In the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Katrina and Its Local News Coverage
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University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO Center Austria Research Center Austria 2015 In the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Katrina and its Local News Coverage Anna Karrer Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/austria_res Part of the Broadcast and Video Studies Commons, and the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karrer, Anna, "In the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Katrina and its Local News Coverage" (2015). Center Austria Research. Paper 1. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/austria_res/1 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Center Austria at ScholarWorks@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Center Austria Research by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Anna Karrer IN THE EYE OF THE STORM: AN ANALYSIS OF HURRICANE KATRINA AND ITS LOCAL NEWS COVERAGE Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Master of Arts Eingereicht bei Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Schröder Philologisch-Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thank my best friend for inspiring and supporting me all the way from developing my first ideas to finishing my master’s thesis. I also wish to thank my family for supporting me and never letting me down. During my stay in New Orleans I received a lot of support and help from different institutions. I would like to thank the Earl K. Long Library at the University of New Orleans and their extensive collections of books on Hurricane Katrina. Moreover, I owe a thousand thanks to the local television station WWL-TV in New Orleans. Without their help I would have never been able to analyze original footage of Hurricane Katrina and hence compose my thesis the way I did. Additionally, Grace Beatty, who took the time to proofread and edit my paper, deserves many of my thanks. Last but not least, I would like to thank my professor, Dr. Thomas Schröder, for his constant support and advice. His ideas, suggestions and feedback have helped me a lot during the process of composing my master’s thesis. All the people and institutions mentioned here have contributed to my master’s thesis and for this I am very grateful. 2 To the victims and survivors of Hurricane Katrina. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 6 2. HURRICANE KATRINA – FACTS AND FIGURES ............................. 8 2.1 HURRICANE PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN NEW ORLEANS ............................ 8 2.2 THE HURRICANE ................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF HURRICANE KATRINA ........................................................ 11 2.2.2 THE CONSEQUENCES OF HURRICANE KATRINA AND WHY THE LEVEES BREACHED .. 14 2.2.3 IN THE EYE OF THE STORM – WWL TV’S EVACUATION AND COVERAGE .................. 16 3. MEDIA ETHICS AND JOURNALISM ............................................... 19 3.1 WHAT IS MEDIA ETHICS? .................................................................... 19 3.1.1 THE ETHICS CODES ............................................................................................ 20 3.2 COVERING DISASTERS ....................................................................... 22 3.2.1 WHAT IS A DISASTER? ........................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA DURING A NATURAL DISASTER ....................................... 24 3.2.3 FRAMES, THE CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY AND OBJECTIVITY ................................. 30 3.3 WHEN JOURNALISTS BECOME VICTIMS THEMSELVES ............................ 36 3.3.1 TYPES OF JOURNALISTS AND THEIR SELF-UNDERSTANDING .................................. 36 3.3.2 EXTRAORDINARY SITUATION FOR LOCAL JOURNALISTS AND DIFFERENCES IN COVERAGE ................................................................................................................. 39 4. NEWS MEDIA AND LOCAL NEWS ................................................. 45 4.1 LOCAL NEWS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS ............................................ 45 4.2 LOCAL NEWS DURING A NATURAL DISASTER ........................................ 57 4.2.1 THE USE OF MEDIA DURING HURRICANE KATRINA ................................................. 58 4.2.2 COVERING DISASTERS: LOCAL NEWS VERSUS NATIONAL NEWS ............................. 61 4 5. HURRICANE KATRINA AND ITS NEWS COVERAGE .................... 64 5.1 THE ANALYSIS: CATALOGUE AND PROCEDURE ..................................... 64 5.2 THE COVERAGE ................................................................................. 71 5.2.1 RUMORS, SPECULATION, HYSTERIA, AND EXAGGERATIONS ................................... 71 5.2.2 “WE WILL SURVIVE” – LOCAL JOURNALISTS AND THE PERSONALIZATION OF HURRICANE KATRINA ..................................................................................................................... 79 5.2.3 LEFT WITH NOTHING: COVERING DEATH AND DESTRUCTION DURING HURRICANE KATRINA ..................................................................................................................... 84 5.2.4 BLACK VS WHITE: THE REPRESENTATION OF RACE DURING HURRICANE KATRINA ... 94 5.2.5 ETHICS AND THE COVERAGE OF HURRICANE KATRINA ......................................... 102 6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 105 7. PRIMARY SOURCES ..................................................................... 111 8. SECONDARY SOURCES ............................................................... 112 9. ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES .................................................... 120 10. APPENDIX .................................................................................... 121 5 1. INTRODUCTION Hurricane Katrina was one of the most destructive natural disasters New Orleans has ever experienced. Large parts of the city were completely destroyed and many people died during and after the breach of the levees. When natural catastrophes such as a hurricane occur, the media are never far away. Covering natural disasters confronts journalists with various problems in areas such as media ethics and quality of journalism. Furthermore, the situation gets even more complicated when the journalists covering a catastrophe are not only journalists sent to a specific place but are also local people affected by the hurricane. This is because they do not only have to cover the hurricane, they are also personally involved. This paper aims to answer questions that have arisen out of the problems mentioned above as well as considering how these issues influenced the coverage of Hurricane Katrina back in 2005 and what qualified the coverage of a local news station in terms of language, images and their relationship. In order to achieve this, it is instrumental to take a look at the chronology of Hurricane Katrina first. Moreover, the hurricane protection system in Louisiana will be taken into consideration since it helps explain the reasons why the levees breached. Once the basic understanding of the development of Hurricane Katrina and the levee system has been established, it is important to examine one of the key issues that journalists are confronted with when covering a natural disaster: media ethics. Media ethics includes issues such as objectivity, preserving human dignity, deciding what to publish and how journalists understand their own profession. This also includes the role of the media in terms of framing disasters and the responsibilities the media have when they cover natural disasters. 6 For this paper on the news coverage of Hurricane Katrina I analyze the original footage of 2005 from the local station WWL-TV1 in New Orleans. The corpus of this analysis consists of footage from the first five days after Hurricane Katrina made landfall. From each day two hours of material will be analyzed, which adds up to about 600 minutes of footage. While watching the material a list of questions concerning the content, the language and the images will be used to enable a thorough analysis. Since WWL-TV is a local station that was affected by Katrina directly, the journalists working for this station did not only have to deal with general problems concerning media ethics; these people were personally involved and therefore their coverage was also influenced. The analysis focuses on the news language, the images shown and issues such as the portrayal of race and crime. In terms of language, one has to consider the use of language. Is language used to dramatize, emotionalize or personalize the coverage? What are the consequences of this kind of coverage? Images can also be used to influence people’s perception of what they see on television and the portrayal of people affected by the hurricane can also affect the viewer’s understanding and perception of the event. For this analysis it is instrumental to include the fact that this is a local news station and therefore its coverage varies from the coverage of national television stations since their focus is different. 1 http://www.wwltv.com/ 7 2. HURRICANE KATRINA – FACTS AND FIGURES 2.1 HURRICANE PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN NEW ORLEANS In order to understand what would cause the levees to breach and the city of New Orleans to be flooded one has to take a look at the hurricane protection system that was supposed to protect the city from the effects of hurricanes