(F2) A Table of 76 Examples of Source Fabrication, Plagiarism, and Text-Citation Disconnects in Charles K. Armstrong’s Tyranny of the Weak (2013) Introduction
The table below is a 76-item list of serious text-citation disconnects found in Charles K. Armstrong’s Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950-1992 (Cornell University Press, 2013). The majority of these disconnects are apparent cases of intentional deception. The table is focused on those cases that could be verified most accurately on the basis of the currently accessible archival sources. Efforts are in progress to check additional details.
Note that the table does not itemize mere errors of limited significance, such as wrong dates, names, and diplomatic titles (though a few such cases are mentioned in connection with bigger issues). Instead it consists of cases in which assertions made by the author in the text proper are not supported by the sources cited in the attendant footnotes. These sources range from Soviet, Chinese and German diplomatic archives to North Korean journalism to English-language secondary literature.
The majority of these disconnects can be broken down into the following two main types: a) The use in the text proper of data apparently obtained from an uncited and plagiarized source, with a fabricated source cited in the attendant footnote. (PF - 43 cases) b) The use in the text proper of data apparently obtained from an uncited and plagiarized source, with an irrelevant unrelated source cited in the attendant footnote. (PU - 21 cases)
In some additional cases, plagiarism occurred without source fabrication(P) , unrelated sources were cited without plagiarism (U) , the actual content of an otherwise valid and relevant source was seriously distorted by the author(D) , or plagiarism occurred with source distortion (PD) . Indeed, there are cases inTyranny of eyewitness accounts having been altered in a way that the author modified the actual course of events, and arbitrarily changed known facts. In one such case, for example, the words of a Hungarian diplomat are placed in the mouth of his Soviet counterpart. In another one, the greater seriousness of which will be apparent to all scholars of diplomatic history, the North Korean security organs are said to have arrested a dissident inside the Bulgarian embassy, when in fact he was arrested outside. In a third case, the author cites a report supposedly written by the "GDR Embassy in the DPRK" on 22 December 1953, though the GDR did not open an embassy in North Korea until the summer of 1954.
The overwhelming majority of the uncorroborated textual assertions found thus far are fully or nearly identical with information published in my book, Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-Korean Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953-1964 (Stanford University Press, 2005). For instance, the content and date of the alleged East German report fully matches that of a report written by the Hungarian Legation in Pyongyang on 22 December 1953. The author ofTyranny of the Weak seems to have had access to this work as early as 2005, when it was still in manuscript form. A number of identical cases of source fabrication and plagiarism can be found in Charles Armstrong’s published work over the past 11 years.
Nevertheless, I do not think that this problem is merely a plagiarism dispute between two authors, that is, between two individuals. After all, Tyranny of the Weak includes several uncorroborated textual assertions that are not linked to my publications in any way. Some of these cases involved the work of Sergey Radchenko, Alexandre Mansourov, Kathryn Weathersby, and Ruediger Frank, while others distorted the content of originally valid sources. Thus I am of the opinion that a far greater damage has been done to the academic community in general, and to Korean studies, Soviet studies, and Cold War studies in particular. When readers used and citedTyranny of the Weak, they may have unknowingly and unintentionally reproduced many of the untruthful statements to be found in the book, unaware as they were of the unreliability of the cited sources. The scope of the problem may be gauged from the fact that this monograph has been a required reading at various U.S. and South Korean universities, including Columbia University. Readers who bought the book and who trusted the author’s source citations were thus greatly misled. They deserve to be accurately informed which source citations can be relied upon, and which ones cannot be traced to verified sources.
In sum, these grave violations of academic ethics necessitate an official investigation.
Balazs Szalontai Korea University, Sejong Campus, Department of North Korean Studies
1 TYPES of APPARENT DECEPTION
PF Plagiarism covered with Fabricated source (43 cases)
PU Plagiarism covered with source with Unrelated content (21 cases)
P Plagiarism not combined with other transgressions (1 case)
U Source with Unrelated content, no plagiarism (3 cases)
D Distortion: source content considerably different from claimed content (4 cases)
PD Plagiarism combined with distortion (4 cases)
ARCHIVES
AVPRF: Foreign Policy Archives of the Russian Federation. Fond, Opis, Papka, and Delo are descending levels of folder organization.
CFMA: Archives of China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Declassified Diplomatic Files
CMSEP: Collection of original Soviet documents published in South Korea and stored in electronic form in the National Library in Seoul [T’ongil munhwa yŏnkuso, Pyŏngyang soryŏn taesakwan pimil sŏch’ol [Classified Materials of the Soviet Embassy in Pyongyang]. Seoul: K’oria k’ont’ench’u raep, 2002. Documents are referenced with a reference number in “KM xxxxxx” format.
KTS and KA: Hungarian National Archives
MfAA: Ministerium für Ausländische Angelegenheiten, or the East German foreign ministry, located in the Political Archive in Berlin
NKIDP: North Korean International Documentation Project is an online archive established by the Woodrow Wilson Center and accessible at https://www. wilsoncenter.org/program/north-korea-international-documentation-project
RGANI: Russian State Archive of Contemporary History
MfAA : Ministerium für Ausländische Angelegenheiten, or the East German foreign ministry, located in the Political Archive in Berlin
Page/Footnote Year of Source and type Source Link to Details Excerpt from Tyranny Issue raised in Tyranny event (month/day/year) language (VIEW ONLY) "In May 1950, according to Soviet The cited file makes no reference to any https://drive. reports, Mao told the DPRK Chinese promise of assistance to North Korea google. ambassador to Beijing, Yi Chu-yong, against the U.S. com/file/d/0B2O that Korean unification was now jwug7juTIUnlMZj possible only by military means, and The words “sufficient assistance” in fact appear dPVjQxcHM/vie there was no reason to be frightened of in a very different context: Kim Il Sung “stated w?usp=sharing the United States. The Americans, that he doesn't have more requests for Mao Mao asserted, 'would not unleash a about assistance, since all his requests were Third World War because of such a Archival satisfied in Moscow and the necessary and tiny piece of territory.' But if a conflict sufficient assistance was given him there.” 1 with the United States did come, China Page 21 Center for Korean would be ready and would give 1950 Research Russian Tyranny's direct quotation of Mao’s words PD 'sufficient assistance' to North Korea to Footnote 44 Shtykov to Vishinsky shows perceptible textual similarities both with defeat the imperialists." Alexandre Mansourov’s dissertation 05/12/1950 (“Communist War Coalition Formation and the Origins of the Korean War”) and with Kathryn Weathersby’s translation of the cited document, neither of which is acknowledged.
The information about a Chinese promise to assist North Korea can be found in Mansourov (320).
“Kim Il Sung led a delegation to The content of the cited source bears no https://drive. Moscow in September 1953, primarily Archival relation to the text. google. to settle the terms of Soviet com/file/d/0B2O assistance. The Soviet government AVPRF (Note that Armstrong cited this document in the jwug7juTIa2pOb 2 agreed to cancel or postpone Page 56 Fond 0102 same context in a May 2005 article.) VE0Ni1TRzg/vie repayment for all of North Korea’s 1953 Opis 9 Russian w?usp=sharing PU outstanding debts and reiterated its Footnote 19 Papka 44 These two sentences in Tyranny contain promise to give the DPRK 1 billion Delo 7 content which Szalontai, citing a Hungarian rubles in outright aid, both monetary diplomatic report and Suh Dae-Sook'sKim Il and in the form of industrial equipment 9/29/1953 Sung, offers in his book (45-46). and consumer goods.” "The Democratic Youth League (DYL), Archival The cited source does not exist. https://drive. which had played a central role in google. political organization before the war, AVPRF Citing a Hungarian document, the date of which com/file/d/0B2O 3 mobilized children and young people to Page 59 Fond 0102 is identical with that of the non-existent jwug7juTIZ1BQT rebuild schools and cultural facilities." 1953 Opis 9 Russian Russian document, Szalontai offers the relevant mxzRUZ0blk/vie PF Footnote 30 Papka 44 information in his book (45). w?usp=sharing Delo 9
9/29/1953
2 “North Korean officials told the East The content of the cited source, which deals https://drive. European advisers in Pyongyang that with Hungarian agriculture, bears no relation to google. they wanted to establish new industrial Archival the text. com/file/d/0B2O centers in mountainous areas of the jwug7juTIZmVK Page 63 4 interior, where they would be close to MfAA The information inTyranny matches information UTJQUUgxSUE 1957 German the mines and also less vulnerable to A 6979 in Szalontai’s book (50). /view? PU Footnote 47 attacks from enemy naval forces, usp=sharing which had caused so much damage 10/29/1957 during the Korean War.”
