“the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

1 Introduction and background Creative Partnerships, Cumbria is pleased to provide all Cumbrian schools with this resource pack to support teaching and learning across the curriculum and help address themes of slavery, displacement, diversity, exploitation and human rights. We hope that it will become a useful and sustainable classroom tool.

Contents Many teachers in Creative Partnerships schools told us that they would welcome ideas for addressing issues of multi-cultural and anti-racist education. This was confirmed by 1 Introduction and background p1 the views of Wendy Ridley, County Advisory Teacher for Race Equality, and by evidence slave, n. 1 (historical) - Andy Mortimer, Director, from the ‘Cumbria Attitude Survey’ (2004) and many other sources. a person who is the legal Creative Partnerships, Cumbria property of another or others and is bound to absolute It seemed sensible, therefore, to look for materials that were ‘first hand’ and readily 2 The transatlantic slave trade, p4 obedience; a human chattel; accessible to teachers in Cumbria. Creative Partnerships commissioned a scoping study its abolition and the Cumbrian a person treated as property to explore what was out there and how it might be used. This work was carried out by connection with no possessions and no Dr Rob David in May 2005, with the help of Cumbria Archive Service, and provides the Dr Rob David, Historian rights. basis for this pack. At the same time, the study indicated that there were also resources and opportunities, provided by museums, archives and other organisations further afield, 3 Slavery as a contemporary issue p16 Additional useful definitions which were available to Cumbrian teachers. Information about these is also included in associated with chattel slavery Wendy Ridley, Advisory Teacher, this pack. Other creative events and supporting activities associated with the archival Cumbria County Council and the transatlantic slave material will be offered to schools during 2007. trade can be found on the 4 Ideas for using this resource in p22 Understanding Slavery website: 1 The year 2007 marks the bicentenary of the ‘Abolition of the British trade in Enslaved primary schools www.understandingslavery.com People’ and, therefore, it became the catalyst to bring together and launch this resource. Pam Tipping, Sedbergh Primary School However, references to Cumbria’s involvement in the slave trade in the eighteenth century might also be seen in the broader context of today’s ongoing use of ‘slaves’ locally 5 Ideas for using this resource p32 (Chinese cockle pickers in Morecambe Bay), nationally (East European girls in the sex in secondary schools trade in UK cities) and abroad (child labour in the clothing industry of several countries). James Thorp, St Benedict’s Roman These are issues that impact on the young people of Cumbria today and inform their Catholic High School, Whitehaven understandings and attitudes. This is not simply a ‘history’ resource. and Liz West, St Martin’s College, (See Section 3: Slavery as a Contemporary Issue.) Carlisle As well as the records and artefacts, the dialect, family and place names of Cumbria 6 Index of images on the CD Rom p38 reveal that this part of the British Isles has hosted waves of immigrants - some invaders, some enticed, some enslaved - for thousands of years. We believe that we should use 7 Detailed information about the p42 our knowledge of this rich heritage to inform creative approaches to a 21st century sources on the CD Rom curriculum because, as a Year 8 student in a Whitehaven school suggested, “slavery Front cover image: Source 25 means something to us today because it shows what our ancestors did or made people 8 Books suitable for teachers, p58 from a photograph of shackles do years back. It shows how wrong it is and that we don’t want it to happen again.” school libraries and classrooms found in a house in Bowness on Windermere where William Andy Mortimer, Director, Creative Partnerships, Cumbria 9 Websites p62 Wilberforce stayed. Whilst October 2006 there is no evidence of a direct 10 Information about access, p64 connection between these support and links to sources articles and the slave trade of earlier centuries, they remain 11 Acknowledgements p68 powerful symbols of enslavement for all times. 2 The transatlantic slave trade, its abolition and the Cumbrian connection Dr Rob David, Historian

Source 12b: The plantation accounts listing negro slaves and animals on the Christchurch Plantation, 31 December 1766 (reproduced with permission of the Lowther Estate Trust) “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

This trade was lucrative. There were losses 3. Olaudah Equiano (c1745-1799) 2 The transatlantic slave trade, (for example ships were wrecked, many was born in Nigeria, taken as a Africans died on the voyage, and not all slave to America, gained his its abolition and the Cumbrian plantations were successful), but as freedom, came to England, long as there were profits to be made it travelled extensively and in 1789 connection flourished. In 1749, when the trade was at wrote The Interesting Narrative of Origins in the 16th century Indies and North America and the ships its height (although not the Whitehaven the Life of Olaudah Equiano, returned to Britain with tobacco, cotton, trade), a pamphlet published in England which became a best seller; The transatlantic slave trade dates back indigo, sugar and other goods. Cheap proclaimed to the sixteenth century and, though Britain G The ideas of the American War of labour was central to the economic did not initiate it, British merchants ‘our West India and African trades are the Independence raised questions about prosperity of the plantations. The British developed the sophisticated structures that most nationally beneficial of any we carry continuing the institution of slavery in government encouraged the slave trade enabled its expansion. Initially Britain on….The Negroe Trade….may be justly a political system that promoted that it through the provision of royal charters to supplied slaves for the Spanish and esteemed an inexhaustible Fund of Wealth was a ‘self-evident truth’ that all men trading companies and also through giving Portuguese colonists in America. After the and Naval Power to this nation’. are created equal and are endowed the Royal Navy instructions to police the establishment of British settlements in the with ‘certain inalienable Rights’ notably trade. The government and its agencies Caribbean and North America, British slave Challenges to the Transatlantic ‘Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of were involved in the regulation and control traders increasingly supplied British Happiness’. The writings of Tom Paine of the trade in Africa, on the sea and in the Slave Trade (1760s – 1807) colonies. in The Rights of Man were also plantations. As the number of slaves The slave trade began to be challenged by influential; NB. A timeline of transatlantic slavery is outnumbered the settlers, complex rules white and black abolitionists in Britain. The being developed at: and legal codes came into play to ensure leading white abolitionists included G Involvement in the anti-slavery www.brycchancarey.com./slavery/chronol.htm control of the slave population by the Granville Sharp (1735-1813), William movement appealed to people for a governments and settlers in the Caribbean Wilberforce (1759-1833), Thomas variety of reasons. Some, such as the The Triangular Trade from the 17th and the Americas. Clarkson (1760-1846) and Henry Quakers (including James Cropper), 4 to the 19th centuries Brougham (1778-1868). Black abolitionists supported it for religious reasons, while 5 The number of people involved in this included Ottobah Cugoano (dates of birth others (such as Henry Brougham) were The image most people have of the against it on humanitarian grounds. slave trade is connected with the notorious activity was enormous, ranging from those and death unknown), Ignatius Sancho who had simply a share in a ship (which (1729-1789) and Olaudah Equiano The founding, largely by Quakers, of triangular trade. From the 17th to the 19th The Society for Effecting the Abolition of centuries, millions of black people from must have included many people with (c1745 - 1799). Many of the white money to invest), the merchants and abolitionists, but not the black abolitionists, the Slave Trade in 1787 was important numerous African countries were taken here. across the Atlantic to work on the manufacturers, the captains and crews had links with Cumbria. During the 18th plantations of the West Indies and the of the ships, the people who organised century, the climate of opinion regarding G Women also became involved, southern states of America. The products the supply of slaves in Africa and the slavery changed: campaigning in particular against the plantation owners who purchased them. of their slave labour were then shipped G Granville Sharp led the white abolitionist enslavement of women and children; back to Europe. movement in Britain from the 1760s; G High profile political events such as the The trade was dominated by Britain, G Prominent black abolitionists in Britain slave rebellions in Jamaica in 1760 and particularly during the 18th century. were also important in keeping slavery Haiti in the 1790s, and the failure of the Between 1710 and 1810, 1.75 million in the public eye: Sierra Leone scheme to repatriate slaves were imported into British slaves in Africa in the 1780s, raised possessions in the Americas. Ships operated 1. Ottobah Cugoana (dates unknown) awareness that issues associated out of British ports, principally Liverpool, was born in Ghana, taken as a with the slave trade could have an London and Bristol, but Lancaster and slave to Grenada, and came to international impact. England where he obtained his Whitehaven were also involved. Ships During the 1770s and 1780s the Quakers departed from British ports for Africa taking freedom. In 1787 he published Thoughts and Sentiments on the used their networks to organise petitions to manufactured goods which were then Parliament against the slave trade. Supporters exchanged for slaves. Slaves were bought Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Commerce of the Human Species; of the slave trade challenged the Quakers from African traders and European by organising petitions in favour. In 1788 an entrepreneurs working in West Africa. 2. Ignatius Sancho (1729-1780) was Act was passed to regulate the number of During the terrible voyage of the ‘Middle probably born on a slave ship, slaves which could be carried on ships on the Passage’ across the Atlantic, on average, became a child slave in Greenwich Middle Passage, but for the next two decades one in eight of the slaves being transported Source 32: Panel from The Quaker Tapestry (London), and later a Butler and on the French Wars (1793-1815) diverted died. After the ‘Middle Passage’ the slaves (© The Quaker Tapestry, Kendal) retirement opened a grocers shop; attention from the abolition movement. were sold to plantation owners in the West “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

