ISSUE 08 | AUTUMN 2014 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF NEW ZEALAND

NZ welcomes the PAINTED LADY BUTTERFLY ALSO IN THIS ISSUE: • North American tragedy – how Monarch numbers are dropping • Up, up and away – Matiere School’s educational programme • The beauty of Plumemoths • Update on the Large White 2 wonderful stories ‘attached’ From the to them. I have met people who think the Monarch is ho-hum, not half as special as our many endangered EDITOR species, but the role they play in teaching and learning he seasons pass by more is huge. Tquickly each year, I’m The next Create a Butterfly certain! As time flies past Habitat on-line course begins CONTENTS (quicker than an Admiral chasing a in March. The cost for the course is $50 Cover photo: Painted Lady butterfly – Monarch) it is easy to forget what we’re for MBNZT Financial Members and $55 photo by Anna Barnett achieving on behalf of the MBNZT for non-members (but the latter includes and you, its members. But I am 2 Editorial an email membership). See our website reminded that we are educating more www.monarch.org.nz for more details. 3 New trustees and more people... Each time I speak Do enjoy this issue of BUTTERFLIES. Letter to the editor at a Garden Club I go away satisfied There are stories about conservation and that more people know the difference education – and gardens – people 4 Painted Lady butterflies between a chrysalis and a cocoon, and events. I’m sure you’ll be thrilled 6 North American tragedy that the gardeners I’ve met now know about the calibre of the new trustees that that stinging nettle and wasps are not have come on board. 8 Up up and away ‘bad’ but just fulfilling their role in the As I write this we’re making plans greater order of things. When I speak to for our first get-together, where we will 10 Gardening teachers I’m thrilled to hear them absorb also be discussing the Annual General 11 Free information and get excited about Meeting. We’d love an opportunity to teaching with Monarchs. get to meet some of you if you’re in 12 Plumemoths The Monarch butterfly has a great Auckland on 22 March. More details 13 Butterflies help the elderly role to play in education. Not only are inside. they easy to handle and not afraid to Enjoy the rest of the summer, the best 14 Nelson Growables 2013 be watched, but there are so many is yet to come. 15 A hardy milkweed Go Gardening winners 16 Update on Large White 17 It’s time to go tagging 18 Annual General Meeting Crazy Chrysalises Beware poisoned plants 19 Photography tip Did you know? 20 Goodies to buy

Editor/Secretary: Jacqui Knight [email protected] Art Director: Kristie Rogers, Photo by Martin Woodhall [email protected] Treasurer: Carol Stensness [email protected] Advertising: Angela Moon-Jones Please support [email protected]

ISSN 2324-1993 (Print) ISSN 2324-2000 (Online) OUR SPONSORS Published by: Moths and Butterflies of New Zealand Trust, PO Box 44100 Pt Chevalier, Auckland 1246 www.nzbutterflies.org.nz [email protected] Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ mbnzt Twitter: @NZButterflies Pinterest: pinterest.com/mbnzt

Printed in New Zealand on Cocoon 100% recycled paper using vegetable-based inks 3 A warm welcome to our LETTER to the NEW TRUSTEES editor hile we butterflies – Monarchs in particular – and Dear Jacqui, Ware sad to started a butterfly garden last year with We have just lose Christine her students as part of their Duke of received “THE Evans-Millar Edinburgh badge. She wants to use the Spotswood Primary as one of our educational platform to motivate, involve MAGAZINE” School students trustees, we and inform students. With the college and what a are delighted right behind her she has released over surprise we got with the three 300 butterflies and planted 200 swan when we opened it up at the butterfly new trustees plants this season. page. We saw ourselves and our school who are joining Based in Canterbury Steve Wratten and the photos look great! our Board. is Professor of Ecology at Lincoln Cheryl Cheryl Krull University ‘I felt proud’ said Hamish. Krull first as well as ‘I was surprised’ said Cohen. heard about the MBNZT when she being on the ‘It made me feel good’ said Kingston. was studying under Mark Hauber at staff of the the University of Auckland’s School Bio-Protection ‘It made me feel excited to grow of Biological Sciences. She is now a Research butterflies’ said Hailey. Postdoctoral Researcher in biodiversity, Centre where ‘I feel very, very ,very excited’ said biosecurity and conservation. Her first he runs a KhyangKhyang. research project involved studying the research dialects of the kokako in the Hunua group ‘I am smiling’ said Joshua. Ranges, followed by a similar study comprising ‘It was amazing to see ourselves in a of Australasian gannet vocalisations. four post- Steve Wratten book!’ said Kishelle. Later she studied the ecological doctoral impacts of feral pigs in the Waitakere scientists and eight PhD students. He ‘We love having our photos in the Ranges but has now moved onto the runs a six-year research programme magazine’ said Sage. previously unstudied area of road on biodiversity, ecosystem services ‘I was very happy today’ said Akansha ecology – investigating the movement and sustainable agriculture. He is of invasive rodents in relation to roads, particularly interested on the ecological ‘It was so cool to see ourselves in the using manipulations to determine if basis of biological control, especially magazine’ said Jay. this movement can be conservation biological control ‘I felt very, very excited because I exploited to optimise of insect pests and diseases. did not expect to see my photo in your pest control and He was instrumental in Greening decrease reinvasion risk Waipara in North Canterbury, magazine with our butterflies’ said Joel. to mainland islands. where 50 wineries have signed Just a few of the comments from a Xanthe Noble is up to a project to create bunch of really surprised kids. They can’t a senior teacher at biodiversity trails, reducing wait to get growing Monarchs again. St Kentigern College the reliance on herbicides and The Enviroschool sign looks excellent too. in Auckland where chemical pesticides. she is responsible for Welcome to Cheryl, Steve Thanks Jacqui. English. Hailing from and Xanthe – we look forward Peg and the Spotswood Primary England, Xanthe has Xanthe Noble to utilising your vast skills and Room 5 class. a great passion for experience.

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by Barbara Ryan

ightings of the Australian Painted SLady butterfly Vanessa( kershawi) in New Zealand occur most years, these being probably the most frequently PAINTED LADY sighted of all the Australian butterflies. During September through to November large numbers emerge from their pupae in Queensland and being a migratory butterfly make their way south in sometimes huge swarms. When butterflies these movements coincide with strong By Norm Twigge prevailing westerly winds the swarm is at risk of getting swept out to sea.