“The chairman of the Pyongyang City Archival The cited source mentions the reconstruction of https://drive. Rehabilitation Committee (PCRC), Pyongyang only in passing. It does not mention google. established to oversee this urban “Interview with Soviet technicians or Suzdalev. com/file/d/0B2O reconstruction project, was none other Pyongyang City jwug7juTIMk1N than Premier Kim Il Sung himself, a Committee The actual source of this information is yet to TkVReGlQU28/ native of the city. But reconstruction Vice-Chairman be ascertained. view? was carried out with the assistance, Comrade Kim usp=sharing Page 68 5 advice, and close supervision of Soviet Song-yong.” 1955 Russian technicians and Soviet ambassador U Footnote 63 Suzdalev.” AVPRF, Fond 0102 Opis 11 Papka 60 Delo 8
02/25/1955
"Later, when the DPRK saw itself as a The CWIHP conference in question was held onhttps://drive. model for Third World development, it 28 May 2002, not 8 March 2003. Presenters google. tried to assist several African countries were Bernd Schaefer and Balazs Szalontai; com/file/d/0B2O in much the same way that East discussants were Charles Armstrong, Nicholas jwug7juTIaFdJL Germany and the Soviet Union had Eberstadt, and Kathryn Weathersby. VNnWXpkVjQ/vi helped postwar North Korea — DPRK ew? engineers, for example, rebuilt a large Statement by Fred Fred Carriere was not present, and no usp=sharing part of the Ethiopian capital of Addis Carriere (Korea statement akin to the cited one was made. Ababa during that country’s Marxist Society) at the Cold 6 phase in the late 1970s. It was in this Page 76 War International Another relevant CWIHP conference, titled broader sense of 'generalized 2003 History Project English “North Korea’s Crisis Behavior, Past and PU reciprocity,' not tit-for-tat exchange, Footnote 102 Conference “Inside Present,” was held on 1 May 2003. At this that the North Koreans seemed to North Korea,” conference, Charles Armstrong, Fred Carriere, understand their obligations to their Washington, DC, and Balazs Szalontai discussed the role of European socialist benefactors, March 8, 2003 North Korea as aid recipient and aid donor. whereas the latter saw merely selfishness and ingratitude." The statement about North Korean aid to African countries was made by Balazs Szalontai, not Fred Carriere, as the published record of the conference makes clear.
"Püschel modeled Kim Il Sung Street, Püschel’s letter contains no statements of this https://drive. the main thoroughfare of Hamhung, on sort. google. East Berlin’s Stalinallee, and planned com/file/d/0B2O Archival Hamhung’s central square along the They appear to be mistranslations of jwug7juTIbjV5V
lines of Alexanderplatz. A student of statements that Alfred Förster wrote in a letter k9JX211Zlk/view Bauhaus Archives, Wassily Kandinsky’s at Bauhaus, to a third party a week later. ?usp=sharing Dessau Püschel argued that 'social order Page 77 7 22/58/15 stands on the shape of a socialist city,' 1958 German Both letters are excerpted in Ruediger Frank's
PD and planners should pay careful Footnote 107 book, Die DDR und Nordkorea 1996),( on the Letter from Konrad attention to traditional Korean city form very same page (71), at the bottom of which Püschel and spatial relationships. Rather than only the footnoted citation for Püschel’s letter
modernity effacing tradition, 'tradition appears. The footnote for Förster's letter is on 06/30/1958 finds a new context in our society.'" the overleaf page (72), and thus easily overlooked.
“The purges spread through the The cited source does not exist. An AVPRF https://drive. Archival government ministries and social document containing a conversation about google.
organizations during the first months of these specific subjects is dated 28 December com/file/d/0B2O AVPRF 1953, as various alleged “hostile 1953 jwug7juTISldMO Page 80 0102 8 elements” and “factionalists” were WpqbGxlTnM/vi 1954 Opis 10 Russian exposed. Altogether some four hundred Szalontai, citing a Hungarian report with the ew? PF Footnote 119 Papka 62 KWP members were expelled from the exact same date (15 April 1954), talks of the usp=sharing Delo 7 party.” expulsion of 400 party members in his book
(39-40). 04/15/1954
“Han began his attack at the First The content of the cited source (a study of https://drive. Congress of Writers and Artists, held North Korean education) does not mention the google. on September 26-27, 1953. By this congress. com/file/d/0B2O time Im Hwa had already been arrested Secondary jwug7juTIa3k1N and executed, and Han accused Yi T’ Armstrong’s content matches that of Szalontai’ Ug1ZmFZdEE/vi ae-jun, another KAPF veteran, of Yang & Chee s book (40-41), which is not cited here. ew? 9 having been a follower of Im…. Han Page 81 “North Korean Szalontai cites Hungarian material and Myers’ usp=sharing also attacked Kim Sung-nam, the 1953 Education [sic] English Han Sorya and North Korean Literature. PU composer, accusing him of abandoning Footnote 125 System” Korean musical traditions… Visual [Should be: In the same paragraph, in regard to a different artists were similarly accused of Educational] point, Szalontai also cites Yang & Chee, "North neglecting Korean traditions and 1963 Korean Educational System," with the same lacking patriotism.” page numbers cited in Tyranny.
3 “At the Sixth Plenum of the KWP The Sixth Plenum actually took place in August https://drive. Central Committee in April 1954, Kim Il 1953. The cited document therefore cannot and google. Archival Sung criticized the unauthorized does not exist. Nor, it seems, is a typo to com/file/d/0B2O
seizure of property of those whose blame, as there is no relevant document in that jwug7juTIQWV AVPRF relatives had fled to the South.” Soviet collection dated 19 April 1954 either. PVmdMYnNZMj Page 82 Fond 0102 10 g/view? 1953 Opis 11 Russian Citing Hungarian documents, the first of which usp=sharing PF Footnote 126 Papka 60 has the same date as the Soviet one cited in Delo 5 Tyranny, Szalontai offers the relevant
information about the Sixth Plenum in his book 04/19/1953 (42).
"The Soviet-bloc diplomats found North According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. Korea to be much less fraternal than document with that date can be found in the the google. the East Europeans were among Archival folder given. com/file/d/0B2O
11 themselves. The East German Page 83 jwug7juTIZDlYd embassy noted that even the Soviet 1954 MfAA A 5566 German Citing a Hungarian document, whose date is Gg2TjZ1SXc/vie PF representatives had more difficulty Footnote 127 identical with that of the apparently non-existent w?usp=sharing carrying out their work in Pyongyang 11/15/1954 East German document, Szalontai offers the than in other People's Democracies." relevant information in his book (54-55).
“The DPRK frequently rotated the The cited source does not exist, and its date is https://drive. Archival Korean employees of the East incompatible with its content, because the google.
European embassies, a problem Soviet conversation in question took place the com/file/d/0B2O AVPRF ambassador Suzdalev told his following October. jwug7juTIS1Jva Page 83 Fond 0102 12 Hungarian counterpart there was little GNtZmpLMDA/v 1954 Opis 10 Russian the East Europeans could do to Szalontai, citing two Hungarian diplomatic iew? PF Footnote 129 Papka 44 address.” reports, one of which is dated 29 September usp=sharing Delo 9 1954, describes the conversation in his book
(55). 09/29/1954
"Unlike the Soviet-aligned People's The cited source does not exist. East Germany https://drive. Democracies, the North Koreans did had no embassy in Pyongyang until summer google. Archival not discuss internal party purges with 1954. com/file/d/0B2O
other fraternal parties, except in the jwug7juTIS2JW "GDR Embassy in most minimal and oblique ways. East Page 83 Citing a Hungarian document, the date of which VDM3ZDVYNF 13 DPRK, Report" Europeans found themselves more 1953 German is identical with that of the non-existent East U/view?
PF isolated in Pyongyang than in hostile Footnote 130 German document, Szalontai offers the relevant usp=sharing MfAA A 5566 capitals of the West; the only similarly information in his book (55-57).
suspicious and closed fraternal country 12/12/1953 was Albania."
"'Collective Leadership,' the slogan of According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. the post-Stalin era, was not in the least document with that date can be found in the the google. appealing to Kim, although he did pay Archival folder given. com/file/d/0B2O some lip service to the idea in the late jwug7juTINjIwN0 1950s, as we will see. While the "GDR Foreign Citing a Hungarian document, the NrVGVnRzg/vie 14 leaders of Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Page 83 Ministry, uncharacteristically vague date of which, w?usp=sharing 1954 German PF and even Albania and Mongolia Memorandum" January 1954, is identical with that of the relinquished some of their multiple Footnote 131 apparently non-existent East German leadership posts, Kim did not follow MfAA A 5576 document, Szalontai offers the relevant suit, retaining the posts of premier and information in his book (58). Central Committee chairman as his January 1954 cult of personality continued to grow."
“A few of the other party leaders The source makes no reference to any such https://drive. questioned the autarkist and heavy- questionings, disputes or debates at the google. industry-oriented policies promoted by August 1953 CC plenum. com/file/d/0B2O Kim, and this debate emerged as early jwug7juTIdkRwT as the Central Committee plenum of The information can, however, be found in DdMaUFCMVU/ Page 84 August 1953.” Szalontai’s book (60). Before referring to the view?
plenum Szalontai cites Okonogi 181-183 for usp=sharing Footnote 132 Secondary corroboration of a different point.