The Act of 1807 The Slave Trade in Cumbria seems to have functioned prior to 1720 and again after 1750. During the 1730s British participation in the slave trade was Cumbrians were involved in the slave trade and 1740s, Whitehaven’s tobacco trade abolished by act of the British Parliament and the institution of slavery in a number of was very successful - second only to on 25 March 1807. (Note that it was the ways. Whitehaven was the only Cumbrian London - but during the 1750s, Glasgow trade in slaves that was abolished, not the port involved in the Triangular Trade, and dominated the trade. institution of slavery, which continued that was only for a relatively few years unabated in the West Indies and in North during the 18th century. However Cumbrian The Whitehaven slave trade lasted from America). However enforcement was not traders and mariners were also involved in 1710-1769 during which 69 slave voyages easy and in 1811 Henry Brougham the slave trade at other ports - in particular were fitted out (between 1-2% of total organised the passing of the Felony Act Lancaster and Liverpool - and Cumbrian Source 8c: Model of King George (© The Beacon, voyages made by British slave ships): which made trading punishable by five Whitehaven) merchants who traded with the West Indies years imprisonment or fourteen years and the Americas were probably trading The 1832 Reform Act resulted in a House 1710-1721 8 ships involved in slave transportation. The Royal Navy positioned commodities that had used slave labour of Commons more sympathetic to the anti- voyages ships along the West African coast and off (such as sugar, tobacco and rum). Some slavery movement. Discussions over East Africa and in the Caribbean to enforce products manufactured in Cumbria were 1722-1749 Tobacco trade flourished - no emancipation focused on whether it should the ban, and slave ships continued to be exported to Africa as part of the Triangular ships involved in the slave be immediate or gradual and whether the intercepted into the 1880s. It was estimated Trade. In addition some Cumbrian landowners trade though Walter Lutwidge plantation owners should be compensated. that in 1807, 600,000 slaves were still at owned slaves through their ownership of may have sent ships normally No one suggested that the slaves should work in the West Indies. plantations in the Caribbean. A small number involved in the tobacco trade be compensated. In 1833 Parliament, of Black people lived in Cumbria in the 18th on 3 slaving ventures to encouraged by Henry Brougham, abolished Completing the process of and early 19th centuries, and some of these Angola (1733-9) - but these the institution of slavery throughout the may have arrived in Britain as a result of the were isolated ventures abolition 1807 - 1838 British Empire - an Act which came into force transatlantic slave trade. Many Cumbrians in 1834. All those enslaved and over 6 years 1750-1759 18 ships involved in slave Despite Britain’s initiative in 1807, slaves were also involved in the abolition of the slave of age were given the status of ‘indentured voyages 6 continued to be transported across the trade, and one of the leading abolitionists, 7 labourer’ prior to full emancipation in 1838. Atlantic, particularly to the booming economies William Wilberforce, spent many summer 1760-1769 43 ships involved in slave When slavery finally ended in 1838, over of Brazil and Cuba. One of the Royal holidays in the Lake District. voyages (the busiest year Navy’s main tasks was to suppress this three quarters of a million slaves were freed was 1763 with 9 ships) trade on the West and East African coasts. in the British colonies, and the plantation The Slave Trade and Whitehaven In comparison 1250 ships departed from Between 1810 and 1867 it is estimated that owners received £20 million in compensation. The slave trading era Liverpool, 500 ships from London and 470 ships another 2,737,900 slaves were shipped After 1838, Britain, rather self-righteously, from Bristol between 1750 - 1769. 86 ships across the Atlantic. Other European campaigned for abolition elsewhere, despite Whitehaven’s prosperity between 1688 and departed from Lancaster between 1757-76. countries did not immediately follow Britain’s having created the indentured labour c1750 was based on importing tobacco for lead - abolition only occured in Sweden in system which was later used to justify the re-export (1,639,193lbs in 1712; in 1721 there 1813, the Netherlands in 1814, France in transportation of many thousands of Indians were 24 vessels listed as sailing to Virginia Traders and investors 1817, Portugal in 1819 and Spain in 1820. around the world to work as indentured for tobacco) and exporting textiles, shoes, Between 1710-1721 Thomas Lutwidge labour. From the 1840s slavery was abolished clothing, horse equipment and iron goods to (Senior) with his nephew Walter Lutwidge, The abolitionists assumed that, with the in the colonies of other European countries. Virginia and the West Indies, and coal more fitted out 5 of the 8 ships involved in the abolition of the slave trade, slavery would However slavery continued in the southern locally. Sir John Lowther was instrumental in slave trade. He was initially involved in the wither away as the supply of slaves dried up states of the United States until 1865, in both improving the facilities of the port and in wine trade and later in the tobacco and sugar and that, over a period of time, existing Cuba until 1886 and Brazil until 1888. attracting maritime expertise into the town. trade, so slave trading was an extension of slaves would acquire rights and freedoms. Isaac Milner, a native of Whitehaven but a his American interests. His first slave venture, By 1822 it became obvious that there needed The slave trade has been called the African resident of London, was encouraged by Sir The Swift, failed because the 95 slaves on to be a further movement for the abolition of Holocaust, though the word Maafa is John to persuade Whitehaven merchants to board were taken by a French privateer. slavery. Henry Brougham was central to this sometimes used to distinguish the trans- become involved in the Africa trade. His letter books (1739-49) which are movement. Abolitionists promoted the idea atlantic slave trade from the extermination Merchants like the Lutwidges, Hows, available at Whitehaven Record Office of an alternative trading system with African of the Jews and others in the twentieth Flemings and Speddings were involved not (YDX79) include references to his interests countries in which Africa could both be a century. Estimates of the numbers involved only in the transatlantic trade but also in a in the trade. In 1749 he was in correspondence source of raw materials for British industry in the Maafa vary. Shipping records suggest trade between the West Indies and the with John Hardman of Liverpool about using and a market for British goods, and that 12 million, but this may be an underestimate coast of America. The slave trade should some of his ships which were lying idle at therefore there was no continuing need to and it may have been nearer 20 million. probably be seen as an attempt at economic Liverpool for slaving in Guinea. trade in slaves. As time went on the Some historians have suggested that those diversification by merchants with connections economics of slavery on the West Indian affected may have numbered between 50 in America, at times when the coal and Thomas Rumball fitted out one of the eight plantations were increasingly questioned. and 100 million. tobacco trades declined. The slave trade ships and was Master on five of the ships. “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Between 1750-1769 investment in the The whole voyage, which often lasted over Whitehaven ships and the size of slave Productivity slave trade was shared between one year, was largely dependent upon the cargoes Productivity improved between the earlier Whitehaven traders and old Sailing sailing and negotiating skills of the Sailing As in the rest of Britain, Whitehaven slave (1710-1721) and later phases (1750-1769). Masters, meaning that quite a large Master. Between 1750-1769 seven Sailing Whitehaven ships performed as well as number of Whitehaven people had a stake Masters were responsible for commanding ships became bigger as the eighteenth century progressed and this meant that the ships from rival ports except on the Middle in the slave trade. Many ships had multiple 60% of the voyages. When everything Passage where loading rates were higher owners: for example, in 1763, Venus of worked it was highly profitable, but often it number of slaves each ship carried on the Middle Passage also increased: for both Liverpool and Bristol ships. Whitehaven had 12 co-owners. did not work out. Whitehaven ships took longer to complete As a port for the transatlantic slave trade, 1710-1721 1760 - 1769 the voyages: The trading system Whitehaven suffered from: average 65 tons average 110 tons Whitehaven - Whitehaven Slave trading was a risky venture - everything G its distance from the places of mean 100 slaves mean 200 slaves needed to be in place for the three legs of manufacture of many of the goods per ship per ship 1710-1721 1760 - 1769 the voyage, with maximum cargoes on each destined for sale in West Africa; average length of average length of leg. The Triangular Trade consisted of: The slave/ship figures represent discharges G the lack of sugar refining opportunities voyage was 14 voyage was 16 G in the Americas. They do not reveal how A voyage from Whitehaven to West in Whitehaven, a vital trading commodity months (range months (range many slaves died on the voyage. For Africa with a cargo of manufactured on the Americas-Whitehaven leg; from 10 - 16 from 11 - 24 goods made in Britain which were example Happy embarked 326 slaves in months) months) exchanged for slaves; G the small number of returning ships the Bight of Benin for St. Kitts in the West which made it difficult for Whitehaven Indies, of whom 57 died (17.5%) on the G The ‘Middle Passage’ from West Africa The difficulty for Whitehaven ships was traders and sailors to keep up to date Middle Passage (13 weeks voyage). that, with fewer voyages, they received less to the West Indies or the southern states with developments in Africa and the of North America with a cargo of slaves; information about conditions in West Africa. Americas. The largest cargo was Venus in 1764 with G Knowing where slaves were located for A voyage from the West Indies back to 340 slaves sold at Barbados. embarkation was vital, and it varied from Whitehaven with a cargo of tobacco, Because Whitehaven traders had such 8 year to year depending on conditions in 9 sugar and rum. difficulty acquiring cargoes for the first and Perhaps the most famous of the Africa and the availability of slaves third legs, it was even more important to Whitehaven ships was King George, the gathered by African entrepreneurs. make a profit on the Middle Passage. subject of the Beilby Goblet (Source 7) and a model (Source 8) at the Beacon Bristol - Bristol The cargoes on the Whitehaven Triangular Trade Museum, Whitehaven. Whitehaven - Africa The Middle Passage Americas - Whitehaven 1723-1726 1763 - 1767 (with probable source) average length of average length of Cotton (East Indies Whitehaven slave ships The ability to fill the ships for voyage was 12.2 voyage was 14.5 Bar Iron (Sweden) collected slaves from the return leg was very varied. months months Beads (Italy) (1750-1769): Cargoes included: sugar, Linen (Germany) tobacco,wood (mahogany), Textiles (Britain - possibly Senegal - 1 rum, cotton There are no detailed financial accounts Kendal cottons (wool)) Windward Coast - 7 surviving for Whitehaven merchants. The Brass/copper wares Gold Coast - 6 accounts (1757-1784) of William Davenport, (Britain - possibly Furness) Bight of Benin - 5 a Liverpool trader, are amongst the most Iron ware (Britain - possibly Guinea - 8 complete and illustrate what often happened. Furness where the introduc- (The rest from ‘Africa’ and They reveal that his profits from 74 tion of blast furnaces in 1711 4 ships seized by enemy voyages were 8% per annum (65% of increased production. The privateers) voyages made a profit, 35% made a loss) Backbarrow Iron Company Whitehaven slave ships made ‘Guinea kettles’ in 1744) which was about average. They also show discharged at (1750-1769): Gunpowder (Britain - possibly that profit margins fluctuated wildly from Kendal/Elterwater/Low Wood*) Barbados - 16 *Pre-1807 Low Wood (nr year to year. Glass (Britain) Jamaica - 23 Haverthwaite) gunpowder was Earthenware (Britain) St Kitts - 2 used in the slave trade and was Why did the slave trade at Whitehaven Spirits (Britain - possibly known as ‘Africa’ powder. After Guadeloupe - 2 abolition in 1807, the company end in 1769? Whitehaven) Antigua - 1 Tobacco (Whitehaven) had to refocus on blasting powder. Cuba - 1 It is difficult to say what ended the Beans-to feed the slaves on S. Carolina - 1 Whitehaven trade except that it became the Middle Passage (Britain harder for Whitehaven merchants to make possibly Walney Island) Virginia - 1 Source 7a: T he Beilby Goblet (© The Beacon, Whitehaven) it pay as compared with their rivals. “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Its failure and the continuing difficulties easy to link the merchants involved with A number of Furness-born Lancaster slave with tobacco prompted Whitehaven the slave trade to specific houses, but it is ship Sailing Masters became investors in merchants to abandon the Atlantic trade in possible to see all or part of a number of the slave trade: favour of coastal trading. merchants’ houses (such as those belonging to the Gale, Lutwidge and Milham families Age when It is perhaps symptomatic of Whitehaven’s (see sources 49, 50 and 51)) from the No. of No. of Age when Total no. made last remoteness and lack of expertise that, slave trading era. The office of Jefferson’s, voyages years retired of years investment during the 1760s, the shopkeeper Abraham the rum importers, has been preserved at Name as captain as captain as captain as owner (age at death) Dent at Kirkby Stephen purchased all his The Rum Story museum and attraction in Richard Millerson 6 or 7 10 32 14 47(47) sugar from Lancaster, rather than Whitehaven. Robert Dodson 6 or 7 9 33 14 48(50) Whitehaven. The Furness area of Cumbria and the John Addison 5 or 6 8 32 17 49(49) Houses, warehouses and offices of slave trade James Sawrey 5 6 32 13 49(85) Whitehaven merchants Cumbria’s contribution to the slave trade The historic core of Whitehaven is largely spread outside the county. For example, Richard Millerson and Robert Dodson William Spencer Barrow (aged 23) died on an eighteenth century development, and many captains and crew of slave trading jointly owned at least 6 slaving vessels the coast of Guinea in 1793; a stone much of it has survived. Therefore any vessels came from Cumbria even though between 1763-71. They were both younger commemorates him inside Cartmel Priory. walk around the town centre gives an idea they worked for merchants operating out of sons and had to make their own way in the of the style and type of houses that the Liverpool and Lancaster. Several of the world. John Addison, who was related to These Ulverston men also became eighteenth century merchants would have Lancaster slave trade Sailing Masters Robert Dodson, served as their captain Liverpool slavers: lived in. The poorer housing used by the came from Furness: during these years. Addison later went into G Moses Benson mariners has not survived so well. It is not partnership with James Sawrey and was (1738-1806), son of an as resident partner in 4 slaving vessels. One of these Ulverston salt dealer. He w in Jamaica for a time was the Molly III which brought 205 slaves 10 Date and age at 11 Father’s first African to Grenada in Dec 1787. Sawrey had G Joseph Threlfall, slave-ship captain Captain’s name Place of origin occupation Command skippered ships for another ex-African from Furness. A booklet about his captain Thomas Woodburn of Hawkshead. career is in Barrow RO (BX 413) John Addison Ulverston Innkeeper 1763/24 years All these Furness men had significant Samuel Bainbridge Pennington 1755/c23 years influence in Lancaster’s slave trade. G John Bolton (1756-1837), son of an Ulverston apothecary. Apprenticed to a Robert Dodson Stony Cragg Yeoman 1753/24 years Joseph Fayrer of Milnthorpe was part Liverpool firm; arrived St Vincent 1773, (nr Ulverston) owner of the slave vessel Golden Age and St Lucia 1778. He had a West between 1783-1792. Richard Millerson* Ulverston Mariner 1752/22 years Indian family whom he abandoned in 1780s when he returned to England. Jonathan Lindall, a mariner from Ulverston, James Sawrey Hawkshead Shopkeeper 1771/26 years When back in England, he married was lost on the Guinea Coast in 1757. Elizabeth Littledale, daughter of Henry Littledale of Whitehaven. Samuel Urswick Mariner 1771/26 years Eleanor Kilburn’s husband was ‘kill’d on Simondson board the Mary at Gambia by the Negro’s’ The following Bolton ships sailed on in 1761. Eleanor came from Ulverston. slaving voyages in 1798: Henry Tindall Furness 1751

Thomas Ulverston 1764 No. of Woodburne Ship Captain Destination Owner slaves Date King George S. Hensley Angola John Bolton 550 20 Mar *Richard Millerson skippered and owned a large Thomas died he left his personal slave, Stephen, to Betsy E. Mosson Angola John Bolton 317 20 Mar number of Lancaster slave ships. His ship Cato his Barbadian wife. arrived in Barbados with 560 slaves in 1761. His Christopher J. Watson Gold Coast John Bolton 390 30 July older brother Thomas (baptised Ulverston 28/7/1728) had shares in two of them. Thomas Dart W. Neale Angola John Bolton 384 8 Sept spent many years in Barbados up to his death in Bolton J. Boardman Bonny John Bolton 432 12 Nov 1768. Richard’s ships had sold their slaves in Barbados which suggests that Thomas may have Elizabeth E. Neale Bonny John Bolton 461 12 Nov acted as his agent for the African cargoes. When “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

John Bolton acquired Storrs Hall, a butler, 2 footmen, a housekeeper, a cook, Industries in Cumbria Sugar Windermere in 1806 (source 52) and a kitchenmaid, 3 housemaids, farm bailiff, West Indies plantations produced sugar extended the building and the estate to 9 gardeners, coachmen, and 2 grooms. connected to the slave trade from the 17th century and some Cumbrians 3000 acres. He had acquired such wealth He died in 1837 and is buried at St There is no direct evidence of Cumbrian owned plantations where sugar was grown. from his trading business that he employed Martin’s parish church, Bowness. firms (except shipping companies) being involved in the slave trade. However some Some sugar was refined on the west coast G James Penny (1741- 99) was born at Egton-cum-Newland in Furness. Cumbrian industries were dependent upon of Cumbria, but the lack of a significant His journeys included: raw materials from the West Indies and refining industry was one of the factors hindering Whitehaven’s growth as a slave Middle Passage Americas which used slaves in all or part of the labour force. It is also likely that port. Anyone buying and consuming sugar cargo and crew Middle Passage in the 18th century and early 19th century Date Ship Tonnage (where known) journey some Cumbrian industries provided manufactured products that were taken to was probably buying slave sugar. 1764 Jupiter 200 tons 250 slaves Sierra Leone to West Africa to be sold for slaves. Jamaica Tobacco Cotton Whitehaven was a major port for the 1768 and 1770 Cavendish 120 tons Sierra Leone to Spinning and weaving of cotton took place importation of tobacco up to the 1760s. Jamaica in Carlisle, Brough, Kirkby Stephen, Penny Tobacconists could be found in many Bridge, Cark and Backbarrow. Although Cumbrian towns in the 18th and early 19th 1775-76 Wilbraham 531 negroes of whom Bonny (Nigeria) to early cotton came from India, American century - Longtown, Workington, Maryport, 27 died (5%); 40 West Indies cotton was imported at a time when slaves Ulverston, Kendal. This tobacco would have seamen of whom 6 were still working on the plantations of the come from Virginia and other southern states died, 1 drowned; southern United States. Shaddon Mill in and much would have been slave produced. 1776/1777 Wilbraham purchased 539 Bonny (Nigeria) to Carlisle received bales of raw cotton from The Kendal snuff industry is a survivor of Negroes of whom 24 America the US, but the disruption in supplies Cumbria’s involvement with tobacco. 12 died (4.5%); 38 during the American Civil War and the 13 seamen of whom 4 demand by freed slaves after the war for Products exported to West Africa died different styles of clothing which they could There is some evidence that iron from 1777/1778 Nicholson purchased 560 Bonny (Nigeria) to not supply, bankrupted the mill. Backbarrow, cloth from Kendal and ‘peas’ Negroes of whom 31 West Indies (NB Kendal ‘cottons’ were poor quality from Furness were purchased by died (5.5%); 48 wool not cotton). Whitehaven traders for sale in West Africa. Seamen of whom 3 died 1781/1782 Carolina purchased 571 Negroes of whom 26 died (4.5%); 45 Seamen of whom 1 drowned 1783 Count du Angola to Nord S. Carolina 1785 Madame purchased 209 Pookata Negroes of whom 1 died (0.5%); 20 seamen of whom 3 died In addition James Penny was appointed a Liverpool to trade in West Africa: factor in West Africa - on the Windward 40000 beads 43 empty butts coast and in Bonny (Nigeria), 1769-70. 4 kegs peas 14 cwts beans After 1786 Penny became an investor and 2 barrels barley 4000lbs beans part owner of slave ships. For one voyage 2 barrels bread 1380 lbs barley Penny bought the following goods in 110 leg irons 50lbs iron collars 4 deck chains and chains. Source 9: Whernside Manor, Dent, likely to have been built with the profits from slavery 3 Slavery as a contemporary issue Wendy Ridley, Advisory Teacher, Cumbria County Council

Workers sorting cocoa beans. See pages 18/19 for Fair Trade ideas. Image courtesy of The Fairtrade Foundation “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