Background photo by Jacqui Knight: Capeweed, calendula SYN Painted Lady caterpillar Cryptostemma calendula, originates from the Cape Province in . The plant grows close to the ground in a rosette shape and spreads quite quickly via stolons. It is often found in sandhills or beside the beach. The daisy-shape flowers are yellow with dark centres. Stems and leaves are hairy. 5 While non-migratory butterflies will settle or seek shelter in high winds, migrating butterflies tend to persist with their flight thus tending to be at the Cudweed mercy of strong wind direction as they Cudweed is a of cannot fly against it. Consequently while flowering plants in the daisy large numbers may miss land altogether family, . The species, and finally perish at sea, the lucky ones of which there are 120, are all make the wind-assisted trans-Tasman commonly called cudweeds. journey, estimated to take between two Gnaphalium uligonsum is to four days depending on wind velocity, known as Marsh Cudweed, an arriving along the western coastline of annual plant found on damp, New Zealand. disturbed ground and tracks While assisting on a MBNZT and very common on damp, stand last November at the Te Puna arable grasslands, paths and Quarryfest near Tauranga I learned that on acid soils. The leaves are a Painted Lady had been spotted the very woolly on both sides, and previous weekend. Mary Parkinson, up to 5cm long and narrow who instigated the butterfly gardens at with an oblong shape. The the Quarry Park, had also seen it the plant can grow to about 20cm morning before I arrived. tall. Flowers are brownish So, armed with my butterfly net I yellow daisies, 3-4mm long walked up the path later in the morning and arranged in clusters and to where it had been spotted. I was lucky surrounded by long leaves. enough not only to see it but also to catch it so it was put in the display cage with the Red and Yellow Admirals for the unless I could find another, a female. fairly common are Cape Weed and remainder of the Quarryfest. But imagine my delight the next Cudweed. Within a short time it was At the end of the day when I returned morning when I checked it again. It had happily laying eggs, the forerunners home to Whakatane I released it into been enjoying both artificial nectar and of a large family of Painted Lady my butterfly house where I could flowers. Now its body was larger and it caterpillars. observe it more freely. Judging by looked more like a female! If we can get the butterflies breeding the body length and size I decided Host plants were quickly placed in the here in NZ then it would be a real it was a male. This would not help me butterfly house; two plants that are triumph. We will keep you posted! Kings caring for

SURE TO GROW GUARANTEE Temquissit eum voluptat Anda sit que velendita id aruntmin ressed quam rem. vend ignimus. Ro For more information on b mincia doloriste verspiciat ea utterfly gardening write to: udisit ea quia dolum la qui cum dolorep Moths and Butterflies of New bo. PO Box 44100,SURE Pt Cheval TO GROW Zealand Trust ier, Auckland 1246. Phone 09 551 3383 www.monarch.org.nzGUARANTEE em. KINGS VIP CLUB uptat arunt ressed quam r Temquissit eum vol . Ro A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ta id minvend ignimus Join the Kings VIP Club to receive our butterfliesAnda sit que velendi newsletters, VIP exclusive BUTTERFLY GARDENING ciat eaqui cum dolorep KEY POINTSmincia doloriste verspi specials, bo. competitions and discount • Each speciesudisit of ea butt quia dolum la Avouchers COMPLETE GUIDE TO erfly or moth needs specific host plants. Female adults w BUTTERFLY GARDENING write to: the species that their juven ill only lay eggs on n on butterfly gardening For more informatio • Research before you begin ile forms will eat. VISIT YOUR LOCAL KINGS es of New Zealand Trust KINGS VIP planting CLUB to Moths and Butterfli determine which plants Club to receive our FORREST HILL valier, Auckland 1246. Join the Kingsto VIP use and how 1 Forrest Hill Road, Ph 080 PO Box 44100, Pt Che much space is required. sive specials, HENDERSON 0 752 687 3 newsletters, VIP exclu 224 Universal Drive, Ph Phone 09 551 338 • Insecticides harm all stages unt vouchers HOWICK 836 9635 z competitions and disco 280 Botany Road, Ph 2 www.monarch.org.n Try organic gardening of the butterfly cycle. REMUERA 73 8527 and IPM (integrated pest 236 Orakei Road, Ph 5 management). Seek out a ST LUKES 24 9400 Visit Kings Plant Barn – pick up 118 Asquith Avenue, Ph 84 dvice on the website of the Moths and Butterflie SILVERDALE 6 2141 cific s New Zealand Trust. Cnr East Coast Rd & Main H KEY POINTStterfly or moth needs spe • Sunny gardensVISIT attrac YOUR LOCAL KINGSTAKAPUNA way, Ph 426 0401 s on t the most butterflies so Ph 0800 752 687 11 Porana Road, Ph 443 2221 • Each species of bu plant nectar-rich flowers 1 Forrest Hill Road, TAKANINI adults will only lay egg FORREST HILL e, Ph 836 9635 163 Airfield Road, Ph host plants. Female and host224 plants Universal in Driv 298 8736 r juvenile forms will eat. the sunniest partHENDERSON of the gard h 273 8527 the species that thei • Choose plants that will bl en. 280 Botany Road, P u begin planting to HOWICK h 524 9400 • Research before yo ow throughout the year. Try oom at 236different Orakei times Road, P ich plants to use and h REMUERA nue, Ph 846 2141 determine wh experimenting118 Asquith with Ave OPEN 7 DAYS ed. a variety of plantsST LUKES in Hway, Ph 426 0401 much space is requir that appeal to different es of the butterfly cycle.butterfly and moth species. Cnr East Coast Rd & Ma 1Call 0800 PLANTS a FREE copy of your Butterflyst SILVERDALE • Insecticides harm all stag • 11 Porana Road, Ph 443 222 ng and IPM (integrated peProvide a sunny spotTAKAPUNA for ba 298 8736www.kings.co.nz Try organic gardeni the website of sking and163 shelter Airfield Road, Ph ). Seek out advice on for the wind and rain.TAKANINI management rflies New Zealand •Trust. Nectar plants provide the Moths and Butte food for the adult he most butterflies butterflies,so while host plan Sunny gardens attract t ts feed caterpillars. • rs and host plants inSome nectar plants are plant nectar-rich flowe also host plants, the garden. e.g. swan plants. OPEN 7 DAYS the sunniest part of s bloom at different time Choose plants that will Call 0800 PLANTS • ry experimenting with Garden Guide and checkthroughout the year. T outwww.kings.co.nz hat appeal to different a variety of plants t species. butterfly and moth or basking and shelter • Provide a sunny spot f for the wind and rain. food for the adult • Nectar plants provide rs. ost plants feed caterpilla butterflies, while h e also host plants, Some nectar plants ar our huge range of butterflye.g. swan plants. attracting plants.

