Vol. 79 Friday, No. 234 December 5, 2014

Part III

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Review of Native That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR period October 1, 2013, through to the notice of review. We also request September 30, 2014. information on additional species to Fish and Wildlife Service We request additional status consider including as candidates as we information that may be available for prepare future updates of this notice. 50 CFR Part 17 the 146 candidate species identified in this CNOR. Candidate Notice of Review [Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2014–0032; FF09E21000 FXES11190900000 145] DATES: We will accept information on Background any of the species in this Candidate The Act of 1973, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Notice of Review at any time. as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) and Plants; Review of Native Species ADDRESSES: This notice is available on (ESA), requires that we identify species That Are Candidates for Listing as the Internet at http:// of wildlife and plants that are Endangered or Threatened; Annual www.regulations.gov and http:// endangered or threatened based on the Notice of Findings on Resubmitted www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/ best available scientific and commercial Petitions; Annual Description of cnor.html. Species assessment forms information. As defined in section 3 of Progress on Listing Actions with information and references on a the ESA, an endangered species is any particular candidate species’ range, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, species that is in danger of extinction status, habitat needs, and listing priority Interior. throughout all or a significant portion of assignment are available for review at its range, and a threatened species is ACTION: Notice of review. the appropriate Regional Office listed any species that is likely to become an SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUMMARY: In this Candidate Notice of below in or endangered species within the Review (CNOR), we, the U.S. Fish and at the Branch of Communications and foreseeable future throughout all or a Wildlife Service (Service), present an Candidate Conservation, Falls Church, significant portion of its range. Through FOR FURTHER updated list of and species VA (see address under the Federal rulemaking process, we add INFORMATION CONTACT), or on our Web native to the United States that we _ species that meet these definitions to regard as candidates for or have site (http://ecos.fws.gov/tess public/ the List of Endangered and Threatened proposed for addition to the Lists of pub/candidateSpecies.jsp). Please Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11 or the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife submit any new information, materials, Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 comments, or questions of a general and Plants under the Endangered CFR 17.12. As part of this program, we nature on this notice to the Falls Species Act of 1973, as amended. maintain a list of species that we regard Church, VA, address listed under FOR Identification of candidate species can as candidates for listing. A candidate FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. Please assist environmental planning efforts by species is one for which we have on file submit any new information, materials, providing advance notice of potential sufficient information on biological comments, or questions pertaining to a listings, allowing landowners and vulnerability and threats to support a particular species to the address of the resource managers to alleviate threats proposal for listing as endangered or Endangered Species Coordinator in the and thereby possibly remove the need to threatened, but for which preparation appropriate Regional Office listed in list species as endangered or threatened. and publication of a proposal is SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Species- precluded by higher priority listing Even if we subsequently list a candidate specific information and materials we actions. We may identify a species as a species, the early notice provided here receive will be available for public candidate for listing after we have could result in more options for species inspection by appointment, during conducted an evaluation of its status on management and recovery by prompting normal business hours, at the our own initiative, or resulting from a candidate conservation measures to appropriate Regional Office listed below petition we have received. If we have alleviate threats to the species. under Request for Information in The CNOR summarizes the status and made a positive finding on a petition to SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. General list a species, but we have found that threats that we evaluated in order to information we receive will be available listing is warranted but precluded by determine that species qualify as at the Branch of Communications and other higher priority listing actions, we candidates, to assign a listing priority Candidate Conservation, Falls Church, number (LPN) to each species, and to will add the species to our list of VA (see address under FOR FURTHER determine whether a species should be candidates. INFORMATION CONTACT). removed from candidate status. We maintain this list of candidates for FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Additional material that we relied on is a variety of reasons: (1) To notify the available in the Species Assessment and Chief, Branch of Communications and public that these species are facing Listing Priority Assignment Forms Candidate Conservation, U.S. Fish and threats to their survival; (2) to provide (species assessment forms) for each Wildlife Service Headquarters, MS: ES, advance knowledge of potential listings candidate species. 