What types of slavery exist today? on a definition of freedom and a definition of slavery. As a class, 3 Slavery as a contemporary issue The most comprehensive website for discuss what it means to be free and live as slaves. Although their exploitation is contemporary slavery issues is What has been the impact of the what it means not to be free. In pairs, often not called slavery, the conditions are www.antislavery.org/ from which the transatlantic slave trade? list the differences between slavery the same. People are sold like objects, following have been taken: Imagine if relatives of yours, just 10 and freedom then put them in order of forced to work for little or no pay, are often generations back, had been violently G importance. As a class compare shackled and are at the mercy of their There are at least 20 million bonded bought, sold, transported and forced to answers. Finish this sentence in three ‘employers’. Their time and labour are not labourers around the world. People take, work as slaves, separated from their loved ways: A slave is a person who……. their own; they are not free to decide who or are tricked into taking, a loan (which ones. Or imagine if your ancestors had they work for and where they live. can be for as little as the cost of medicine G cruelly exploited hundreds of people, for their sick child) but repayment involves In pairs, pupils could discuss some of turning them into slaves. the following: I have to go to school - Even though slavery is illegal internationally, working long hours, up to 365 days a year, often in hazardous conditions. They receive am I a slave?; I have to obey rules - am Slavery has existed in different societies in practice it still exists. Modern day slaves I a slave?; Can I be a free person if I can be found labouring as servants or basic food and shelter but may never pay throughout history but the legacy of off the debt, which can be passed down have to obey rules?; Would I be free if the transatlantic slave trade has concubines in Sudan, as child carpet I never had to obey any rules?; I am not slaves in India and as cane cutters in Haiti for generations so children suffer the debt repercussions today. Slavery and racism bondage of their parents and grandparents. allowed to go to a party I want to go to - share a history. Slavery was made workable and Pakistan. Women from Eastern Europe is that a violation of my liberty?; My and Thailand are bonded into prostitution, because those who were enslaved were G Forced marriage affects women and teacher can give me a detention - am I children are trafficked between West reduced to a less than human subspecies. girls who are married without choice my teacher’s slave?; I have a paper African countries and men are forced to The ideology that allowed masters to and live as slaves, often accompanied round - am I the slave of my employer work as slaves on Brazilian agricultural believe they were superior people, and by physical violence. or the people I deliver to?; I have a dog slaves to be subdued into believing that estates and Cote d’Ivoirean cocoa - does my dog belong to me? Do I they should accept their inferiority and plantations. UNICEF estimates that G Forced labour affects people who are belong to my dog?; My parents possess dependency, did not end with the abolition 200,000 children from West Africa are sold illegally recruited by individuals, a car - do my parents possess me? 16 into slavery each year. 17 of slavery. Frantz Fanon suggested in governments or political parties and G Black Skin, White Masks that the impact forced to work - usually under threat of Use passages from Whose Side are of the African Holocaust was so dreadful Refugees, driven by poverty to undertake violence (e.g. in China and Burma). you on? by Alan Gibbons (Orion Press) and dehumanizing that it left even future hazardous journeys to distant countries, or images from www.antislavery.org/ generations scarred. Many would agree that drown in crowded, unsafe boats or G Sla very by descent is where people are as a stimulus for a Philosophy for colonisation of the mind might take as long suffocate to death crammed in the backs of either born into a slave class or are Children enquiry about modern slavery. to escape from as colonisation of the land. lorries (e.g. recent prosecution of Turks). from a ‘group’ that society views as Whose Side are you on? is about a Contemporary slavery takes various forms suited to being used as slave labour. Liverpool schoolboy struggling with So any discussion of the transatlantic slave and affects people of all ages, sex and race. racism against his friend. The experience trade should include how ‘theories’ However some governments are taking G Trafficking involves the transport and/or of being transported back to a Caribbean of race were used to justify slavery, and action against slavery. For example, in May trade of children, women, and men sugar plantation during the slave trade how beliefs of white superiority and black 2004 slavery became illegal in Niger which from one area to another with the gives him the courage to tackle racism self-hatred still exist in the contemporary resulted in a slave owner freeing 7000 purpose of forcing them into slavery, in the contemporary world. world and lead to racial inequality, racist slaves (see The Guardian, 5/3/05). which often includes forced prostitution. G If everyone knows slavery is wrong and bullying and harassment. This direct link G illegal, why do you think it still exists? between contemporary experiences of The worst forms of child labour can be Does slavery exist in England? If it Black people and the experiences of Black described as slavery, and affect an does, how could it be ended? people from the 1600s onwards can be the estimated 179 - 246 million children. Pupils could research the work of basis for some powerful anti-racist work, This includes children who are bonded, organisations (such as Anti-slavery using any of the resources in the list at the trafficked or forced to work as soldiers, International www.antislavery.org/) in end of this section. domestics, carpet makers, mine workers, on plantations, in factories, restaurants campaigning against modern slavery. What is modern slavery? or in commercial sex work. G The website http://video.google.com/ Many people think of slavery as long ago How can we teach about slavery videoplay?docid=-98856068509865 and far away rather than here and now. in the contemporary world? 6947 has a variety of videos exploring 2007 does not mark ‘the abolition of modern slavery. Pupils could design a slavery’ because slavery continues TODAY. G As a starter, to encourage thinking poster to raise awareness of modern At this moment millions of men, women about contemporary forms of slavery, day slavery. and children around the world are forced to Tea trading (© The Fairtrade Foundation) pupils could discuss in pairs and agree “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

G What are the arguments for and against done to help protect this group?, and such as fair trade chocolate, coffee, tea, using child labour? How would you stop what recommendations could you make bananas, sugar etc. which guarantee young children becoming domestic to help abolish it? Your presentation that no slavery was involved in their servants? Do you think it is ever right can include visual images, maps and production. Pupils could design for children to work for a living? Pupils statistics. a wrapper for a new Fair Trade product. could design a piece of art work to inform people of the existence of child b) Imagine that a world leader (e.g. G Use the book The Carpet Boy’s Gift by labour in the contemporary world using President of Brazil, USA, Pakistan) was Pegi Deitz Shea (Tilbury House) to historical and modern day images as recently told about the existence today explore the legacy of Iqbal Masih, the stimulus, for example from of slavery in their country and was 12 year old who escaped slave www.antislavery.org/homepage/ shocked. The President has asked you, conditions, won the Reebok Youth in resources/africagallery/gallery.htm as a worker in the Ministry of Labour, to Action Award, special recognition at the teach him/her the basics of slavery. International Labour Conference, and G Are some forms of slavery worse than Research and make a poster timeline of then was shot dead on his return to others? Pupils could devise, act out and slavery in that country: when did it Pakistan. Pupils could design a poster video their own TV or radio news begin, when was it abolished, major for ‘Rugmark’ which guarantees that no interview of the various people involved slave rebellions, why was it thought to child labour was used in the production in a situation of contemporary slavery be needed, how has it affected the of carpets. or child labour. What are the range of current culture and racial issues and emotions and motives? What two what is known about slavery currently? questions would pupils ask the main Present it to the President. characters if they were going to interview them for a documentary? G A discussion about slavery in the contemporary world could lead into 18 G KS3/4 teachers could use the excellent work on Children’s Rights, for which 19 teaching pack and video The Changing there are many excellent teaching Face of Slavery produced by Anti- resources from Save the Children and Slavery International (Tel: 020 7501 8920 UNICEF and Anti-Slavery International or email [email protected]). The (available to borrow from Cumbria video explores child labour in the Development Education Centre (CDEC) contemporary world and a range of [see resource information at the end of excellent activities help students this booklet]). Students could be understand the complex issues and involved in organising a human rights discuss what they think they could do to conference or film night with the help of prevent slavery in the contemporary their local Amnesty International group. world. G Use a simulation game which shows how G KS3/4 pupils could be given either of the global rules of trade keep people in the following investigative assignments: poverty, and how this can lead to child labour and slavery. Good examples a) Your job is to investigate the victims include: ‘The Paper Bag Game’ from of slavery and to prepare a report for Christian Aid, for KS2 pupils; ‘The the International Labour Organisation Chocolate Game’ from Christian Aid, for (ILO). Choose either children, women or KS2 and KS3 pupils; ‘The Trading men and a country (e.g. Brazil, USA, Trainers’ game from CAFOD, for KS3 UK, Pakistan) and investigate what kind pupils; ‘The Trading Game’ from of abusive practices that group of people Christian Aid or Oxfam; ‘Just Trade’ faces today, such as very low or no from Traidcraft - all available from CDEC. wages, dangerous conditions, and long working hours. Create a presentation G Give pupils small pieces of chocolate. that answers some of the following: Explain that some of the chocolate they what labour practices threaten the have just eaten was made with slave group?, how does it affect them?, why labour. Pupils could learn about Fair Source 16a: Detail from watercolour painting by George Heriot of works and other buildings on the Orange are they susceptible?, what is being Trade through researching products Valley, Tobago, sugar plantation which belonged to William Crosier 4 Ideas for using this resource in primary schools Pam Tipping, Sedbergh Primary School

Source 26b: A copy (made in 1991) of William Wilberforce’s model of a slave ship (© The Beacon, Whitehaven) “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

There was a three-way trade. Ships left slave trade affected so many African 4 Ideas for using this resource in from ports in England such as Whitehaven, people and their descendants. with goods to trade for the slaves. Slaves primary schools were taken from different countries in West Session 2 Suggested teaching sessions You look around and all you can see is a Africa. Many were enslaved by African I wonder if you can remember what we totally new and strange land. You have no chiefs. The slaves were then taken to the thought about last session. for Collective Worship or idea where you are and if you’ll ever see Caribbean and the southern states of History at KS 2 you own home again. America where they were sold to work on We mentioned that both black and white the plantations which grew cotton and people were involved in the campaign to I wonder if anyone knows the sort of life I Session 1 sugar. The ships then returned to England abolish slavery. A leading light in that am describing? carrying goods such as tobacco, sugar, campaign was a man called William Close your eyes and imagine. rum and cotton from the plantations that Wilberforce who was born in 1759 in Hull, Do you know what a slave is? It’s a hot day. the slaves were working on. Yorkshire. His father died when he was G A slave is a person who is forced to quite young so he was sent to live with an You have been taken from your home and work for someone - they might be (This can be described using a map of the aunt and uncle for a while in London. chained to other people. threatened and harmed if they do not world showing how the ‘triangle’ worked). William was influenced a great deal by You are made to walk for miles along a do so. these relatives who were supporters of dusty track. How do you think the slaves felt? John Wesley, the founder of a group of G A slave is someone who is owned by Frightened/scared/worried/ill/ Christians called Methodists. Later, when Your head hurts and you are frightened. someone/an employer. degraded/angry William was 17 years old, he went to Your family don’t know where you are. Cambridge University where he made G (Children will come up with lots of ideas friends with a man called William Pitt who You don’t know where you are being taken. A slave can be bought and sold like a piece of property or an animal. here). was later to become Britain’s youngest You reach a huge expanse of water - you Prime Minister. When William left university don’t know what it is as you’ve never seen G he decided to become an MP and in those 22 A slave is not free to do what they want This practice went on for years. It is thought 23 the sea before. to. that between 1540 and 1800 at least 15 days, if you were rich enough, you could get elected so Wilberforce became MP for You are dragged onto a small boat. million people from a variety of African G A slave has to do what his or her countries were taken from where they lived Hull. In 1784 Wilberforce became a devout You are taken into the hold of what seems master wants him or her to do. to the Americas. Many died on the voyages Christian and this had a great influence on to you to be an enormous ship. Here you - perhaps as many as half. his life. He learnt about the slave trade from are chained and crowded together with These definitions could be written on various people and it really shocked him. hundreds of other people. separate pieces of paper in the form of 200 years ago, Britain passed a law to You are crammed in and the boat begins labels to be revised and used later. abolish the slave trade across the Atlantic. Do you remember in our previous to rock. People around you are speaking It then took a few more years before slaves session we imagined what it might be different languages which you don’t Where did the slaves come from? were freed. Both black and white people like to be taken as a slave? understand. Different countries in Africa were involved in the campaign to abolish slavery. Some of you may have heard of Can you think of any words to describe You are surrounded by pale faced people Olaudah Equiano who was probably born what it might have been like? Where did they go to? who treat you cruelly and give you little in Nigeria in about 1745. He was taken as The Caribbean and parts of America food or drink. a slave to America. He eventually gained As a Christian, William could not accept You are kept in chains and there isn’t his freedom and travelled to England. He that humans could treat other humans in enough height to sit up properly. It is dark How did the slaves get to the Americas? was able to inform many people about the such a way. He was shocked that so much in the hold and the heat is unbearable. Ships from Liverpool, London, Bristol, horror of the transatlantic slave trade from money was being made by plantation Lancaster and Whitehaven. first hand knowledge through his writings. owners and shippers. He was shocked by Your muscles ache. The noise and the the fact that so many African people were smells are intolerable. This journey lasts for This was known as the transatlantic slave Does anyone know the name of the dying both on the trip to the Americas and 6-8 weeks and you have no idea where trade and Britain was one of the countries British politician who worked hard to while they were working on the plantations. you are being taken. Some people around involved in it. get slavery abolished? He was mostly shocked that over half the you in the cramped, smelly and dark hold trade in people was carried in British ships die. Their bodies are left then thrown William Wilberforce from towns such as Liverpool, London, overboard. Eventually the boat stops This year (2007) we are remembering the Bristol, Lancaster and Whitehaven. He moving and you emerge from the two hundredth anniversary of Wilberforce’s discovered that the pattern was to trade darkness. You can hardly walk. campaign to abolish the slave trade and we textiles, beads, trinkets, brandy and are thinking about how the transatlantic gunpowder in Africa in exchange for people “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

who became slaves. The slaves were then Bonded labour affects at least 20 million Patience is 12 years old and lives in Togo, shipped in appalling conditions, in the people (UN) around the world. People are West Africa. Her employer’s daughter, holds of ships where they were crammed tricked into taking a loan, for example for Mimi, is the same age, yet their lives could together in overcrowded, damp, smelly medicine for their child, and in order to not be more different. Mimi goes to school, conditions. They were taken to the southern repay the debt they have to work long speaks fluent French as well as her own states of America and the West Indies hours, seven days a week for 365 days a language and wants to be a doctor when where they were sold, just as if they were year. They receive basic food and shelter she grows up. While Mimi and her older animals. They were taken to plantations as ‘payment’ for their work but of course brother, Jiji are at school, Patience is in the where they worked in the heat in the fields they can never pay off the loan. This kitchen preparing their lunch which she picking cotton and sugar. Often they were sort of debt is often passed down for later serves to them. While they are eating shackled and branded and often they were generations so children become bonded she watches them and attends to their treated very badly. The anti-slavery bill labourers because of their parents’ debt. every need. Later she eats her lunch on was difficult to get through Parliament. her own. Patience has worked in this Wilberforce persevered and eventually A slave is someone who is owned by house for two years. She has lost all he was successful. On March 25, 1807 it someone/an employer. contact with her own family and any was declared that: A slave can be bought and sold like a chance of a better life. She believes she piece of property or an animal. deserves nothing more. ‘The purchase of slaves in Africa and their transport to the West Indies or How would you feel if you were Early and forced marriage affects women Patience? Do you think Patience is as any other country is hereby utterly Source 29: A ceramic jug of creamware made by and girls in some parts of the world. Some an unknown maker in Liverpool about 1818 free as you? abolished and declared illegal.’ are married without choice and may be (© Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal) forced into lives of servitude, even under Fatima the threat of violence. is a young jasmine picker in Egypt. Although this was a great achievement, Wilberforce in 1818, he was amazed at She picks flowers at night when the scent it was not the end of the struggle. There how chaotic Wilberforce’s family was. He 24 It is estimated that 179 million children is at its strongest. The flowers are sold and 25 were still millions of slaves at work in the did however grow fond of him saying: made into very expensive perfume. She West Indies and in the southern states of around the world (International Labour ‘…and you can feel nothing but love has no choice but to work as her family is America. Wilberforce now wanted to free Organisation) are in work that is harmful to their health and welfare. Globally, 246 desperately poor. She is working to try to these slaves. and admiration for a creature of so get enough money to get an education. happy and blessed nature.’ million children are child labourers He continued to campaign and just before including 73 million children who are less How would you feel if you were Fatima? his death in 1833 he heard that Parliament than 10 years old. Do you think Fatima is as free as you? Session 3 www.freethechildren.org/getinvolved/ had passed an Act which meant that all geteducated/childlabour.htm slaves in lands controlled by Britain would I wonder, do you think slavery exists Emilio was a child soldier in Guatemala, today? be made free by 1838. Some Case Studies Central America. He became a soldier at We learnt in the last session that it was the age of 14. He was regularly beaten for Wilberforce spent some of his summer abolished in Britain 200 years ago but does These and other case studies can be no reason at all and was made to walk for holidays in our area and he had many it still exist today? seen at www.antislavery.org miles carrying heavy loads which were far friends here as well. He first visited the Usman is just 11 years old. Dressed in too heavy for his small, undernourished Lake District in 1779 while he was a Think back to what we said a slave was. ragged, greasy clothes, he holds heavy body. There was little food to eat. He was student. He became very fond of the area. (Reuse the definition of slavery labels from engine parts as he awaits orders from his forced to learn to fight and kill an enemy in Between 1781 and 1778 he rented a house earlier). employer, who is busy fitting a head gasket a war he knew nothing about and did not on the shores of Windermere where he forced to a taxi. For a 10-hour day he earns about understand why it was being fought. enjoyed the quiet, the scenery and the A slave is a person who is to work for someone - they might be threatened £2.00 a month at a car repair workshop in company of friends. One of his friends was According to the UN, there are about and harmed if they do not do so. Pakistan. He says: Colonel John Pennington who lived in 300 000 child soldiers in the world today A slave is not free to do what they want to. Muncaster Castle, near Ravenglass. “What else can I do? I do want to study but aged between 5 and 17 years. Not all of A slave has to do what his or her master Some of you may have been to Muncaster being the lone earner in my family, I am them are recruited to fight, some of them wants them to do. Castle to see the owls. A little later, the forced to work. If I do not work, who will do dangerous and life threatening jobs like famous poet, William Wordsworth found (Show some pictures feed those who depend on me?” mine detecting, carrying messages and him a house in Rydal where he spent www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/toc.htm spying. some summers. He was also a friend to or by typing bonded labour into Google How would you feel if you were Usman? Robert Southey, another poet who lived in images). Do you think Usman is as free as you? How would you feel if you were Emilio? Keswick. Apparently, when Southey visited These pictures are of people today. Do you think Emilio is as free as you? “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

