Trankingowe Systemy Łączności Służbowej

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Trankingowe Systemy Łączności Służbowej PRACA INŻYNIERSKA „Trankingowe systemy ł ączno ści słu żbowej” Marcin Talarczyk Michał Żera ński Kieruj ący prac ą dr in ż. Zbigniew Zakrzewski 1 PRACA IN ŻYNIERSKA NR 8/2007/2008/E I T/ST Student (Imi ę i nazwisko): Marcin Talarczyk, Michał Żera ński Temat pracy: „Trankingowe systemy ł ączno ści słu żbowej” Temat pracy w j ęzyku angielskim (drukowanymi literami): „ Trunked Systems for Service Communication” Dane wyj ściowe: 1. Normy i ustalenia dotycz ące systemów trankingowych. 2. Podr ęczniki z zakresu systemów ł ączno ści bezprzewodowej. 3. Publikacje dotycz ące nowoczesnych technologii dla bezprzewodowych interfejsów. 4. Firmowe opracowania dotycz ące metod projektowania oraz wdra żania systemów trankingowych w przedsi ębiorstwach i słu żbach publicznych. Zadania szczegółowe: 1. Przegl ąd systemów trankingowych implementowanych na świecie. 2. Charakterystyka systemów wdra żanych w Europie. 3. Ocena przydatno ści systemów zespalaj ących ł ączno ść w słu żbach cywilnych i wojskowych. 4. Przegl ąd firmowych rozwi ąza ń systemowych dla zastosowa ń europejskich. Miejsce przeprowadzania prac badawczych: WTiE UTP Kieruj ący prac ą: dr in ż. Zbigniew Zakrzewski Koreferent: 2 Spis tre ści WPROWADZENIE 4 PRZEGLĄD SYSTEMÓW TRANKINGOWYCH IMPLEMENTOWANYCH NA ŚWIECIE – MARCIN TALARCZYK 5 OPIS SYSTEMÓW RADIOWEJ ŁĄCZNOŚCI TRANKINGOWEJ IMPLEMENTOWANYCH W EUROPIE 8 EDACS - MARCIN TALARCZYK 8 TETRA – MICHAŁ ŻERAŃSKI 13 TETRAPOL – MARCIN TALARCZYK , MICHAŁ ŻERAŃSKI 35 APCO25 (P ROJECT 25) – MARCIN TALARCZYK , MICHAŁ ŻERAŃSKI 39 OCENA PRZYDATNOŚCI SYSTEMÓW ZESPALAJĄCYCH ŁĄCZNOŚĆ W SŁUŻBACH CYWILNYCH I WOJSKOWYCH - MARCIN TALARCZYK, MICHAŁ ŻERAŃSKI 44 PORÓWNANIE I OCENA PARAMETRÓW SYSTEMÓW TRANKINGOWYCH 44 PROJEKT MESA (M OBILITY EMERGENCY SAFETY APPLICATIONS ) – MARCIN TALARCZYK 51 ANALIZA PRZYDATNOŚCI POZNANYCH SYSTEMÓW 53 PRZEGLĄD FIRMOWYCH ROZWIĄZAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH 55 MOTOROLA 55 M/A-COM 60 TELTRONIC 63 PODSUMOWANIE 70 LITERATURA 71 3 Wprowadzenie [1] Idea systemu trankingowego polega na automatycznym i dynamicznym podziale ograniczonej puli kanałów radiowych mi ędzy znacznie wi ększ ą liczb ę grup u żytkowników. Inaczej mówi ąc w systemie trankingowym u żytkownicy dziel ą si ę t ą sam ą pul ą kanałów radiowych. Kanał znajduj ący si ę w puli jest przydzielany abonentowi na czas prowadzenia rozmowy, a po jej zako ńczeniu wraca do puli i mo że by ć przydzielony innemu abonentowi. Ka żdy abonent ma dost ęp do ka żdego aktualnie wolnego kanału radiowego nale żą cego do puli. Koncepcja trankingu opiera si ę na teorii prawdopodobie ństwa, zgodnie z któr ą istnieje małe prawdopodobie ństwo, że wszyscy u żytkownicy systemu b ędą chcieli w tym samym momencie skorzysta ć z kanałów radiowych. Dlatego wielu z nich mo że u żywa ć pewnej liczby kanałów efektywniej i sprawniej ni ż gdyby ka żdy kanał był na stałe przydzielony do okre ślonego u żytkownika. Korzy ści wynikaj ące ze stosowania rankingu to mi ędzy innymi : • efektywniejsze wykorzystanie kanałów, • szybkie zestawienie poł ącze ń, skrócenie czasu oczekiwania na poł ączenie, • elastyczne tworzenie sieci (lokalne, regionalne, krajowe), • całkowita prywatno ść poł ączenia, • zabezpieczenie przed kradzie żą lub klonowaniem terminali (ENS), • mo żliwo ść ł ączenia sieci ró żnych producentów (MPT 1327, TETRA, systemy IP), • przesyłanie komunikatów statusowych, krótkich komunikatów, danych tekstowych, niezidentyfikowanych danych, • billing rozmów, 4 • mo żliwo ść zró żnicowania dost ępu poszczególnych u żytkowników do wywoła ń, • mo żliwo ść zarz ądzania parametrami sieci przez operatora, • dost ęp do sieci telefonicznej PSTN/PABX, • ni ższy koszt sprz ętu w przeliczeniu na u żytkownika (w sieciach rozbudowanych np. regionalnych). Niniejsza praca ma na celu porównanie istniej ących na rynku standardów trankingowych i ocena ich mo żliwo ści rozwojowych. Przegl ąd systemów trankingowych implementowanych na świecie – Marcin Talarczyk [2][3][7][9][15][25][29][36][37][38] Stosowane i funkcjonuj ące na świecie systemy ł ączno ści dyspozytorskiej to rozwi ązania firmowe Ericsson GE, Logic Trunked Radio, Motorola oraz otwarte standardy np.: MPT-1327, APCO Project 25 , TETRA, TETRAPOL. Najnowsze systemy wywodz ą si ę z pomysłów sieci radiowej specjalnego przeznaczenia, które po raz pierwszy zostały uruchomione w latach 40-tych ubiegłego wieku w USA. Ówczesne systemy zapewniały ł ączno ść policjanta z najbli ższym posterunkiem policji, lecz jako ść transmisji i brak zabezpiecze ń przed podsłuchem były dalekie od ideału. W kolejnych latach powstawały nowocze śniejsze systemy, które spełniały wi ększe oczekiwania u żytkowników. Kolejne rewolucje w dziedzinie elektroniki, teletransmisji i radiokomunikacji pozwalały na tworzenie nowych rozwi ąza ń dla pojawiaj ących si ę potrzeb oraz pomysłów u żytkowników tych systemów. GE Marc V [1] jest to historyczny, ameryka ński protokół trankingowy dla radiowych systemów nadawczo-odbiorczych. Przedstawiony we wczesnych latach 80’tych XX wieku przez General Electric Mobile Radio, funkcjonuje do dnia dzisiejszego tylko w jednym stanie U.S. – Oklahoma. 5 Firma Ericsson [2][3] jest twórc ą systemu EDACS (ang. Enhanced Digital Access Communication System ), który umo żliwia cyfrow ą transmisj ę danych oraz cyfrow ą lub analogow ą transmisj ę sygnałów mowy w kanale radiowym. Jest to w pełni system trankingowy, którego konfiguracja umo żliwia korzystanie ze wspólnej sieci pewnej liczbie instytucji, organizacji lub firm, z których ka żda posiada w sieci starannie okre ślon ą autonomi ę, lecz tak że umo żliwia wzajemne poł ączenia. Rozwini ęciem tego systemu jest opracowana przez firm ę MA/Com implementacja vocodera IMBE cyfrowej modulacji dla radiokomunikacji, która zyskała miano EDACS Provoice. Kolejny system LTR Standard [4] nie ma kanału kontrolnego. Cała transmisja mowy, danych oraz danych kontrolnych odbywa si ę poprzez jeden kanał, który jest programowany na stałe w urz ądzeniach końcowych (tak jak w systemie EDACS). Ewolucja tego systemu wnosiła nowe rozwi ązania i pomysły dzi ęki którym powstały kolejne systemy tj.: - LTR Paszport – opiera si ę na dost ępie do sieci, który zawiera co najmniej trzy cz ęstotliwo ści zawieraj ące kanały „local”, „roaming” i „registering” odpowiadaj ące za weryfikacje poł ączenia z sieci ą - LTR Standard and Passport - jest hybryd ą dwóch wy żej opisanych systemów - LTR MultiNet - jest zgodny z APCO-16, posiada zwykle jeden lub kilka kanałów systemowych spełniaj ących rol ę kanału kontrolnego, aczkolwiek istnieje mo żliwo ść przesyłania w nich mowy. Najbardziej rozwini ętym, firmowym systemem jest oryginalny pomysł Motoroli [5][8][13] trankingowej sieci radiowej opartej na sieciach, podsieciach i identyfikatorach przypisywanych urz ądzeniom. Ka żdy ID Type I zawiera trzy lub cztery cyfry przed myślnikiem i jedna lub dwie cyfry po my ślniku (przykład 123-45). W drugiej generacji systemu zast ąpiono podział sieci i podsieci tworz ąc jednolit ą sie ć z indywidualnymi identyfikatorami radiowymi. Ka żdy identyfikator składa si ę z 4 lub 5 cyfr bez my ślnika (przykład 6374). System posiada dodatkowe zabezpieczenie w postaci klucza systemowego ( System Key ). Jest to unikalny identyfikator pozwalaj ący na komunikacj ę w obr ębie sieci wszystkim urz ądzeniom, którym został zaprogramowany wy żej wymieniony klucz. 6 Rozwini ęcie II generacji to systemy SmartZone oraz SmartZone OmniLink, które wspólnie transmituj ą dane do innych sieci trankingowych drog ą mikrofalowa lub liniami naziemnymi i umo żliwiaj ą poł ączenie u żytkownika z sieci ą macierzyst ą w dowolnym miejscu sieci współpracuj ącej. Kolejna generacja to Type III Hybryd - jest to poł ączenie 2 wcze śniejszych systemów. Umo żliwia to jednoczesn ą prace systemu Type I i II bez konieczno ści tworzenia dodatkowych grup rozmownych systemu Type II. W latach 90’tych XX wieku Motorola przedstawia kolejny firmowy system trankingowy - iDEN ( integrated Digital Enhanced Network ) - wykorzystuj ący bardzo wydajny radiowy aparat nadawczo-odbiorczy do cyfrowego przetwarzania głosu i danych dla jednego kanału. Opiera si ę na systemie TDMA (wielodost ęp z podziałem czasowym), korzysta z pakietowej transmisji danych, uwzgl ędnia szybkie przekazywanie informacji, maksymalizowanie przepustowo ści kanału i utrzymywanie w dobrym stanie stałego poł ączenia z Internetem. Pierwszym otwartym standardem trankingowym jest APCO ( Association of Public- Safety Communications Officials-International ) Project 16 [7], który powstał w latach 70’tych na potrzeby jednostek bezpiecze ństwa publicznego U.S. Jest to klasyczny system trankingowy, który wykorzystuje: czasowy dost ęp do kanału, automatyczne priorytety, analogowy system transmisji danych oraz płynne zarządzanie i kontrola nad sieci ą. Nast ępc ą P16 jest APCO Project 25 [3][7]. System P25 spełnia tak ą sam ą rol ę jak w Europie protokół TETRA, lecz nie jest z nim zgodny. Jest to cyfrowy radiowy system łączno ści trankingowej zgodny z norm ą TIA/EIA TSB102. P25 to zaawansowany system trankingowy zaprojektowany tak, aby uwzgl ędni ć szczególne wymagania u żytkowników sektora publicznego dotycz ące niezawodno ści bezpiecze ństwa ł ączno ści radiowej. Podstawowe zalety to: zakres cz ęstotliwo ści VHF i UHF, cyfrowa modulacja FDMA C4FM w kanale 12,5kHz, szyfrowanie DES/AES i zamiana kluczy drog ą radiowa (OTAR). Europejska odpowied ź na projekt systemu trankingowego z Nowego Świata to opracowany i wdro żony w roku 1988 przez europejskie konsorcjum zbrojeniowe EADS 7 system TETRAPOL[9]. W pełni cyfrowy system ł ączno ści dyspozytorskiej u żywany przez wojsko, słu żby
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