15 Okonogi Note the similarity to the Scalapino and Lee 1953 “North Korean English PU disconnect below. Communism” 1994 “By September 1953, there were a Okonogi mentions cooperatives but gives no https://drive. thousand cooperatives in the DPRK.” number for them. google. com/file/d/0B2O Page 84 In his book Szalontai, citing a Hungarian jwug7juTISGkx
archival source, estimates the number of Y2Z6RGMzeH Footnote 133 cooperatives at between eight-hundred and a M/view? thousand (62-63). usp=sharing
"Local food shortages began to appear According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. Archival early in 1955; within a few months, document with that date can be found in the google.
much of the country was in the midst folder given. com/file/d/0B2O "GDR Embassy in of a food crisis, and the traditional Page 84 jwug7juTIVkM1 16 DPRK, Report" 'barley hill' ( pori kogae ) of spring 1955 German Citing Hungarian documents, one of which has ZlFHSnBNYU0/
PF famine loomed." Footnote 134 a date identical with that of the apparently non- view? MfAA A 5631 existent East German document, Szalontai usp=sharing
offers the relevant information in his book (63). 05/27/1955
4 "In April 1955, Soviet ambassador A. The three sources cited in Tyranny are likely to https://drive. M. Petrov remarked to a group of East be the same Soviet document. Details similar google. European diplomats that the KWP’s to these excerpts can be found in Petrov's com/file/d/0B2O report of 3 million metric tons of grain journal entry of 5 April 1955, but there he jwug7juTIV19O harvested in 1954 was certainly false. makes clear that he was the recipient, not YnRfZzVTT3M/v At best, Petrov said, the crop had been Archival transmitter, of this information, which was iew? 2.3 million metric tons, and even that provided in conversation with a North Korean usp=sharing might be an exaggeration. As a result AVPRF informant. of these exaggerated production Page 84-85 Fond 0102 figures, the state often took 50 percent Opis 11 A Soviet report of 13 April 1955 on a of local harvests as tax, rather than the Footnote 137 Papka 65 conversation with the same informant (which 25 percent required by law, depleting Delo 45 took place on 31 March 1955) contains an even peasants of what little reserve they more accurate version of the excerpted details. might have had. Similarly, compulsory 04/13/1955 None of these sources mentions Petrov's grain deliveries were based on higher conversation with Hungarian or other East production figures than were in fact the European diplomats. case, and the state had to take grains at times by force." Szalontai's book sources a report from the Hungarian Embassy, dated 13 April 1955, on a “In a discussion with Hungarian conversation between a Hungarian diplomat and 17 diplomats in April, Soviet ambassador Petrov on 12 April. (64, 72, 108).This report 1955 Russian PF Petrov railed against Kim Il Sung’s one- Archival contains all details provided inTyranny . man rule and cult of personality, which prevented mistakes from being openly AVPRF NOTE: Twice misidentified inTyranny as the admitted and addressed. Production Page 86 Fond 0102 Soviet ambassador, A.M. Petrov was in fact a targets were inflated to the point of Opis 11 counselor at the Soviet Embassy. absurdity, Petrov said; the grain crop Footnote 147 Papka 60 target for 1955, for example, was Delo 5 originally 4 million metric tons, double the output in 1954 and completely 04/13/1955 impossible to attain.”
"Soviet counselor Petrov noted in April Archival 1955 that there was 'strong dissent' among the peasantry, which could be AVPRF exploited by 'hostile elements' opposed Fond 0102 Page 101 to the current regime." Opis 11
Papka 60 Footnote 30 Delo 7
04/13/1955
"Government attempts to address the The cited source bears no relation to the text. https://drive. problem only made it worse. For google. example, a decree of October 1954 Citing a Hungarian document, the date of which com/file/d/0B2O prohibiting private trade in grain, Archival is identical with that of the non-existent jwug7juTINm1o combined with the state’s decision to Russian document, Szalontai offers the relevant N0xLRXZhalU/vi withhold rice from government shops in AVPRF information in his book (64-65). ew? 18 order to maintain ration levels, led Page 85 Fond 0102 usp=sharing inevitably to a shortage of rice in state 1955 Opis 11 Russian PU shops and skyrocketing inflation. A Footnote 139 Papka 60 kilogram of rice that had cost forty won Delo 8 in state-owned stores soon became four hundred won on the black market, 02/24/1955 equivalent to roughly one-third of the average worker’s monthly income."
"By the end of 1954, one-fifth of The cited source does not exist. https://drive. peasant households were in collective google. Archival farms; two years later, the proportion The same AVPRF folder contains three other, com/file/d/0B2O
had risen to 40 percent." differently dated reports, which contain similar jwug7juTITlNqT1 AVPRF information although with different statistics, but EtdF9nNUE/vie Page 85 Fond 0102 19 Tyranny does not cite them. w?usp=sharing 1955 Opis 11 Russian
PF Footnote 140 Papka 65 Citing Hungarian sources, including one with Delo 45 the same date as Tyranny's non-existent Soviet
source, Szalontai imparts the relevant 02/26/1955 information about collective farms in his book (65). "In a conversation at the Soviet The Soviet source cited here contains no entry https://drive. embassy in Pyongyang in July 1955, for 17 August 1955 for Soviet Ambassador google. Soviet ambassador Ivanov informed his Archival Ivanov. Nor do other related Soviet documents com/file/d/0B2O East European colleagues that the contain these details. The remark about NK jwug7juTIckJ2e Soviets were well aware of North Korea’ AVPRF sensitivities was actually made by the Xk1dzBLRTg/vie 20 s extreme sensitivity to any perceived Page 87 Fond 0102 Hungarian ambassador in his report on the w?usp=sharing PF/ interference in their internal affairs, and 1955 Opis 11 Russian conversation. PD that therefore Soviet and other foreign Footnote 150 Papka 60 advisors had to be wary of pushing too Delo 5 Citing a Hungarian source with the exact same hard or appearing to scold or lecture date as Tyranny's non-existent Soviet source, the Koreans for their 'errors.'” 08/17/1955 Szalontai provides the relevant information in his book (74-75).
5 “In September 1955, the Soviet Union In the cited Soviet source, Ambassador Ivanov https://drive. gave North Korea full control of Sokav, does not refer to the airline. google. Archival the Soviet-Korean airline.” com/file/d/0B2O
(In an earlier report, dated 30 August 1955, the jwug7juTIeElDV AVPRF Page 88 ambassador consistently writes its name as 1NwQ1BlcWc/vi Fond 0102 21 SOKAO.) ew? 1955 Opis 11 Russian Footnote 152 usp=sharing PU Papka 60 and 153 Citing a Hungarian source with the same date Delo 5 as the irrelevant Soviet one cited inTyranny ,
Szalontai spells the airline's name as Sokav 10/19/1955 and describes the agreement in question (76).
"The KWP Congress did not discuss The cited source bears no relation to the https://drive. the problem of the cult of personality, content. google. nor did it pay much attention to shifting com/file/d/0B2O economic priorities from heavy industry Szalontai, citing a Hungarian diplomatic reports jwug7juTIVlZqT to raising the standard of living for whose date is identical with that of the cited HVRbUppWUk/ Archival ordinary citizens, two major issues of source, provides the relevant information in his view?
the Twentieth CPSU Congress. Soviet book (87-88). usp=sharing AVPRF ambassador Ivanov, in his discussions Pages 95-96 Fond 0102 22 with other Soviet-bloc diplomats, 1956 Opis 12 Russian PU complained of North Korea’s reluctance Footnote 6 Papka 68 to take up this latter issue and its Delo 6 insistence on a misguided heavy-
industry-first approach to economic 06/04/1956 development, as well as the lack of attention paid by the DPRK leadership to economic cooperation between North Korea and the other fraternal countries." “A small number of North Korean Archival The cited archival location is incompatible with https://drive. students in Hungary defected to the the system of folders. The document dated 14 google. West at the time of the uprising, and AVPRF May 1959 bears no relation to the text. com/file/d/0B2O 23 most of those remaining were brought Page 100 Fond 0102 jwug7juTIREZZ back to North Korea. The KWP Central 1959 Opis 15 Russian Citing Hungarian reports, one of which has the NWRzTzl6V2M/ PU Committee resolved in December to Footnote 27 Papka 8 same date as Tyranny's cited source, Szalontai view? step up mandatory physical labor for Delo 7 provides the relevant information (101-103). usp=sharing students and intellectuals.” 05/14/1959 "Fears of a spillover effect from the The date of the cited document is incompatible https://drive. Hungarian uprising were not unfounded; Archival with the specified archival location (which google. even before the event, North Korean contains files dated 1959). There is no AVPRF com/file/d/0B2O students in Hungary had attempted to AVPRF document dated 2 July 1957 or 2 July 1959 that jwug7juTIdnI1Vk 24 defect to the West, and months after Page 100 Fond 0102 contains the information provided inTyranny . ZSSzVnZlk/view their recall to North Korea, a great 1957 Opis 15 Russian ?usp=sharing PF many of the students who had been in Footnote 29 Papka 8 Citing Hungarian reports, one of which has the Hungary were considered sympathetic Delo 7 same date as the non-existent AVPRF to the 'counterrevolution.'” document, Szalontai provides the relevant 07/02/1957 information in Kim Il Sung (106).
"There were other, unofficial channels The cited source is Soviet Ambassador Ivanov'shttps://drive. of communication; students, for Pyongyang journal, which, however, contains google. Archival example, knew of the intervention of no entry for 5 October 1956. com/file/d/0B2O
Peng and Mikoyan, and of course word jwug7juTIX3hVS AVPRF spread among intellectual circles of the (In an entry for 3 October, Ivanov records the C11Q21IUFU/vi
Hungarian unrest." relevant conversation with his Hungarian ew? Fond 0102 Page 101 counterpart Prath, but without offering this usp=sharing 25 1956 Russian information.) Opis 12 PF Footnote 35 Papka 68 Citing a Hungarian report with the same date as
the non-existent Soviet journal entry, namely 5 Delo 6 October 1956, Szalontai provides in an endnote
the relevant information from the conversation 10/05/1956 between the two ambassadors (293).