The famous South African Archbishop and the living conditions of slaves on Letter writing Drama Desmond Tutu said in 1999: plantations as well as runaway slaves. It is Skills could be developed through various http://school.discovery.com/ also a very ‘good read’ though probably imaginary scenarios, but based on some of schooladventures/slavery/witness.html “Slavery…I didn’t know all these forms only suitable for Year 6 in the primary school. the historical evidence from the sources on Witness a slave auction. Here there is an existed. I think it’s largely because we the CD Rom. For example: Another stimulus for narrative/recount is example of freeze framing with a great aren’t expecting it. It is hidden. provided by www.diduknow.info/slavery G From a slave (as long as it was deal of information given. The characters Generally people would not believe that This website contains the journeys of four understood that no such letters took included are: it is possible under modern conditions. slaves from their homes to their new lives place) Mariah, an adult slave They would say “No, I think you are as slaves. G From a sailor on the Middle Passage Sam, her 12 year old son making it up because it’s just too The children could use this information to G From a plantation owner incredible.” Auctioneer retell the story (in the first or third person) G From an abolitionist to their MP in 1789. to create a piece of empathetic writing. Justice Reflection Pictures from the CD Rom resource of Letters could be written using archaic Newspaperman language and possibly old script or typed Wilberforce was a determined man who archive material or the internet could be using an appropriate font. There are a Clergyman fought for what he firmly believed in. used to illustrate. A writing frame could be number of eighteenth and nineteenth Is there something that you feel strongly given with illustrations already included. Banker century letters on the CD Rom which about? Could you show so much Seller provide guidance as to style and layout. persistence about it? The opening of the suggested Act of Collective Worship would be an excellent (Sources 17, 18, 28) Bidder Think about people in many parts of the way to create the atmosphere of what it world who are living like slaves. might have been like to undergo the A letter could be written to an MP about The question posed is: Could you stop an auction? Everyone’s point of view is Think about their lives and how different experiences of a slave (see page 22). modern slavery. This links to Citizenship explored. This could form the basis of a they are from yours. at KS2: 26 freeze framing exercise as well as a debate 27 An opening sentence could be given to Preparing to play an active role as a citizen. Think about Usman, Patience, Fatima and be continued. This would encourage the as to who could stop the sale. Emilio and children like them all over the children to use the knowledge they have of Political literacy: how citizens can make From the information gathered, a debate world. the slave trade and to incorporate as much themselves effective in public life. could take place with children given I wonder if there is anyone here who might as was appropriate. assigned roles. Hot seating could also be grow up to be as influential as William Play writing used once enough information has been Wilberforce in improving the lives of Kwumba was in darkness. All around gathered. Incorporating the conventions of play modern day slaves. him he could hear the moans and writing with researched information, children curious noises of strangers…… could take different aspects of the Diary/Journal transatlantic slave trade and write a play. My Story, Slave Girl, The Diary of This beginning could be used to spark off The whole could then be put together. Clotee, Virginia, USA 1859 Suggested teaching a flashback story. (Scholastic ISBN 0 439 98189-7) Using the same information, a storyboard Newspaper sessions which could be could be created with illustrations. Using researched information, entries taught through Literacy Children could be given the writing frame could be written as if from a journal. The following would be suitable for for a newspaper. The headline could be The entries could be from any aspect of Knowledge, understanding and empathy recounts: given (eg SLAVERY ABOLISHED), and a slave’s life, eg the initial capture, the about slavery are suitable pegs on which the main article could be written as well Middle Passage, life on a plantation or G to hang much literacy work, especially in An account of the Middle Passage as other newsworthy incidents, for example life as a freed slave. Years 5 and 6. G My job as captain of a slave ship information about ships, William Pitt, price Narrative/Recount of goods. G Memories of a freed slave - from Pirates by Celia Rees African country to plantation to freedom The CD Rom includes real historical mate- (Bloomsbury ISBN 0747564698) rial from Cumbria which could help to form This book contains numerous passages, The visual resources featured on the the basis of newspaper articles as well as especially in the first half, that would be following website are extremely evocative: examples of ways in which people wrote http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.educ/slavery/ suitable to use as texts. There is much in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. information about the Middle Passage “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Non-Chronological Report Persuasion The whole class could research individual aspects of the transatlantic slave trade and the This could follow on from a drama experience - maybe a ship’s captain, appalled by what work could then be brought together. he has been expected to do, stating the abolitionist point of view. Introduction Plantations Abolition Capture What? Who? Where? When? Arguments against the transatlantic slave trade SLAVERY AFRICAN AMERICAS DEFINITION COUNTRIES POINT Dehumanising effect of being treated as chattels ONE Humiliation Freedom Life as Chiefs a slave Traders Conditions in the Middle Passage Early POINT life TWO Treatment Christian WILLIAM influence WILBERFORCE 28 POINT The slave auction/splitting of families 29 Humans for sale Influential MIDDLE THREE friends MP PASSAGE

Legacy Cumbrian connection Abolitionists POINT Conditions in the plantations FOUR

OLAUDAH Survival rates EQUIANO Some people might say that slavery brought about a POINT great deal of economic wealth/abolition led to Non-Chronological FIVE disastrous collapse of West Indian sugar trade. Autobiography Report

There are several useful websites: Conclusion www.understandingslavery.com Summing up www.brycchancarey.com REMEMBER some of the persuasive devices: www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAslavery.htm Everyone knows that… http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/equiano.htm Surely… (Excerpts of Olaudah Equiano’s narrative) Clearly… http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.educ/slavery/ (visual sources) It is obvious to anyone that… http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section9.shtml The fact is… “the abominable traffic”

Poetry In the Geography curriculum at KS2 pupils should be taught: A range of poetry forms lend themselves to writing about aspects of the transatlantic To describe and explain how and why slave trade. List poems, haiku, cinquains, places are similar to and different from ballad, kennings, narrative poems, tanka are other places in the same country. all suitable and imagery could be added to create a vivid sensory picture. If you use Whitehaven or for that matter Liverpool, Bristol, Lancaster or London as There is a superb Alphabet of Slavery your contrasting location then a study of (which can also be seen performed) at slavery would be appropriate. www.understandingslavery.com The poem begins with: Special/significant people is an obvious primary RE theme. A is an African torn from his home and finishes with In Religious Education the Cumbria Agreed Syllabus for KS2 in the Christianity Zealously labour to set the slaves free. section under Themes states: Any poems could be performed with the G Inspirational people: figures from whom help of music/sounds as accompaniment. believers find inspiration; G Beliefs in action in the world: how Other Curriculum opportunities religions and beliefs respond to global Although Whitehaven had ceased slave issues of human rights, fairness, social trading years before abolition, the justice and the importance of the 30 Cumbrian connection allows a way in to environment. explore slavery and its heritage. Under Commitment it states: The History National Curriculum at KS2 G Introduce appropriate contemporary, states that the local history unit can be: social, moral and environmental issues A study investigating how the locality was and begin to relate views and affected by a significant national event. responses to values in the Christian The significant event being the abolition of tradition. slavery. William Wilberforce was greatly influenced At KS1 the breadth of study states that the by his belief in Christianity and is certainly children should study: an example of a person whose life exemplified the spiritual and moral values The lives of significant men, women and of a faith community. His story could be children drawn from the history of Britain used as part of a series of lessons looking and the wider world. at special people such as those at home, Wilberforce is a significant person so at school and among religious leaders. He slavery could be explored, albeit in a less was certainly a notable Christian. graphic way, for younger children. Another person to be considered is Harriet Tubman, A suggested Act of Collective Worship is who was born a slave and by 1860 had led included which could be used over a more than 300 slaves to freedom from the number of sessions. This is aimed at KS2 southern to northern States of America. but could be adapted for KS1. 5 Ideas for using this resource in secondary schools James Thorp, St. Benedict’s Roman Catholic High School, Whitehaven and Liz West, St. Martin’s College, Carlisle

Source 36: A poster from Kendal (1826) requesting a meeting to organise an anti-slavery petition. “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Short Activity Idea 2 will already be using. It is possible to bring in some of the local sources at this point in 5 Ideas for using this resource in Students are given sources 1-5 and the order to illustrate that plantation ownership transcribed versions of the Cumbrian was one way in which some Cumbrian secondary school History and entries that appear on pages 42 - 43 of families were involved. Citizenship this guide. They are asked to consider: Activity Idea 3 Introduction The following two activities would help to G Does the detailed file keeping suggest relate existing lessons to the Cumbrian The following activities and ideas are anything about the nature and scale of Using the well known ‘layers of inference’ connection: presented as a loosely linked series of the transatlantic slave trade? activity, students can be encouraged G to study in depth many of the sources lessons which history departments may Short Activity Idea 1 What is suggested about the attitudes wish to dip into depending on pressures of the traders to the African people by in this pack. The three stages of on time. Teachers are encouraged to make Students are given the information on their recording of only live arrivals? investigation involve students in progressively deducing more from each use of the websites which amongst other James Penny that appears on page 12 of G What do the arrival dates of these source. An exemplar of this approach is things address the issues of language this guide. It can be used to introduce ships suggest about the numbers of provided for sources 16a and 16b, associated with slavery and racism. Many aspects of the Middle Passage and/or to people/companies involved in the trade? consider the ‘mechanics’ of operating as although many sources in this pack lend of the themes are central to Citizenship G education and therefore themes from this a slave trader. Students might consider: How significant do these sources themselves to this approach. suggest Cumbria’s involvement was topic can be taught either as Citizenship Such source investigation can be G as against that of other British ports? through History or as Citizenship in its The types and quantities of commodities developed further by introducing G own right. that were being traded for a ship full of What are the advantages and additional visual and written sources of enslaved men, women and children; limitations of using these sources plantation conditions that focus more on Suggested prior learning G The numbers/proportions of enslaved as a way of gauging Cumbria’s the experiences of the enslaved men, involvement? In order to maintain the focus on the men, women and children that died on women and children themselves. each journey (especially interesting if 32 abolition of the transatlantic slave trade There are many images and other 33 you use film clips from either ‘Roots’ Key questions and the Cumbrian dimension, it is assumed sources on the websites listed in Section or ‘Amistad’); that students will be familiar with some This guide and CD Rom resource enable 9 of this guide. of the key facts and concepts. Previous G The percentage of crew deaths and lessons to be centred around a number of lessons should have introduced students what this suggests about the key questions with Cumbrian associations. to some or all of the following: risks/profits that were involved. These include: Example Responses for Sources G The wealth that could be made by 16a and 16b (William Crosier’s G the geography of the transatlantic slave G How significant was the slave trade to people like Penny in his role as the ‘Orange Valley Estate’) trade; master of a ship, so that he could the port of Whitehaven? G the status, heritage and culture of some later become an investor and part G How significant was the ownership of 1 - What can you see/read? of the African civilizations involved owner. plantations to Cumbrian gentry? (Benin is a frequently used example); G How important was Cumbria as a Note anything of interest that the source G the circumstances surrounding who was centre of opposition to the slave trade? clearly tells you or shows. For example: captured and en-slaved; G Assuming that the contents of the pack G A black boy/man is holding a horse G conditions and treatment during the are representative of the evidence that G There are bananas hanging on a Middle Passage; has survived in Cumbria for the slave frame G the work undertaken and the treatment trade, why has information on some G Some buildings are larger than others of African people on arrival in the ‘New aspects survived better than others? World’; G There are many large buildings like a Conditions on the Plantations - windmill and a press G commodities involved in the other Source Inference sections of the triangular trade and their contemporary social/fashion As part of the preparation for the ‘Kendal importance. Public Meeting’ activity and ‘Virtual Museum’, students should be encouraged to gain an understanding of the lives of enslaved workers on the plantations. This Source 38: Poster from Kendal, 1833 requesting is an area where many excellent sources meetings to organise anti-slavery petitions exist and that many History departments “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

2 - What can you infer from these It is clear that these meetings were well Activity Idea 4 The 2007 Abolition of Slavery observations? attended and occurred with reasonable Cumbria ‘Virtual Museum’ frequency. The following activity uses one (continued from previous page) What does this make you think? What of these meetings as a backdrop against G Teaching staff should decide what Many museums around the country are can you work out? What does this which students can explore the different groups can use in their presentation, using the bi-centennial commemorations suggest/imply? For example: motivations of various groups who eg video/audio recordings or a of 2007 as an opportunity to undertake campaigned for abolition and, later, Powerpoint backdrop. major re-development of their displays G The boy/man is going out riding/he emancipation. concerning the transatlantic slave trade. might be a chattel slave and is holding G Depending on school resources it may Displays within Cumbria are widely the horse for someone else Local sources on their own do not cover be necessary to research and collect dispersed and generally limited so it would a pack of resources for each protest be difficult to undertake an educational visit G This must be a hot country if bananas the full range of motivations, so it is helpful group or possibly provide some that would satisfactorily cover all aspects of are growing if teaching staff are able to use additional sources. Many useful examples are direction to relevant Internet sites. this international event. G The different size of buildings suggest available on-line. Three particularly useful G It would also be interesting to include that people of differing status live on sites are some groups who would have been This final activity attempts to engage the estate students in this issue of historical www.understandingslavery.com against abolition such as plantation G owners or merchants involved in the interpretation by placing them in the role The press has long arms and might www.empiremuseum.co.uk and be man powered cotton, sugar, or tobacco trade. of museum curators who have been asked www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ to help develop a new display for their G Whilst it is certain that all these groups maritime/slavery local museum that would commemorate 3 - What questions do you still would never have been represented at have? the abolition of transatlantic slavery. where there are numerous downloadable the same time in Kendal, if at all, the This activity should be the culmination of sources, audio and video clips and other activity should focus students on the What is this source not telling us or student study of this topic. If it has not support materials. range of different opinions and allowing us to work out with certainty? already been covered or introduced during arguments on offer and the range of the Public Meeting activity, there is a need 34 What questions are we unable to answer techniques used in promoting their 35 or are raised by it? For example: Activity Idea 4 to consider the issue of Black resistance views. and rebellion whether at the individual or G Students work in small teams (3-5) G Why are there so few people shown in G The activity concludes with the public group level. There is an excellent and select/are assigned one of the the paintings? meeting and the issue is voted upon. downloadable resource available from groups that were involved in the www.understandingslavery.com G Is there any evidence that this protest. The protest groups should G A further consolidating activity could plantation used slave labour? certainly include: The Quakers, those involve the writing of a newspaper G who opposed specifically on report of the meeting for the next Activity Idea 5 Is there clear evidence of sugar edition of the local paper. production? humanitarian grounds, female anti- slavery societies, key individuals (e.g. You face a difficult task. You have been Willberforce, Clarkson), freed slaves asked to design a new exhibition for your (Olaudah Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano) Some of the other local sources illustrated local museum on the abolition of the The Kendal Public Meeting - in the pack which could be used to further transatlantic slave trade. Money and space G Researching the motives of the They have time to prepare a develop this activity include: are an issue and so you have been given abolitionists and the pro-slavery presentation that will be made at the certain rules which need to be followed: next Kendal Public Meeting. Source 7a and 7b - Beilby Goblet. groups Source 8a, 8b and 8c - Model of King George. G You can only include 10 - 15 sources. G They may wish to assign team Once students have been thoroughly Source 26 (Wilberforce’s model) and members to different tasks that might G Each source must have a caption that introduced to the main features of the Thomas Clarkson’s famous deck images include researchers, speechwriters, explains what the source is and what transatlantic slave trade it is time to focus (Sources 30a and 30b). illustrators, ‘spin-doctors’ and it helps us to learn about the trans- on the abolition movement. Cumbria like Sources 20 - 23 - Bills of sale of slaves. propagandists. atlantic slave trade and its abolition. most other areas of the country, had a Source 32 - A panel from The Quaker Tapestry. number of local anti-slavery or abolitionist G Their presentation should be no Source 33a, 33b and 33c - a Cumbrian G Each caption can be no longer than groups. The CD-Rom includes a number of longer than 5 minutes and should give justification for slavery. 50 words. sources relating to the abolitionist activities the other teams a clear idea of what Sources 35-38 - Requests for public G You can write/film/illustrate an of people in Kendal and the various public their group’s position and motives are meetings in Kendal. introduction to your display. If this is meetings, posters and petitions that were in relation to the abolition of the Source 39 - An anti-slavery petition. paper based it must be no larger than generated. Reference is also made within transatlantic slave trade. Source 40 - A report of the public meeting A3 and include no more than 200 words. them to the work of other local groups in referred to in Source 35 in the Kendal (continued on next page) (continued overleaf) Penrith, Windermere and Ambleside. Chronicle. “the abominable traffic”

Activity Idea 5 write about them in a concise, informative and engaging way. (continued from previous page) Your instructions include a request to Final Thoughts consider very carefully which sources you Other curriculum opportunities select and what information you provide because you must get the right balance G Although these ideas have been between: compiled from the standpoint of the G The local, national and the international; teaching of History, the issues surrounding the transatlantic slave G The trade system itself, the plantation trade, its legacy in modern Britain, the activities in the West Indies and the commemoration in 2007, and racism Americas, and the work and progress in general (especially in a largely of the abolitionists; mono-ethnic county such as Cumbria) G The need to engage and interest people makes this subject particularly whilst not becoming too sensational; significant as a component of Citizenship education. G Providing clear, accurate explanations without becoming too wordy; G Different types of sources, written, visual, audio, objects; G Portraying the men, women and children from African countries with dignity even though many of the 36 sources tend not to do so; G The need to explain what happened and how it still affects us today (the legacy).

