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'Queen Consort, Queen Mother: the Power and Authority of Fourteenth-Century Plantagenet Queens'

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'Queen Consort, Queen Mother: the Power and Authority of Fourteenth-Century Plantagenet Queens' 'Queen Consort, Queen Mother: The Power and Authority of Fourteenth-Century Plantagenet Queens' Lisa Benz University of York Department of History This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD August 2009 Abstract Between 1299 and 1369 there was a continuous succession of queen consorts and queen dowagers. Margaret of France was queen consort between 1299 and 1307 and died in 1318, Isabella of France was queen consort between 1308 and 1327 and she died in 1358 and Philippa of Hainault was queen consort between 1328 and 1369 when she died. A continuous transition between queens is particularly exciting for a study of queenship because an analysis of these queens' activities provides a unique opportunity to form conclusions about nonnative queenly behaviour, and to determine the extent to which their activities depended on circumstance and inclination. The overlapping of consorts and dowagers also allows us to study the relationships between these women. Yet there has been no full-length study which takes advantage of this exceptional period in late medieval history. This present study proposes to do so, and frames this examination around four major themes: gender; status; the concept of the crown; and power and authority. By using administrative, visual and literary sources this study seeks to address the themes of gender, status, medieval concepts of the crown and power and authority. Through these themes it expounds upon the relationship of the ideology of queenship and the historical actions of three fourteenth-century queens. This thesis will demarcate when the queen's power is symbolic or achieved through her own initiative. It examines the extent to which gender and status dictated the nature of her power and authority, and it will use the concept of the crown to assess her royal status. It acknowledges that gender inequality existed in the medieval period; the queen could not rule in her own right, nor act as chancellor, treasurer or member of parliament. However, instead of emphasizing the queen's independence or her constraints and limitations, this study seeks to provide an even-handed analysis of how the queen acted. Overall, this thesis concludes that not only did the queen remain a visible part of the centralized monarchy, she also held official roles within government She was embedded in the administrative apparatus of government as a wife, a mother and a widely recognized representative of the crown. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 2 List of Abbreviations 5 Acknowledgements 6 Chapter One: Introduction 7 1.1 Gender 9 1.2 Status 12 1.3 The Crown 15 1.4 Public Sphere v. Private Sphere 16 1.5 Power and Authority 19 Symbolic Power 22 1.6 Medieval Queenship: A Historiography 24 1.7 Structure 30 Chapter Two: Medieval Expectations and Modern Methodologies 32 2.1 Iconic Images of the Queen 32 2.2 Literary Sources 38 2.3 Administrative Documents 42 Chapter Three: The Queen as Intercessor: Power and Influence 51 3.1 Intercession with King and Crown 54 The King 54 The Crown 67 3.2 Perceptions ofInfluence 71 3.3 Manipulating Intercession 86 3.4 Conclusion 94 Chapter Four: A Royal Institution: The Queen's Household and Estates 96 4.1 The Household 97 4.2 The Queen's Affinity 105 3 4.3 The Estates 118 4.4 Conclusion 133 Chapter Five: Motherhood, Matriarchy and the Royal Family 136 5.1 Gender, Power, Motherhood 138 5.2 Pregnancy, Birth, Intercession and Power 141 5.3 Childhood 157 5.4 Children as Adults 169 5.5 Conclusion 184 Chapter Six: Administrator of the Realm 186 6.1 The History of Regency in England and France 187 6.2 The Consort as Administrator 194 6.3 Isabella and the Minority of Edward III 200 October 1326- January 1327 202 February 1327-0ctober 1328 205 October 1328-November 1330 218 6.4 Conclusion 224 Chapter Seven: Conclusions 227 Appendix I: The Queens' Itinerary 232 Appendix II: Number of Intercessionary Acts 270 Appendix III: Household Members 273 Appendix IV: Lists of Estate and Income 288 Bibliography 298 4 List of Abbreviations BLMS British Library Manuscript. CCR Calendar of Close Rolls, 1296-1374 (London 1892-1908). CCW Calendar of Chancery Warrants, 1244-1326 (London, 1927). CChR Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1247-1417 (London 1908). CFR Calendar of Fine Rolls, 1272-1377(London, 1911-1912). CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1292-13 70 (London, 1894-1903). CPMR Thomas, A.H., and P.E. Jones (eds.), Calendar of Plea and Memoranda Rolls of the City of London, 1323-1364 (6 vols, Cambridge, 1926-61). Calendar of Papal Letters Bliss, W.H. et a1.