Year 12: Consolidation of the Tudor Dynasty: England 1485-1547 Part 2 Henry VIII 1509-1547

Government H8: Early Patronage Conciliar Parliament 1509-1529 Government 1509 H8 started his reign The early Council was H8’s court was filled with In the early reign The most intimate of an by doling out patronage to dominated by H7’s men young men, some older Parliament maintained a English monarch’s people including: such as Bishops Fox and than H8, but with similar similar purpose to under courtiers, much The , Warham who maintained tastes for war, sport, H7. Primarily used to confidence was placed in Charles Somerset, lord H7’s desire for peace and entertainment and raise extraordinary the Groom and royal Herbert, had his Welsh economy. expensive and grand revenue. secrets were shared, he offices confirmed and They used the Course of displays. They brought The 1513 parliament also had control over who innumerable new offices. the Seals to reign in H8’s documents for the king to granted £100,000 for war was admitted to the king. Lady Margaret Beaufort extravagance and were an sign. against France although William Compton, Groom was given the manor of effective Regency Council The Gentlemen of the only £50,000 was 1509- 1526 held the privy Woking. holding back the young Bedchamber had status collected. purse with £2328 to spend king. and power due to their within 4 years this had influence over the king. gone up to £17517. AKA. ‘The Minions’. Who was Wolsey? Rise of Wolsey Wolsey as Minister Wolsey’s Church Development of the Court of Chancery Roles Star Chamber Born in 1472, the son of a He joined the Royal Wolsey was extremely Due to William Warham’s Est. by Act of Parliament The role of Chancery was butcher, Wolsey was Council in 1510 and had hardworking and saved holding the position in 1487, from 1516 to apply the principle of educated at Magdalen the post of archbishop by H8 the trouble of Wolsey was not appointed Wolsey developed the ‘equity’ (fairness) rather College Oxford. He rose 1514 and managing all of his affairs Archbishop of Canterbury court as a centre of justice than a strict reading of the through clerical positions. after his management of personally, although H8 but was appointed and government. It gave common law. Cases over As Lord Chancellor he the French campaign of still took an interest. His Cardinal in 1515 and cheap, fair justice for enclosure were dealt with oversaw the legal system. 1513. power in government was papal legate – the Pope’s cases of misconduct but here, contracts and land unsurpassed. representative – in 1518. was so successful there left in wills. There was a were backlog of cases. backlog of cases, however. Administration of The Subsidy Amicable Grant Expulsion of the Eltham Ordinances Assessment: Change Subsidies Minions or Continuity? Instead of using local Wolsey had grown tired of The Grant of March 1525 The Privy Chamber, In 1526 Wolsey attempted Continuity: commissioners to assess the lengthy and uncertain was required to fund a staffed by H8’s minions, to reduce the power of the taxpayers’ wealth (often process of parliamentary further French campaign was never fully under Privy Chamber by over-generous to the taxation. Funding for the after Francis I was Wolsey’s control. He reforming the finance of nobility), Wolsey set up a 1523 French Campaign captured by Charles V at attempted to address this the Privy Council. Wolsey national commission which was achieved by a series Pavia. It demanded 1/6 of in 1519 by the expulsion secured a reduction in the he himself headed. With of forced loans raising the income of laymen and of the minions which saw number of Gentlemen of Change: direct assessment of the over £350,000. Wolsey 1/3 of the clergy. most of the young men the Privy Chamber and wealth of taxpayers the applied direct pressure However, it was met with replaced. However, they the removal of William nations revenue base was rather than constitutional widespread uprisings in were gradually Compton to be replaced thus more realistic. measures. Kent and East Anglia. It reappointed and Wolsey by the more compliant was Wolsey’s first major was never able to fully , failure for the King and H8 control this area of was forced to abandon it. government. H8 Government: 1529-31 1531 Rise of Cromwell Reformation Parliament Church weakened Pressure on the Pope 1529-1547 Thomas More accepted Cromwell had advanced 1529-1536 saw the Humanist criticisms of Colet 1531: Clergy collectively Lord Chancellor position his career under Wolsey longest Parliament of the and Erasmus and the accused of Praemunire provided he did not have and, following the Tudors. anticlerical satire of Simon fined £118,000. to deal with the divorce. cardinal’s death, he rose Fish weakened standing of church. swiftly, not least because Anticlericalism aired in the 1532: act in conditional Norfolk & Suffolk House of Commons. restraint of Annates of his proposal to enable Church’s claims to legal increased power in Privy Henry to secure his supremacy challenged in Significant that H8 used 1532: House of Commons Council. marriage annulment and 1528 by lawyer Christopher statute law to Break with supplication against the thus Cromwell filled in the St German, who asserted the Little achieved due to Rome. Ordinaries. vacuum left by Wolsey. superiority of English law focus on divorce & FP over the Church. situation. 1532: Formal submission of the clergy to Henry VIII.