Notes regarding the task There are clearly many different variables in this activity that can be altered to suit the age and ability range of your students and the time and resources that you can make available. The number of sources could be altered, as can the word limits for the captions. Students might be asked to choose their sources from a limited selection or could be given complete freedom over what they use and where it comes from. If the department has access to ICT facilities it would be possible to make available all the sources used in the activities so far as well as others from internet research. Equally, you might decide to limit or expand the range of ways in which students can present their final selection. What is important is to use the exercise Source 19: One page from a list of 400 slaves as an opportunity for students to really purchased by Robert and Henry Jefferson, merchants challenge themselves and others in their of Whitehaven, when they bought the York and group to justify their selections and then New Division Plantations on Antigua in 1832. 6 Index of images on the CD Rom

Source 7b: The Beilby Goblet (© The Beacon, Whitehaven) “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Source 16a and 16b Two watercolour Source 31 The title of page of Thomas 6 Index of images on the CD Rom paintings by George Heriot of works and Clarkson’s History of the Rise, Progress and other buildings on the Orange Valley, Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Source 7a The Beilby Goblet Copyright statement Tobago, sugar plantation which belonged Slave trade by the British Parliament, 1839 (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) Sources 1 - 6 are reproduced by permission to William Crosier Source 32 Panel from The Quaker Source 7b The Beilby Goblet of The National Archives and are not to be Source 17a, 17b and 17c A letter from Tapestry (© The Quaker Tapestry, Kendal) reproduced except for educational uses (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) William Crosier to his brother John Source 33a The title page of the intended in the CD package. Source 8a Model of King George Source 18a, 18b, 18c and 18d A letter Cumberland Magazine for 1779 Sources 7, 8, 26 are copyright (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) from Thomas Forrester to his neighbour Source 33b and 33c Part of an article The Beacon, Whitehaven. Source 8b Model of King George George Ewart at Bewcastle. from the Cumberland Magazine for 1779, Sources 9, 24, 25, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) Source 19 One page from a list of 400 largely justifying slavery are copyright Creative Partnerships, Cumbria Source 8c Model of King George slaves purchased by Robert and Henry Source 34 An undated anti-slavery poster and are not to be reproduced except for (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) educational uses intended in the CD package. Jefferson, merchants of Whitehaven, when Source 35 A poster from Kendal (1824) Source 9 Whernside Manor, Dent they bought the York and New Division Source 27 is reproduced by permission requesting a meeting to organise an anti- Plantations on Antigua in 1832 of Brougham Hall Source 10a and 10b An account of the slavery petition sugar produced on the Christchurch Source 20a and 20b A Bill of Sale of a Source 36 A poster from Kendal (1826) Source 29 is copyright Abbot Hall Art plantation and subsequently sent to London, woman, Mary, and her child for £140 in requesting a meeting to organise an anti- Gallery, Kendal 1705-1745. N.B. A Hogshead was a cask 1814 slavery petition Source 32 is copyright The Quaker containing between 100 and 140 gallons Tapestry, Kendal (reproduced with permission of the Source 21a and 21b A Bill of Sale of a Source 37 A poster from Kendal (1830) woman, Olive for £105 in 1811 The digital images of all other sources Lowther Estate Trust) requesting a meeting to organise an anti- slavery petition are copyright Cumbria Archive Source 11a, 11b and 11c The front cover Source 22a and 22b A Bill of Sale of a Service. and the plantation accounts listing negro man, Faith for £35 in 1818 Source 38 A poster from Kendal (1833) 38 Permissions for use other than those slaves and animals on the Christchurch Source 23 A record of the sale of Job in requesting a meeting to organise an anti- 39 intended in the CD package should be Plantation, 31 December 1765 (reproduced North Carolina for $350 in 1826 slavery petition sought from Cumbria Archive Service. with permission of the Lowther Estate Trust) Source 24 A house near Windermere Source 39 An example of an anti-slavery Source 12a and 12b The plantation occupied by William Wilberforce as a petition sent to the House of Commons Source 1 The record of the ship Thomas accounts listing negro slaves and animals summer home Source 40 A report of the meeting referred at the Island of Barbados on the Christchurch Plantation, 31 December Source 25 A pair of shackles found at the to in Source 35 in the Kendal Chronicle Source 2 The record of the ship 1766 (reproduced with permission of the house near Windermere (Source 24) Source 41 A Bill for the Suppression of Susannah at the Island of Barbados Lowther Estate Trust) the Slave Trade, 8 August 1839 Source 3 The record of an unnamed Source 26a and 26b A copy (made in Source 13a and 13b The cover and Source 42, 43 and 44 Baptism register: ‘Whitehaven Galley’ at the port of Kingston 1991) of William Wilberforce’s model of a pages 299-300 of William Senhouse’s slave ship (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) St. Nicholas’s Church, Whitehaven in Jamaica ‘Recollections’. The two pages illustrated Source 27 A view of Brougham Hall, near Source 45 Marriage register: St. James’s Source 4, 4a and 4b The record of the describe some of the difficulties in running Penrith, as it is today Church, Whitehaven Princess at the island of Antigua. NB. The Grove Plantation these three images are from an enormous Source 28a, 28b and 28c A copy of a Source 46 and 47 Baptism register: St. Source 14a and 14b A ledger from Sir ledger. The three images should be letter from Thomas Clarkson to Dilworth James’s Church, Whitehaven Joseph Senhouse’s Lowther Hall plantation considered together. The entry for the ship Crewdson of Kendal, supporting Lord (which he named after his patron and Source 48 Burial register: St. Michael’s Princess is the fourth entry from the top on Brougham in his acquisition of a benefactor Sir James Lowther), Dominica, Church, Workington each image parliamentary seat for Westmorland, 1772. Accounts kept by the Manager Source 49 The Gale Mansion (151-152 Source 5 and 5a The record of the Peace 19 February 1818 Source 15a Queen St., Whitehaven) at the island of Antigua. NB. these two The title pages of the ‘Memoirs’ Source 29a, 29b and 29c A ceramic jug Source 50 The Lutwidge Mansion (75 images are from an enormous ledger. The Source 15b A description of Castle Bruce of cream ware made by an unknown Lowther St., Whitehaven) two images should be considered together. Plantation belonging to Colonel James maker in Liverpool about 1818 (© Abbot The entry for the ship Peace is the sixth Bruce Hall Art Gallery, Kendal) Source 51 The Milham Mansion (44/45 entry from the top on each image Irish St., Whitehaven) Source 15c A description of the ‘Caribbs’ Source 30a and 30b An illustration of the Source 6 and 6a A summary of the number or indigenous people of the West Indies slave ship, Brookes, from: The history of Source 52 Storrs Hall on the shore of of ships leaving British ports (including who were living on the island of Dominica the rise, progress and accomplishment of Lake Windermere Whitehaven) for the coast of Africa between in the 18th century. They were part of the the abolition of the African slave-trade by Source 53 and 54 The National Archives 1734 and 1754 ‘Amerindian’ people the British Parliament, 1808 building at Kew in London 7 Detailed information about the sources on the CD Rom

Source 49: The Gale Mansion (151 - 152 Queen Street, Whitehaven) “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

There is a record of this ship clearing the port of Kingston in Jamaica (CO142/15) - not 7 Detailed information about the illustrated sources on the CD Rom Date Vessells’ names Masters’ names Guns Cargo From whence Sources associated with the Whitehaven slave trade 16 Oct 1714 (Whitehaven Galley) Thomas Rumball 6 In ballast Bay of Campoachy Source 1 The record of the ship Thomas at the Island of Barbados (CO33/15 ff11) (Not to be reproduced) There is another Whitehaven ship Providence which was recorded as bringing slaves to the port of Kingston in Jamaica (CO142/15) - not illustrated A list of Such Vessells that have imported Negroes to the Island of Barbados with the Ships and Where Number of negroes reported by each vessell to the Naval Office of the Said Island, from Vessels’ Masters’ Where and when Owners 25 March 1708 to the 25 March 1726. Date names’ names Tons Guns Men and when registered name Cargo From whence 5 June Brigantine Daniel 30 4 14 Liverpool Whitehaven Thomas 111 Africa Number Total number 1753 Providence Baynes 1741 Sept 1751 Trougher Negroes of Negroes of Negroes imported imported There is also a record of this ship clearing the port of Kingston in Jamaica - not illustrated Vessels’ Of what Masters’ in such into Barbados Year Date names place names vessel during the year Ships and Where Vessels’ Masters’ Where and when Owners 1717 July Ship Thomas Whitehaven Nathaniel 80 5384 Date names’ names Tons Guns Men and when registered name Cargo From whence 22 Walker 2 July Brigantine Daniel 30 4 14 Liverpool Whitehaven Thomas 41 Whitehaven 1753 Providence Baynes 1741 7 Sept 1751 Trougher & Co hogsheads There is another entry recording the clearance (departure) of this ship from Barbados - and 12 not illustrated. quarters of Sugar Of what Type From Masters’ When When Their Whether Date Vessel place of Tons Guns what names entered cleared loading bound Not every Whitehaven ship that sailed to Kingston, Jamaica had slaves on board. Ships 1717 Thomas Whitehaven Ship 65 2 Guinea Nat Walker July 22 July 29 Sugar Whitehaven entering the port of Kingston in Jamaica (CO142/14/55) - not illustrated 42 Vessells’ Masters’ Where From When Where When Cargo 43 Source 2 The record of the ship Susannah at the Island of Barbados (CO33/15 ff13) names name built and Tons Guns what place entered bound cleared to Jamaica (Not to be reproduced) Swift Albert Briganteen 70 4 Whitehaven 18 May Virginia 1 June Beef, mutton A list of Such Vessells that have imported Negroes to the Island of Barbados with the Kilpatrick Plantation and Dublin 1714 1714 pork, fish Number of negroes reported by each vessell to the Naval Office of the Said Island, from Source 4 The record of the ‘Princess’ at the island of Antigua (CO157/1 ff76-77) 25 March 1708 to the 25 March 1726. (Not to be reproduced) NB. Source 4, 4a and 4b are three images from an enormous Number Total number ledger. The three images should be considered together. The entry for the ship Princess is of Negroes of Negroes the fourth entry from the top on each image. imported imported Vessells’ Of what Masters’ in such into Barbados Antigua. A List of all Ships and Vessells that have Entred at the Navall Office in His Year Date names place names vessel during the year Majesty’s Island of Antigua from 25 June 1719 to 25 September 1719: 1722 June Ship Susannah Whitehaven George 50 526 Of what General 6 Gibson Name of Of what built and From what Masters’ When cargo Vessel place quality Tons Guns place names entered imported There is also one other Whitehaven ship Swift which was recorded as bringing slaves to Princess Whitehaven British ship 80 4 Guinea Thomas June 30 106 Negro the Island of Barbados - not illustrated Rumball 1719 slaves Number Total number of Negroes of Negroes Source 5 and 5a The record of the ‘Peace’ at the island of Antigua (CO157/1 ff82) imported imported (Not to be reproduced) Vessels’ Of what Masters’ in such into Barbados Year Date names place names vessel during the year Not every Whitehaven ship that sailed to Antigua had slaves on board.

1713 June Brigantine Swift Whitehaven Thomas 122 4174 Of what General 27 Rumball Name of Of what built and From what Masters’ When cargo Vessel place quality Tons Guns place names entered imported Source 3 The record of an unnamed ‘Whitehaven Galley’ at the port of Kingston in Peace Whitehaven Brittish ship 70 - Dublin Albert June 22 Beef barrels - 474 Jamaica (CO142/14 ff60) (Not to be reproduced) Kirkpatrick 1719 Corke - 18 Candles in Ships entering the port of Kingston in Jamaica boxes - 79

