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Algal Bloom Dynamics in the Estuarine Gippsland Lakes

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Algal Bloom Dynamics in the Estuarine Gippsland Lakes ALGAL BLOOM DYNAMICS IN THE ESTUARINE GIPPSLAND LAKES Publication SR4 February 2004 Authors: Andy Stephens, Neil Biggins EPA Marine Sciences Unit and Steve Brett, Microalgal Services 1. INTRODUCTION Water quality conditions for the Gippsland Lakes before and after the flood are presented in this Planktonic algal blooms are a major feature of the report together with information on the biological activity in the Gippsland Lakes and toxic identification of the main dinoflagellate bloom blue-green algal blooms, in particular, are of on- species. A linked sequence of events over a 17 going concern due to their deleterious effects on fish month period is described that progresses from and other marine life, water quality for swimming drought to flood to dinoflagellate bloom and and flow-on impacts on local businesses and ultimately a bloom of the toxic blue/green alga tourism. There are other groups of plankton that Nodularia spumigena. The results of this study have the potential to be toxic and/or disrupt support the proposition that major rain events drive ecosystem function, however little attention has the cycle of algal blooms in the estuarine Gippsland been paid to these in the past. Lakes system. In August 1998 regular EPA “fixed site” water quality sampling and real-time spatial monitoring 2. METHODS techniques detected extremely high levels of Chlorophyll a due to a significant dinoflagellate EPA regularly assesses the Gippsland Lakes at five bloom. The bloom covered much of Lake Victoria sites as part of its fixed site monitoring program and Lake King and followed a drought-breaking which has provided a temporal sequence of water flood. Subsequent sampling by EPA followed the quality data since 1986. In addition to this program, course of the bloom and the ensuing development EPA has developed and trialed a system to map the of a bloom of the blue/green alga Nodularia patterns of surface water quality parameters over spumigena. open water areas. This provides more spatially intensive data that can lead to a better The dinoflagellate bloom went largely unnoticed by understanding of the dynamics of significant the wider community, as there were no bright green environmental events. surface scums that are a feature of blue/green Nodularia blooms which have occurred in the area. During the dinoflagellate bloom the water was a dark olive green progressing to a turbid chocolate brown at the height of the bloom. ALGAL BLOOM DYNAMICS IN THE ESTUARINE GIPPSLAND LAKES Figure 1. Gippsland Lakes showing EPA water quality monitoring sites Sampling for this report was conducted over a narrow channel linking the lakes with the sea is seventeen-month period from January 1998 to May maintained through the sand barrier at Lakes 1999. Fixed sites and open water transects were Entrance. The surface area of the lakes system is sampled on eleven occasions mostly at 2 monthly approximately 360 km2 and the catchment about intervals, although more frequent sampling was 20,000 km2 (Bird 1978). carried out at the peak of the dinoflagellate bloom. 2.2 Fixed Site Monitoring 2.1 Study Area At the five EPA water quality monitoring sites (Fig. 1), The Gippsland Lakes, 200km east of Melbourne, is unfiltered water samples for laboratory analysis are an estuarine coastal lagoon system separated by taken. Surface waters are sampled at 0.5 metres and sand barriers from oceanic Bass Strait (Fig.1). From bottom waters at 0.5 metres from the bottom. west to east, the system comprises Lake Wellington, Nutrients are analysed by the Marine and Freshwater which connects to Lake Victoria via the narrow Resources Institute, Queenscliff. Ammonium, nitrate McLennan Strait, Lake King that merges with the and nitrite nitrogen is analysed using colorimetry by eastern end of Lake Victoria near Raymond Island, segmented flow analyser, and total phosphorus with and Reeves Channel which links the system to acid digestion and colorimetry by segmented flow Cunningham and North Arms at Lakes Entrance. A EPA Victoria 2 ALGAL BLOOM DYNAMICS IN THE ESTUARINE GIPPSLAND LAKES analyser. Chlorophyll pigments are analysed by approximately 1200 metres. As the contour solvent extraction followed by spectrophotometry. boundaries are software derived, the final result is dependent on the interpolation method, settings 2.3 Vertical Profiles and data density. They do however, give a useful indication of spatial chlorophyll a patterns. Settings In addition to the water samples at the five fixed have been chosen to achieve an intuitively sensible sites, vertical profiles of water quality parameters result and areas that are well away from the including salinity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen sampling zone have been masked. combined with depth are measured with a Yeo-Kal Model 611 water quality meter logging directly to computer. 