Ada Apa Dengan Pussycat Dolls Dan Dewi Persik? (Antara Nilai Kebudayaan Dan Pertunjukkan Media)

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Ada Apa Dengan Pussycat Dolls Dan Dewi Persik? (Antara Nilai Kebudayaan Dan Pertunjukkan Media) ADA APA DENGAN PUSSYCAT DOLLS DAN DEWI PERSIK? (ANTARA NILAI KEBUDAYAAN DAN PERTUNJUKKAN MEDIA) A. DEWI PERSIK VS PUSSYCAT DOLLS Suatu ketika, saya dan beberapa teman menyaksikan suatu program musik di salah satu televisi swasta lokal. Di salah satu video klip yang ditayangkan muncul enam wanita dengan lekuk tubuh berbentuk gitar bak pahatan seorang seniman maestro pahat, perut rata, dada menonjol, dalam balutan pakaian serba hitam yang mempertontonkan sebagian besar kulit mereka, berjalan layaknya di atas catwalk mengikuti irama musik R n B dengan penuh percaya diri. Enam wanita tersebut tergabung dalam sebuah band wanita bernama Pussycat Dolls yang sedang beraksi dalam video klip single mereka berjudul Button. Seraya menikmati aksi mereka yang penuh dengan tarian yang menggoda, sebuah pertanyaan meluncur dari mulut salah satu teman saya, “Mengapa jika Dewi Persik yang beraksi seperti itu (bergoyang dan berpakaian “tidak lengkap”, mempertontonkan sebagian dada dan perut) terkesan seronok ya? seronok dalam artian vulgar dan menjurus ke arah seksualitas. Sedangkan saya melihat video klip itu terkesan biasa saja?” Pertanyaan tersebut mengingatkan saya pada kasus pencekalan Dewi Persik di beberapa kota bukan hanya karena goyang gergajinya tetapi juga pakaiannya yang memamerkan beberapa bagian tubuhnya. Menurut Wali Kota Tangerang, H. Wahidin Halim, sang pencekal, bahwa ia akan melarang atau mencekal para artis penyanyi seperti Dewi Persik di Kota Tangerang dengan pakaian seronok sehingga sebagian tubuhnya kelihatan seperti pusar, dan tubuh bagian atasnya tampak dengan mudah dilihat (http://www.tabloid-wanita-indonesia.com/956/dewipersik100408-956.htm). Aksi sang Wali Kota pun mendapat tanggapan bermacam-macam, yang pro maupun yang kontra. Majelis Ulama Indonesia DKI, Cholil Nafis menilai bahwa pencekalan tersebut merupakan tindakan yang wajar. Seperti penjelasannya pada harian Warta Kota terbitan 27 Maret 2008: “Gerakan-gerakan dan goyang Dewi Persik setiap manggung memang mengarah ke pornografi. Sehingga bukan seni atau hiburan yang muncul, melainkan birahi. Masyarakat yang hendak melindungi moral, agama, dan ibadah, jelas keberatan. Masyarakat kita kan juga menolak hal-hal atau tontonan yang bisa membangkitkan gairah birahi, jadi sah-sah saja kalau Dewi Persik ditolak.” 1 Sekretaris Jenderal Forum Umat Islam (Sekjen FUI) Muhammad Al Khathath juga mendukung argumen MUI DKI tersebut (http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/03/27/08152210). Pencekalan tersebut bahkan mendorong Menteri Negara Pemberdayaan Perempuan, Meutia Hatta dan Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga, Adhiyaksa Dault angkat bicara. Meutia Hatta mengatakan bahwa Dewi Persik tidak perlu terlalu berlebihan dalam bergoyang dan harus bisa menyesuaikan diri dalam setiap aksinya di berbagai daerah karena setiap daerah mempunyai ukuran sopan santun yang berbeda (http://celebrity.okezone.com/index.php/ReadStory/2008/04/18/33/101834/meutia- hatta-goyang-dewi-persik-nggak-harus-heboh). Sedangkan Adhiyaksa Dault menasehati Dewi Persik untuk tidak perlu bergoyang dan buka-bukaan, mengeksploitasi tubuh karena tanpa hal tersebut masih bisa “laku”. Ia mencontohkan Siti Nurhaliza yang mempunyai banyak penggemar tanpa harus buka-bukaan (http://celebrity.okezone.com/index.php/ReadStory/2008/04/14/33/100345/menpora- dewi-persik-bisa-laku-tanpa-goyang-buka-bukaan). Ketika membuka Kompas Forum tentang pencekalan tersebut di (http://forum.kompas.com/showthread.php?t=1763), respon dari masyarakat pun bermacam-macam. Sebagian besar menyatakan setuju dengan aksi pencekalan Dewi Persik karena bertolak belakang dengan norma- norma yang berlaku di masyarakat, seperti norma kesopanan. Sedangkan Dewi Persik sendiri dalam setiap kesempatan wawancara tentang pencekalan dirinya menyatakan bahwa ia akan menuntut kasus tersebut lewat jalur hukum dan tidak akan mengurangi tingkah laku serta goyangannya. Penyanyi dangdut yang lain bertanya mengapa hanya penyanyi dangdut yang disorot padahal banyak juga artis sinetron dan pemain film atau penyanyi (wanita) lain yang bertingkah sensual. Apabila ditelaah lebih lanjut pertanyaan dari teman saya tadi, bukankah apa yang dipertontonkan Pussycat Doll dalam video klip Button serupa dengan aksi goyang Dewi Persik? Namun, mengapa terdapat kesan yang berbeda? Video klip Button yang secara jelas mempertontonkan adegan vulgar dari keenam penyanyi wanita yang bergoyang menggoda, mengapa dapat diterima sebagai tontonan yang biasa saja, tetapi tidak begitu halnya dengan goyangan Dewi Persik? Mengapa Dewi Persik dicekal sedangkan video klip tersebut tidak? Hal tersebut sama seperti mengapa ketika Beyonce Knowls menggelar konser Beyonce Experience pada tanggal 11 Januari 2007 di JITEC Mangga Dua Square, Jakarta dengan goyangan bootylicious 2 yang serupa dengan goyang ngebor Inul tidak dicekal? Padahal aksi panggungnya dipenuhi juga dengan balutan pakaian minim, seperti bra berglitter, belahan dada rendah, dan celana super pendek (http://www.detikhot.