Kings proudly supporting The Moths and Butterflies Find your nearest store at www.kings.co.nz of New Zealand Trust 6 North American TRAGEDY By Jacqui Knight ou may have heard snippets of Ythe tragic news about Monarch butterflies in North America. The news is all bad: the migration is down 44% on what it was last year. Look at the decline over the last decade: from 2003-4 when the Monarchs covered 11 hectares (or nearly 28 acres), and this last winter, 2013-4 when they covered .67 hectares (1.66 acres) – this last winter was 6% of what it was. Put simply, the three key reasons are less food, illegal logging and extreme weather conditions. As Autumn (or Fall) comes to North America, in September or October, the Monarch butterflies that have been enjoying a Canadian summer sense that the cooler weather is on its way and begin to migrate south. No-one knows how they do it, but the strongest may survive a journey of 4,500 kilometres (2,800 miles) to reach the overwintering habitat in the Mexican mountains. With the habitat only discovered in the mid-1970’s, in 1993 conservationists began monitoring the overwintering grounds and the size of the population each year. And they are worried. Let’s look at those three simple reasons affecting the migration: 1. Less food Every New Zealander knows that a female Monarch needs milkweed (or swan plant in NZ) on which to lay her eggs. In North America this is a wild Photos this page by Bill Berthet plant, often seen as a weed. without affecting their crops. Last year Development consumes about 4,000 To get to Mexico most of the 83% of all corn and 93% of soya beans square kilometres (1 million acres) of Monarchs fly over ‘the Prairies’, the grown were herbicide tolerant – totalling farmland each year, and the conversion central lowlands or Midwest of the USA. nearly 627,262 square kilometres or 155 of woodlands and other landscapes to Much of this land, which was once million acres, much of it in the Midwest shopping malls, housing and roadways wilderness, has now been affected by – that’s over four times the size of the – even unproductive lawns – takes the development: towns, roads, industry North Island! same amount each year. and farms. Roadside ‘weeds’ are Early in 2007 the US Government According to Monarch Watch’s Chip sprayed to keep things neat and tidy. passed the Clean Energy Act of 2007, Taylor, 167 million acres of Monarch And yes, milkweed is poisonous. frequently referred to as the ‘Ethanol habitat has been lost since 1996. Understandably, farmers don’t want it to Mandate’. It was apparent to many get into the foodstream of their livestock. growers in the spring of 2007 that this 2. Illegal Logging Herbicides are now used much more act was going to increase the demand frequently – and many farmers have for and price of corn. Corn planting For many years the people who live near moved to GE crops. You can buy has been increasing ever since with the the overwintering sites in Mexico have of soya bean and maize, for instance, result that farmers have removed hedges depended on logging the oyamel firs, the which has been genetically engineered and narrowed field margins. In much of ones on which the Monarchs overwinter, so that it isn’t affected by Monsanto’s the corn-belt, farming is from road to affording appropriate weather and Roundup, and farmers can spray road with little habitat for any form of shelter for the butterflies. For the last ‘everything’ that grows in their pasture wildlife remaining. ten years international philanthropists, 7 swan plant (actually African in origin) and have at some time or another bought one or more to encourage the Monarch. It is estimated that 20 to 30 thousand swan plants are grown and sold to end-users. In the US and Canada very few retailers would sell milkweed plants, which is considered a weed. But it’s frustrating to suffer the ‘boom or bust’ relationship that we have with the plant, and it can be quite upsetting to some conservation groups and businesses Monarchs also engage children people when they see wasps taking their have created alternative income and adults in conservation efforts. By caterpillars – or when bought plants are generation and employment to local participating in tagging here in New sprayed, poisoning the caterpillars. communities. As well, others are helping Zealand through the MBNZT’s citizen We need to improve our understanding build sustainable homes and energy science programme, or simply enjoying of biodiversity and the effect that sources (the local people have been the thrill of raising a butterfly at home, humans have on flora and fauna. That burning wood for heating and cooking). in a kindergarten or school, children is the role of the MBNZT: to raise the But despite the Mexican government get direct experience with Nature and awareness of people here to the plight decreeing that the logging has to cease, develop that connection which will lead of the Monarch, other butterflies, and it has now gone ‘underground’ and there to their development as conservationists moths and Nature in general. One can is still a market for the timber. of the future. In an increasingly urban take the lessons we learn from Monarch society children need these direct butterflies and apply them to landcare, 3. Weather experiences with Nature to foster their streamcare, farming – even business. development as caring, Recent extreme weather conditions We can tell our friends and global citizens. After have affected the Monarchs badly – family in North all, we are part of our be it drought, heavy snows, floods. America about environment – it is not We only need to watch the TV news in the Monarch’s a specialist subject. It the evening to see this happening all migration matters to everyone. over the world – but we probably don’t and ask them Exposure to appreciate it from the aspect of an to support the natural world insect’s migration, let alone how initiatives there produces significant this change in weather patterns is – even if it is health benefits. affecting other species of animal as simple to It’s been shown to and plant life. buy a packet decrease stress But it is evidenced by the changes to of milkweed and anxiety, lower the breeding patterns of the Monarch seed and plant blood pressure, butterfly: where it is breeding, and when. it somewhere reduce obesity and The Monarchs arrive late to the breeding in their garden. symptoms of ADHD grounds, and in smaller numbers. To reduce the and promotes a Photos this page by Sally Phillips The temperatures aren’t conducive amount of lawn general sense of to breeding, and at last when breeding and replace well-being. commences a snow or heavy rain it with native Monarch conservation also helps kills the milkweed and resultant wildflowers for the butterflies and develop in preschoolers a sense of caterpillars. bees. To reduce their dependence curiosity and in later life an interest in All in all a devastating effect on on pesticides. science. A relationship with Monarch the Monarch butterfly and our We can encourage others to support butterflies teaches children kindness environment. conservation initiatives, whether it is and gentleness. I have had teachers tell membership, subscriptions, donations, So why should we care me it has reduced bullying and taught gift memberships, sponsorship ... or about the Monarch? empathy for those children who don’t even sharing magazines and messages. ‘fit in’. There are often little things we can The Monarch butterfly is an indicator So what can we in do: Monarch Watch is dedicated to species. Preserving Monarch habitat education, conservation and research on helps many other pollinators. Every third New Zealand do? the Monarch butterfly, and when buying bite of food that we eat comes thanks to We can learn from what is happening from Amazon Monarch Watch can earn a pollinator. Monarchs, bees, moths and in North America and ensure it doesn’t a commission – simply use this portal: other pollinators share the same habitat, happen here. New Zealand is unique in http://tinyurl.com/m0narch-amaz0n. so whatever affects Monarchs will affect its relation to the Monarch. Most people Or, if you are in NZ, support the work other pollinators too. visiting the garden centre know the of the MBNZT. We need your help too! 8