Date Vessells’ names Masters’ names Guns Cargo From whence In 1719 Susannah (40 tons) with George Gibson as Master sailed from Whitehaven and Dublin to Antigua with butter, candles and rope (See Source 2 f or information on a slave 21 Sept 1714 (Whitehaven Galley) Thomas Rumball 6 140 Negroes Guinea trading voyage of the same ship). “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Source 6 and 6a A summary of the Sources associated with Christchurch Plantation, Barbados Grove Plantation, Barbados and number of ships leaving British ports plantation ownership owned by the Lowther family Lowther Hall Plantation, Dominica (including Whitehaven) for the coast of owned by the Senhouse family of The Christchurch Plantation on Barbados Africa between 1734 and 1754 Source 9 Whernside Manor, Dent Netherhall, Maryport was a valuable sugar plantation which was (T64/276A/273) (Not to be reproduced) There are a number of stories about slaves acquired by Robert Lowther of Maulds The first members of the Senhouse family An account of the Number of ships and in Dentdale. As with many local legends Meaburn (1681-1745) by his marriage in to be involved with the West Indies were their Tonnage that ‘Cleared Out’ from Great there is some truth behind them, but over 1704 to Joan Carleton, widow of Robert two sons of Humphrey Senhouse II Britain to the Coast of Africa from the year the years the stories have become Carleton of Penrith. (1706 - 1770) and his wife Mary Fleming 1734 to the year 1754: elaborated. The following description of (1713 - 1790). Humphrey was the founder the connections between Dentdale and Robert Carleton’s will describes the of Maryport. From Whitehaven: slavery is as accurate as present state plantation as consisting of: of knowledge allows. 1750 1 ship of 100 tons total ‘one Mansion house, one Boyle house, one William and Joseph Senhouse were younger 1751 2 ships of 200 tons total Cureing House, one Still house, two Winde sons of this old Cumberland family which, The Sill family were long established 1752 2 ships of 120 tons total Milnes, one catle Mill, one Trash house, though much respected, was not particularly landowners in Dent, and during the 18th 1754 3 ships of 170 tons total one Corne house, Rum houses, Stables wealthy. Their older brother Humphrey III, century some members of the family and Forty Cottages….. four hundred acres inherited the Netherhall estate at Maryport Other ports that were recorded as having became involved in the West Indies trade of land…… planted with sugar, corne and but they had to make their own way in the ships sailing to Africa were: and in owning a plantation in Jamaica. potatoes….. and four hundred and twelve world. It was quite usual for young men in London, Bristol, Liverpool, Lancaster. Negroes (more or lesse)’. their position to make a career in the Portsmouth, Plymouth, Cowes, Poole, John Sill (1724-74) was described at the church, the armed forces or to obtain a Preston, Poulton, Chester, Shoreham, time of his death as being ‘of Jamaica’. With the death of Joan in 1722, the property post in the colonies. William (1741 - 1800) Dover, (Kings) Lynn. He seems to have been involved in the passed to Robert Lowther and eventually to started his career in the Navy and made a trade between Lancaster and the West James Lowther (1736 - 1802) who became voyage to Virginia at the age of 14! Source 7a and 7b The Beilby Goblet Indies (but not the triangular route via West (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) the First Earl of Lonsdale. Robert Lowther 44 Africa) and he owned a plantation called was ‘Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief Fortunately in 1770 Sir James Lowther, his 45 This glass goblet, which is 25 cms high, Providence in Montego Bay in Jamaica. of Barbados, St. Lucia, Dominica, father’s friend (and by that time the owner was made by William Beilby (1740 - 1819), He would almost certainly have owned St. Vincent and the rest of the Caribee of the Christchurch plantation in Barbados), a famous glass-enameller from Newcastle- slaves who would have worked on this Islands lying to windward of Guadeloupe secured William the lucrative post of upon-Tyne, in 1762, during the reign of plantation. He was also connected to the in America’ between 1710 and 1720. Surveyor-General of the Customs in Barbados King George III (1760-1820). It was persistent story of the runaway slave in and the Leeward Islands, a post he was to originally made to commemorate the birth Dent. John Sill and a business partner, The records in this collection date from the hold for about 17 years. In 1774 William of the future King George IV in 1762. Its David Kenyon, advertised in a Liverpool period of ownership of Robert Lowther and acquired the Grove Plantation in Barbados. purpose was changed the following year paper in 1758 offering a ‘handsome Sir James Lowther. when it was altered to mark the launch at reward’ for the return to Dent of a ‘negro William was also able to help his brother Whitehaven of a sailing ship called King man’ called Thomas Anson. Nothing is Source 10a and 10b (D/Lons /L Box advance his career. Joseph (1743-1829) George, which was to become involved in known about the background to this 1031). An account of the sugar produced had gone to sea in 1759 but later he the slave trade. The Royal Coat of Arms episode, who Thomas Anson was and on the Christchurch plantation and accompanied his brother to Barbados and, has been enamelled on one side and on what had happened, and whether this man subsequently sent to London, 1705-1745. in 1771, William was able to secure him a the other there is a picture of a sailing ship was ever found and returned to Dent. N.B. A Hogshead was a cask containing post as Collector (of Customs) at Roseau with the words ‘Success to the African between 100 and 140 gallons (reproduced on the island of Dominica. This was about Trade of Whitehaven’ - almost certainly a When John Sill died in 1774 he left his with permission of the Lowther Estate Trust). two days’ sail from Barbados. reference to the Triangular Trade. three nephews, Edmond, John and James, his estates in Jamaica. In 1801 their sister Source 11a, 11b and 11c (D/Lons/L Box Joseph’s career in Dominica was, however, Source 8a and 8b and 8c Model of King Ann wrote a will in which she referred to 1031). The front cover and the plantation somewhat chequered! In 1773 he obtained George (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) ‘my new erected house’. This is Whernside accounts listing negro slaves and animals the more lucrative post of Comptroller of This is a model, constructed between 1989 Manor, which is just over 200 years old. It is on the Christchurch Plantation, Customs at a salary of £500 per annum and 1992, of King George, which is the therefore likely that the house was built, at 31 December 1765 (reproduced with but almost immediately returned to England. ship which was commemorated on the least in part, from the profits the family had permission of the Lowther Estate Trust). He had acquired a plantation but it was not Beilby Goblet (Source 7). King George was made from their plantation in Jamaica. very profitable and he left it in the care of a a slave ship and the model shows you how A story that the house was built by a gang Source 12a and 12b (D/Lons/L Box 1031). manager. Although he continued to visit the slaves were transported. Compare this of negro slaves is almost certainly local The plantation accounts listing negro Barbados, he only made one more trip to model with Wilberforce’s model (Source legend and nothing more. slaves and animals on the Christchurch Dominica and was deprived of his post. 26a and 26b) and the pictures in Thomas Plantation, 31 December 1766 (reproduced After Dominica was taken by France in Clarkson’s book (Source 30a and 30b). with permission of the Lowther Estate Trust). 1779 he never returned. “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

The Grove Plantation, Barbados The Lowther Hall Plantation, Dominica William Crosier (1738 - 1780) was the third Source 16a and 16b (D/Ing 185 and son of his parents, John and Deborah, and 186). Two watercolour paintings by William Senhouse wrote a book of his Source 14a and 14b (D/SenBox194B) therefore would not be expected to inherit George Heriot of works and other ‘Recollections’ later in his life. In it he A ledger from Sir Joseph Senhouse’s their estates in Cumbria, which would go to buildings on the Orange Valley, Tobago, described life on the island and work on Lowther Hall plantation (which he the eldest son. Consequently he went to the sugar plantation which belonged to the plantation. The Grove plantation was named after his patron and benefactor West Indies to earn a living. At first he went William Crosier. some 219 acres in extent and had 109 Sir James Lowther), Dominica, 1772. to Antigua, but in about 1775 he settled in Negro slaves. Although the situation of the Accounts kept by the Manager. Note the Tobago without his wife Anne and family. Source 17a, 17b and 17c (D/Ing 145). plantation was described as pleasant, being items for clothing for Negro Slaves and on There he jointly owned the Orange Valley Letter from William Crosier to his 10 miles east of the capital Bridgetown, the 13 November:- plantation with Alexander Wilcock. Like brother John. house and buildings were not in good many Europeans who lived in the West repair and it cost a good deal to rectify this. ‘Lowell, Morson and Co. for 9 Negroes @ £62 14s 0d = £564 6s 0d’ Indies, William suffered from the tropical The Tivoli Estate, Grenada climate. The letter to his brother John (13 Some of the problems of running a sugar Thomas Forrester of ‘Slacks’, Bewcastle September 1779) refers to a fever (just one plantation are described on pages 299 and 300: William Senhouse’s brother Joseph wrote (1801-1874) went to Grenada in the his ‘Memoirs’, an account of his experiences year before he died of another fever) and West Indies as an overseer on a sugar ‘T he particular time of the purchase was in the West Indies. His ‘Memoirs’ are also the growing need to defend the islands plantation, the Tivoli Estate. In a letter to the most unlucky that could be for in that much more lively and informative than in the West Indies from the French (Source a Bewcastle neighbour, George Ewart, very year commenced and has almost ever the ‘Recollections’. Volume 2 of the 17a, 17b, 17c). written after four months on the island, he since continued, a succession of the worst ‘Memoirs’ includes an account of a visit claimed to be enjoying the work, to have crops ever known in the island of to Dominica in 1776. Dear Brother, had no sickness, and to like the country Barbados...’. (Source 18a, 18b, 18c, 18d). However the I have the pleasure of informing you Source 15a, 15b and 15c main focus of the letter is on his job. This Owing to many of the original wooded (D/Sen Box 194B) that I am just getting well from a severe gives us an interesting insight into the work the island being cleared for areas of Fever I have had. I believe I got it by of an overseer. cultivation of sugar, there had been a 15a The title pages of the ‘Memoirs’. 46 being over-fatigued by attending Alarms 47 reduction in the rainfall and an increase in 15b A description of Castle Bruce 24 June 1827 drought and heat. Worse was to come, Plantation belonging to Colonel James and the Duty of watching at the Bays and however, because William goes on to Bruce (p.10). Batterys in the Heights...... Orange Valley ‘Dear George, describe the diseases and insects which looks at present as if it would make a good According to promise I write a few lines subsequently attacked the canes - yellow 15c A description of the ‘Caribbs’ or Crop I hope dear Brother I shall send you to you, which will give you some account of blast, black blast, ants, inummerable indigenous people of the West Indies hosts of vermin and an insect called the who were living on the island of something by and by. I heartily wish it was a West India planter’s life, as you told me borer which had never been known before. Dominica in the 18th century. They were soon. We have a 74 Gun Ship here and 2 you had some thoughts of trying your He goes on to say: part of the ‘Amerindian’ people (p.12). Sloops of Warr and I am told we shall fortune in that line... I came to this Estate to learn the planting as I thought it best to ‘But if these were not sufficient... let me Orange Valley Estate, Tobago, January have another 74 Gun Ship on our Station... mention the Hurricane which a few years 1780 owned by William Crosier of Dalston ...when I wrote you last I did not imagine commence at once. There was about a after gave the coup de grace to the very we should have been an English island this hundred Hogshead of Sugar to make... existence almost of prosperity’ Two watercolour paintings by George Heriot of works and other buildings on the day however I hope shall continue one... and I attended to see it made. It is a large NB The islands of the Caribbean have sugar plantation which belonged to William ...(D/Ing 145) Estate and makes betwixt two and three always been, and still are, subject to Crosier (who came from Dalston, near hundred Hogsheads of Sugar every year. . extremes of weather, including hurricanes Carlisle, and his partner Alexander Wilcock). Despite the hopes for a good crop, the There is two overseers and a manager. However, Barbados had generally escaped William Crosier died on this plantation in plantation was not a success and when these. The one mentioned above started October 1780. William died of ‘a sudden putrid fever’ in My fellow overseer and the manager is on 10 October 1780 and William gives a 1780, he left debts of several thousand both from the north of Scotland near Fort graphic account of its devastating effect on The paintings show the plantation owners’ pounds. Owning a plantation in the West William. pages 321 to 335 of the ‘Recollections’ - house on top of the hill, the huts where the Indies did not guarantee prosperity, and not illustrated. slaves probably lived, various buildings to living in that part of the world often led to I will give you a slight account of my do with the processing of sugar, fields and ill health and sometimes death as a result employment. At present I rise every morn- Source 13a and 13 b (D/Sen Box 220). the surrounding landscape, and interesting of catching a tropical disease. ing at day light when my boy has horse or The cover and pages 299-300 of William features such as a windmill and what mule, ready to mount... then I ride to the Senhouse’s ‘Recollections’. The two appear to be stacks of bananas. William’s son, John, stayed in the West pages illustrated describe some of the Interestingly the paintings show very few Indies as a surgeon on the island of field to see the negars all at work and if difficulties in running The Grove Plantation. people at work. Barbados, but he also died of a fever. they be all there... “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