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2007/bulan/11/tgl/02/time/0237 07/idnews/847647/idkanal/228). Pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas akan saya coba jawab dalam makalah ini. Karena masalah di atas berhubungan dengan nilai-nilai kebudayaan maka sudut pandang kebudayaan, dalam hal ini konsep budaya Geertz akan digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan di atas. Sedangkan pada kasus video klip Pussycat Dolls dalam lagu Button akan diuraikan menggunakan konsep media spectacle dari Douglas Kellner yang dikombinasikan dengan teori media dari Guy Debord dan sebagian konsep encoding dan decoding dari Stuart Hall. Metode deskriptif kualitatif dipilih sebagai kerangka analisis, dengan memberikan penjelasan berupa uraian naratif dan interpretasi. Penelitian ini berupa penelitian pustaka (library research) maka data primer berupa video klip Button dari Pussycat Dolls dan data sekunder berupa artikel dari majalah, koran, maupun internet akan ditelaah. Kesemuanya akan diteliti di bawah naungan pendekatan antar bidang atau interdisciplinary approach. B. CULTURAL PROGRAMMING Apabila kita berbicara tentang kebudayaan Barat (Amerika) dan kebudayaan Timur pasti bertolak belakang. Setiap bangsa pasti mempunyai kebudayaan sendiri yang berbeda dengan bangsa lain. Menurut para ahli antropologi struktural bahwa kebudayaan itu terdapat dalam pikiran dan perasaan manusia dalam hidup berkelompok (Sjahbuddin dalam M. Bishry, 2008: 43). Budaya juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai keseluruhan tingkah laku, cara hidup, seni, kepercayaan, dan institusi dari suatu masyarakat yang diwariskan secara turun-temurun. Budaya dapat dikatakan sebagai cara hidup dari suatu masyarakat, diantaranya cara bertingkah laku, bahasa, pakaian, agama, ritual, norma tingkah laku, seperti hukum dan moralitas, serta sistem kepercayaan. Budaya dapat didefinisikan juga sebagai suatu set objek kebudayaan. Leslie White, seorang antropolog mengatakan bahwa objek kebudayaan disebut “sui generis” yaitu dari jenis mereka sendiri. Untuk mendefinisikan jenis itu, ia menunjuk pada aspek simbolisasi yang tidak disadari sebelumnya. Sedangkan Clifford Geertz menyatakan bahwa pandangan simbolis akan budaya memandang simbol sebagai 3 tindakan dari pelaku sosial serta suatu konteks yang memberikan tindakan tersebut arti. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa budaya merupakan sistem simbol. Dari simbol- simbol yang terdapat dalam suatu masyarakat, kita dapat mengetahui bagaimana rupa masyarakat tersebut Karena budaya diwariskan secara turun temurun maka sejak kecil masyarakat sudah ditanamkan berbagai macam nilai budaya yang berlaku di dalam masyarakat tersebut. Menurut Gary Althen, “values are ideas about what is right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, normal and abnormal, proper and improper” (Althen in Kusciati, 2006: 41). Nilai dan kepercayaan yang diajarkan tersebut yang pada akhirnya hidup di dalam pikiran dan perasaan kita. Proses penanaman nilai dan kepercayaan yang disengaja tersebut disebut sebagai cultural programming. Bangsa Indonesia yang memegang adat ketimuran, sejak kecil diajarkan untuk memegang teguh norma kesopanan seperti misalnya berpakaian yang sopan, dalam hal ini berpakaian harus tertutup, tidak boleh menonjolkan bagian tertentu yang memang seharusnya ditutupi (bukan untuk konsumsi umum). Hal tersebut yang memicu pencekalan Dewi Persik oleh Wali Kota Tangerang yang menganggap Dewi Persik dengan pakaiannya yang serba terbuka telah melanggar norma kesopanan. Indonesia yang 90 % warganya beragama Islam, tentu saja nilai-nilai agama juga berpengaruh besar dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Sedangkan para pemuka agama (termasuk pimpinan daerah) sebagai pengontrol kebudayaan tentu saja bereaksi ketika terdapat pelanggaran kebudayaan. Dalam hal ini, Dewi Persik dengan pakaian yang tidak sopan dan goyangan gergajinya dinilai telah melanggar nilai-nilai moral, agama, dan ibadah seperti yang dikemukakan oleh MUI DKI dan Sekjen FUI di atas. Bahkan Menpora menasehati Dewi Persik untuk mencontoh Siti Nurhaliza, biduan dari Malaysia yang identik dengan negara Islam. Mengapa ketika kita melihat video klip Button dari Pussycat Dolls yang penyanyinya juga menampilkan goyangan menggoda dan berpakaian tidak lengkap, reaksi kita biasa saja? Cultural programming juga berpengaruh besar dalam hal ini. Sejak kecil kita juga diajarkan melalui kebudayaan untuk mengidentifikasi diri kita sendiri dan kebudayaan bangsa lain. Sejak kecil kita ditanamkan bahwa kebudayaan Barat, dalam hal ini Amerika, sangat berbeda jauh dengan kebudayaan Timur. Dalam hal berpakaian misalnya masyarakat Barat cenderung berpakaian serba terbuka
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