“In September 1959, Kim Il Sung The cited AVPRF folder covers from Dec 1957 https://drive. declared that the Five-Year Plan should to mid-September 1958 and thus cannot google. be fulfilled in less than three and a half contain the cited document dated 7 October com/file/d/0B2O years, and factories were asked to 1958. jwug7juTIMng3 double their output over the 1958 level.” NUtoUXh5TzQ/v Archival The next folder contains a document with that iew?
same date, but this does not contain the usp=sharing AVPRF information discussed. Page 103 Fond 0102 26 1958 Opis 14 Russian Although "1958" may well be a typo for "1959," PF Footnote 43 Papka 75 the Soviet document for 7 October 1959 does Delo 6 not contain the information dicussed either.
10/07/1958 Szalontai discusses this very information in his book (121-122), on the basis of Hungarian documents, one of which is dated 7 October 1959.
6 "Ch’ollima, like the Great Leap The cited source is Soviet Ambassador https://drive. Forward, also promoted the Archival Puzanov's Pyongyang journal, which does not google. decentralization of industry and local contain an entry for 15 September 1959 com/file/d/0B2O self-sufficiency. More than 40 percent AVPRF because he was in Moscow at the time. jwug7juTISzNR 27 of North Korea’s consumer goods were Page 104 Fond 0102 dFRCOTBDRE reportedly produced locally by the fall 1959 Opis 15 Russian Szalontai provides the relevant information on U/view? PF of 1959, and every province had its own Footnote 45 Papka 81 Ch'ollima in his book, citing a Hungarian usp=sharing steel and cement works." Delo 7 embassy report that bears the same date as the non-existent Soviet one cited inTyranny : 15 09/15/1959 September 1959 (122).
“Even power generation was pushed to The cited source, Soviet ambassador Puzanov'shttps://drive. Archival the local level, with farmers’ Pyongyang journal, has no entry for 10 google.
cooperatives using corn to fuel power November 1959, because he was in Moscow at com/file/d/0B2O AVPRF plants. This took some of the burden the time. jwug7juTIVVVO Page 104 1958 Fond 0102 28 off of the large hydroelectric SEhRX3JwNmc Opis 15 Russian generators, whose power could be Szalontai, drawing on a Hungarian source that /view? PF Footnote 46 1959 Papka 81 used instead for the state-run heavy bears the same date as the non-existent Soviet usp=sharing Delo 7 industries.” one cited in Tyranny, provides this information
in his book (122). 11/10/1959
“Government policy attempted to The cited source, the Soviet ambassador’s https://drive. improve living conditions to a certain Archival Pyongyang journal, has no entry for 24 google. extent: in August the prices of dozens February 1959. Nor do entries near the missing com/file/d/0B2O of consumer goods were cut by an AVPRF date provide this this information. jwug7juTIQnYyc 29 average of 20% (although not basic Page 104 Fond 0102 nZjN1NXVjQ/vie foodstuffs, such as rice and flour), and 1959 Opis 15 Russian Citing Hungarian sources, one of which bears w?usp=sharing PF the government announced on January Footnote 48 Papka 81 the exact same date as Tyranny's non-existent 1, 1959, that wages would be raised by Delo 7 Soviet ambassadorial entry, Szalontai 40 percent overall.” discusses the relevant information in his book 02/24/1959 (123).
"But the consumer economy was Archival The cited source, Soviet Ambassador https://drive. based on a rationing system that was Puzanov's Pyongyang journal, has no entry in google. highly regulated and relatively Spartan. AVPRF October 1959 that contains this information. com/file/d/0B2O In 1959, ordinary workers received 700 Fond 0102 jwug7juTIS0ds Page 104 30 grams of grain (rice and wheat) per Opis 15 Szalontai's book, citing a Hungarian source that MGhiN2pPOTA/ 1959 Russian day, skilled workers 800 grams, and Papka 81 similarly specifies only the month (October view? PF Footnote 49 miners 1,000 grams. Children received Delo 7 1959) but not the day, provides the exact same usp=sharing 350–400 grams." information (123). October 1959
"Rapid industrialization drew many Archival The cited folder does include a file that contains https://drive. young peasants from the country to the the information described above, but the date of google. city, which both aggravated the AVPRF this file is 10 December, not 15 December com/file/d/0B2O agricultural labor shortage and put Fond 0102 1959. The entry for 10 December bears no jwug7juTIcFgta1 Pages 104-105 31 strains on urban services." Opis 15 relation to the text. N2YjVuSXc/vie 1959 Russian Papka 81 w?usp=sharing PU Footnote 52 Delo 7 Szalontai's book, citing a Hungarian source dated 15 December 1959, provides the exact 12/15/1959 same information (148).
"East German advisors noted that According to the Political Archive (Berlin) no https://drive. 'volunteer' labor had become more document with this date can be found in the google. demanding and less productive. On top Archival folder given. com/file/d/0B2O
32 of the enforced labor were the frequent Page 105 jwug7juTINjI5RT political meetings and study sessions, 1959 MfAA A German Citing Hungarian sources, one of which has a dMOXJiQzg/vie PF adding even more hours to the day. Footnote 53 date identical to that of the apparently non- w?usp=sharing Complaining about any of this was, of 06/04/1959 existent East German one, Szalontai offers the course, strictly punished." relevant information his book (124).
"The Ch’ollima campaign was launched In the Korea-related files of AVPRF, Opis 20 https://drive. after students were recalled from usually holds documents dated 1964. google. Eastern Europe, meaning that many of Documents dated 1960 are usually held in Opis com/file/d/0B2O those who had studied abroad had not Archival 16. jwug7juTITGdkS yet completed their training, and in any FVpNENvMDA/ case they were not trusted because of "Report on Political In Opis 16, Papka 87, Delo 27, there is a view? their exposure to 'counterrevolutionary Conditions document titled “Economic and Political usp=sharing influences'.” in DPRK" Conditions in the DPRK” (12 June 1960). In 33 Page 105 Opis 16, Papka 87, Delo 29, there is a 1960 AVPRF Russian PF document titled “The Economy of the DPRK Footnote 55 Fond 0102 (brief overview)” (11 June 1960). Opis 20 Papka 35 None of the two documents contains the Delo 5 information described above.
06/03/1960 Szalontai's book, citing a Hungarian source dated 3 June 1960, provides the relevant information (125).
7 "Poor supervision combined with Archival The cited source folder contains a Soviet https://drive. impossible production quotas resulted document dated 5 February 1959, but it bears a google. inevitably in shoddy output as well as "Political Conditions different title, i.e., "DPRK (Brief overview)," and com/file/d/0B2O frequent industrial accidents, which (as DPRK" does not contain the information discussed in jwug7juTIWHNB in the Soviet Union under Stalin) were Tyranny. Y1JCSmNfM2s/ 34 often blamed on sabotage. Alleged Page 105 AVPRF view? 1959 Fond 0102 Russian PU saboteurs were arrested and punished Szalontai's book, citing Hungarian sources, usp=sharing severely." Footnote 56 Opis 15 provides the relevant information (125). Papka 83 Delo 33
02/05/1959
“In a conversation with a Soviet The content of the cited source, which was https://drive. diplomat in 1960, Pang Hak-se, published decades before the relevant East google. minister of the interior, referred to some Bloc archives were released, bears no relation com/file/d/0B2O 100,000 ‘reactionaries’ detained…” to the text. jwug7juTIVnhSa 2Rkd2lqTEU/vie The information inTyranny ’s text can be found w?usp=sharing Secondary in an endnote in Szalontai’s book (on page Page 105 35 297), in which Dr. Andrei Lankov is thanked for 1960 Scalapino & Lee English personally imparting the information. PU Footnote 57 Communism in Korea
1972 Armstrong’s footnote cites the irrelevant American source, right down to the page numbers, that comes further down in Szalontai’ s endnote (in regard to a very different piece of information).
"Some were merely purged or The cited source folder has three documents, https://drive. demoted, others sent to the none of which is dated 24 February 1959. (They google. Archival countryside for physical labor, and are dated 5 February, 15 August and 26 com/file/d/0B2O
others were executed. New provincial September.) None contains the information jwug7juTIeV9Te AVPRF courts were set up to try collaborators, Page 105 discussed in Tyranny. khXSXRkYkU/vi Fond 0102 36 and those condemned to death faced ew? 1959 Opis 15 Russian public executions. 59 Factory directors Footnotes 59 Szalontai, drawing from a Hungarian source usp=sharing PF Papka 83 and heads of factory party committees and 60 with the same date as the apparently non- Delo 33 who failed to reach the planning targets existent Soviet one cited in Tyranny, i.e., 24
were replaced and often publicly February 1959, contains this information in his 02/24/1959 criticized as 'hostile elements'.'” book (126, 128).
