Muhammad began on the • Founder of Islam in • Is the name for • His teachings are () • Those who follow Allah are found in the Qur'an • left called • Teachings came from and converted an sent by God people in Medina Monotheistic Qur'an (Koran) Laws- Five Pillars of • Like and • Holy book of Islam • Faith in Allah • Christianity, Muslims believe • Contains the teachings of 5 times a day facing Mecca • Muhammad the as Giving alms (charity) to the poor in one all-powerful God • Fasting during revealed by Allah • Make a () to Mecca at • Only written in least one time in a life time

• Mecca – • Muhammad was Medina- where • – born here and is Muhammad of the Rock where where the founded Islam Muhammad is located ascended to heaven Islam spread from the Arabian Peninsula across and Africa and into Spain • Diffusion along trade routes from Spain Mecca and Medina Asia • Expansion despite great distances, environments, North Africa Arabian and mountain barriers Peninsula • Arabia Desert • Syrian Desert • Zagros Mountains • Spread into the Fertile , , and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian Empires Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development • Years of fighting • Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived • Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands • Slavery was not based on race Historic Turning Points Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Islamic capital moved to and the division of Islam • In 750 , the Abbasid • Jerusalem – Muslims built Dome of Dynasty captured the Rock – place where Muhammad Damascus was descended to heaven • moved the capital • Damascus – capital under Umayyad from Damascus to Baghdad Any committed caliphs – built the Great Grew into a great Only descendants male from that eventually of Mohammad Mohammad’s exceeded can serve as caliph can serve as Constantinople in caliph size and wealth Muslims defeated at the Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Battle of Tours (current day • Baghdad was burned and looted by Hulagu, the grandson of France) Mongol invader Genghis Khan, in 1258. • Stopped the Muslim • The Mongols adopted Islam as they mixed with the local Empire from reaching any peoples further into Europe • Marked the beginning of the Muslim empire’s decline • Defeated by Charles • Baghdad was later ruined again, this time by Turkish and Martel Persian forces • Eventually came under the control of the . • Architecture – Dome of the Rock • Byzantine influence • Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero – • Muhammad’s ascension to heaven introduced to Europe • Mosaics • Muslim merchants introduced the Indian system for writing numbers to Europe. • No religious or human figures • This system uses combinations of digits to represent numbers. • Algebra – advanced the study of Algebra • Medicine • Arabic Alphabet • Built on the of Ancient Greeks • Qur’an written in Arabic • Expansion of geographic knowledge • Universities • Idrisi - divided the earth into seven horizontal climate zones. • taught religious instruction as well as Islamic law. • of ancient texts into Arabic • Greek, Hindu, and Buddhist texts. Tours * Baghdad

Damascus * Jerusalem

Medina Mecca Review Questions 1. Where did the Islamic originate? Where did it spread? 2. What are the beliefs, , and customs of Islam? 3. How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule? 4. How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic lands? 5. What were come major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization? 6. How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? 7. What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?

Define: 1. Muhammad 2. Qur’an 3. 4. Diffusion 5. Shi’a (Shiite) 6. Sunni 7. Battle of Tours 8. Mongols 9. Dome of the Rock 10. Kaaba 11. Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Baghdad