UP, UP AND authentic learning context it provided By Anna McAlpine for literacy. Photos Matiere School As part of our reading programme I wove in the Monarch’s lifecycle. away Students all started off as caterpillar atiere School is a rural school eggs, progressing through the stages of Mhidden away in the idyllic back Snippets of the lifecycle as they went up the reading blocks of the King Country. Our kids are levels. The swan plant that we put up outgoing, gutsy and truly represent what the children’s as a wall display provided the students country kids are all about. The Matiere with a great visual of where they were community, students and staff value writing: in regards to the reading colour wheel, sustainability and our students are often and they knew exactly where they were seen out of the front of the school selling Last night a caterpillar was a fish hook heading next in their learning. It was some of their lovely produce from our shape, but now it is a chrysalis. Jack and always exciting to hear a student shout garden. Jovian tagged the butterfly. One was a boy and one was a girl. The caterpillars out “I’m no longer a caterpillar, I’ve Late in 2012 Jacqui Knight came turned into a chrysalis!” to visit our school and refreshed are running out of food. They have to eat cucumber. We kept a daily writing journal based our thinking around the Monarch – Paora Age 7 butterfly. As we discussed this, our staff were becoming more and more If a butterfly has some spots it will be a intrigued. boy. If a butterfly has no dots it is a girl. It was not long after that the concept – Noah Age 7 of ‘Up, Up and Away’ was deemed to be The caterpillar does not have any more the Junior Room’s underlying theme for leaves to eat. We had to carry the the first part of Term One in 2013. This caterpillar out onto the swan plants out saw us planting some swan plant seeds in the garden. Jovian and I tagged two kindly donated by Jacqui at the end of monarch butterflies. Jovian was going the term, ready for the fresh start in the to let his one go, but it flew around the following year. classroom. I let my butterfly go, we just put it on the tyre. My one was a boy. My aim was to incorporate Up, Up and – Jack Age 6 Away through our everyday classroom Lending a helping hand to the caterpillar programme, focussing heavily on the – they sure can eat! Not to mention the daily care and 9 The caterpillars had no food. We had to consideration the students displayed for put pumpkins on the swan plant. The our caterpillars and butterflies. chrysalis is so black that it might hatch Obviously our students were not the tomorrow or today. The fat caterpillar was only ones learning, they shared their still eating the cucumber. The caterpillars ideas and learning with the community are fat and chunky. There is one butterfly and it was nice to hear that there that needs to be tagged right now. Our butterflies are called Monarch Butterflies. were discussions taking place around I can tell how to tell which one is a boy the dinner table about the trials and and girl. A boy has spots on it and a girl tribulations of the Monarch butterfly. doesn’t have spots. Our kids were involved in tagging the – Paige Age 6 butterflies, something I never knew took place and it was such a buzz, not only for them! The first half of the term came around all too quick and at this time I went on maternity leave from Matiere School. Later on down the track Matiere School would like to set up a Monarch butterfly garden and continue the students’ learning. I would have loved to have dug even deeper and broader into our Up Up and Tagging the Monarchs and Away concept, there is so much more to getting them ready for release. it and I felt I only scratched the surface. The opportunities to incorporate every around our Monarch caterpillars. We area of the curriculum are endless. had quite a few plants and caterpillars Jacqui Knight and the Butterfly Trust which meant that there were always are passionate about what they do and changes going on to at least one of were very helpful and resourceful. If any our wee creatures. This gave us many teachers out there are looking to give opportunities during our school day to their students some real life problems to record our observations, discuss and solve, then I suggest taking a look at the Above: Paige (left) and Ella transfer a caterpillar to another swan plant solve problems, research our questions. Monarch butterfly. Attract butterflies to your garden

©Brian Sheppard Photography

Visit your local Go Gardening retailer for Swan Plants and everything you need to create a butterfly friendly garden.