Act of Supremacy 1534 Treason Act 1534 Succession Acts 1536 Act of Union with Wales 1536 Act of Resumption Council of the North

H8 Supreme Head of the Made it capital offence to 1534 Made Henry’s marriage to Reorganised local government, Lancashire, Cheshire and North far from London so hard to Church in England. slander the Supremacy or Catherine invalid and marriage to Wales divided into shire counties Durham were technically govern. POG proved danger. Anne was valid. Heirs of 2nd which operated like England. ‘palatinates’ or separate deny King’s new title. marriage legitimised - Mary jurisdictions from the rest of Council of the North - permanent Treasonable to describe bastardised. All adult males had Welsh shire counties were given England. Durham was still body based in York and with the king in writing or to swear oath of succession. direct representation in the technically separate until 1536. professional staff. It had both speech ‘heretic, House of Commons for the first administrative and legal 1544 Named Edward, then Mary time. Act reduced independence but functions. schismatic, tyrant, infidel, if he had no children then palatinate court of chancery usurper of crown. Elizabeth. Also set out in his will. Wales incorporated into England continued to operate Proved effective as north quiet in with little remnants of a separate 1549 disturbances. identity.

Royal Council Finances Fall of Anne 1540s Cromwell More professional Royal Cromwell set up the new When Cromwell & Anne’s The fall of Cromwell saw the emergence of a Privy Council with fixed Continuity: Council emerged with no financial institutions alongside relationship broke down he membership, supported by a secretary who kept a formal record of the Privy Chamber due to the united with the conservative proceedings. more than 20 members. need to manage new incomes faction to secure her downfall in Made up of professionally after the Break with Rome. 1536. In 1540 power lay with conservatives in the Council such as Norfolk, trained lawyers and Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriothesley. It was the problems bureaucrat not nobles or Court of Augmentations – Anne was then accused of created by Henry’s marital issues which helped shift the balance of controlled land and finances adultery, which for the wife of the power. clergy. Smaller grouping of gained from Church. monarch constituted treason, she the Royal Council after was executed. Norfolk set up the marriage between Henry and . 1536-7 – reaction to POG Court of General Surveyors initially to handle ex-monastic There was an allegation of an affair between Catherine and her or due to need for expertise Fall of Cromwell Change: land became part of above. distant cousin, Thomas Culpepper. for dealing with Catalyst -failure to manage the This devastated Henry and thus Catherine and her lady of the Reformation - professional Court of the First Fruit and the King’s marital affairs. Tried to bedchamber were executed for treason on 13th February 1542. administrators rather than Tenths – collected money arrange a marriage with a previously sent to Rome. German Protestant princess, untrained members of the Norfolk managed to extricate himself from the whole affair but he was . However, this nobility and clergy? Court of Wards – the king had wounded politically. Anne unsuitable to Henry ancient feudal rights to collect personally, and match become monies form the estate of a Henry chose his sixth wife Katherine Parr but Norfolk was fully aware unwelcomed politically. Marriage minor (under 21) who had of the danger which Katherine, as a Protestant, posed to his was annulled, destroying inherited. ambitious and tried unsuccessfully to embroil her in accusations of Cromwell’s creditability. herself.

Key people: Summary:

● Henry’s reign lasted for almost 38 years. ● Thomas Cromwell – Vice Regent Spirituals (deputy to H8 in religion) ● William Warham The reign changed England permanently but whether it was for the better or ● Thomas Cranmer worse is debateable. ● The King can be seen negatively as a bloated and unpredictable tyrant who ● Jane Seymour-lady in waiting of Anne Boleyn destroyed much of what was positive about English life, or positively as the ● Edward Seymour embodiment of an English national identity and the person responsible for transformational and necessary change.