"Kim Il Sung declared in early 1959 Archival The cited folder, the Pyongyang journal of https://drive. that grain production would soon reach Ambassador Puzanov from 16 February 1960 togoogle. 7 million metric tons, or more than AVPRF 11 June 1960, contains no entry for 20 March com/file/d/0B2O twice the current output." Fond 0102 1960. jwug7juTIUmc0 Page 108 37 Opis 16 V296TGZ0OG8/ 1960 Russian Papka 85 Szalontai's book, citing Hungarian sources (of view? PF Footnote 73 Delo 6 which one is dated 20 March 1964), provides usp=sharing the relevant information (136). 03/20/1960
“When Kim Il Sung met with Although the cited source, Soviet Ambassador https://drive. Khrushchev in Moscow after the CPSU Puzanov's journal, reports on 16 December google. Twenty-First Congress in 1959, 1959 on a conversation with Kim Il Sung, it com/file/d/0B2O Khrushchev chastised the Koreans for makes no mention of a) Khrushchev's criticism jwug7juTIUWFr neglecting cooperation with fraternal of North Korean economic policies, b) North UEsxTXU5ZGM countries and trying to produce Korean reluctance to report on Khrushchev's U. /view? everything by themselves. Khrushchev S. visit, or c) Soviet pressure to make the North usp=sharing told Kim bluntly that the DPRK Five- Koreans publish details of it. Year Plan was not realistic and that the Koreans could not build a modern Szalontai's book, citing a Hungarian source economy “solely on the dynamism and with the same date, i.e., 16 December 1959, economy of the workers,” according to provides all details in his book (137-138, 143). later Soviet reports of the meeting. Khrushchev’s lectures must have seemed scolding and patronizing to Kim, and no doubt contributed to Kim’s Page 108-109 Archival negative opinion of the Soviet leader. The Koreans did not argue, but neither Footnote 74-75 AVPRF did they apply Soviet criticism to any 38 Fond 0102 change in their economic policies. 1959 Opis 15 Russian PU Papka 81 Nevertheless, despite their differences, Delo 7 the USSR and DPRK signed a new agreement on technical cooperation in 12/16/1959 March, and Soviet loans contributed to the building of several new factories. Although they disagreed with the economic policies North Korea was pursuing, the Soviets seemed to feel that the North koreans, like wayward children, “should realize the mistakes on the basis of their own experiences.”
8 Although the cited source, Soviet Ambassador https://drive. Puzanov's journal, reports on 16 December google. 1959 on a conversation with Kim Il Sung, it com/file/d/0B2O makes no mention of a) Khrushchev's criticism jwug7juTIUWFr of North Korean economic policies, b) North UEsxTXU5ZGM Korean reluctance to report on Khrushchev's U. /view? S. visit, or c) Soviet pressure to make the North usp=sharing Koreans publish details of it.
Szalontai's book, citing a Hungarian source with the same date, i.e., 16 December 1959, provides all details in his book (137-138, 143).
Archival
AVPRF 38 Fond 0102 1959 Opis 15 Russian PU Papka 81 Delo 7
12/16/1959
“The North Koreans were reluctant to publish the details of Khrushchev’s visit Page 123 to the United States, until pressured to
do so by the Soviet Embassy in Footnote 135 Pyongyang.”
"In February 1960 Kim Il Sung gave The cited source contains no reference to the https://drive. “on-the-spot guidance” at a number of topics described. google. villages, including Chongsan-ri in South com/file/d/0B2O P’yongan Province. He criticized earlier (The relevant Soviet document on the topic is jwug7juTIanJxd government policies for making dated 17 March 1960, and is in a different VMtQzVYTTg/vi peasants less motivated to produce folder.) ew? and declared that the DPRK needed a usp=sharing vast increase in the number of cadres Archival Szalontai, citing a Hungarian document with the trained in agricultural methods. Local same date as the irrelevant Soviet one cited in party committees were to be AVPRF Tyranny (30 March 1960), gives this information reorganized, and thousands of in his book (150). Page 110 39 agricultural scientists were to be sent Fond 0102 1960 Russian to the countryside to improve the Opis 16 PU Footnote 85 quality of life and increase productivity. Papka 85 A new system of bonuses would be Delo 6 introduced, and members of work units that fulfilled their quotas would get 10 30 March 1960 percent of the crop in addition to their regular income. Workers on state farms, and later on cooperatives as well, were allowed to keep anything produced beyond what the central plan required."
"Zhou Enlai, meeting with Kim Il Sung Archival The source cited does not support the text, as https://drive. in November 1958, similarly promised it contains neither an explicit nor an implicit google. Kim China’s noninterference in North Record of Meeting promise of noninterference. com/file/d/0B2O Korea’s internal affairs." between Premier jwug7juTIZHprb 40 Page 113 Zhou Enlai and Ep5Y1RueUU/vi 1958 Premier Kim Il Sung Chinese ew? D Footnote 96 22 November 1958 usp=sharing
CFMA No. 204-0064-02
“A number of high ranking academics The conversation (the actual archival location of https://drive. were also expelled from the party, for which is Opis 13, Papka 7, Delo 6) bears no google. Archival supposedly siding with the anti-Kim relation to this text. com/file/d/0B2O
oppositionists. Purges took place as jwug7juTIbV9W “Interview with DPRK well within the upper ranks of the (Note also that Pak Kil-yong is specified in the WWtfR21FemM Foreign Ministry First military.” actual Soviet document as head of the 1st /view? Secretary Pak Kil- Department of the Foreign Ministry, not as usp=sharing yong” Page 114 "Foreign Ministry First Secretary." In the Soviet 41 1957 Russian ministerial hierarchy, there was no such AVPRF PU Footnote 98 position as First Secretary.) Fond 0102
Opis 121 Szalontai, citing Hungarian sources, describes Papka 7 the relevant purge in his book (117). There the Delo 16 original source of the information is specified as
the First Secretary of the Polish Embassy. 10/04/1957
“Formal negotiations over the The cited source folder covers reports dated https://drive. repatriation issue began in early 1959 from April to August 1959, thus contains no google. between the Red Cross organizations document dated 2 September 1959. Nor does it com/file/d/0B2O of Japan and North Korea. On August contain any document discussing the 13 jwug7juTIZXAte Archival 13 the two sides agreed on the terms August meeting. mpVaUtCc1U/vi
of the repatriation at a meeting in ew? AVPRF Calcutta, and despite strong opposition (The Soviet document that does mention the usp=sharing Page 117 Fond 0102 42 from South Korea, repatriation began in topic is dated 20 August 1959 and contained in 1959 Opis 15 Russian December.” another folder entirely.) PF Footnote 109 Papka 81
Delo 1 Szalontai’s book, citing a Hungarian source
bearing the same date as the apparently non- 09/02/1959 existent Soviet one cited in Tyranny (2 September 1959), mentions the 13 August meeting (146).
"The DPRK asked other socialist The cited source does not exist. The cited https://drive. countries for assistance in the Archival folder contains only a few files about a Soviet- google. process, and the Soviet Union agreed DPRK agreement, dated 15 September 1950 com/file/d/0B2O to provide the repatriation ships, while AVPRF and 15 September 1959, and thus it cannot jwug7juTIbHFG 43 other countries helped out financially." Page 117 Fond 0102 contain a file dated 29 February 1960 U3Fxb0VkV2M/ 1960 Opis 15 Russian view? PF Footnote 110 Papka 81 usp=sharing Delo 2 Szalontai’s book, citing a Hungarian source bearing the same date as the non-existent 02/29/1960 Soviet one cited in Tyranny, provides the information in his book (146).
9 “Nor, as even Kim Il Sung admitted to The cited source, Soviet Ambassador https://drive. the Soviet ambassador in 1959, was Puzanov's journal entry for 19 December 1959, google. there any active, clandestine reports on a conversation with Kim Il Sung, but com/file/d/0B2O Archival communist movement that could be makes no reference to the absence of a jwug7juTIbGRr
North Korea’s fifth column.” communist movement in South Korea. MTROaS1Hck0 AVPRF /view? Fond 0102 Page 119 Szalontai, drawing on the relevant Hungarian usp=sharing 44 Opis 15 1959 Russian material, gives a less categorical version of Papka 81 PU Footnote 120 Kim's admission in his book (170), i.e. that Delo 7 there was "no substantial illegal Communist
activity" in the South. The textual context of
Kim's statement is extensively similar in 12/19/1959 Tyranny and Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era.
"At first, the DPRK leadership was The chronological range of this folder is from 11 https://drive. willing to see the Park coup in a January 1960 to 15 December 1960. Therefore google. positive light. For one thing, the Archival it cannot contain a file dated 20 May 1961. Nor com/file/d/0B2O nationalist orientation of the military AVPRF does it contain any other file relevant to the jwug7juTIeGE5 45 might create a better atmosphere for Page 119 Fond 0102 information it is cited to corroborate. M1duamxEaHM dialogue." 1961 Opis 16 Russian /view? PF Footnote 122 Papka 85 Szalontai, citing a Hungarian source with the usp=sharing Delo 8 same date as the apparently non-existent 05/20/1961 Soviet one cited in Tyranny, i.e., 20 May 1961, provides this information in his book (175).