www.gogardening.co.nz/retailers 10 Gardening With Jane Carver An early start ENSURES SUCCESS his time of year is a great time to Tsow swan plant or milkweed seeds. There is still enough heat to encourage germination and your plants will have a chance to reach a reasonable size before the cold weather slows them down. March and April still have plenty of good warm days and the soil still has enough warmth to nurture a seedling. We have all had the experience of running out of fodder for our caterpillars and frankly it doesn’t matter how many plants you grow, there will never be enough because the population dynamic will ensure that even if you grow a plethora of plants, as a result you will attract a multitude of butterflies and many more eggs will become hungry caterpillars. The lesson to learn here is to start early and get a head start on planning for next spring. Buy good fresh seed from a reputable supplier like the MBNZT. These will arrive pronto especially if you purchase them online. Always use a good potting mix or well shaded spot with morning sun only will matured compost with a reasonably help them retain moisture and still have fine texture. A warning to anyone using enough sunlight in the mornings to drive dusty, dry lifeless soil – like any small a good growth rate. living thing, if you starve it, Be ready to you will have transplant your unsatisfying, seedlings into small mean results pots. Have good soil so always use or mix good soil to give on hand and when your seedlings seedlings reach the best possible a point of having start. four good leaves, Water is carefully pot them essential for good on into small pots plant growth and which will allow a your soil or mix bit of growing on should be damp room. Pots around and not allowed to 7cm across will Top: Mature swan plant. dry out, while not be sufficient. If Above: Seed pods. sitting in pools of you use pots that Left: Young potted plants ready for planting out. water where root are too large and Photos by Jacqui Knight rots will see your the roots cannot reach the edges before plants withering. It is quite hard to strike the winter sets in, your seedlings will a bit of shelter during the worst cold a good balance with water especially if become waterlogged and cold during snaps. you have sown your seeds in seed trays the coldest months. Keep the small pots Plant what you consider to be far too and their root run is limited by the depth huddled together over the colder months many seeds! It’s great to have plenty, of the tray. Pay attention and check where they will afford each other some and plants make lovely gifts for anyone your seedlings every day. If the weather protection from the coldest winds and interested in caterpillars and butterflies. is hot, cast your eye across seed trays wintry onslaughts. Use a porch or a spot Happy gardening to you all. twice a day. Keeping trays in a semi- under a tree or next to a hedge to offer Jane 11 FREE SEEDS for financial members One of the benefits of supporting the used as an alternative host plant for The other seed is Vigna caracalla or MBNZT financially are the free seeds Monarch butterflies but the flowers are Snail Vine, which also goes under the and bonus items we loved by all butterflies as name of Phaseolus caracalla. When I have on offer from they are rich in nectar. was a girl my mother had it growing time to time. Not Its name is interesting: in her garden. The perfume of the only do you receive Oxypetalum means creamy-white-pink-purple flowers was these magazines full ‘sharp petal’ and the outstanding. They looked like delicate of information about caeruleum means blue. curly snail shells (and that’s where plants and ideas to But here’s the great its name comes from). It is related to enhance your habitat, part of the story: I have the scarlet runner bean and is a host but you know that your always found the plant plant for the long-tailed blue butterfly, subscription is helping (from seed or garden Lampides boeticus. to make a difference centre) difficult and very Supplies of both of these seeds are for NZ moths and slow to grow. However, limited but if you’d like some here’s butterflies. while visiting Hastings what to do: And here’s the latest Above: Tweedia. last year I came across 1. Make sure you’re a financial member. free seed offer for you: Below: Snail Vine. a garden with Tweedia If you’re not, it is only $25 to read two different plants! growing rampant and each quarterly magazine on-line, or Tweedia or wild. I asked the owner $35 to receive them in the mail. See Oxypetalum caeruleum if she would swap some below for more details. is a genus of seeds with the MBNZT 2. Send a DLE envelope addressed flowering plants in the and now we can offer it to yourself, with postage stamp Apocynaceae family, free to financial members. attached to: so it’s related to the Tweedia grows in South FREE SEEDS milkweed. It is native America as a tropical PO Box 44100 to South America and vine or subshrub but in Pt Chevalier is loved for its sky blue NZ’s temperate climate Auckland 1246 star-shaped flowers it’s more like an annual and grey-green felted preferring full sun and Remember, stocks are limited so make leaves. It can also be moist soil. your move now!

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In search of the elusive Small apollo ALSO IN THIS ISSUE: 10 TO BE WON • Raumati South School impresses at the Ellerslie Flower Show • Purple Milkweed – a great addition for butterfly lovers • Raising Monarchs is as easy as ABC • Create a butterfly habitat with our on-line course *$25.00 for on-line magazine. $35.00 for printed magazine. ✂ ❑ Yes please join me up as a member to receive the quarterly magazine by MY DETAILS: Mr / Mrs / Ms email for $25 OR First Name:______❑ Yes please join me up as a member to receive the printed quarterly Last Name:______magazine by post for $35 GRAND TOTAL $______Address:______HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO PAY? ______❑ Cheque – please make cheques payable to MBNZT, P O Box 44100, ______Pt Chevalier, Auckland 1246. Email:______❑ Direct Credit by internet banking to Kiwibank 38 9009 0654693 00 (quote Daytime contact phone no:______surname and postcode).

Please feel free to photocopy this page and fill it out if you do not wish to cut up your magazine. (If you want free seeds please write that on the outside of the envelope.) 12

Above: Pictured is the pretty plumemoth Pterophorus innotatalis beside its larval hostplant Dichondra brevifolia in the savannah PLUMEMOTHS grasslands west of Christchurch in October 2012. By Brian Patrick of their host rather than the foliage, so I stumbled upon its larval mines in 1989 ew Zealand has an endemic fauna are often well hidden until the larvae are on a small creeping herb Dichondra Nof 18 species of plumemoth in the large and ready to pupate. brevifolia a member of the Convolvulus Family Pterophoridae. An additional With a wingspan of just 10mm family. I have since found it utilising four species have been introduced the pretty Pterophorus innotatalis is the related D. repens and Convolvulus – both accidentally and as part of widespread in open habitats almost waitaha, also low creeping herbs. For biological control programmes to control nationwide from the coast to the inland its first instars the larvae remain hidden particular weeds. These are small and valleys. Fortunately it is among a group inside the leaves of the host as a leaf delicate moths that hold their wings in of our endemic moths that have adapted miner. The tracks of the larval mines a distinctive way and generally fly at to modified habitats such as backyards, often give away the presence of the dusk or early evening. Some species are golf courses and farmland. It can be moth. Later instars emerge from the very common and widespread such as locally common in these managed lawns, mine to feed on the plant’s foliage Platypitilia repletalis whose larvae feed tussock grasslands and recreational then pupate openly on the host. As in on plantain seedheads, while others are areas where it is on the wing between other plumemoths the larvae feed up much more restricted in their distribution late September and March. While the extremely quickly and the pupal stage such as the alpine species Stenoptilia adults can be easily disturbed by day takes only a few days so it is difficult to lithoxesta whose larvae feed on various and are rather active when disturbed, it observe late instar larvae or pupae in the hebes. In fact Hebe is the favoured appears to have its main adult activity in field. hostplant of many of our endemic the late afternoon on calm hot days. Look for this fine plumemoth in short plumemoths. Pterophorus innotatalis was described grassy areas in your neighbourhood All species are very specific in by Francis Walker in 1864 from material now, where you may be lucky enough to their larval hostplants making them supplied by TR Oxley from Nelson. The see the elegant adults flying low over the fascinating to breed and one of the Type is in the Natural History Museum, foliage. It may even be living in your own easier groups to rear in captivity. A London. lawn, as it was in mine in North Otago characteristic of plumemoth larvae is In the savannah grasslands west of in the 1970s, where it is surviving your that they prefer to feed on the flowers Christchurch that occupy old riverbeds regular mowing activities! Tread carefully. 13 BUTTERFLIES HELP THE ELDERLY