3. RESULTS 2.4 Water Quality Mapping System 3.1 Sequence of Events Using a water pick-up tube suspended below a Results of spatial and fixed site water quality moving boat, water is directed through a Turner sampling prior to, during and after a major flood, Model 10-005R fluorometer (for chlorophyll a) and combined with rainfall and river flow data, show the through a flow-through cell housing a Yeo-Kal Model development and demise of subsequent algal 611 multi-parameter water quality meter measuring blooms. salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. By utilising GPS position fixing in Drought conjunction with a laptop computer logging system The Gippsland region experienced a drought based on ‘TerraScan’ (Resource Industry Associates) throughout 1997 to June 1998. From April 1997 to and ‘Excel’ (Microsoft ) software, these water quality June 1998, phytoplankton levels in the lakes system, parameters are measured, recorded and displayed as indicated by chlorophyll a, were relatively low (eg in real time every 4 seconds at boat speeds in Jan – May, Fig. 4). Salinities were high, stratification excess of 30 knots. This allows spatial coverage was usually weak and dissolved oxygen levels in across the lakes system together with the fixed site bottom waters were generally good (eg. 14 May, Fig. sampling within a day. 6). In each transect, a number of samples are taken for Flood laboratory spectrophotometric chlorophyll a analysis to establish a correlation with fluorescence In late June 1998, a major rain event in the as measured in the field by the fluorometer. Gippsland Lakes catchment (Fig. 2) led to flooding on the Mitchell, Nicholson and Tambo Rivers which Generalised spatially interpolated contour plots of combined to cause flooding in the Gippsland Lakes. chlorophyll a are created in the surface mapping At that time the Latrobe River was not significantly system ‘Surfer” (Golden Software Inc.) using kriging affected however the Avon and Perry Rivers were the as the interpolation method and a grid dimension of Scientific Report 3 ALGAL BLOOM DYNAMICS IN THE ESTUARINE GIPPSLAND LAKES source of elevated flows into Lake Wellington (Fig. passing over the more saline water below (Fig. 6). It 3). is interesting to note that, even in such an extreme flood event, the incoming waters did not mix When sampling was conducted on 1-2 July 1998, significantly with the deeper layers. This situation salinities in surface waters of the lakes had reduced created strong salinity stratification of the water markedly. However, the floodwaters were restricted column. to the upper 3 to 4 metres of the water column, 120 Noojee Latrobe River Catchment 100 Eas t Sale Avon River Stratford 80 Catchment Valencia Creek Dargo 60 Mitchell River Cat chment Bairnsdale 40 24 Hour Rainfall - mm Tambo River Swifts Creek Catchment 20 Bruthen Nicholson River Nicholson 0 Cat chment 21-Jun 22-Jun 23-Jun 24-Jun 25-Jun 26-Jun Source: Bureau of Meteorology 1998 Figure 2. Indicative 24 hour Rainfall for the Gippsland Lakes Catchment EPA Victoria 4 ALGAL BLOOM DYNAMICS IN THE ESTUARINE GIPPSLAND LAKES 90000 80000 Nicholson R at Deptford Mitchell R at Glenaladale 70000 Avon R at Stratford Latrobe R Combined T ambo R D/S Ramrod Ck 60000 50000 40000 Mean Daily Flow - ml/d 30000 20000 10000 0 6-Jul 1-Jun 8-Jun 7-Sep 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 15-Jun 22-Jun 29-Jun 14-Sep 21-Sep 28-Sep 10-Aug 17-Aug 24-Aug 31-Aug Figure 3. River Flows to the Gippsland Lakes - June to Sept 1998 During the July 1998 sampling, phytoplankton levels about 4 psu immediately after the flood. A were relatively low in Lake King and most of Lake dinoflagellate bloom had developed over much of Victoria. However, an area of elevated chlorophyll a Lake King and Lake Victoria (Figure 4). The main was detected in the southwest corner of Lake bloom species were Heterocapsa triquetra and to a Wellington due to a localised bloom of the non-toxic lesser extent Gymnodinium cf aureolum, and dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra. A small bloom significant numbers of the small diatom of this species had been detected previously off the Skeletonema costatum also were recorded. However, eastern entrance to McLennan Strait on 14 May at the next sampling time on 20 August, G. cf 1998. aureolum was by far the most dominant organism and chlorophyll a levels exceeded 1000 µg/l at Dinoflagellate Bloom some locations. By the next sampling time on 5 August, salinities in surface waters at the Lake King North site had risen back to about 16 practical salinity units (psu) from Scientific Report 5 ALGAL BLOOM DYNAMICS IN THE ESTUARINE GIPPSLAND LAKES Decline of the Dinoflagellate Bloom By the next sampling time on 25-26 November chlorophyll a levels in Lake King and the eastern end The bloom had started to diminish by 24 September of Lake Victoria had returned to near pre-flood with chlorophyll a levels in Lake King below 40 µg/l.
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