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Eichler Columbia 0054D 12688.Pdf The!Emancipation!of!Memory:!! ! Arnold!Schoenberg!and!the!Creation!of! A"Survivor"from"Warsaw" ! ! ! ! ! ! Jeremy!Adam!Eichler! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Submitted!in!partial!fulfillment!of!the!! requirements!for!the!degree!of!! Doctor!of!Philosophy! in!the!Graduate!School!of!Arts!and!Sciences! ! ! COLUMBIA!UNIVERSITY! ! 2015! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ©!2015! Jeremy!Adam!Eichler! All!rights!reserved! ! ABSTRACT! ! The!Emancipation!of!Memory:!! Arnold!Schoenberg!and!the!Creation!of!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw! ! ! Jeremy!Eichler!! ! ! This!is!a!study!of!the!ways!in!which!the!past!is!inscribed!in!sound.!It!is!also!an! examination!of!the!role!of!concert!music!in!the!invention!of!cultural!memory!in!the!wake!of! the!Second!World!War.!And!finally,!it!is!a!study!of!the!creation!and!early!American!reception! of!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw,!a!cantata!written!in!1947!that!became!the!first!major!musical! memorial!to!the!Holocaust.!It!remains"uniquely!significant!and!controversial!within!the! larger!oeuvre"of!its!composer,!Arnold!Schoenberg!(1874]1951).!! Historians!interested!in!the!chronologies!and!modalities!of!Holocaust!memory!have! tended!to!overlook!music’s!role!as!a!carrier!of!meaning!about!the!past,!while!other!media!of! commemoration!have!received!far!greater!scrutiny,!be!they!literary,!cinematic,!or! architectural.!And!yet,!!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw"predated!almost!all!of!its!sibling!memorials,! crystallizing!and!anticipating!the!range!of!aesthetic!and!ethical!concerns!that!would!define! the!study!of!postwar!memory!and!representation!for!decades!to!come.!It!also!constituted!a! uniquely!personal!memorial!that!may!be!read!not!only!as!a!work!of!Holocaust!art!but!also!as! a!profoundly!autobiographical!document,!one!that!sheds!light!on!constellations!of! particularist!identities!often!hidden!beneath!the!“universalist”!veil!of!one!of!the!twentieth] century’s!most!iconic!musical!figures.!Ultimately,!this!study!seeks!to!articulate!an!under] examined!linkage!between!modernism!and!memory,!while!arguing!methodologically!for!the! importance!of!sound!in!the!contemporary!practice!of!cultural!history.! ! TABLE!OF!CONTENTS! ! LIST!OF!ILLUSTRATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………...iii! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv! ! CHAPTER!ONE!!! Introduction:!Pasts!Resonant,!Resonances!Past…………………………………………………………1! ! Prelude:!Music!And!Goethe’s!OAk....……………………………………………………………………….1! Modernism,!Memory!And!MemoriAlizAtion...………………………………………………………....5! Schoenberg’s!‘Convolutions’……………………………………………………………………………….12! The!MeAsure!of!A!Monument……...……………………………………………………………………….18! Memory]Art!And!Reception………………………………………………………………………………...22! NarrAtives!of!Revolution,!Horizons!of!Memory…………………………………………………….26! ! ! CHAPTER!TWO! Memorials!in!Sound………………………………………………………………………………………………....31! ! ! Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………31! Sound!and!‘the!Memory!Landscape’…………………………………………………………………….34! Five!Properties!of!the!Musical!Memorial……………………………………….……...…………..…38! AmericAn!HolocAust!RemembrAnce:!Chronologies!And!Forms……………………………...50! MemoriAlizAtion!And!the!Politics!of!Aesthetic!Style………………………….............................59! ! ! ! CHAPTER!THREE! Arnold!Schoenberg:!Between!Emancipation!and!Memory........................…………………….66! ! ! Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………66! Part!One:!‘Redemption!from!the!DisgrAce’:!Becoming!A!GermAn!Modernist….............71! ! !!!Setting!the!Framework…………………………………………………………………………………….71! ! !!!Roots!And!Reroutes………………………………………………………………………………………….77! ! Part!Two:!Deutschtum!and!its!Discontents:!the!Path!toward!Moses"und"Aron…..…….89! ! Part!Three:!From!Schönberg!to!Schoenberg:!The!Composer!in!MigrAtion……………102! ! !!!The!WAr!YeArs………………………………………………………………………………………………!115!! ! ! CHAPTER!FOUR! Night!Transfigured:!A!Survivor!from!Warsaw!in!Focus……………………………………………125! ! ! Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….125! ! The!full!text!of!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw………….…………………………………………………130! ! Origins!of!A!Commission……………………..…………………………………………………………….132! ! Survivor!as!Testimony………………………………………………………………………………………139!! ! A!Survivor"as!Double………………………………………………………………………………………..144! ! History!And!Memory!in!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw………………………………………………..152! ! Resisting!Closure:!Schoenberg!And!BenjAmin…………………………………………………….158!! ! ! i! ! ! CHAPTER!FIVE! Monument!Unveiled:!Two!Premieres!for!A!Survivor!from!Warsaw…………………………164! ! ! Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….164! ‘A!real!Viennese!musician!of!the!best!tradition’….………………………………………………170! Memory!Unsung:!Serge!Koussevitzky!and!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw…………………....174! Mr.!Frederick’s!