By David Jones fielded indicated a keen interest by bout two years ago I planted one some and it was probable that many Aswan plant in my mother’s garden more residents might also have a similar around her villa in the Masonic Village, interest. Masterton. Mum, now 97 years and with To seize the opportunity I sowed some more seeds by way of a short article for poor eyesight, loves gardening and was Mum (Viwa Jones) and my wife Sally at the village monthly newsletter about the Te Mahia Bay in Marlborough Sounds, where happy to have one swan plant. Over the past two years I have received many declining numbers of Monarchs and the we often see Monarchs. reports of Monarchs ‘flying past the need for more swan plants. Fortunately window’ and caterpillars eating the plant the village manager was very interested, whom I had away, to the extent that it was clear mum I think she could foresee a village with not met, explaining how he had kept was getting a lot of enjoyment out of this many Monarchs as being therapeutic ‘his’ caterpillars alive on cucumber peel one swan plant and its by-products. for the residents, whether as butterfly and they had gone through to become In September 2013 mum had a fall spectators or growers of swan plants. butterflies – with two photos to prove the and fractured her pelvis. She made an ‘Masonic Monarchs’ was not exactly a point. In visiting the village over the past excellent recovery and as an enforced bad hobby to be noted for in the wider 17 years I don’t recall very many resident exercise when she returned to her community. The article was published in newsletter contributions or a follow home I very kindly sowed a tray of the November issue. up such as this. The conversation has swan plant seeds and placed them in When I returned to visit mother in started, lets hope it continues among her conservatory with strict instructions December I was hunted out by three of the residents. that she would need to water the seeds the residents who wanted me to inspect Being resident in Melbourne I’m each day. Not only did this give mum an their swan plants – products of mother’s unable to help the residents very much added interest and activity, visitors also seed raising in September. Problem – other than my 3-4 visits annually but I became involved and it was soon clear too many caterpillars not enough plant! can’t take them any personally grown that Monarchs had played a role in many Others had called mother and jokingly seeds or plants. Hopefully the village people’s lives somewhere along the said they were becoming rapidly broke gardener will take up the project and line and most probably when they were through having to buy more plants there will be some swan plants planted very young. There was a definite link to feed their hungry caterpillars. The in the communal gardens, but otherwise and sentiment for many of the elderly December issue of the newsletter had it may be that the butterflies will need to residents of the village. The questions a half-page article from one resident, do their own bidding. 14

NELSON GROWABLES 2013 By Chrissie Ward

The Nelson Growables Garden Fair took place on Sunday 17 November, and for the fourth year running local MBNZT members had a stand there. The usual stalwarts staffed the stand – Rae Herd and me, my partner Tony in the afternoon, with relief provided over lunchtime by Mary Willett.

rowables is held at Founders Heritage Park, a collection demonstrations swears he didn’t burn anything so we will lay Gof relocated and replica historic buildings that provides a the blame on the resident sparrows who chirped loudly all day unique experience of Nelson’s past. As last year, our stand was from the rafters. in the Old Granary, renamed ‘The Garden Shed’ for the day. We had swan plants and nectar plants for sale as well as We were glad to be under cover, as the weather deteriorated packets of various seeds but the main purpose of having a during the afternoon. Just as it started to spit with rain an alarm stand at a fair such as this is to interact with members of the went off and we had to decamp outside (me clutching the cash public. Over 3000 people came through the door, and we were box!), but after five minutes we were allowed back in. Nobody kept busy handing out MBNZT brochures, referring people seems to know what set the alarm off; the chef giving cooking to the website, offering advice and answering innumerable questions. It’s good having Rae on the stand as she has an amazing knowledge of all insects, not just butterflies. Rae is extra special because it was she who realised, in June 2010, that the caterpillars on her brother’s Nasturtiums were something never seen before in NZ. They proved to be the Large White Butterfly, potentially a very serious pest. As a result of the publicity given to the Large White in Nelson media, people seem to be reasonably knowledgeable about it. However, most haven’t seen one, and visitors to our stand were very interested in the dead female specimen we had on display. During the last school holidays the Ministry for Primary Industries offered a $10 bounty for any Large Whites caught, plus prize draw entries for small ones. Butterfly hunting proved a popular pastime, with 134 Large Whites and 3417 Small Whites handed in. As a result of this amazing effort, there are much fewer White butterflies around in Nelson this summer. Thanks, kids, local vegetable growers are very happy! 15 A HARDY Milkweed Gomphocarpus cancellatus SYN Asclepias cancellata (Wild Cotton Milkweed or Cape Milkweed)

