. His current research is on the history of clinical trials at the Charité Hospital in the early 19th century and he has begun work on an article on animal magnetism. He also continued editing Emil Kraepelin's papers and has just published Emil Kraepelin. Dorpat, 1886-1891, the fourth and latest volume in the multivolume Kraepelin project to publish Kraepelin’s papers (Munich, Germany: Bellville Verlag). In March he co-sponsored a conference on "Figurations of Expertise 1800-1850: Ambiguities of scientific expertise

between Society, Politics, and Public Administration" in Berlin. He was appointed to the editorial boards of two journals (History of Psychiatry and Psychiatrie, Sciences Humaines, neurosciences) and served as a referee for the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). He presented papers on psychiatric topics at conferences in San Diego, Madrid, Oxford, Berlin and Weimar, as well as at the Richardson History of Psychiatry Research Seminar. Finally, he taught two graduate seminars, one on "Sepulchral Cultures" and another on "Body and Memory."

Kathleen W. Jones, Ph.D. fellow (1982-1985) is Associate Professor of History at Virginia Tech. Her book, Taming the Troublesome Child: American Families, Child Guidance, and the Limits of Psychiatric Authority, was published in 1999 by Harvard University Press. She is currently studying the history of American youth suicide.

Stephen Kern, Ph.D. fellow (1966-1970) moved from Northern Illinois University to Ohio State University. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for the 2002-2003 academic year to complete a book entitled A Cultural History of Causality: Science, Murder Novels and Systems of Thought Since 1830, which will be published by Princeton in 2004.

E Special Acknowledgments E

We would like to express our warm appreciation to Mrs. Oskar Diethelm, Ms. Janet Diethelm-Peck, The American College of Psychiatrists, Dr. Michael Beldoch, Dr. Jack D. Barchas, Mrs. Jean Carlson, Dr. Eli Einbinder, Dr. Nathan Kravis, Dr. Jacques Quen, Dr. John Loomis, Mr. Frank Richardson, and the DeWitt Wallace/New York Hospital Fund at the New York Community Trust for their continuing contributions far beyond the categories of membership.

In addition we give special thanks to the following Friends (and others whom we may not have remembered to name) who have given books, journals and other gifts or volunteered their services in the past academic year.

Dr. Lawrence Friedman Dr. William A. Frosch Dr. John. E. Helzer Rose Le Witter Dr. Jacques M. Quen Dr. Joseph Reppen Dr. Robert W. Rieber Dr. Roy Schafer

FRIENDS OF THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY SECTION

Endowments

Jack D. Barchas, M.D. and Rosemary A. Stevens, Ph.D. Fund Dr. James E. Baxter Fund (from Robert Liberman) Eric T. Carlson, MD Memorial Fund Frances S. Cartmell Fund Dr. Oskar Diethelm Fund Louise E. Glass Fund Dr. Phyllis Greenacre Fund Dr. William T. Lhamon Fund

Margaret S. Milhauser Fund The Richardson Fund The Marie-Louise Schoelly, MD Memorial Fund

Foundation Contributions

Siegfried and Josephine Bieber Foundation American College of Psychiatrists American Board of Forensic Psychiatry American Psychosomatic Society DeWitt Wallace/New York Hospital Fund at the New York Community Trust Ittleson Foundation Newbridge Communications Society of Biological Psychiatry Van Ameringen Foundation Wellcome Library

Life Members

An Anonymous Friend An Anonymous Friend II Dr. Arthur A. Anderson Dr. Jack D. Barchas Mr. Charles H. Blatt Dr. Arnold G. Diethelm Ms. Monique Diethelm Dr. and Mrs. William A. Frosch Dr. Mark Kanzer Dr. Marilyn G. Karmason Dr. Nathan Kravis Dr. John M. Loomis Dr. Robert and Mrs. Verena Michels Dr. Doris B. Nagel Dr. Stephan Nordlicht

Dr. Jacques M. Quen Mr. Frank E. Richardson Mrs. Nancy M. Richardson Dr. William H. Wainright

Patron Members

Dr. Anna M. Antonovsky Dr. Michel Beldoch Mrs. Jean Carlson Dr. Katherine Dalsimer Dr. Lawrence Friedman Dr. Barbara F. Leavy Mr. Peter Leavy Dr. George J. Makari Dr. Bernard Mathis Malloy Mr. Michael Marsh Drs. Herbert Spiegel & Marcia Greenleaf Dr. Craig Tomlinson

Sustaining Members Dr. Arnold M. Cooper Dr. Elizabeth T. Khuri Dr. Richard Ledes Mr. Roy W. Menninger Dr. Edward Neressian Dr. & Mrs. James H. Spencer Jr. Dr. Traer Van Allen Dr. Peter Wilson

Contributing Members

Dr. Ian Alger Ms. Ruth Cuker Drs. Norman and Phyllis Dain Dr. Aaron H. Esman Dr. Darlene H. Gabanek Dr. Donald L. Gerard Maxine Grolnick Reverend Curtis Hart Mr. Perry Meisel

Dr. Marvin Stein Dr. Paul E. Stepansky Dr. Milton Viderman

Annual Members

Dr. Chap Atwell Dr. James W. Brown Dr. Hannah Decker Mr. Richard G. Diethelm Mr. Oliver Fein Mr. Joel S. Kanter Dr. Julius G. Mendel Mr. Erich Meyerhoff Dr. Alan D. Miller Dr. Anna Munster Dr. Henry Pinsker Rosemarie Sand Dr. Gerard P. Smith Mr. Peter J. Swales Dr. Joseph W. Verhey Dr. Marianne H. Von Eckardt Dr. Arthur Zitrin

ANNUAL REPORT COMMITTEE

Robert Goldstein, M.D. Editor Tanya Uhlmann Co-Editor Nathan M. Kravis, M.D. George J. Makari, M.D. Doris Nagel, M.D.

PLEASE become a friend of the Institute for the History of Psychiatry

Check Class Desired:

___Annual ($50.00 per year) ___Contributing ($75.00 per year) ___Sustaining ($125.00 per year) ___Patron ($200.00 per year) ___Life ($1,500.00 or more)

A named endowment may be established for a one-time donation of $5,000.

Affiliation for Annual, Contributing, Sustaining and Patron Members is for the Academic Year.

Contributions are tax deductible.

Please make checks payable to Weill Medical College.

Name ______

Address ______

______

Telephone ______

Amount enclosed ______

Please mail this form and your contribution to: Friends of the Institute for the History of Psychiatry Weill Medical College 525 East 68th Street, Box 140 New York, NY 10021 (212) 746-3727