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Gun Violence Against Sexual and Gender Minorities in the United States | 1 Gun Violence Against Sexual and Gender Minorities in the United States | 1 RESEARCH THAT MATTERS GUN VIOLENCE AGAINST SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES IN THE UNITED STATES: A Review of Research Findings and Needs April 2019 Adam P. Romero Ari M. Shaw Kerith J. Conron Gun Violence Against Sexual and Gender Minorities in the United States | 1 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................3 PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................................15 A. GUN VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES ........................................................................................................................................... 15 B. GUN VIOLENCE AGAINST SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES: THE PRESENT REPORT .............................................................. 18 C. ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 D. FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 E. METHOD ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 SUICIDE DEATH, ATTEMPT, AND IDEATION .......................................................................................................................23 A. SUICIDE DEATH .................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 i. Suicide death in the general population ....................................................................................................................................... 23 ii. Suicide in the LGBT population ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 iii. Gun use in suicide .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25 B. SUICIDE ATTEMPT AND IDEATION .................................................................................................................................................... 27 i. Suicide attempt and ideation in the general population ............................................................................................................. 27 ii. Suicide attempt and ideation in the LGBT population ................................................................................................................ 28 iii. Gun use in suicide attempt and ideation .................................................................................................................................... 31 C. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE FIREARM SUICIDE DEATH, ATTEMPT, AND IDEATION IN THE LGBT POPULATION ................... 31 D. RESEARCH AND DATA NEEDS REGARDING FIREARM SUICIDALITY IN THE LGBT POPULATION ............................................... 34 INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................................................36 A. INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION .................................................................................................... 36 B. INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN THE LGBT POPULATION ........................................................................................................... 37 C. GUN USE IN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE .................................................................................................................................... 40 D. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE FIREARM INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AGAINST LGBT PEOPLE ............................................. 42 E. RESEARCH AND DATA NEEDS REGARDING FIREARM INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AGAINST LGBT PEOPLE ....................... 43 COMMUNITY VIOLENCE .......................................................................................................................................................45 A. HATE CRIMES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 i. Hate crimes in the United States and California .......................................................................................................................... 45 ii. Anti-LGBT hate crimes in the United States and California ........................................................................................................ 46 B. SCHOOL VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 48 i. School violence in the United States .............................................................................................................................................. 48 ii. Anti-LGBT school violence .............................................................................................................................................................. 48 iii. Gun use in school violence ............................................................................................................................................................ 49 C. NON-BIAS CRIMES AND STREET VIOLENCE AGAINST LGBT PEOPLE ............................................................................................. 50 D. SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST LGBT PEOPLE ..................................................................................................................................... 51 E. MASS SHOOTINGS AND SERIAL KILLINGS OF LGBT PEOPLE .......................................................................................................... 52 F. LAW ENFORCEMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................ 52 G. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE FIREARM COMMUNITY VIOLENCE AGAINST LGBT PEOPLE ......................................................... 54 H. RESEARCH AND DATA NEEDS REGARDING FIREARM COMMUNITY VIOLENCE AGAINST LGBT PEOPLE .................................. 56 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................................................58 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................................................59 Gun Violence Against Sexual and Gender Minorities in the United States | 2 About the Authors Adam P. Romero, J.D., is Arnold D. Kassoy Scholar of Law and Director of Legal Scholarship and Federal Policy at the Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, where he is also a Lecturer-in-Law. Ari M. Shaw, Ph.D., is a political scientist focusing on international human rights and LGBT politics. Kerith J. Conron, Sc.D., M.P.H., is Blachford-Cooper Distinguished Scholar and Research Director at the Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. About the Williams Institute The Williams Institute is dedicated to conducting rigorous, independent research on sexual orientation and gender identity law and public policy. A think tank at UCLA School of Law, the Williams Institute produces high-quality research with real-world relevance and disseminates it to judges, legislators, policymakers, media, and the public. These studies can be accessed at the Williams Institute website. Statement of Independence The Williams Institute is committed to the highest standard of independent inquiry, academic excellence, and rigor. Research findings and conclusions are never altered to accommodate other interests, including those of funders, other organizations, or government bodies and officials. Suggested Citations Romero, A. P., Shaw, A. M., & Conron, K. J. (2019). Gun Violence Involving Sexual and Gender Minorities in the United States: A Review of Research Findings and Needs. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute. ADAM P. ROMERO, ARI M. SHAW, KERITH J. CONRON, THE WILLIAMS INST., GUN VIOLENCE INVOLVING SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES IN THE UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH FINDINGS AND NEEDS (2019). Acknowledgements The authors thank Akiesha Anderson for her substantial work on an early draft of this report, Adam Frankel who provided research assistance, and John Blosnich, Tisha Boyd, David Divita, Ann Haas, Sawyeh Maghsoodloo, Brian Malte, Ilan H. Meyer, Jocelyn Samuels, Alex Sheldon, and Bianca Wilson for their generous
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