By Adam Browne This interesting milkweed is native to southern Africa and is found also in Australia (where it grows as a weed around Adelaide). It is quite different to the other milkweeds in that it has the appearance of a succulent plant. Its leaves are thick and leathery but the caterpillars are more than happy to munch away on them with relative ease. This milkweed seems to be adapted for dry conditions and can thrive in dry soils. It also seems to be very hardy as my plant has survived for several years now in a large 40 litre pot while being eaten down to the ground by Monarch caterpillars several times. It has regrown itself from the rootstock very successfully each time. It also seems to tolerate frost and it doesn’t die back to the roots like so many other milkweeds do at the onset of winter, but stays upright and just grows much more slowly instead. I’m sure it needs a lot of sunshine and this may explain its flowering cycle which oddly insert photos by Peter Swart photo by Adam Browne, Background enough seems to begin in Autumn. a stem that had blown over in the wind appearance is so very different from The creamy-white flowers that come but this wasn’t a successful propagation other varieties. out in small clusters at the top of the experiment either. Maybe the only other It does to a limited extent fulfil its stems have no detectable scent but option for creating another plant that will ‘normal’ milkweed obligations of feeding that didn’t seem to prevent bumble and make seed pods between them is to get caterpillars. honey bees and various other insects some more seeds growing. I’ve seen photos of G. cancellatus from frequenting them on a regular basis. So far I think the value of this plant growing in the ground in both the U.S.A. I’ve never had a seed pod from my is its curiosity value because while and South Australia which indicate single plant despite it flowering profusely it doesn’t have the same leaf appeal that it can grow very large in optimal last Autumn as it needs another plant of and capacity for caterpillars that the conditions, but I guess if you love the same type to exchange pollinia with. other milkweed varieties have, it’s Monarchs, this is just a bonus because I also tried to grow cuttings in water from very interesting to look at because its ultimately it means more butterflies! Go Gardening winners Over the past courtesy of the Nursery Cathy Kukutai, Pam Moresby, six months we and Garden Industry Sid and Marge Mosdell, Christina have offered new New Zealand. Needham, Murray and Joanne members joining up The winners are: Porter, Susan Ross, Jenny Sullivan the opportunity to Amanda Besley, Look for your gift card coming win a Go Gardening Anne Carpenter, to you in the mail shortly. And giftcard worth $30, Grey Lynn School, many thanks to the NGINZ! 16 UPDATE on Large White

Photo by Philippe Boissel

he hunt for evidence of the Large movement of vegetation. They have had members have generally been at odds TWhite (Pieris brassicae) in the Nelson stalls at public events and are working with the way in which the authorities area continues. with local vehicle inspection businesses renamed the butterfly when it was first Larvae of this species was found in on staff training so that they will identify discovered in this country. Internationally Nelson in 2010. The butterfly is regarded pupae on vehicles. the butterfly is known as the ‘Large as a pest of brassica crops including They have also distributed fridge White’ but somehow someone at MAF broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, magnets in the Nelson and Tasman area (as it was at that time) decided the cauliflower, broccoli, rape, swedes and as well as brochures. butterfly would be better named the turnips, and according to DOC it is a They ran a Bounty programme during ‘Great White’. There has been some potential threat to our cultivated and the Spring and 337 individuals or groups interesting debate among members on native brassica plants. handed in butterflies, 134 being the the forum of our website. The butterfly is larger than the target species and 3,135 Cabbage One contributor recently commented Cabbage White (Pieris rapae). Adults White. The P. brassicae were only caught that there are no such things as have a wingspan of between 55-70mm. in the target areas, which was pleasing, international common names. Caterpillars of the Large White are and the programme certainly helped “Common names are just that – unlikely to be confused with any other raise public awareness. common names, and they tend to differ caterpillars found feeding on brassicas The team continues with research slightly from place to place. As long (including Nasturtiums) due to their to develop butterfly traps, dog training as they don’t get the scientific name distinctive colouring and size. The Large to indicate on the species, optimising wrong, if New Zealand decides to call it White female lays her eggs in batches surveillance records and using DNA the great white it is really not a big deal. whereas the Cabbage White lays eggs sequencing to gain knowledge of Large whites are also commonly called singly or in pairs. the genetic variation of the butterfly Cabbage butterfly, Cabbage White or This season the team set up population in Nelson. This will help them Large Cabbage White.“ to eradicate the Large White estimate the number of females within The author admits that they, too, were has completed over 30,000 the detection zone. a bit frustrated in the beginning inspections on almost 22,000 For some time MBNZT “I was doing some desk research on separate properties in the them and I have to change the Nelson region. They found key word depending on where high rates of eggs through I am searching for information, September and were also but then it occurred to me, this collecting more larvae but is one of the many ways nations these have dropped through get their individuality by using January. their own expressions, for the The Technical Advisory sake of standard there is always Group is continuing with an the consistent scientific binary active advocacy programme, nomenclature.” putting out several media The debate on naming continues in releases in the area with a the forum! But if you, friends or family focus on the risks of butterflies suspect you have seen Large Whites in being spread on vehicles – especially your area, please contact the MPI on the campervans and boats – or through Photo by Richard Toft hotline, 0800 80 99 66. 17 It’s time to go tagging Want to get involved in a citizen How many sites are there? Monarch butterflies are seen science project which will cost you In North America, which is where as ‘indicator species’. They are next to nothing? All you need is a swan the Monarchs are from, each Autumn considered today’s ‘canaries of the plant or other milkweed and access millions of Monarchs leave the United coal mines’. If insects are affected, to the internet. It’s great for children’s States and southern Canada and journey our very survival will be affected. learning too – it fits right in with science south for up to 2,500 miles to their With the information from our and maths and IT skills, teaches them overwintering roosts in the mountain tagging programme we will to be careful, kindness, empathy and fir forests of west Mexico City. Their be better prepared to develops motor skills! numbers have been declining and protect Monarchs and We’re tagging Monarch butterflies. scientists are worried – you measure changes to our In NZ we know little about our can read the latest news environment – not only Monarchs and their overwintering elsewhere in this for Monarch butterflies behaviour. Where do they overwinter? magazine. but what affects other insects too. This is one way in which citizen scientists (that’s you!) can participate in a real science project. Read more about it on our website, under the Research tab. We’d love to have you join us – schools are especially welcome. Tags are being issued now and we wish to acknowledge NZ Post for their support with Community Post envelopes.

Photo by Anna Barnett

EncouragE BuTTErFLIES into your garden Check out our BUTTERFLY BEAUTIES selection or choose from a variety of seeds that the butterflies will just love. Visit our website www.kingsseeds.co.nz