"On the evening of the coup, North The actual content of this Chinese folder https://drive. Korean officials informed the Chinese contains no reference to North Korean officials google. embassy in Pyongyang that they briefing PRC diplomats in Pyongyang. com/file/d/0B2O believed the coup was the work of jwug7juTIT2d0Y 'independent progressive forces' in the It seems that this information was actually nlqX0NMRG8/vi South Korean military. Two days later, derived from two translated and publicly ew? with the junta harshly clamping down accessible CFMA files, which are not in the usp=sharing on internal dissent, the North Koreans cited folder. saw the coup as a US-led plot to quell unrest in South Korea and keep the Both the statement about North Korean officials ROK in their orbit. Although the North briefing the Chinese embassy and the quote on Archival Koreans did not make the parallel the role of “progressive forces” can be found in
explicit, they now saw the South Pages 119-120 the following document: “Situation of the South 46 CFMA Korean military coup as, in effect, the 1961 Chinese Korean Military Coup”. Dated 16 May 1961, it No. 106–00581–04 U American equivalent of the 1956 Soviet Footnote 124 can be found in 106-00581-03, 19-20.
intervention in Hungary. Nevertheless, 05/18/1961 there remained progressive elements in The latter half ofTyranny ’s description about the the military, even if they were not at the coup can be linked to another CFMA forefront, and South Korea retained a document, also available in translation, titled revolutionary potential that the North “Contents of the May 18th North Korean Party should encourage. Thus, the DPRK Central Standing Committee Meeting” and could talk to the new Seoul military dated 21 May 1961. The archival location of this government in the hopes of cultivating telegram is 106-00581-06, 32-33. the progressive and 'patriotic' (i.e., pro- Pyongyang) elements operating behind the scenes in South Korea."
"In September 1961, the Park regime The cited folder does not contain any document https://drive. indeed began to hold secret talks with Archival about the topic described above. The google. the DPRK, and for some months the chronological range of this folder is from 11 com/file/d/0B2O North Korean media refrained from AVPRF January 1960 to 15 December 1960, and thus it jwug7juTIMDNG criticizing and insulting the ROK Fond 0102 cannot contain a file dated 24 September 1961. MTk1X2xycXM/ Page 120 47 government as it had throughout the Opis 16 view? 1961 Russian Syngman Rhee period." Papka 85 Szalontai, citing a Hungarian source with the usp=sharing PF Footnote 125 Delo 8 same date as the apparently non-existent Soviet one cited in Tyranny, i.e., 24 September 1961, provides this information in his book (178- 09/24/1961 179).
"But Pyongyang’s overtures failed to The cited folder contains no document related https://drive. divide the South Koreans from the to this topic. The chronological range of this google. United States, on whom the ROK was folder is from 11 January 1960 to 15 December com/file/d/0B2O still deeply dependent. With the Park- Archival 1960. Therefore it cannot and does not contain jwug7juTIRzNy led junta firmly in place, and after Park’ a file dated 15 November 1961. MzA1RnJOUVU s visit to Washington in November, the AVPRF /view? Kennedy administration reaffirmed its Fond 0102 Szalontai, citing a Hungarian source with the usp=sharing Page 120 48 commitment to close ROK-US ties. By Opis 16 same date as the apparently non-existent 1961 Russian the end of 1961, the DPRK appears to Papka 85 Soviet one cited in Tyranny, i.e., 15 November PF Footnote 126 have given up on advancing North- Delo 8 1961, provides this information in his book South dialogue, and the North Korea (179). media was again referring to the southern regime as “fascist” and Park 11/15/1961 himself as a Japan-lover and American puppet."
10 "Armed security forces were sent to The only document findable under that date and https://drive. guard the East European embassies, a in that folder is an irrelevant letter to the GDR google. practice which, the East German embassy in regard to a railway-related com/file/d/0B2O embassy remarked, exceeded the conference. jwug7juTIdGtpR Page 121 Archival 49 security presence in East Berlin -- a 0JnM1RRbjA/vi 1960 German city much deeper in 'enemy territory.'" Szalontai, citing (inter alia) a Hungarian ew? PU Footnote 129 MfAA A 7064 document with the exact same date, namely 15 usp=sharing August 1960, provides the same information in his book (161).
“For example, in November 1960 a The incident is misrepresented; North Korean https://drive. Korean visited the Bulgarian embassy, security forces did not enter the embassy to google. trying to send a message to the arrest the dissident, who in fact was arrested com/file/d/0B2O Bulgarian Communist Party critical of after leaving it. jwug7juTIWXhT the KWP and asking the Bulgarians to Archival OE5fZTcyQmM/ help the North Korean Party “correct” The cited source, Soviet Ambassador view? its mistakes. North Korean security AVPRF Puzanov's journal, contains no entry for the usp=sharing 50 forces entered the embassy, despite Page 121 Fond 0102 date of the document cited in Tyranny. PF/ the protests of the embassy staff, and 1960 Opis 16 Russian PD arrested the Korean. This was the last Footnote 130 Papka 85 Puzanov was not even in Pyongyang at the such incident at the Bulgarian Delo 7 time of the event described. embassy; the Bulgarian ambassador remarked to his Soviet counterpart that 11/30/1960 Citing a Hungarian source with the same date he had never seen such a hostile as Tyranny's non-existent Soviet one, Szalontai incident in another “fraternal” country.” provides the relevant information in his book (161-162).
“The KWP Central Committee in This source apparently does not exist. https://drive. October 1960 criticized obsequious google. attitudes towards foreign countries and Archival The alleged author of the source, the Soviet com/file/d/0B2O mindless imitation of things foreign, a ambassador to Pyongyang (Puzanov), was not jwug7juTIcHpBc practice it labeled sadaejuui, or AVPRF in town at the time in question. HdfMl9kRkE/vie 51 ‘flunkeyism,’ as the term was officially Page 122 Fond 0102 w?usp=sharing 1960 Russian PF translated in later North Korean texts. Opis 16 The information in Armstrong’s text can be This term cropped up in numerous Footnote 131 Papka 85 found in a passage (based on a Hungarian party publications and speeches by Delo 7 source with the same date as the non-existent officials over the next several months, Soviet one cited) in Szalontai’s book (162). and the “factionalists” of 1956 were 11/28/1960 also accused of practicing sadaejuui.”
“The North Koreans had been preparing The cited source is Soviet Ambassador https://drive. for Khrushchev’s visit since the Puzanov's Pyongyang journal. The entry for 7 google. summer and expected it in October to October 1959 makes no reference to com/file/d/0B2O coincide with his visit to China. It would Archival Khrushchev's visit. jwug7juTIXzlES be the first visit by a top Soviet leader TNnT0R0YjA/vie to the DPRK, and virtually the entire AVPRF Even when taken together, the entries for 24 w?usp=sharing 52 city of Pyongyang was mobilized to Pages 123-124 Fond 0102 September, 2 October and 3 October 1959 clean up the city and organize the 1959 Opis 15 Russian contain only some of the information discussed. PU welcoming parade. But at the last Footnote 136 Papka 81 minute, Khrushchev informed the North Delo 7 Szalontai's book provides all this information Koreans from Beijing that he would not (143-144) based on Hungarian sources, one of make it to Korea after all -- in part, the 10/07/1959 which is dated 7 October 1959. Soviets implied, so as not to antagonize the United States.”
"According to East European reports, The cited folder contains no document related https://drive. Kim told the KWP Central Committee to this information. The chronological range of google. in the spring of 1962 that the Soviet this folder is from 16 May 1960 to 18 October com/file/d/0B2O Union might one day cast aside the 1960, and thus it cannot contain a file dated 5 jwug7juTISmZ2 Archival DPRK as they had Albania, and that April 1962. WTZCS2c4V0U
the North Korean people must be /view? AVPRF prepared for such an eventuality. 143 Pages 125-126 Citing Hungarian sources, of which one has the usp=sharing Fond 0102 53 […] A major shake-up of the party sent same date as Tyranny's non-existent Soviet 1962 Opis 16 Russian many midlevel officials out to the Footnotes 143 one, Szalontai provides the relevant information PF Papka 87 provinces, and the East Europeans and 146 in his book (180-181 and 183). Delo 29 noted even greater restrictions on
contact between Koreans and 04/05/1962 foreigners, and a tightening of political controls over the population as a whole." 146
11 "Issues of Soviet periodicals that The cited folder contains no document about https://drive. covered sensitive subjects such as the topic described above. The chronological google. Stalinism and the Albanian question range of this folder is from 16 May 1960 to 18 com/file/d/0B2O were withheld from circulation. (Fn: October 1960, and thus it cannot contain a file jwug7juTIRUdFe 145) dated 5 February 1962. That date is in any EN5NjFfTFE/vie Archival case before the described events that occurred w?usp=sharing […] in April-May 1962. AVPRF Pages 125-126 Events in China were covered Fond 0102 Citing Hungarian sources, of which one has the 54 extensively in the North Korean media, 1962 Opis 16 Russian same date as Tyranny's non-existent Soviet PF Footnotes 145 exceeding Soviet news in quantity and Papka 87 one, Szalontai provides the relevant information and 148 level of praise. Chinese officials, such Delo 29 in his book (181 and 184-185). as CCP Politburo member and Beijing mayor Peng Zhen, who visited in April– 02/05/1962 May 1962, made a point of lauding North Korea’s economic development efforts and the revolutionary enthusiasm of its people. (Fn: 148)"
“But the Germans predicted— Armstrong’s text is only undermined by the https://drive. accurately, as it turns out—that this cited sources. The misdated one (4 August google. leaning toward China would not last should be 8 April) emphasizes the “complete com/file/d/0B- indefinitely, and that North Korea would congruence” of the Chinese and North Korean Myf7BSAS8DM have to move back toward the Soviet political lines, while emphasizing that in jVPOGtyaG02b position, for economic reasons if economic policy, the DPRK appears to be TA/view? nothing else. China simply could not Archival adhering more closely to Soviet bloc than to usp=sharing offer North Korea the aid and exchange Chinese practice. the KWP leadership desired. The “The Influence of policy of self-reliance was not sufficient the Chinese The May document states that North Korea, for for North Korea to reach its industrial Communist all its rhetoric of self-reliance, remains https://drive. goals; unlike the Albanian leadership, Party on the Politics economically dependent on its allies, especially google. satisfied with leaving Albania a of the KWP.” the USSR. com/file/d/0B- backward agrarian country, North Myf7BSAS8DN 55 Page 127 Korea’s leaders had grand 1963 MfAA German Neither source contains any prediction of the VRsMGlkWFV PD developmental ambitions for the DPRK Footnote 151 A 7174 DPRK’s return to the Soviet camp or a HRVE/view? economy. Despite the rhetoric of comparison between Albanian and North usp=sharing closeness to China, good economic 05/28/1963 Korean economic conditions. In his book, relations with Eastern Europe were Szalontai explains the post-1964 Soviet-DPRK indispensable for North Korea to fulfill 08/04/1963 reconciliation by contrasting North Korea's these ambitions.North Korea may have [sic; should be economic conditions with those of Albania (206- been closer to China economically, but 04/08/1963] 207). practically speaking the DPRK would have no choice but to swing back to the ‘true Marxist-Leninist’ camp sooner or later.”