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA that could affect decisions of Overall, this CNOR recognizes 23 new 22041–3803 (telephone 703–358–2171). environmental planners and developers; candidates, changes the LPN for one Persons who use a telecommunications (3) to provide information that may candidate, and removes one species device for the deaf may call the Federal stimulate and guide conservation efforts from candidate status. Combined with Information Relay Service at 800–877– that will remove or reduce threats to other decisions for individual species 8339. these species and possibly make listing that were published separately from this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: We unnecessary; (4) to request input from CNOR in the past year, the current request additional status information interested parties to help us identify number of species that are candidates that may be available for any of the those candidate species that may not for listing is 146. candidate species identified in this require protection under the ESA as This document also includes our CNOR. We will consider this well as additional species that may findings on resubmitted petitions and information to monitor changes in the require the ESA’s protections; and (5) to describes our progress in revising the status or LPN of candidate species and request necessary information for setting Lists of Endangered and Threatened to manage candidates as we prepare priorities for preparing listing proposals. Wildlife and Plants (Lists) during the listing documents and future revisions We strongly encourage collaborative

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conservation efforts for candidate and time scale for extinction. We future throughout all or a significant species, and offer technical and therefore consider information such as: portion of its range. financial assistance to facilitate such (1) The number of populations or extent For more information on the process efforts. For additional information of range of the species affected by the and standards used in assigning LPNs, regarding such assistance, please threat(s), or both; (2) the biological a copy of the 1983 guidance is available contact the appropriate Regional Office significance of the affected on our Web site at: http://www.fws.gov/ listed under Request for Information or population(s), taking into consideration endangered/esa-library/pdf/48fr43098- visit our Web site, http://www.fws.gov/ the life-history characteristics of the 43105.pdf. Information on the LPN endangered/what-we-do/cca.html. species and its current abundance and assigned to a particular species is summarized in this CNOR and the Previous Notices of Review distribution; (3) whether the threats affect the species in only a portion of its species assessment for each candidate We have been publishing candidate range, and, if so, the likelihood of contains the LPN chart and a rationale notices of review (CNOR) since 1975. persistence of the species in the for the determination of the magnitude The most recent CNOR (prior to this unaffected portions; (4) the severity of and immediacy of threat(s) and CNOR) was published on November 22, the effects and the rapidity with which assignment of the LPN. 2013 (78 FR 70104). CNORs published they have caused or are likely to cause This revised notice supersedes all since 1994 are available on our Web mortality to individuals and previous animal, plant, and combined site, http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ accompanying declines in population candidate notices of review for native what-we-do/cnor.html. For copies of levels; (5) whether the effects are likely species and supersedes previous 12- CNORs published prior to 1994, please to be permanent; and (6) the extent to month warranted-but-precluded petition contact the Branch of Communications which any ongoing conservation efforts findings for those candidate species that and Candidate Conservation (see FOR reduce the severity of the threat. were petitioned for listing. FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section As used in our priority-ranking Summary of This CNOR above). system, immediacy of threat is On September 21, 1983, we published Since publication of the previous guidance for assigning an LPN for each categorized as either ‘‘imminent’’ or CNOR on November 22, 2013 (78 FR candidate species (48 FR 43098). Using ‘‘nonimminent,’’ and is based on when 70104), we reviewed the available this guidance, we assign each candidate the threats will begin. If a threat is information on candidate species to an LPN of 1 to 12, depending on the currently occurring or likely to occur in ensure that a proposed listing is magnitude of threats, immediacy of the very near future, we classify the justified for each species, and threats, and taxonomic status; the lower threat as