Southern Federal University Southern Centre of Science Russian Academy of Sciences

MODERN ABRASION PROCESSES OF THE SEA COAST Contents:

1) natural hazardous exogenous processes and main man-made factors; 2) types of the coast and dynamics abrasion rate on the Azov Sea coast; 3) restoration of the reference network (benchmark station) on the Azov coast of the Crimea and damaged zones of the Kerch Peninsula coast; 4) the dynamics of the spits on the basis of comparison of satellite images and maps between 1980-2012; 5) formation and effects of a dangerous surge (RP) in September in 2014;

6) coastal protection structures of the Azov Sea. SFU and SSC of RAS expeditions 3 on the Azov Sea coast:

-to assess geological environment of the coastal zone;

-to study exogenous processes, factors predetermined the development of the processes;

-to study the status and effectiveness of the coast protection structures that exist;

-to study the direction and change in the morphology of the coasts on the basis of the reference network and remote sensing observations.

4

The area we studied

Reference network of Southern Centre of Science of Russian Academy of Sciences, Oceanology department 5 Natural hazardous exogenous processes:

- climate change and the increase in cyclonic activity, related to it, an increase in the frequency of storms, and western surges, Azov Sea change which leads to the rise of the sea level and the Gulf; - unfavorable geological conditions (for example, widespread easily washed clay deposits in the coastal cliffs, small power sand shortage of beach forming material); -multidirectional nature of neotectonic processes in the coastal zone;

- wide development of gullies and ravines network. 6 Main man-made factors: - the intensive development of the coast by different land users, often without taking into account the natural characteristics of the coastal zone (intensive plowing, mixing plantations, irrigated agriculture, regulation of river flow and the associated reduction in revenues of beach forming material);

- unauthorized removal of sand and shell material beaches and bays, changes in the balance of deposits;

- the deterioration of water quality and the reduction of biological components in the formation of the beaches;

- high population density (reaching 613 per/km²) in the northern sea coast and (more than 120 per/km²) in the southern one;

- inefficiencies and poor state of a large part of the existing beach protection facilities. 7 Types of the coast (%) 8 Dynamics of abrasion on the Azov Sea coast Dynamics of abrasion in the modern period 9

The highest rate of destruction of the coast during 2013-2014 was noted to happen in the following coastal areas:

North Coast: Southern Coast: • Bokovskoe(Preazovsky) – 6,4 m/year; • Morozovsky–6,2 m/year; • Veselovo-Voznesensky– 5,6 m/year; • Glafirovka –5,2 m/year • Golden Spit – 4 m/year; • Dolzhanskaya– 4,2 m/year. 10 Active abrasion processes on the Azov Sea coast

According to Russian National Standard (GOST- R22.0.06) the coast of the Azov Sea was zoned into the areas with mild, moderate, strong and very strong abrasion in terms of activity for revealing abrasion processes. Coast with strong abrasion (2-4 m/year) – 27% are in such areas as : - Premorsko-Akhtarsky (2.5 m/year), - Shilovsky (3.1 m/year), - Kamyshevatsky (3.6 m/year, - Zolotokosovsky(4 m/year). Areas with very strong abrasion - 33% of the coast (damaged section with the rate of more than 4 m/year): - Dolzhansky(4.2 m/year), - Glafirovsky (5.2 m/year), - Veselo-Voznesenovsky(5.6 m/year), - Morozovsky(6.2 m/year), - Bokovsky(6.4 m/year) Shores with strong abrasion 11

Port Koton bench mark №6 Golden Spit - bench mark№8

Shilovsky village - mark №16 Premorsko-Akhtarsk town mark №18 Shores with very strong abrasion 12

Veselo-Voznesenovka village mark №1 Bokovskoe village-mark №2

Glafirovsky - mark №10 Morozovsky village- mark №17 Speed of dangerous exogenous processes in the 13 coastal zone of the Gulf of Taganrog, m / year

П Р О Ц Е С С Ы Б Е Р Е Г О В О Й З О Н Ы

Задернованные склоны Активность абразионных процессов, м/год стабильные абразионно-обвальный весьма слабая (<0.5) абразионно-оползневой слабая (0,5-1) абразионный(на известковых пачках) средняя (1-2) Реперная сеть (скорость абразииМАКС/СРЕД. м/год) сильная (>2) 14 The length of the damaged sections near the settlements

Territory of Neklinovsky District (northern coast)- 47,2 кkm including : Veselo-Voznesenovsky - 1,6 km; • Rozhok– Natalievka - 2,6 km; • Chapaevo -Novozolotovka –20,0 km; • Taganrog- 16 km long; • Premorka– Merzhanovo –7,0 km. Territory of Azov District (southern - 11,8 км,coast including: • Ochakovskaya spit- 2,0 км; • Chumbur spit- Cumbur village 2,5 km; • Novomargaritovo– Margaritovo- 2,8 km • Port-Katon – Molchanovo - 4,5 km. 15 Restoration of the reference network (benchmark station) on the Azov coast of the Crimea (May, 2015)

The reference network on the Crimean shore of the Azov Sea was restored in 2015. The study areas include the Kerch Peninsula from Arabat Spit to the Feodosiya Bay (Kamensky, Shelkino, Pesochnoe, Zolotoe, Kurortnoe, Osoviny, Kerch, Geroevskoe, Yakovenkovo, Primorsky, Beregovoe). The total length of the coastline was more than 150 km.