“Three months later Liu Shaoqi made a The cited source is dated earlier than the joint https://drive. return visit to the DPRK, where he had military exercises and economic agreement, google. a series of meetings with Kim Il Sung thus cannot and does not refer to them. com/file/d/0B2O and Ch’oe Yong-gon. Later in the year, jwug7juTIN3Q0Z the two countries carried [sic] joint Archival Furthermore, the information on joint exercises GNKM3IydEE/vi military exercises and signed a new could not be found in any of the cited ew? Page 128 56 agreement on economic exchange.” CFMA secondary sources. usp=sharing 1963 Chinese No. 203-00566-05 PU Footnote 154 The information in Armstrong’s text can, 9/15/1963 however, be found in Szalontai’s book (200). Szalontai cites several Hungarian documents from 1963-64 as well as Chung,Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow.
"Within North Korea, the chill in DPRK- In the Korea-related files of AVPRF, Opis 16, https://drive. Soviet relations was expressed through Archival Papka 87 holds documents dated 1960, rather google. increased harassment and monitoring than 1964. Documents dated 1964 are usually com/file/d/0B2O of Soviet and East European AVPRF held in Opis 20. jwug7juTIaWtIO 57 technicians and diplomats. Foreign Page 129 Fond 0102 UNGaHJKdEk/v specialists in the DPRK were now 1964 Opis 16 Russian Citing Hungarian sources, of which the last one iew? PF required to be fingerprinted and had to Footnote 158 Papka 87 has the same date as Tyranny's alleged Soviet usp=sharing report in detail to the North Korean Delo 230 one, Szalontai provides the relevant information authorities all of their movements, in his book (201). contacts, and Korean friends." 10/18/1964
12 "The DPRK even passed a law in 1963 The East German document does mention a https://drive. forbidding marriages between Koreans North Korean campaign against mixed google. and foreigners, meaning almost entirely marriages, but makes no reference to com/file/d/0B2O marriages with East Europeans.Mixed- Goebbels, racial purity, or a law against mixed jwug7juTIY0NW race couples were forced to move out marriages. SThGMUl5bG8/ of Pyongyang, and Koreans were view? Archival pressured to divorce their European [Note that the Nazi propagandist's name is not usp=sharing
spouses. The GDR ambassador Page 129 written in German with an umlaut.] 58 SAPMO-BA denounced this law, and the attitude of 1963 German DY 30, IV A2/20/251 PD 'racial purity' it implied, as nothing Footnote 159 Citing Hungarian documents, Szalontai offers
short of 'Göbbelsian.'” the relevant information (including a quotation of (12/02)/1963 the GDR ambassador's words on Goebbels) in his book (201). Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era mentions no law against mixed marriages in the DPRK, but refers to the formal prohibition of mixed marriages in Albania and China.
"In retaliation, the Soviet, Hungarian, According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. East German and other Soviet-bloc document with that date can be found in the google. governments restricted the activities of Archival folder given. com/file/d/0B2O
59 the North Korean embassies in their Page 129 jwug7juTIZTVXQ countries and refused to allow them to 1963 MfAA A 7126 German Citing a Hungarian document whose date is mpTR2xCSEE/v PF publicize the DPRK's antirevisionist Footnote 160 identical with that of the non-existent MfAA file, iew? propaganda." 12/19/1963 Szalontai offers the relevant information in his usp=sharing book (201).
"In January 1964, Foreign Minister Pak According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. Song-ch'ol told the East German document with that date can be found in the google. Archival ambassador that, while the East folder given. com/file/d/0B2O
Germans took a passive approach to Page 129 jwug7juTIeW13 60 MfAA A 7135 Western imperialism, the North 1964 German Citing a Hungarian document, whose date is cXNZbHotZ1U/vi
PF Koreans reacted strongly to any Footnote 162 identical with that of the non-existent MfAA file, ew? 02/01/1964 provocation from the South." Szalontai offers the relevant information in his usp=sharing
book (202).
"The first economic plan formulated According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. since Juche had become the document with that date can be found in the google. Archival cornerstone of North Korean ideology, folder given. com/file/d/0B2O
the Seven-Year Plan set out to produce Page 130 jwug7juTIZjM4T 61 MfAA A 7135 machine tools, electric trains, and 1964 German Citing a Hungarian document, the date of which GJRcktzU2s/vie
PF other sophisticated industrial goods all Footnote 165 is identical with the apparently non-existent w?usp=sharing 03/20/1964 with local materials and manpower." East German one cited in Tyranny, Szalontai
offers the relevant information in his book (178).
"An official of the DPRK Foreign According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. Ministry told the East German document with that date can be found in the google. ambassador bluntly that North Korean folder given. The date of the document (29 com/file/d/0B2O might soon have to 'liberate' the South March) is incompatible with some of the jwug7juTIUUo4 by force in order to save the suffering described events that occurred in April. SkhwQ3Zhd1k/v South Korean people; the inter-German iew? Archival policy of coexistence could not apply Page 131 Citing two Hungarian documents, the first of usp=sharing
to the relationship between North which has a date identical with the apparently 62 MfAA A 7126 Korea and the southern 'fascists.' (Fn: Footnotes 168 1962 German non-existent East German one cited in Tyranny,
PF 168) Szalontai offers the relevant information in his 03/29/1962 and 169 book (188-189).
As early as April 1962 the slogan chonmin mujanghwa ('arming the whole people') began to make its appearance in the DPRK in the provinces as well as in the capital. (Fn: 169)"
"By the middle of the year, the KPA According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. was put on a permanent state of high document with this date could be found in the google. alert." folder given. com/file/d/0B2O Archival jwug7juTIQmtFT 63 Page 131 Citing a Hungarian document, Szalontai k9SMWVJc3c/v 1962 MfAA A 7126 German provides the relevant information inKim Il Sung iew? PF Footnote 170 (189). The next footnote inKim Il Sung cites a usp=sharing August 1962 Hungarian document dated August 1962. Notably, neither this document nor the cited GDR document specifies the day of the report.
"Major new defense facilities were built According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. in the vicinity of Kanggye in Chagang document with this date could be found in the google. Province, where the remnants of the folder given. com/file/d/0B2O Archival DPRK government had retreated during jwug7juTILUl2W Page 131 64 the darkest days of the Korean War. Citing two Hungarian documents, of which the FdTTmFPR3c/vi 1962 MfAA A 7135 German All foreigners, including East European first has a date identical with that of the cited ew? PF Footnote 171 allies, were expressly forbidden from GDR document, Szalontai provides the relevant usp=sharing 11/12/1962 entering Chagang Province after information in Kim Il Sung (189, 192). November 1962."
13 "Kim Il Sung, through the Soviet According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. ambassador in Pyongyang, asked the Archival document with this date could be found in the google. USSR to increase its military folder given. com/file/d/0B2O Pages 131-132 65 assistance to the DPRK in mid- MfAA A 7135 jwug7juTIVWxE 1962 German October, citing the critical position of Citing a Hungarian document whose date is NWJYN1hqQ1k PF Footnote 172 North Korea's half-million-man army on 10/27/1962 identical, Szalontai provides the relevant /view? the front lines against imperialism." information in Kim Il Sung (189). usp=sharing
"North Korea's mountainous terrain, The cited publication does not contain this https://drive. Kim told the Soviet ambassador, would information. (The relevant archival sources weregoogle. weaken the effect of nuclear weapons inaccessible to Western scholars in 1972.) com/file/d/0B2O and help his country to defend itself Secondary jwug7juTIQ2RE against the Americans." Citing a Hungarian archival document, SzalontaiZDA5c0hxZTQ/v 66 Page 132 Scalapino and Lee provides the information inKim Il Sung (193). iew? 1963 Communism in Korea English PU usp=sharing Footnote 176 (1972) The attendant endnote is 99, which appears on page 313 of Szalontai's book. But note that the pp. 595-596 preceding endnote, which pertains to a different matter, refers to Scalapino and Lee, Communism in Korea (595-596).