imminent. Determining the reevaluated the relative LPN assigned to the LPN, the higher the listing priority immediacy of threats helps ensure that each species. We also evaluated the (that is, a species with an LPN of 1 species facing actual, identifiable threats need to emergency list any of these would have the highest listing priority). are given priority for listing proposals species, particularly species with higher Section 4(h)(3) of the ESA (16 U.S.C. over those for which threats are only priorities (i.e., species with LPNs of 1, 1533(h)(3)) requires the Secretary to potential or species that are intrinsically 2, or 3). This review and reevaluation establish guidelines for such a priority- vulnerable to certain types of threats but ensures that we focus conservation ranking guidance system. As explained are not known to be presently facing efforts on those species at greatest risk. below, in using this system, we first such threats. In addition to reviewing candidate categorize based on the magnitude of Our priority ranking system has three species since publication of the last the threat(s), then by the immediacy of categories for taxonomic status: Species CNOR, we have worked on findings in the threat(s), and finally by taxonomic that are the sole members of a genus; response to petitions to list species, and status. full species (in genera that have more on proposed and final determinations Under this priority-ranking system, than one species); and subspecies and for rules to list species under the ESA. magnitude of threat can be either ‘‘high’’ distinct population segments of Some of these findings and or ‘‘moderate to low.’’ This criterion vertebrate species (DPS). determinations have been completed helps ensure that the species facing the The result of the ranking system is and published in the Federal Register, greatest threats to their continued that we assign each candidate a listing while work on others is still under way existence receive the highest listing priority number of 1 to 12. For example, (see Preclusion and Expeditious priority. It is important to recognize that if the threats are of high magnitude, Progress, below, for details). all candidate species face threats to their with immediacy classified as imminent, Based on our review of the best continued existence, so the magnitude the listable entity is assigned an LPN of available scientific and commercial of threats is in relative terms. For all 1, 2, or 3 based on its taxonomic status information, with this CNOR, we are candidate species, the threats are of (i.e., a species that is the only member identifying 23 new candidates, we sufficiently high magnitude to put them of its genus would be assigned to the change the LPN for one candidate, and in danger of extinction, or make them LPN 1 category, a full species to LPN 2, determine that a listing proposal is not likely to become in danger of extinction and a subspecies or DPS would be warranted for one species and thus in the foreseeable future. But for species assigned to LPN 3). In summary, the remove it from candidate status (see with higher magnitude threats, the LPN ranking system provides a basis for Candidate Removals, below). Combined threats have a greater likelihood of making decisions about the relative with the other decisions published bringing about extinction or are priority for preparing a proposed rule to separately from this CNOR, a total of expected to bring about extinction on a list a given species. No matter which 146 species (67 plant and 79 animal shorter timescale (once the threats are LPN we assign to a species, each species species) are now candidates awaiting imminent) than for species with lower included in this notice as a candidate is preparation of rules proposing their magnitude threats. Because we do not one for which we have sufficient listing. These 146 species, along with routinely quantify how likely or how information to prepare a proposed rule the 36 species currently proposed for soon extinction would be expected to for listing because it is in danger of listing (including 1 species proposed for occur absent listing, we must evaluate extinction or likely to become listing due to similarity in appearance), factors that contribute to the likelihood endangered within the foreseeable are included in Table 1.

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Table 2 lists the changes from the small population size. Habitat quality regulations. In addition, small previous CNOR, and includes 49 species has degraded with the loss of closed population size (each species has fewer identified in the previous CNOR as forest space and the spread of nonnative than 100 individuals) is a serious and either proposed for listing or classified invasive weeds. Nest predation by rats ongoing threat to each of these species as candidates that are no longer in those (Rattus spp.) and feral cats (Felis catus) because (1) they may experience categories. This includes 33 species for is an important threat to many island reduced reproductive vigor due to which we published a final listing rule, birds, including the ma’oma’o, and may ineffective pollination or inbreeding 11 candidate species for which we impede population growth. Small depression; (2) they may experience published a separate not-warranted populations are more susceptible to reduced levels of genetic variability, finding and removed