(eds.) Calendar Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters, 1198-1404 (London, 1893-1902). The Complete Peerage Cokayne, George E. and Vicary Gibbs (eds.), The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: extant, extinct or dormant (13 vols in 6, Sutton, 1687). DNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online .http://www.oxforddnb.com •. EETS,ES Early English Text Society, Extra Series. EETS, OS Early English Text Society, Old Series. Foedera Rymer, Thomas, Foedera, Adam, Clarke, Frederick Holbrooke and John Caley (eds.) (3 vols, London, 1816- 69). HBC Powicke, F. Maurice and E. B. Fryde (eds.) Handbook of British Chronology (London, 1961). TNA The National Archives London. WAM Westminster Abbey Muniments. 5 Acknowledgements I first and foremost thank Mark Ormrod, who has gone above and beyond the expectations for, and duties of, a supervisor. Without his support, encouragement and flexibility, this thesis would never have been written. I pay particular regard to Helen Maurer, who first introduced me to queenship studies as an undergraduate and who has continued to offer academic and personal advice throughout my postgraduate career. I have been fortunate to work in an intellectual community at the University of York whose varied expertise I was able to draw upon during the research and writing of this thesis. These include, but are not limited to: Shelagh Sneddon, Jocelyn Wogan- Browne and the members of the Anglo-Norman reading group, who helped with my French transcriptions and translations; Sarah Rees Jones, Rob Kinsey, Barbara Gribling, Catherine Casson and Bronach Kane for reading and advising on drafts; and my friends and colleagues, who acted as sounding boards during many coffee breaks. Further afield, I would like to acknowledge the help and support offered by the staff at the National Archives, London, the members of the Fourteenth Century Political Society and the Society of the White Hart. Lastly, I thank my parents for always encouraging me to find a fulfilling goal and to have the strength to accomplish it; my extended family and friends for their interest and pride in my work; and to Graham, for his unshakable belief in my abilities. 6 Chapter 1 Introduction On 10 September 1299 Edward I married Margaret of France, sister to Philip IV, in Canterbury Cathedral in an effort to bring peace between England and France. This marriage initiated a period of uninterrupted succession between queen consort and queen dowager. There was no point between 1299 and 1369 when there was not a queen, and at times a queen consort and a queen dowager were alive simultaneously, whereas some time had passed between the death of Eleanor of Castile in ]290 and Edward I's second marriage to Margaret of France in 1299. Between 1299 and 1369, there were three queens of England: Margaret of France, Isabella of France and Philippa of Hainault. None of these queens ruled in their own right, but were queen consorts and queen mothers to Edward I, Edward II and Edward III respectively. Margaret of France was born around 1279 to Phillip III of France and his wife Mary of Brabant. I She became Edward I's second wife in 1299 and gave birth to three children. She died in February 1318. Isabella of France was the daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan of Navarre. She born in about 1295 and she married Edward II in 1308.2 Edward I's wife, Margaret of France was Isabella's /paternal aunt. Isabella is most known for her coup and deposition of Edward II in 1326-27. She died in Hertford Castle on 23 August 1358. Philippa was born in Hainault, to Count William of Hainault and Holland and Countess Jeanne, granddaughter of Philip III of France. The date of her birth is not entirely certain; she may have been born on 24 June 1310, but it is also possible that she was not born until 1315.3 A continuous transition between queens is particularly exciting for a study of queenship because an analysis of these queens' activities provides a unique opportunity to form conclusions about normative queenly behaviour, and to determine the extent to which their activities depended on circumstance and inclination. Such a study prompts I John Carmi Parsons, 'Margaret (1279?-131S)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 200S [http://www.oxforddnb.comlview/article/IS046. accessed 22 ApriI2009]. 2 John Carmi Parsons, 'Isabella (1295-135S)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 200S [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/articleI144S4. accessed 22 April 2009]. 3 Juliet Vale, 'Philippa (1310xI5?-1369)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 200S [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/articleI22110. accessed 4 March 2009]. 7 many questions: what were the queen's prerogatives and what defined the types of authority she had? Did her sex or gender affect this authority, or was status a more influential factor? Did she share a common identity with other women or with the male landed elite? What was the relationship between these queens and what was their relationship to the king and to government? These are some of the concerns that motivate this study.
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