returning home to breakfast at seven... Source 20a and 20b (Ca7/32). A Bill of Source 24 A house near Windermere of a slave ship constructed so that he Sale of a woman, Mary, and her child for after breakfast I ride out again and remain This photograph shows one of the houses could demonstrate to audiences what £140 in 1814. walking behind the people till noon to see in the south of Cumbria where William conditions on board ship were like. The Wilberforce stayed. The house was already original model can be seen at his birth if they do there work properly such as Source 21a and 21b (Ca7/32). A Bill of old when Wilberforce lived there. The part place in Hull. You should compare this planting cains, weeding etc. At noon they Sale of a woman, Olive for £105 in 1811. on the right of the photograph had been model with the pictures of a slave ship have two hours to rest... built about 1600, and the part on the left in which were included in a book by another Source 22a and 22b (Ca7/32). A Bill of about 1750. In 1781 the house was owned abolitionist, Thomas Clarkson (See Source Sale of a man, Faith for £35 in 1818. Thomas Forrester returned to Bewcastle in by the Fleming family who also owned and 30a and 30b). 1874 where he died at the age of 73. His lived in Rydal Hall. Wilberforce leased the Source 23 (WDX/447). A record of the brothers, John and Edward had also house between the years 1781 and 1788 Henry Brougham worked in Grenada, but like so many sale of Job in North Carolina for $350 at an annual rent of £10. He was aged 23 Henry Brougham (1778 - 1868), the son Europeans had succumbed to tropical in 1826. in 1781 so he was still a young man when of Henry and Eleanora, was born in diseases and had died much younger - he stayed at this house. For most of the Edinburgh but the family estates included John aged 47 and Edward aged 36. Sources associated with the year the house remained unoccupied but Brougham Hall, near Penrith. He was a abolition of slavery Wilberforce brought his family and friends leading campaigner in the anti-slave trade Source 18a, 18b, 18c and 18d (DEW9/1). to spend the summers there. His bedroom and slave emancipation movements. In The letter from Thomas Forrester to his William Wilberforce was probably on the upper floor at the left 1829 Henry Brougham was described neighbour George Ewart at Bewcastle. William Wilberforce first visited the Lake hand corner which you can see. It contains as ‘the most brilliant literary ornament of a large fireplace and on one occasion it is Westmorland, and ranks as one of the Source 19 (YDB18/66/1). One page District as a student in 1779. He became said that he lent his forehead against the ablest lawyers, and most patriotic, from a list of 400 slaves purchased by very fond of the area. Not only did he mantelpiece (Wilberforce was not a tall indefatigable, and enlightened statesmen Robert and Henry Jefferson, merchants enjoy the scenery, he also had many man). He was in despair, because the of the present age’ (Parson and White of Whitehaven, when they bought the friends locally. Between 1781 and 1788 weather was so bad that there was little Directory of Cumberland and Westmorland, York and New Division Estates on he rented a house on the shores of 48 light getting into the rooms which made it 1829, p.52). He became Lord Chancellor 49 Antigua in 1832. Windermere, and stayed there each summer. In 1818 William Wordsworth found difficult to read, and because he had not in 1830 when he was created Baron The original of this document, which is a him a house to rent in Rydal and he visited had any visitors for some time. Brougham and Vaux of Brougham, conveyance in which an estate owner Greta Hall in Keswick in 1818 at the Westmorland. Brougham Hall was built called Ogilvie sells these two estates to the invitation of the poet, Robert Southey. Wilberforce thought of the Lake District as around this time and demolished in 1934 Jeffersons of Whitehaven can be viewed at He seems to have rather overstayed his ‘the paradise of England’ and he often (except various out buildings which are still The Rum Story in Whitehaven. A copy welcome. Southey was initially irked by enjoyed boating on Windermere and horse in use). There is not much evidence of his is kept at Whitehaven Record Office. The his chaotic family and the poor discipline riding and walking over the fells and passes. living at Brougham Hall. For example, preamble to the document states that the among the servants, but in time grew fond At other times he found life was too quiet. he is not recorded as residing at the Hall transfer extends to ‘all and singular the of him - ‘there is such a constant hilarity in He did entertain visitors at his house as at the time of the 1851 census. Negroes and other slaves mentioned in every look and motion, such a sweetness well as visiting friends such as Colonel the schedule hereunder written’. in all his tones, such a benignity in all his John Pennington at Muncaster Castle. Henry Brougham became interested in thoughts, words and actions, that all sense However in 1788 Wilberforce complained the abolition movement in 1803, and soon Bills of sale of his grotesque appearance is presently about having too many visitors, and about became a leader of the anti-slavery circle, being surrounded by the increasing Bills of Sale reveal, perhaps more than any overcome, and you feel nothing but love which he approached from a humanitarian numbers of people who visited the Lake other documents, the contemporary view of and admiration for a creature of so happy standpoint rather than from any particular District. At the end of the summer season a slave as a commodity, to be traded in the and blessed nature’. Wilberforce was also religious sense of duty. Wilberforce and he decided not to return to this house. same way as sugar or tobacco might be a friend of Colonel John Pennington, Brougham knew each other from 1804, Lord Muncaster. John Pennington inherited and from 1806 Brougham, who was a bought and sold. The three part-printed Source 25 A pair of shackles found at documents from Jamaica record the purchase Muncaster Castle near Ravenglass on the sensational orator, was instrumental in the house near Windermere (Source 24). of various slaves by Thomas Milbourne, Cumbrian coast. He had met William anti-slave trade agitation. In 1818 Thomas and the hand written one the sale of a Wilberforce while a Member of Parliament Clarkson wrote a letter to Dilworth and, although a lot older than Wilberforce, Source 26a and 26b A copy (made in Crewdson, a Quaker banker in Kendal, slave in North Carolina. It is a reminder 1991) of William Wilberforce’s model of that slaves were also part of the economy had become a close friend. Wilberforce commenting that ‘Brougham has been a slave ship (©The Beacon, Whitehaven) of north America. Although the Jamaica often went to stay at Muncaster Castle indefatigable for years in the promotion records are deposited in Carlisle Record when he was in Cumbria. Lord Muncaster of the abolition of the Slave Trade’, and Office, and Milbourne is a family name was also an enthusiastic abolitionist who As part of his campaign to persuade suggested that he should be supported from North Cumbria, the true provenance supported Wilberforce’s campaign. Lord Parliament to abolish the slave trade, in acquiring the parliamentary seat for of these records is not known. Muncaster died in 1813. William Wilberforce had a wooden model Westmorland (Source 28). “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Source 27 A view of Brougham Hall, at The Friends Meeting House in Kendal When the younger James Cropper, also a These requests are signed by members of near Penrith, as it is today. (see details on page 64). Made by 4,000 Quaker, came to Burneside in 1845 he the gentry and leading industrialists in the men, women and children between 1981 no doubt brought with him a continuing town, some of whom were Quakers. They Source 28a, 28b and 28c and 1996, this international community interest in slavery and slave trading. knew that despite the 1807 Act, slavery (WD/CR/4/213). A copy of a letter from project explores three centuries of social was not withering away and that further Thomas Clarkson to Dilworth Crewdson history. One of the panels which was Source 32 Panel from The Quaker action would be necessary to complete the of Kendal, supporting Lord Brougham embroidered in Kendal recognises the Tapestry (© The Quaker Tapestry, Kendal). job. An example of a petition sent to the in his acquisition of a parliamentary Quaker contribution to the abolition of the House of Commons (Source 39) in 1814 seat for Westmorland, 19 February 1818. slave trade. The panel depicts on the left a Justifying slavery and anti-slavery requests that parliament uses its influence Quaker meeting which was the place where petitions to ensure that at the forthcoming Congress Source 29a, 29b and 29c A ceramic jug opposition to slavery was voiced. In 1783, of Vienna the abolition of the continuing of cream ware made by an unknown with the encouragement of American Cumbrians were involved in, and exposed trade in slaves should be on the agenda. maker in Liverpool about 1818 Quakers, the Yearly Meeting in Britain to, the debates for and against slavery and This resolution of Kendal inhabitants (© Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal). sent a petition to parliament urging that the slave trade. Although the author of an petitioned Parliament in the following words: article in The Cumberland Magazine of participation in the slave trade be forbidden. ‘…expressive of our desire to annihilate Thomas Clarkson This was read aloud in the House of 1779 (Source 33) admits that some overseers are ‘tyrants’ who ‘are themselves the abominable traffic in slaves… a traffic One of the most famous of the illustrations Commons, which is the scene depicted repugnant to every Principle of Justice, upon the right of the panel. In 1787 the the dregs of the nation, and the refuse of used by the abolitionists was that of the the jails of Europe’, he goes on to justify Morality, Humanity and Charity, productive ship Brookes, which appeared in Thomas Quaker campaign was replaced by a of unspeakable and direful Calamities to national one which included abolitionists the institution of slavery when slaves are Clarkson’s The history of the rise, progress treated well. He argues that ‘many of the the Continent of Africa, and attended at and accomplishment of the abolition of the such as Thomas Clarkson and William the same time with a wonderful and Wilberforce . Quakers in Cumbria were negroes who fall into the hands of African slave-trade by the British gentlemen of humanity find their situations immense Destruction of Mankind’. Parliament in 1808, a year after the also involved in the campaign for abolition with petitions (see Sources 32, 35-39, 40) easy and comfortable’, and that their death This Congress marked the end of the Abolition. The picture showed the horrific is something that they welcome because Napoleonic wars, and many of the 50 overcrowding of the ship with its cargo of and through making abolitionist literature 51 available (see Source 31). they believe they will be transported back European nations still involved in slave 450 slaves, but earlier conditions had been to Africa where they will again meet with trading were present. The report of that worse still. The ship had previously carried One leading Quaker family did not come to their family and communities. meeting in the Kendal Chronicle (Source 609 slaves, but legislation in 1788 had 40) reveals the importance of the media in reduced its maximum number to 454. This Cumbria until after the Act of 1834, but an ancestor had played a significant part in An anti-slavery poster (Source 34), dating promoting the cause and also shows that illustration was frequently reproduced in from some time between 1807 and 1834 this Kendal paper was itself a supporter. pamphlets at the time and was important the national abolitionist campaign. In 1845 James Cropper, a Quaker, opened the points out ‘England has abolished her The report says that the petition was sent in helping the abolitionists to win the Slave-trade, but she has not emancipated to London with 2028 signatures. It also battle. Later Clarkson wrote another book paper mill in Burneside near Kendal which still bears the family name. His father, her slaves’, and thus only part of the task says that similar petitions were sent from detailing the history of the slave trade and is complete. It goes on to list ten reasons several other communities in the area. its abolition. another James Cropper, had been a merchant in Liverpool, much involved with why the institution of slavery was In 1824 Robert Southey forwarded a iniquitous, but to an extent exonerates petition to his friend, William Wilberforce Source 30a and 30b (WD/CR/4/215). the cotton trade with the southern plantation owners (many of whom lived in from Keswick urging ‘the gradual abolition An illustration of the slave ship, American states. As a Quaker James realised that his cotton trading clashed with Britain) because it suggests that they might of slavery’. Brookes, from: The history of the rise, not be aware of what the overseers did in progress and accomplishment of the his principles. ‘It is a very difficult thing to their name. Even the 1834 Act that led to the abolition of the African slave-trade by the keep from touching in any shape slave emancipation of the slaves was not the British Parliament, 1808. produce’ he wrote in 1827. During the 1820s he became very active in the Quaker opposition dates back to 1727, end of the story. Further Bills were so they were amongst the first to publicly discussed by Parliament which aimed to Source 31 The title of page of Thomas abolitionist movement as he realised that oppose the institution of slavery and the restrict the continuation of slave trading Clarkson’s History of the Rise, Progress though the 1807 Act had virtually ended slave trade. They were responsible for elsewhere. For example, an 1839 Bill and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the slave trade in Africa, it had not caused numerous anti-slavery petitions which were sought to authorise the Royal Navy to the African Slave trade by the British the decline of slavery as an institution sent to the House of Commons (Source capture any Portuguese ship, or slave Parliament, 1839. in the West Indies and Americas. He encouraged the production of sugar in 32). Petitions such as these became a trading ships which could not demonstrate popular method of direct action. There are that they had the authority of any nation The Quaker Tapestry India by free labour, and worked with numerous examples from Cumbria of (Source 41). Panel F3 The Slave Trade Wilberforce and Clarkson on raising public awareness of the evils of slavery which requests for meetings to organise petitions, This famous tapestry, consisting of 77 eventually resulted in the abolition of such as the four from Kendal (1824, 1826, colourful embroidered panels, can be seen slavery in the British dominions in 1834. 1830, 1833) (Source 35, 36, 37 and 38). “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Source 33a, Source 33b and Source 33c Source 39 (WD/Cu/160). An example of The extracts give examples of Black people Moresby The title page of the Cumberland an anti-slavery petition sent to the being baptised in eighteenth century 1803 Magazine for 1779 and two pages of an House of Commons. Whitehaven. The earliest reference to a Black Leonard Jackson, a Blackman married article largely justifying slavery. person in Cumbria is probably from Carlisle: Bella Johnston. He was described as ‘Aged Source 40 (WD/Cu/160). A report of the thirty years, A Negro Man settled at Source 34 (DFCF/2/51). An undated meeting referred to in Source 35 in the ‘Charles, a blackamoor, baptised by the Workington, born at Savannah, anti-slavery poster. Kendal Chronicle. Chancellor of the Diocese, at St Mary’s, Georgia….an iron Dresser’. Carlisle, 6 March, 1687’. Sources 35, 36, 37, 38 (WD/Cu/160). Source 41 (WD/CR/4/214). A Bill for the Four posters from Kendal (1824, 1826, Suppression of the Slave Trade, 8 In this case the word ‘blackamoor’ may It would seem that some died fairly young, 1830, 1833) requesting meetings to August 1839. indicate someone of North African or perhaps unable to cope with the cold, wet organise anti-slavery petitions. Indian origin. Cumbrian climate. Other sources There are also records of Black people As slavery did not officially exist in Britain, these Black People, although perhaps Black people in Cumbria from other parishes in Cumbria. Here are some examples (not illustrated): slaves while the families lived in the West The few Black people who are known to have lived in Cumbria in the 17th, 18th and 19th Indies or southern states of America, could centuries seem to have come here as servants. Sometimes they accompanied families Westward not be considered to be slaves while in who had been working in the West Indies and southern states of America or in India. 6 October 1771 Britain. However, whether they could be We know very little about them except for occasional entries in parish registers, especially Richard, Indian or Black servant of Henry considered to have gained their freedom baptism registers. The fullest set of records come from St Nicholas’s Church, Whitehaven. Fletcher M.P.(of Clea Hall) baptised. was less clear. Between 1700 and 1796, 47 Black people (8 were female) were baptised, many as adults. Some are referred to as being servants of named local people. Some pages of the Thursby The family of Cato Robinson baptism register have been photographed for the CD Rom. 24 February 1772 The history of one black family from Prince Crofton, a negro servant at Crofton Whitehaven has been traced with some Source 42 (YPR 23/11). St. Nicholas Church, Whitehaven Hall (home of the Brisco family) baptised. success: Cato was baptised in Whitehaven 52 He was buried on 15 May 1781 also at in January 1773 as an adult (See Source 53 Details of people Thursby. Year Date being baptised Place of baptism 44). He was in the employ of Mr John Cock ermouth, All Saints Hartley. By the time of his marriage to Mary 1776 16th September William Sampson, a Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven January 1773 Sharp in St James’s Church, Whitehaven in 1776 16th September Thomas Caton, a Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven Robinson Crusoe, a Black, aged 22 1778, he had become a brewer (Source 45). 1776 16th September Paul Jones, a Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven (buried). His children, Mary and Joseph were 1776 16th September Susannah Jones, a Black Woman St. Nicholas, Whitehaven baptised in Whitehaven in 1779 (Source 46) Carlisle St. Mary 1776 17th September John Wilson, a Black man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven and 1781 respectively (Source 47). Cato 5 April 1787 died thirteen years after the birth of his son 1776 21st September Francis Oates, a Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven Robert Carlisle, a Black servant of Robert (Source 48). He was buried as a ‘Negro 1776 21st September Edie Oates, a Black woman St. Nicholas, Whitehaven Collins Esq., of Carlisle, adult baptised. pauper’ in Workington in 1794. 1776 21st September Samuel, of Francis and Edie, St. Nicholas, Whitehaven a Black Boy Source 44 (YPR 23/9). St. Nicholas’s Church, Whitehaven 1776 21st September Jonas, of Francis and Edie, St. Nicholas, Whitehaven Details of people a Black Boy Year Date being baptised Place of baptism 1776 21st September John Richards, Blackman St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1776 21st September Susannah Faddy, a Blackwoman St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1772 20th October John Mawson, a Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1776 21st September Joanna Warwick, Blackwoman St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1772 21st October John Stanley, a Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1776 10th December Richard Bush, Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1772 23rd December John Williams, a Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1776 10th December Robert Whaley, a Black man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1773 2nd January Cato Robinson, a Black St. Nicholas, Whitehaven manservant of Mr John Hartley Source 43 (YPR 23/11) St Nicholas’s Church, Whitehaven. Source 45 (YPR 17/7). St. James’s Church, Whitehaven. Cato Robinson and Mary Sharp - entry in marriage register Details of people Year Date being baptised Place of baptism Source 46 (YPR 17/1). St. James’s Church, Whitehaven. 1777 23rd April Thomas Harrison, a Black Boy St. Nicholas, Whitehaven Details of people 1776 21st October Richard Hilton, Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven Year Date being baptised Place of baptism 1776 23rd December Samuel Thompson, Black Man St. Nicholas, Whitehaven 1779 1st June Mary, of Cato Robinson St. James’s, Whitehaven “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Source 47 (YPR 17/1). St. James’s Church, Whitehaven The National Archives Details of people Source 53 The National Archives in Indies which were visited by Whitehaven Year Date being baptised Place of baptism London is the building where government ships carrying slaves and other cargoes records are kept. It is a huge building to sell. When these ledgers were complete 1781 2nd October Joseph, of Cato Robinson St. James’s, Whitehaven containing many miles of shelving for the records were brought back to the records that date back to the Anglo Colonial Office in London. When they were Source 48 (YPR 36/4). St. Michael’s Source 50 The Lutwidge Mansion (75 Saxon period. Famous records like The no longer needed in that department they Church, Workington. Lowther St., Whitehaven). This residential Domesday Book (1086) are kept there, were sent to The National Archives. Burial of Cato Robinson. wing dating from the 18th century is all that but the building is also full of everyday Sources 1 - 6 are photographs of pages is left of the house owned by the Lutwidge records of government departments. from these ledgers. This photograph is a Merchants’ houses in Cumbria merchant family. Originally it was probably Information about the Whitehaven slave general view of the building which is at similar in style to The Gale Mansion (Source 49). Sources 49, 50 and 51 are examples of trade can be found in the records of the Kew in London. typical merchants’ houses in Whitehaven. Colonial Office (abbreviated to CO). Source 51 The Milham Mansion (44/45 Merchants associated with the slave trade The information is in the port records Source 54 A detail of The National Irish St., Whitehaven). probably lived in similar houses. This house was (ledgers) for various ports in the West Archives building at Kew in London. built by the merchant James Milham sometime after 1713. This house was much Source 49 The Gale Mansion (151-152 altered about 100 years ago so it is difficult Queen St., Whitehaven). This house was to be sure of its original layout. The wings built by William Gale in the 1730s. William originally only had one floor - the one on the Gale was a Whitehaven merchant with right may have been used as a warehouse. links to Virginia through the tobacco trade. The wing to the right of the main range was originally a warehouse. The main range functioned both as an office and as 54 a house for the Gale family. The four main 55 rooms on the ground floor included an office, a kitchen and two living rooms. Beneath these rooms were cellars for storage.

Source 52 Storrs Hall on the shore of John Bolton acquired Storrs Hall, Windermere Lake Windermere was remodelled by in 1806 and extended the building and the John Bolton (1756 - 1837) in the early estate to 3000 acres. He had acquired nineteenth century. Bolton, a Cumbrian, such wealth from his trading business that became involved in the Liverpool slave he employed a butler,, 2 footmen, a house- trade and made a fortune, part of which he keeper, a cook, a kitchenmaid, 3 house- invested in this sumptuous house. For maids, farm bailiff, 9 gardeners, coachmen, more information about John Bolton see and 2 grooms. He died in 1837 and is ‘The Furness area of Cumbria and the buried at St Martin’s parish church, Slave Trade’ on page 11 of this guide. Bowness.