‘Miracle’…………………………………………………………………………………...179! A"Survivor"in!New!York……………..………………………………………………………………………192! Beyond!the!premieres……………..………………………………………………………………………..199! ! ! CONCLUSION! ‘Art!as!its!unconscious!chronicle’!….……………………………………………………………………….204! ! ! BIBLIOGRAPHY! Archival!Collections!Consulted!and!Works!Cited……………………………………………….……210! ! ! ii! ! List!of!Illustrations! ! Figure!1:!Manuscript!page!from!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw"with!dedication………………………129! Figure!2:!The!conductor!Kurt!Frederick,!in!a!photo!from!1951………………………………………170! Figure!3:!Program!page!from!the!Albuquerque!premiere!of!A"Survivor"from"Warsaw……...185! ! ! ! iii! ! Acknowledgments! ! I!am!deeply!grateful!to!many!people!who!not!only!helped!me!bring!this!dissertation! to!fruition!but!also!provided!guidance!and!mentorship!over!my!years!of!graduate!study.!At! Columbia!University,!Volker!Berghahn!set!me!on!my!course!with!both!high!standards!and! preternatural!kindness.!His!deep!knowledge!of!modern!German!history!was!a!source!of! inspiration,!and!I’m!profoundly!grateful!for!his!unwavering!support!and!for!his!belief!in!my! future!work.!Michael!Stanislawski!offered!incisive!and!elegant!guidance!to!new!paradigms! in!the!study!of!Jewish!history,!and!helped!sharpen!my!critical!approaches!to!texts,!including! my!own.!At!numerous!points!he!offered!advice!and!support!leavened!with!wit!both!sharp! and!salutatory.!And!Walter!Frisch!was!deeply!generous!with!his!musicological!expertise,!his! collegiality,!and!his!vast!understanding!of!both!German!modernism!and!Arnold!Schoenberg! in!particular.!I!also!appreciated!that!a!conversation!we!began!on!campus!might!be! continued!over!the!din!of!a!concert!intermission!at!Lincoln!Center!or!Carnegie!Hall.!!! Elisheva!Carlebach!and!Marion!Kaplan!both!kindly!agreed!to!serve!on!my!committee! and!provided!detailed!and!insightful!criticism!that!will!undoubtedly!strengthen!this!project! as!it!continues!to!develop.!Christopher!Hailey!was!one!of!the!earliest!formal!respondents!to! this!work,!and!one!of!the!most!steadfast!supporters!of!this!project!from!long!before!it!took! its!present!shape.!And!Joseph!Auner!generously!shared!his!own!deep!knowledge!of! Schoenberg,!offered!detailed!and!essential!comments!on!my!work,!and!suggested!many! fruitful!points!of!entry!into!the!broader!interdisciplinary!field!of!sound!studies.!! Among!the!faculty!with!whom!I!worked!during!my!years!of!graduate!study,!I!also! owe!particular!debts!of!gratitude!to!Samuel!Moyn,!Andreas!Huyssen,!Lydia!Goehr,!Jay! Winter,!and!Istvan!Deak,!for!the!examples!of!their!scholarship!and!the!gift!of!their!teaching.! I!also!felt!extremely!fortunate!to!learn!informally!from!Peter!Gay!after!discovering!we! ! iv! ! shared!interests!in!both!German!modernism!and!the!apple!crumb!cake!of!our!neighborhood! diner.!And!I!might!never!have!embarked!on!this!journey!in!the!first!place!if!not!for!the! profound!generosity,!encouragement!and!friendship!of!André!Aciman.!! A!special!note!of!deep!thanks!is!due!to!James!Loeffler,!who!not!only!read!and!offered! incisive!comments!on!each!chapter!of!this!dissertation!but!also!elevated!the!process!of!its! creation!through!the!generosity!of!his!friendship!and!through!his!kindred!commitment,! over!many!years,!to!an!exploration!of!that!strange!intellectual!landscape!at!the!border!of! history!and!music.!I!am!truly!grateful!to!him.!I!am!also!grateful!to!a!number!of!friends!and! professional!colleagues!for!support!along!the!way,!among!them!Sebastian!Ruth,!Minna!Choi,! Nahanni!Rous,!Noah!Reinhardt,!Karthick!Ramakrishnan,!Sarah!Gershman,!Daniel!Silverberg,! Jeff!Miller,!Justin!Davidson,!Elena!Park,!Nadine!Kreisberger,!Sebastian!Smee,!Anthony! Tommasini,!James!Oestreich,!Alex!Ross,!Anne!Midgette,!Allan!Kozinn,!Jack!Schwartz,!Philip! Kennicott,!Jonathan!Tepperman,!Michael!Kimmage,!Blake!Eskin,!Jonathan!Rosen,!Ra’anan! Boustan,!Moshik!Temkin,!Daniel!Schwartz,!Noam!Pianko,!James!Parker,!Mark!Feeney,!Marty! Baron,!Rebecca!Ostriker,!Steve!Smith,!Lloyd!Schwartz!and!David!Weininger.!! If!this!project!was!begun!while!living!in!New!York,!it!was!completed!while!living!in! Boston,!where!my!spirits!and!my!work!also!benefited!from!many!stimulating!and!helpful! conversations!with!Anne!Shreffler,!Judith!Tick,!Alexander!Rehding,!Carol!Oja,!James! Schmidt,!Michael!P.!Steinberg,!William!Keach,!Jonathan!Decter,!Dorothy!Lamb!Crawford,! and!Simon!Rabinovitch.!I!was!also!grateful!to!both!Professor!Schmidt!and!Professor!Auner! for!inviting!me!to!share!some!early!fruits!of!my!research!at!Boston!University!and!Tufts! University,!respectively.!And!when!return!trips!to!New!York!were!required,!my!uncle!Jeffrey! Steingarten!and!aunt!Caron!Smith!sustained!me!so!generously!with!a!warm!home,!excellent! company,!and!nourishment!nonpareil.!!! ! v! ! This!project!would!not!have!been!possible!without!the!expert!assistance!of!several! archivists.!I’m!especially!grateful!to!Eike!Fess!and!Therese!Muxeneder!of!the!Arnold!
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