PO Box 283 Katikati 3166 Ph: 07 549 3409 • Fax: 07 549 3408 18 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Our Annual General Meeting is to be held on 22 March 2013 at Room 112-1002 Unitec, Mt Albert Campus – enter by Gate 4. We Agenda Christine Evans-Millar has recently don’t spend too much time on discussing Apologies resigned. the past – if at all, we discuss what we’ve learned from the past and how it can help Minutes of AGM 2013 Jacqui Knight will stand down but us achieve our goals in the future. So Matters Arising offers herself for re-election. don’t be afraid of coming along! Those Trustees’ Report Confirmation of Legal Advisor who come will benefit from some free gifts Audited Accounts for 2012-13 Confirmation of Auditor and be able to participate in the ‘How we Strategic Plan can help our Admirals’ workshop led by Auditor’s Report experienced lepidopterist Norm Twigge. We Budget and annual subscriptions for General Business will endeavour to keep the business part of 2014-15 To be followed by workshop on the gathering (see agenda) to a minimum. Election of Members of the Board – How you can help New Zealand’s The workshop will start immediately on the two longest serving members resign. Admirals led by Norm Twigge. conclusion of the official business. Crazy chrysalises BEWARE Recently we ran a ‘Crazy chrysalises’ contest via the forum on our website and our Facebook page (http://www.facebook.com/mbnzt) and here are some of the Poisoned plants submissions. We’re delighted to advise that a free pair of secateurs (courtesy of McGregor’s) are in the mail to the Envirogroup, Western Heights Primary School, In January we Henderson, Lyn Barnes and Barbara Stride. Below are the winning photos: sent out a press release warning everyone to be careful when buying swan plants. On our forum we had had reports from people upset that their caterpillars are dying, because they had run out of milkweed (swan plant), bought new plants from garden centres and then their caterpillars had Lyn Barnes Envirogroup, Western Heights died. Primary School, Henderson Plants have often been sprayed so that they are in pristine condition and are intended to be grown on, not used as caterpillar food. We realise that growers find it difficult to sell plants damaged by caterpillars, so through our website we are urging gardeners to think ahead. We suggest that people ask if plants are caterpillar- safe before buying them. And also now is a great time to be buying seed and planting it for next year. More and more people are planting Jacqui Knight earlier in the season and making sure (highly commended) Another backscratcher by that they’ve got enough plants for next Barbara Stride year. They’re also protecting some of their plants for next year and with management, the plants can last several years so there are cost savings too. Watch out for the MBNZT stands and activities at the Ellerslie International Our press release was taken up and Flower Show, Christchurch, 26 February to 2 March and the Eye on Nature at the featured on One News, helping to get Auckland Botanic Gardens, 9 to 12 April. We’d love to see you there! the information out to the general public. 19 Photography Tip From Angela Moon-Jones

ome butterflies, such as the tiny Boulder Copper, Shave iridescence to their wings in certain light. On one angle the wing may appear to be brown, yet on another you will find a flash of purple or pink. By getting down closer to the ground or experimenting with different angles you will be able to capture their stunning iridescent colours. Below: Boulder Copper without iridescence, Right: The same butterfly with a pink iridescence.

DID YOU KNOW? A chrysalis does not need to be suspended to successfully eclose*. This tip is especially handy when you find Monarch caterpillars have decided that a door jamb or hose reel are the ideal place for them to wait until they are a butterfly. When the pupa is firm to the touch (3-4 hours after they have made their chrysalis) gently mist the silk around the cremaster, where it is attached to the inconvenient object, and then tease the silk away. I have found one of the collapsible food covers is ideal as a framework for butterflies to emerge. I leave the chrysalis lying down along the inside edge of the food cover. As the butterfly emerges, it can immediately grasp the netting and crawl up so that its wings hang down and fully expand. This photo was taken with the pupae resting on a glass pane, so you can see inside the food cover.

*eclose – emerge from the pupal stage. This is just one of the terms explained in the extensive glossary on our website, http://www.monarch.org.nz/monarch/resources/glossary/ Your purchase supports the Moths GOODIES TO BUY and Butterflies of New Zealand Trust

Caterpillar castles A. incarnata Seeds – $5 per packet This is what you need • Butterfly Mix is a blend of wildflowers, to protect your Monarch annuals, which will provide nectar for caterpillars. butterflies and bees as well as a block of Five sides have fine mixed colour in your garden. mesh to promote healthy • Gomphocarpus physocarpus or the air flow. One clear vinyl ‘Giant Swan Plant‘. More robust, and full side window for easy more resistant to the onslaught of the viewing of contents. caterpillars, much more resilient than the Large protected, zippered Swan Plant (G. fruticosus). opening for easy access. • Asclepias curassavica or Tropical Milkweed A. curassavica Proven design used is a native milkweed from America. Monarchs to raise thousands of will lay eggs on it – and it makes an attractive healthy caterpillars. addition to the garden, very popular as a Collapsible, lightweight and durable, they fold flat nectar source. – specify Gold or Scarlet for storage or to be washed. You can use 10% bleach (scarlet-orange petals, gold centres) solution to sanitise before reuse. The fine mesh protects your caterpillars from wasps • Asclepias incarnata is Swamp Milkweed and other predators. The fabric wicks away moisture to also comes from America. There are two varieties – one has white keep contents dry. flowers, one has pink. We have the variety with pink flowers. LARGE castles (33cm x 33cm x 60cm) are a good • Urtica incisa or Pureora is also known as scrub nettle. It is a host plant size for 10-20 caterpillars. Cost (including post & for Red and Yellow Admiral butterflies. It is native to New Zealand and packing) is $33 for financial members and$38 for non- SE Australia. financial members. JUMBO castles (60cm x 60cm x 90cm) make excellent flight cages and you can leave your butterflies The Monarch Butterfly in there (up to 100) with nectar flowers until there is George Gibbs’ “THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY” is only $29 a fine day.$60 for financial members,$65 for non- (includes P&P). This is an essential item for any backyard financial. nature enthusiast, whatever the age. With great colour Caterpillar castles are awesome. No more escaping photographs it has all you need to know if you’re raising caterpillars! No more heartache due to predators! Monarchs in captivity or the garden. BUTTERFLY T-SHIRTS FOR SALE Our new T-shirt collection is now available with a wide range of styles and colours to choose from. See the artist’s impression (below) or the website www.nzbutterflies.printmighty.co.nz for more details. Prices are from $30.00 upwards and should be ordered on our on-line store www.nzbutterflies.printmighty.co.nz – or on the shop via our website. We will add more designs and garments (such as bags and caps) on demand – please contact [email protected] if you would like to see other lines.

You can order items by sending your order and cheque payment to: TO PLACE MBNZT, PO Box 44100, Pt Chevalier, Auckland 1246 Or pay by internet banking into the MBNZT account – Kiwibank 38-9009-0654693-00 and send an AN ORDER email to [email protected] with details of your order, your name and delivery address.