"The DPRK leadership did not According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. seriously expect an attack from the document with this date could be found in the google. South, as North Korean officials folder given. com/file/d/0B2O admitted in their candid conversations jwug7juTIajF2e with some of the East European Citing a Hungarian document whose date is DVHS3QxdmM/ diplomats. The North Koreans identical with the apparently non-existent East view? recognized that the Park regime was German one, Szalontai provides the relevant usp=sharing occupied with stabilizing the political information in Kim Il Sung (189). situation and improving the South Archival Korean economy. But the urgency of Page 132-133 67 the North Korean military buildup 1963 MfAA A 7126 German arose, in part, from the very fact that PF Footnote 177 the Park regime was becoming more 02/15/1963 stable and therefore reduced the possibility that pro-North Korean forces would take power in the South soon. 'Peaceful Unification' was less likely to be in North Korea's interest than it might have been earlier, and the term itself was dropped from DPRK propaganda at the time."
"In April 1963 Kim Il Sung spoke to the According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. Soviet ambassador about the state of document with this date could be found in the google. the North Korean economy and folder given. com/file/d/0B2O admitted that the DPRK would have to jwug7juTIR0dXY invest more in mining and mineral Citing a Hungarian document whose date is WJUNlkwRzg/vi extraction before they could build up identical, Szalontai provides the relevant ew? manufacturing as they had hoped. information in Kim Il Sung (195). usp=sharing Factory production was falling far short Archival of expectations, a year into the Seven- Page 134 68 Year Plan. Agriculture was not in the 1963 MfAA A 7050 German best of shape either, and the goal of PF Footnote 181 'complete mechanization of agriculture,' 05/08/1963 as North Korea had been announcing since the mid-1950s, was simply unrealistic. The vast majority of agricultural production was still the result of human and animal labor, and there remained an acute labor shortage in the countryside."
"The year 1963 looked likely to be According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. another year of hunger, similar to 1955. document with this date could be found in the google. Archival East European residents observed that folder given. com/file/d/0B2O Page 134 69 distribution of essential food items was jwug7juTIV2dPe 1963 MfAA A 7050 German scanty in towns and villages, and most Citing a Hungarian document whose date is UlWSjA1WG8/v PF Footnote 182 of the private markets had identical, Szalontai provides the relevant iew? 05/02/1963 disappeared." information in Kim Il Sung (196). usp=sharing
14 "Consumer goods in general were in According to the Political Archive (Berlin), no https://drive. short supply, and what was available document with this date could be found in the google. tended to be of very poor quality. At a folder given. The date of the cited document (21 com/file/d/0B2O plenum in September 1963, the KWP May 1962) is incompatible with some of the jwug7juTIeE1B Central Committee called for an described events that occurred in September UjRnVHRrbFE/v increase in the production of consumer 1963 and afterward. iew? goods but did not allocate more usp=sharing resources for this production increase. Archival Citing Hungarian documents, of which the first 70 Rather, the state exhorted factories to Page 134 has the same date as the apparently non- 1963 German PF diversify and expand existing MfAA A 7050 existent East German document, Szalontai production into consumer items, and Footnote 183 provides the relevant information inKim Il Sung called for more necessary items to be 05/21/1962 (196). produced at the local level. “Juche in economics” meant in effect making do with little or nothing from the central state, which is what the term would continue to mean in the long years of economic decline ahead."
"Privately, socialist officials, The cited file, an English translation of which https://drive. particularly the Soviets, saw the North Archival (by Sergey Radchenko) is publicly accessible, google. Korean action as excessively does not contain this information. com/file/d/0B2O confrontational and ultimately AVPRF jwug7juTIeFltV1 71 counterproductive, likely to strengthen Page 152 Fond 0102 The relevant information can be found in a pvTkdWU3c/vie the hands of the American hawks with 1968 Opis 28 Russian Hungarian archival document, translated by w?usp=sharing PU regard to Vietnam, not to mention Footnote 41 Papka 55 Balazs Szalontai and made publicly accessible bringing the United States and North Delo 2 in NKIDP's Digital Archives. Korea to the brink of open warfare." 01/31/1968 Neither translator is acknowledged inTyranny .
“The Soviet crackdown on the The content of the Rodong Sinmun article bears https://drive. Budapest uprising in 1956 was a cause no relation to and even directly contradicts the google. for concern in Beijing and Pyongyang; characterization of it in Tyranny, being in fact an com/file/d/0B2O among other things the crackdown endorsement of the hostile Soviet line on jwug7juTIaTRU resulted, as we saw in the previous Prague and the Czechoslovak “revisionists.” Yk1POTZvYWc chapter, in Pyongyang withdrawing /view? North Korean students from usp=sharing Hungary…. North Korean anxiety about Soviet intervention was not expressed publicly at the time. The Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia was another matter. Needless to say, neither China nor North Korea was in sympathy with the … Czech Newspaper dissenters. Their concern was with Page 156 72 Moscow’s blatant intervention into the 1968 Rodong Sinmun Korean affairs of a fellow socialist state …. D Footnote 50 Chinese media attacked the Czech 08/23/1968 [sic] intervention in the most vitriolic of The original title is in fact: language. North Korea’s response was "Chesŭkkosŭllŏbensŭkko satae-ŭi ryŏksajŏk fairly mild in comparison. TheRodong kyohun”“ = The Historical Lesson(s) of the Sinmun published an article entitled Situation in Czechoslovakia.”] “Historical Lessons We Have Learned From the Study of Affairs in Czechoslovakia.” The most important “lesson” was the one North Korea had long emphasized: the inviolable right of all nations to self-determination. Juche was, as much as anything, a position of independence in the Sino-Soviet Cold War.”
"In 1974, Iran discussed exporting oil The actual date of the document is 26 April https://drive. to the DPRK in exchange for North 1974. It records a conversation between Iranian google. Korean minerals. The staunchly pro-US Ambassador Abbas Ahram and GDR com/file/d/0B2O Iranian government assured the DPRK Ambassador Everhartz, which took place at the jwug7juTIR1Ba Archival that Tehran supported Korean GDR Embassy in Pyongyang (rather than in SDB0ZHJzeFk/ Page 185 73 unification 'without outside influences'.” Beijing, as claimed in Tyranny) on 25 April view? 1974 MfAA A 7050 German 1974. usp=sharing D Footnote 56
04/23/1974 The document contains no reference to Iranian support for Korean reunification “without outside influences.”
15 "A Soviet embassy official in The East German diplomat mentioned was https://drive. Pyongyang recounted in detail to the named Steinhofer, rather than Steinhoffer; his google. East German ambassador the actual position was embassy counselor, not com/file/d/0B2O hundreds of millions of rubles owed ambassador. jwug7juTIVHM1 them for North Korean projects, YXhwZVRLNU0/ including the construction of a nuclear The document mentions planned work on two view? Archival power plant; the continuing demands thermal power stations. The USSR never helpedusp=sharing Page 189 74 the North Koreans made of them; and the DPRK build a nuclear power plant. Nor does 1976 MfAA C 6584 German the unlikelihood that these debts would the document refer to the "unlikelihood that D Footnote 72 be paid until 1990 or so (a particularly these debts would be paid until 1990 or so.” 02/10/1976 inauspicious date, as it turned out)." Instead, it mentions a) the DPRK's request to postpone the starting date of the debt repayment from 1976 to 1980, and b) the USSR's insistence that part of the debt be already repaid by 1980.
"According to the recollections of The cited book does not contain this https://drive. Vadim Medvedev, then Central information, either on p. 324 or elsewhere. google. Secondary Committee secretary in charge of com/file/d/0B2O
relations with fellow socialist countries, The actual source of the information is an East jwug7juTITGFN Page 249 Vadim A. Medvedev 75 Kim praised Gorbachev’s outreach to German archival document dated 18 October R3hpY0F5NEE/ 1994 Raspad Russian the United States and reassured him 1986, Grace Leonard's English translation of view? U Footnote 20 (1994) that improved US-Soviet relations which (unacknowledged inTyranny ) is publicly usp=sharing
'would also help resolve the Korea accessible in NKIDP’s Digital Archives. p. 324 problem.'”
"As Kim put it, 'The people of South Armstrong claims in Tyranny (viii) to have done https://drive. Korea would support socialism, though all his own Russian translations "except where google. this would meet with resistance in the otherwise noted." But the similarity between com/file/d/0B2O West. There is a large movement for this translation and Sergey Radchenko's earlier jwug7juTITnVnZ socialism in the South; work is being (and unacknowledged) translation of the same HpTZEVrZ0U/vi carried out to create a national front. paragraph is too great to have been accidental. ew? One-third of South Korean For clarity's sake the only different formulations usp=sharing parliamentarians support the North. in Radchenko's version have been bolded Many people, not just students, are below: now speaking out against the Secondary American presence.'" "The population of South Korea would support
socialism, though this would meet with Page 249 Vadim A. Medvedev 76 resistance in the West. There is a large 1994 Raspad Russian movement for socialism in the South; work is P Footnote 21 (1994) being carried out to create a national front.A
third of South Korean parliamentarians support p. 325 the North. Not to mention students, many are now speaking out against the American presence."
Radchenko had included this translation in a conference paper (“Building Bridges, Burning Bridges: Soviet Moves in Korea, 1988–1991”), with which Armstrong was familiar. (See the citation in Footnote 96, p. 273 of Tyranny.)
16