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Šiuolaikinėje Taivano Pop Kultūroje

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Šiuolaikinėje Taivano Pop Kultūroje Vilniaus universiteto Orientalistikos centras Šiuolaikinių Azijos studijų programos studentė MILDA ZAPOLSKAITĖ Taivanietiškumas (taiwaneseness) šiuolaikinėje Taivano pop kultūroje MAGISTRO DARBAS Vadovas – Dr. Vytis Silius Vilnius 2016 Baigiamojo magistro darbo vadovo išvados dėl darbo gynimo: .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ................ ................................................. ........................ (data) (v., pavardė) (parašas) Baigiamasis magistro darbas įteiktas gynimo komisijai: .............. ........................................................................ (data) (gynimo komisijos sekretorės parašas) Baigiamojo magistro darbo recenzentas: ........................................................................... (v., pavardė) Baigiamojo magistro darbų gynimo komisijos įvertinimas: .............................................................................................................................................. 201... m. ............................ mėn. ....... d. (gynimo data) Gynimo komisijos pirmininkas: ................................................................................... .................................... (v., pavardė) (parašas) 2 Zapolskaitė, Milda Taivanietiškumas šiuolaikinėje Taivano pop kultūroje: magistro darbas / Milda Zapolskaitė, šiuolaikinių Azijos studijų programos studentė; mokslinis vadovas dr. V. Silius; Vilniaus universitetas. Orientalistikos centras. – Vilnius, 2016. – 73 lap. – Mašinr. – Santr. angl. – Bibliogr.: p. 64 (154 pavad.). Taivanietiškumas, Taivano kultūra, Taivano pop kultūra, kultūrinis identitetas Taivane, Taivano kultūrinė patirtis, kultūrinė hegemonija, „kitoniškumas“, Taivano multikultūriškumas, Taivano ir Kinijos dichotomija. Magistro darbo objektas – kultūrinio identiteto išraiškos šiuolaikinėje Taivano pop kultūroje. Darbo tikslas – paneigti požiūrį, kad artikuliuojamas taivanietiškumas kultūrinį idententitetą visuomenė apibrėžia per vietinės ir kinų kultūros dichotomiją bei įrodyti, kad veikiau artikuliuojamas multikultūrinis identitetas. Darbo uždaviniai: išsiaiškinti kaip formavosi Taivano kultūra ir kultūrinis identitetas istoriniame šalies kontekste valdant svetimšaliams ir veikiant kolonializmo, imperializmo procesams. Išanalizuoti kaip iškilo ir formavosi nauja kultūrinė erdvė, populiarioji kultūra, ir jos diskursas įgavus politinę laisvę. Išanalizuoti konkrečius pavyzdžius iš Taivano pop kultūros ir identifikuoti kokį šiandieninės Taivano visuomenės suvokimą apie savą kultūrą ir kultūrinį identitetą jie pademonstruoja. Naudojant A. Gramsci kultūrinės hegemonijos teoriją ir akademinę diskusiją apie „kitoniškumą“ buvo prieita išvados, kad Taivano visuomenės savitos kultūros suvokimas formavosi veikiamas kolinijinių, imperialistinių procesų, kultūrinėje dichotomijoje. Remiantis susiteminta akademine diskusija apie pop kultūros formavimąsi ir funkcijas, prieita išvados, kad Taivano populiariosio kultūros ištakomis laikoma vyravusi kultūrinė dichotomija ir ji suvokiama kaip atsvara kiniškos kultūros dominavimui. Pritaikius multikultūralizmo požiūrį analizuojant konkrečius pavyzdžius iš Taivano pop kultūros, prieita išvados, kad populiarioji kultūra šiandieninei Taivano visuomenei sukuria ervę kultūrinei išraiškai, kuri išlaisvina nuo istorinių, politinių įtampių, neverčia daryti pasirinkimo tarp vienos ar kitos kultūros. Darbas naudingas akademikams, siekiantiems tyrinėti šiuolaikinę Taivano visuomenę ir surasti naują, alternatyvų požiūrį į taivanietiškumą, šiuolaikinio Taivano kultūrą, kultūrinį identitetą. 3 TURINYS ĮVADAS ....................................................................................................................... 5 1. Taivano kultūra ir kultūrinio identiteto klausimas ........................................ 8 1.1. Kultūros tyrinėjimas Vakarų akademiniame diskurse ........................................ 9 1.2. Taivano kultūrinė patirtis istoriniame kontekste............................................... 13 1.3. Taivanizacijos era............................................................................................ 21 1.4. Taivano ir Kinijos kultūrų dichotomija ............................................................ 24 2. Populiarioji kultūra šiuolaikiniame Taivane ................................................ 27 2.1. Populiarioji kultūra Vakarų akademiniame diskurse ........................................ 27 2.2. Populiarioji kultūra Rytų Azijos akademiniame diskurse ................................. 