No. of Ship Captain Destination Owner slaves Date King George S. Hensley Angola John Bolton 550 20 Mar Betsy E. Mosson Angola John Bolton 317 20 Mar Christopher J. Watson Gold Coast John Bolton 390 30 July Dart W. Neale Angola John Bolton 384 8 Sept Bolton J. Boardman Bonny John Bolton 432 12 Nov Elizabeth E. Neale Bonny John Bolton 461 12 Nov Source 53:The National Archives building at Kew in London 8 Resources suitable for teachers, school libraries and classrooms

Source 31: The title page of Thomas Clarkson’s History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, 1839 “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Brailsford, D., Confessions of Anansi, LMH KS3-4: Publishing, 2004. 8 Resources suitable for teachers, Senker, C., Why Are People Racist?, Grindley, S., Spilled Water, Bloomsbury, Hodder Wayland, 2001. school libraries and classrooms 2005. Books about slavery and the Tibbles, A., Transatlantic Slavery - Against Senker, C., Racism: the impact on our Hendry, F., Chains, Oxford University lives, Hodder Wayland, 2003. slave trade Human Dignity, National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, London, 1994. Press, 2004. Books and other resources for teachers: Books for teachers Walvin, J., Black Ivory: Slavery and the Lees, S., Runaway Jack, Francs Lincoln, British Empire, Oxford, 2001. 2004. ben Jalloun, Tahar, Racism Explained to ‘Black people in pre 20th century Cumbria’, My Daughter McKissack, P., Slave Girl, Scholastic, 2003. published in the US and North-west Labour History Journal, Walvin, J., An African’s Life: The Life and available in UK from the Willesden Vol. 20, p39-40. Times of Olaudah Equiano 1745 - 1797, Matthews, A., The Runaway Slave, Watts, Bookshop at Dresser, M., Slavery Obscured: The Social London, 1998. 2003. www.willesdenbookshop.co.uk History of the Slave Trade in an English Walvin, J., The Slave Trade, Stroud, Sutton Nelson, V., Almost to Freedom, Lerner Bowles, M., The Little Book of Persona Provincial Port, London, 2001 (An account Publishing, 1999. Publishing Group, 2004. Dolls, Featherstone, 2004. of Bristol – makes for interesting comparisons with Whitehaven). Walvin, J., Making the Black Atlantic: Rees, C., Pirates, Bloomsbury, 2004. Brown,B., Combating Discrimination, Britain and the African Diaspora, London, Persona Dolls in Action, Trentham Books, Elder, M., The Slave Trade and the 2000. Books that address issues 2001. Economic Development of Lancaster, Wrangham, C. E., (ed), Journey to the of racism Halifax, 1992. Dadzie, S., Toolkit for Tackling Racism in Lake District from Cambridge 1779: A Books for pupils: Schools, Trentham, 2000. Furneaux, R., William Wilberforce, London, Diary written by William Wilberforce, Badger Publishing have developed a box of Richardson, R., and Miles, B., Equality 1974. Stocksfield, 1983. 19 books for KS2 and KS3 pupils with the Stories: recognition, respect and raising generic title Challenging Racism Through achievement 58 Hughes, E., North Country Life in the Books for pupils at KS3 Literature. Details are at , Trentham, 2003. 59 Eighteenth Century: volume II Cumberland http://www.badger-publishing.co.uk/sec_ and Westmorland, Oxford, 1965. Most of the textbooks which have been written for the KS3 Study Unit, Britain 1750 12b.htm Other print resources can also be taken Pictorial Guide to the Quaker Tapestry, - 1900 include a section on the slave trade. from the following websites: Non-fiction: Kendal, 1998. The following three are typical of those KS1: found in schools: www.antiracist.org.uk has anti-racist Pollock, J., Wilberforce, London, 1977. Green, J., How do I feel about Dealing with teaching materials and ideas produced by J. Byrom et al., Think Through History: Racism?, Watts Books, 2001. Woodcraft Folk. Richardson, D. and Schofield, M.M., Minds and Machines-Britain 1750-1900, ‘Whitehaven and the eighteenth-century Longman, 1999, p14-21. Green, J., What Do We Think About www.runnymedetrust.org provides British slave trade’, Transactions of the Racism?, Hodder Wayland, 2002. information and reports on racial Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian C. Culpin, Expansion, Trade and Industry, discrimination, anti-racist legislation and and Archaeological Society, vol.92, (1992) Collins, 1993, p32 - 33. Thomas, P., The Skin I’m in: A First Look at promotion of multi-ethnic Britain. 183-204. Racism, Hodder Wayland, 2004. N. DeMarco, New Worlds for Old: Britain www.teachernet.gov.uk/racistbullying Rigg, A.N., Cumbria, Slavery and the 1750 - 1900, Hodder, 2000, p40 - 45. KS2: Teacher Net has lots of advice on racism Textile Industrial Revolution (privately by Robin Richardson Resource packs Lishak, A., Racism, Watts Books, 2005. published), 1994. www.gypsy-traveller.org/ is an excellent Lancaster Museums, Slavery: Citizenship Sanders, B., Racism, Watts Books, 2003. site designed for travellers, students, the Royal Commission for Historical Resource Pack for KS3. Monuments in England, Whitehaven Sanders, P., What do you know About general public, service providers and local 1660-1800, London, 1991. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Slaves and Racism? Franklin Watts, 2000. authorities. Privateers. Sambo’s grave: ‘Testimony of Lancaster’s Zephaniah, B., We Are Britain! , Frances www.qca.org.uk/ca/inclusion/respect_ involvement in the Slave Trade’, North-west National Maritime Museum, Freedom Pack. Lincoln, 2002. for_all/ has examples of lessons which promote inclusion and cultural awareness. Labour History Journal, Vol 20, p36-38. Fiction for KS2 and KS3 KS2-3: Storey, M., Robert Southey: A Life, Oxford, Altman, l., The Legend of Freedom Hill, Medina, S., Racism and Prejudice, A full listing of online resources appears in 1997. Lee and Low Books, 2004. Heineman, 2006. the next section. Tattersfield, N., The Forgotten Trade, Blackman, M., Noughts and Crosses, Sanders, B. and Myers, S., Dealing with London, 1991. Corgi, 2002. Racism ,Watts Books, 2004. “the abominable traffic”

Drama, videos, CD ROMs, etc for use Coming Unstuck: Teaching about racism with pupils to counter racism: with 10 to 11-year-olds is a comprehensive Ally Comes to Cumbria and Just Passing teaching pack available from HIAS are two pieces of Forum Theatre Publications Clarendon House, Romsey commissioned by Cumbria Children’s Road, Winchester, Hampshire SO22 5PW Services to stimulate discussion on Fax: 01962 876275 or phone 01962 methods to counter racism at KS2-5. 876264. (These cost £70.00 each; There is a pack of teaching materials to Wendy Ridley has 2 copies which can be accompany both productions. To book borrowed) contact Wendy Ridley on Persona Dolls - white, Black Asian, [email protected] Chinese boy or girl dolls for Foundation or phone 01539 773 486. Stage & KS1 + video and support pack, available from Persona Doll Training, 51 Fortress Europe and Escape To Safety Granville Road London N12 OJH. are two large interactive simulations to address racism towards refugees and Trial and Error CD Rom was sent free to asylum seekers at KS2-5. See secondary schools by DFES for teaching http://www.globallink.org.uk/ about diversity and racism through Citizenship at KS 3 & 4. Available from To book contact Global Link, http://www.front-line-training.co.uk/ [email protected] or phone trialanderror/ 01524 36201. Homebeats CD Rom, produced by the A Safe Place video pack explores attitudes Institute of Race Relations for KS 3-5, to refugees and asylum seekers and covers the history of race relations in 60 follows on from Show racism the Red Card Britain. www.homebeats.co.uk gives which explores racism in football for KS2-4. updates on news and events concerning See www.srtrc.org/rs_videocd.htm the CD Rom. Available from [email protected] or phone 0191 2910160. Throwing Stones is a video pack for KS2 -3 pupils produced by Leicestershire Constabulary. The video tells the story of two friends torn apart by racism and is intended for PSHE, citizenship and literacy. See www.networkpress.co.uk?Tstones.html Available from Network Educational Press, PO Box 635, Stafford ST16 1BF or phone 01785 225515. Moral Courage: Whose Got it? is a video pack for KS2-3 which explores the role of the bystander in supporting victims of racism. Available from Anne Frank Trust, Star House, 104 / 108 Grafton Road, London NW5 4BA [email protected] or phone 020 7284 5858. 9 Websites

Source 16b: Watercolour painting by George Heriot of works and other buildings on the Orange Valley, Tobago, sugar plantation which belonged to William Crosier. “the abominable traffic”

9 Websites Websites on slavery www.rumstory.co.uk The website to start with is: www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsla www.understandingslavery.com very.htm An extensive website, with an American then bias, that covers almost every conceivable www.antislavery.org aspect of the history of slavery. There is a www.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence special section on the biographies of British anti-slavery leaders including Henry www.brycchancarey.com/slavery/index.htm Brougham whose parents came from www.cumbria.gov.uk/archives Westmorland. www.discoverybristol.org.uk www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/ secondary_history/his15 www.empiremuseum.co.uk www.stevebulman.f9.co.uk/cumbria/ www.hullcc.gov.uk/wilberforce/index.ht carlisle_factories.html www.learningcurve.gov.uk/snapshots/ www.whernsidemanor.com snapshot27/snapshot27.htm www.wm.edu/oieahc/wmq/Jan01/ www.learningcurve.gov.uk/index Follow EltisTable2.html links to Index of topics - 1750-1900 - slavery. A work programme using pictures and In addition there is a further list of websites documents on ‘How did the Abolition Acts at the back of the National Maritime 62 of 1807 and 1833 affect slavery?’ Museum Freedom Pack (see bibliography above). www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ maritime/slavery/index.asp www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ imagelibrary/slavery A large collection of pictures on line www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/ exhibitions.htm Follow links to Black Presence - information and documents/ pictures about black people in the UK www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ educationservices/ks3.htm#3 There is a Year 8 session on the Atlantic slave trade linked to QCA scheme of work Unit 15 Black Peoples of America: from slavery to equality. Also another session ‘Section 4: Sold into Slavery: What was the reality of the Atlantic slave trade?’ www.port.nmm.ac.uk T he excellent National Maritime Museum website and a portal to many other maritime websites www.nmm.ac.uk/freedom www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/education/ slavery/ Source 24: A house near Windermere occupied by www.quaker-tapestry.co.uk/panels.htm William Wilberforce as a summer home. 10 Information about access, support and links to sources

Source 22a: A Bill of Sale of a man, Faith for £35 in 1818 “the abominable traffic” “the abominable traffic”

Other sources of information 10 Information about access, outside Cumbria

support and links to sources Anti Slavery International Cumbria Record Office, Carlisle The Quaker Tapestry Exhibition Centre Thomas Clarkson House, The Stableyard, Alma Block, The Castle, Carlisle, CA3 8UR & Tearoom Broomsgrove Road, London, SW9 9TL 01228 607284/5 Friends Meeting House, Stramongate, Tel: 020 7501 8920 Email enquiries: Kendal, LA9 4BH 01539 722975 Website: www.antislavery.org [email protected] Email: Website: www.cumbria.gov.uk/archives [email protected] Bristol City Museum Website: www.quaker-tapestry.co.uk Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RL Cumbria Record Office, Kendal Tel: 01179 223571 County Offices, Kendal, LA9 4RQ The Rum Story, Whitehaven Website: 01539 773540 Lowther St., Whitehaven, CA28 7DN www.bristol-city.gov.uk/museums Email enquiries: 01946 592933 [email protected] Email: Bristol: British Empire and Website: www.cumbria.gov.uk/archives [email protected] Commonwealth Museum Website: www.rumstory.co.uk Cumbria Record Office and Station Approach, Temple Meads, Local Studies Library, Whitehaven Bristol, BS1 6QH Other sources of support within Tel: 0117 925 4980 Scotch Street, Whitehaven, CA28 7NL Cumbria 01946 852920 Website: www.empiremuseum.co.uk Email enquiries: Cumbria Development Education Centre Hull, Wilberforce Museum whitehaven.record.office@cumbriacc. (CDEC) 36 High Street, Hull, HU1 1NQ gov.uk St Martin’s College Tel: 01482 613 902 64 Website: www.cumbria.gov.uk/archives Low Nook, Rydal Road, Ambleside 65 Website: Cumbria LA22 9BB www.hullcc.gov.uk/museums/ Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal Tel & Fax: 015394 30231 wilberforce/index.php Abbot Hall, Kendal, LA9 5AL [email protected] 01539 722464 Email enquiries: CDEC has a large collection of resources Lancaster Maritime Museum and The [email protected] about contemporary life and culture in Judges’ Lodgings Museum, Lancaster Website: West African and Caribbean countries that Custom House, St Georges’s Quay, www.abbothall.org.uk were involved in the slave trade such as Lancaster, LA1 1RB Benin and St Lucia; and topic-specific Tel: 01524 64637 The Beacon, Whitehaven resources on the slave trade and Website: West Strand, Whitehaven, CA28 7LY colonialism. The resources range from www.lancashire.gov.uk/education/ 0845 095 2131 teaching packs, photopacks and books; museums/lancaster/maritime.asp Email enquiries: to artefacts such as textiles, musical [email protected] instruments and household objects. Liverpool: Merseyside Maritime Museum Website: To borrow resources schools must be Albert Dock, Liverpool, L3 4AQ www.thebeacon-whitehaven.co.uk members of CDEC - please contact them Tel: 0151 478 4499 for membership rates and general Website: The National Archives www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/ Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU enquiries. 020 8876 3444 Friends of Cumbria Archives (FOCAS) London, National Maritime Museum Email: FOCAS provides small grants to help with Greenwich, London, SE10 9NF [email protected] transport costs for schools wishing to visit Tel: 020 8858 4422 Website: Cumbria’s archive offices. Teachers should Website: www.nmm.ac.uk/ www.nationalarchives.gov.uk contact the Record Office which they wish to visit for further information. 11 Acknowledgements

Source 41: A Bill for the Suppression of the Slave Trade, 8 August 1839 “the abominable traffic”

11 Acknowledgements Creative Partnerships, Cumbria would Technical support like to thank the following members of Liz Clement the steering group and other individuals Ben Cornwell who have helped develop and produce this resource: Creative Partnerships, Cumbria would like to thank the following people and Steering group organisations for giving permission to Rob David (Chair), Consultant place digitised images of documents, Alex Cox-King, (Minutes) Creative artefacts and photographs on the Partnerships, Cumbria CDRom and in the Teacher’s Guide. Anna Farthing, History Consultant Peter Foley, BME Consultant Anonymous owners of properties Anne Rowe, Cumbria County Council, The Beacon, Whitehaven Archive Service Brougham Hall Catherine Clark, Cumbria County Council, Carlisle Friends Meeting Archive Service Peter Crewdson Anne Singleton, Cumbria County Council, Cumbria Archive Service Schools Library Service Lakeland Arts Trust Liz Bowe, Cumbria County Council, Library Lowther Estate Trust Service J. Scott Plummer Helen Towers, Cumbria County Council, Sedbergh and District History Society 68 Reader Development Quaker Tapestry, Kendal Wendy Ridley, Cumbria County Council, Whernside Manor Children’s Services Endaur Kaur, Cumbria County Council, We have made every effort to contact Children’s Services owners of the documents and other Heather Tipler, Museums, Libraries and materials that appear as digitised images Archives, North West on the CDRom. We hope that where we Fran Dryden, Fairfield Infants School, have failed, owners will be content to see Cockermouth their material being used for educational Kate Morgan, Cumbria Arts in Education purposes. Any other owners are welcome Kate Simpson, Cumbria Development to contact Creative Partnerships, Cumbria. Education Centre Michelle Kelly, The Beacon Whitehaven The contents of the CD Rom and this Phil Hazelhurst, The Rum Story, Teacher’s Guide have been edited by Whitehaven Dr Rob David for Creative Partnerships, Peter Tyas, Copeland Borough Council Cumbria. John Hall, Artist Sally Seed, Stoneleigh Communications for Creative Partnerships works to give Creative Partnerships, Cumbria school children throughout England the opportunity to develop their potential, their ambition their creativity and Pack authors imagination through sustainable partnerships with creative and cultural Dr Rob David, Lancaster University organisations, businesses and Pam Tipping, Sedbergh Primary School individuals. James Thorp, St. Benedicts High School, Whitehaven © 2006 Arts Council England Liz West, St Martin’s College, Carlisle This Pack has been designed and printed Wendy Ridley, Cumbria County Council, by Badger Press Ltd, Bowness on Windermere, Children’s Services Cumbria LA23 3AS ‘the abominable traffic’ is a phrase taken from a petition to Parliament for the abolition of slavery by the inhabitants of Kendal.