16 Damaged zones of the Kerch Peninsula coast

On the Kerch peninsula abrasion and abrasion- accumulative shore predominate, the greatest danger is the area from Cape Zyuk to the Kerch Strait, which retreats on average 1.6 m / year, and from the eastern side of the Gulf to Cape Kazantip to Coast with abrasion Coast with abrasion Cape Zyuk that is 1.1 m / year. Georgievskoe village Chelyadinovo village In terms of abrasion and abrasion-landslide processes damaged areas of the Kerch Peninsula include: Nasyr village, Zavodskoe village, Kurortnoe village, Podmayachny settlememt, Geroevskoe settlememt, Chelyadinovo village, Zavetnoe village, Abrasion-landslide coast Abrasion-landslide debris Yakovenkovo village. Zavetnoe village near Yakovenkovo village Northern coast ( Beglitskaya spit) 17 Southern coast (Ochakovskaya spit and Chumbur spit) 18 19 The dynamics of the spits on the basis of comparison of satellite images and maps between 1980-2012 The spits of the Taganrog Gulf displace towards east with 1-3 m/гyear. The spits of the western coast is eroded fast and there is accumulation within the eastern coast. Ochakovskaya

Chumburskaya Sazalnitskaya 20 Formation of a dangerous surge in September, 2014

The weather was awful. Powerful cyclonic vortex was formed at 4 p.m. on the Crimean peninsula the atmospheric pressure was 999.4 hPa. Minimum pressure reached 977.3 hPa. Hurricane speed in Yeisk reached 28 m / s, in Dolzhanskaya settlement was 34 m / s, in Taganrog 36 m / s and Margaritovo village - 37 m / s, with the average speed being 14-25 m / s.

Such extreme weather conditions formed tidal waves with the movement from west to east in the Azov Sea. 21 Characteristics of the devastating surge on September, 24, 2014

Exceeding of мах level Average Wind direction Мах level, Settlements over annual , сm, velocity of level and velocity cm 2003-2013 rise

Taganrog S-w -36 m/s 839 364 67 cm/hour

Ochakovskaya w-sw 37 m/s 867 258 47 cm/hour spit

Eisk sw-28 m/s 656 178 36 cm/hour

Dolzhanskaya w-sw-34 m/s 755 259 37 cm/hour

Wind surge caused an increase in water level on the whole eastern coast of the Azov Sea, Taganrog Gulf and at the mouth of the Don River. Most hydrological stations recorded highs. This surge is a historically extreme phenomenon among observations made in 1881 - 2014.

22 Effects of the surge of September, 24, 2014

Ochakovskaya spit Dolzhanskaya spit Effects of the surge of September, 24, 2014 23

A 781 cm- surge which took place on the 24th of September 2014 with 0.8% is historic. The maximum height is the absolute one in a number of observations for 1881 – 2014. Recent dangerous surges were observed on: March 24th 2013 – 740 сm; February 28th 2005 – 723 сm; April 12th 1997 – 758 сm, November 16th 1992 – 734 сm, April 21st 1981 – 731 сm. 24 Effects of the surge in September 2014

The flood covered the whole territory delta of the Don River (the area of 538 square km) and the eastern coast of the Taganrog Gulf , except few hills and zones with ravines. The flooding hit 21 and towns in Azov, Neklinovsky and Myasnikovsky districts of Rostov Region, the most damaged one was Azov District. The suburbs of such cities as Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog and Azov were flooded as well.

Taking into consideration the current trends of its increase is necessary to consider this fact in the economic development of the coast.

The work was performed within the University Grant of SFU , the topic was № 213.01-07-2014/14ПЧВГ «The development of Assessment Methods and Techniques of Predicting hazardous natural phenomena in Pre Azov Region , Don, Kuban and the Crimea areas.” 25 The coastal protection structures of the Azov Sea Ochakovskaya spit 26

Unconventional protection The wall in the form of a Concrete walls wooden piling

Unconventional protection Concrete "stair-step" scarp Concrete wall blocks 27 Coastal protection of Chumbur spit

Distorted vertical wall of gabions in the basal part of Damaged box-shaped gabions the spit

Jetting wall from the rear side Damaged gabions, the zone of fish of the gabion department, the beach is eroded Damaged stairs Coastal protection structures in Taganrog 28

Coastal protection at yacht club «Assol» Negative effect of landslide processes

Sea wall made of limestone located to the The central city beach. Artificial sandy east of the City beach beach with groins 29 Sea walls and escarpments

Coast in Chapaevo village The coast in Novolokademonovo settement Wave repulsing wall- laying

Wave repulsing wall

Concrete slope Wave repulsing wall in the shape of concrete blocks Artificial beach «Kamenka» made from gravel- 30 pebbly sand material (Yeisk town) 31 Artificial beaches

Ataman settlement

Primorsko-Akhtarsk town

Taman settlement Thank you for attention! Contact us: the Department of Oceanology of Southern Federal University 344090, Zorge st., 40, Rostov-on-Don e-mail: [email protected] http://ocean.geo.sfedu.ru