33 2.3. Taivano populiariosios kultūros diskursas ....................................................... 35 3. Multikultūrinė Taivano pop kultūra ............................................................... 41 3.1. Multikultūrinio požiūrio iškilimas ................................................................... 42 3.2. Taike fenomenas ............................................................................................. 46 3.3. Taivanietiška pop muzika ................................................................................ 50 3.4. Taivanietiškos dramos ..................................................................................... 53 3.5. Multikultūriniai pop kultūros elementai ........................................................... 57 IŠVADOS .................................................................................................................. 62 Literatūros sąrašas ......................................................................................................... 64 4 ĮVADAS Suvokti kultūrą, kuri nėra gimtoji ar kultūriškai atrima savajai, yra kupina iššūkių užduotis. O susidūrus su šalimi, kuri pati jau daugiau nei keletą dešimtmečių patiria sunkumus bandydama suvokti save, savo kultūrą bei apibrėžti savo tapatybę, ši užduotis atrodo dar sudėtingesnė, tačiau ir įdomesnė, labiau įtraukianti. Viena tokių šalių yra Taivanas. Taivanas žavus tuo, kad turi milžinišką potencialą pasiūlyti konkrečius pavyzdžius tyrinėjant šių laikų aktualiausias temas – lanksčias tapatybes, kolonijinį paveldą, globalizaciją, lokalizaciją ar net glokalizaciją. Todėl suprasti jį tampa nepaprastai komplikuotu, tačiau nuo pat pradžių sudominančiu ir toliau nesustojančiu intriguoti iššūkiu. Nuo pat Taivano studijų pradžios identiteto klausimas yra labiausiai mėgstamas Taivano visuomenę bandančių suprasti akademikų tyrimų objektas. Jam analizuoti mokslininkai pasitelkia taivanietiškumo sampratą, kuri savyje talpina klausimą „ką reiškia būti taivaniečiu“. Jis apima kone visas Taivano sferas ir mokslininkai bando atsakyti į klausimus ką reiškia būti Tavano gyventoju, etniniu taivaniečiu bei Taivano kultūros nešiotoju. Todėl analizuoja nacionalinį, etninį ar kultūrinį identitetus (Tu, 1996; Tsai, 2007). Dėl komplikuotos istorinės, politinės situacijos, tarptautinių santykių su Kinija ir potencialios nepriklausomybės siekio (Copper, 2003), ilgai centriniu Taivano visuomenės analizės objektu buvo politikos ir nacionalinė tapatybės diskursai, o kitos svarbios šalies sferos, kaip kad kultūra, tapo antraeiliais susidomėjimo objektais. Pastaruoju dešimtmečiu fiksuojamas akademinis pokytis – auga susidomėjimas alternatyviais šaltiniais šiuolaikinei visuomenei analizuoti, kurių vienu pagrindiniu tampa populiarioji Taivano kultūra. Populiarioji kultūra tampa svarbi, nes ji atspindi ne tik valdžios veiksmus, nukreiptus į visuomenės formavimą, bet ir visuomenės reakciją į juos. Tačiau būdamas bendro kultūros diskurso dalimi, pop kultūros diskursas neišvengiamai remiasi akademinėmis diskusijomis apie istorinį Taivano kultūros ir kultūrinio identiteto formavimąsi. Todėl analizuojant populiariosios kultūros erdvę, projektuojamas panašus požiūris ir joje besireiškiantis kultūrinis identitetas analizuojamas istoriniame Taivano kultūrinės patirties kontekste, kuris pasiūlo, kad Taivanas ir jo visuomenė apibrėžia savo kultūrą per įtampą ir konfrontacinį santykį su buvusiomis kultūrinėmis hegemonijomis. 5 Tačiau neseniai oficiacialios Taivano kultūros diskurse iškilo naujas požiūris į šalies kultūrą, kaip į hibridišką, multikultūrinį darinį. Todėl šio darbo tikslas yra pritaikant šį požiūrį iš naujo pažvelgti bei įvertinti Taivano pop kultūros erdvę. Naujo žvilgsnio į pop kultūrą pagalba bus paneigiama idėja, kad šiuolaikinė Taivano visuomenė apibrėžia savo kultūrą remdamasi unikalios istorijos ir kultūrinės patirties suformuotomis įtampomis. Bus pademonstuojama, kad Taivanas ir jo visuomenė renkasi multikultūrinį identitetą, kuris išlaisvina visuomenę nuo praeities įtampų. Darbo objektas – kultūrinio identiteto išraiškos šiuolaikinėje Taivano pop kultūroje. Tyrimo problema: Ar populiariojoje kultūroje artikuliuojamas taivanietiškumas formuoja taivanietiškos ir kiniškos kultūrų dichotomiją? Darbo tikslą pasiekti padės keletas uždavinių: 1. Išsiaiškinti kaip formavosi Taivano kultūra ir kultūrinis identitetas istoriniame šalies kontekste. Tai padės suvokti su kokiais iššūkiais ir įtampomis Taivanas susidūrė proceso metu. Taip pat pademonstruoti kaip šie iššūkiai ir įtampos lėmė savitos Taivano kultūros ir kultūrinio identiteto suvokimą bei pateikimą akademiniame diskurse, formavo tam
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