from candidate inbreeding depression (reduced leading to diminished capacity to adapt status, 3 species for which we published reproductive vigor) and extirpation from and respond to environmental changes, a withdrawal of a proposed rule, 1 stochastic events (e.g., inclement thereby lessening the probability of species for which we published a weather, population demographics, and long-term persistence; and (3) a single separate notice of removal from altered predation patterns). Based on catastrophic event may result in candidate status, and the 1 species in our evaluation that these ongoing extirpation of remaining populations this notice that we have determined threats pose an imminent risk of a high and extinction of the species. Climate does not meet the definition of an magnitude, we assign a LPN of 2 for this change may pose a threat to the endangered or threatened species and species. ecosystems that support these species, therefore does not warrant listing. We thus exacerbating the effects of the Flowering Plants have removed this species from aforementioned threats. There are candidate status in this CNOR. Eighteen Hawaiian flowering plants varying degrees of conservation efforts (Cyanea kauaulaensis, Cyperus ongoing for these species; however, at a New Candidates neokunthianus, Cyrtandra hematos, minimum, all of these species are listed We have identified 23 new candidate Exocarpos menziesii, Kadua on the Plant Extinction species through this notice discussed haupuensis, Labordia lorenciana, Prevention Program (PEPP) species list. below. Lepidium orbiculare, Phyllostegia Species on the PEPP list are prioritized brevidens, Phyllostegia helleri, Birds for monitoring, surveys, collection and Phyllostegia stachyoides, Portulaca storing of seeds, propagation, and Ma’oma’o (Gymnomyza samoensis)— villosa, Pritchardia bakeri, Sanicula outplanting. The threats to each of these The ma’oma’o is a large, dusky olive- sandwicensis, Santalum involutum, species are imminent and of high green honeyeater that is known for Schiedea diffusa ssp. diffusa, Sicyos magnitude, leading to a relatively high making a variety of loud distinctive lanceoloideus, Stenogyne kaalae ssp. likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we calls. The genus Gymnomyza consists of sherffii, Wikstromoemia assign a LPN of 2 for the above plants three honeyeaters restricted to a few skottsbergiana)—Each of these 18 that are full species and an LPN of 3 for islands in the southwestern Pacific. The species is endemic to one or more those that are subspecies or varieties. ma’oma’o is endemic to Upolu and islands in the State of Hawaii ((Cyanea Savaii, Independent Samoa (Samoa), kauaulaensis (), Cyperus Ferns and Allies and Tutuila Island, American Samoa. neokunthianus (Maui), Cyrtandra Four Hawaiian ferns (Asplenium The ma’oma’o is now believed to be hematos (), Exocarpos menziesii diellaciniatum, Deparia kaalaana, extirpated from Tutuila Island, (Hawaii Island; extirpated from ), Dryopteris glabra var. pusilla, Hypolepis American Samoa. It is currently only Kadua haupuensis (), Labordia hawaiiensis var. mauiensis)—Each of found in small populations on the lorenciana (Kauai), Lepidium orbiculare these four species is endemic to one or islands of Savaii and Upolu in Samoa. (Kauai), Phyllostegia brevidens (Maui; more islands in the State of Hawaii The ma’oma’o is primarily restricted to extirpated from Hawaii Island), (Asplenium diellaciniatum (Kauai), mature, well-developed, moist, mossy Phyllostegia helleri (Kauai), Phyllostegia Deparia kaalaana (Maui; extirpated forests at upper elevations. Monitoring stachyoides (Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii from Kauai and Hawaii Island), over the last decade has provided Island), Portulaca villosa (Maui and Dryopteris glabra var. pusilla (Kauai), evidence of a decline in the relative Nihoa), Pritchardia bakeri (), Hypolepis hawaiiensis var. mauiensis abundance of the species. In 2007, the Sanicula sandwicensis (Maui and (Maui)); and each is negatively affected total population was estimated to be Hawaii Island), Santalum involutum by nonnative and plants. approximately 500 individuals. (Kauai), Schiedea diffusa ssp. diffusa Introduced, nonnative animals damage Little mature forest remains in Samoa, (Maui), Sicyos lanceoloideus (Kauai and and destroy plants and seeds, modify and the loss of forested habitat due to Oahu), Stenogyne kaalae ssp. sherffii habitat, create habitat more conducive logging, agricultural clearing, and (Oahu), and Wikstromoemia to nonnative plant introductions, and catastrophic storms is the primary threat skottsbergiana (Kauai)), and each is spread nonnative plant seeds. to the ma’oma’o. Two storms in the negatively affected by nonnative Nonnative plants displace and 1990s, Cyclones Ofa (1990) and Val animals and plants. outcompete native species. Introduced (1991), destroyed much of the forested Introduced, nonnative animals nonnative plants and animals are habitat in Samoa, reducing forest damage and destroy plants and seeds, serious and ongoing threats to these canopy cover by 73 percent. In 2012, modify habitat, create habitat more species rangewide, and these threats are Cyclone Evan caused additional severe conducive to nonnative plant increased by the continued inadequacy forest damage. Loss of mature forest is introductions, and spread nonnative of existing protective regulations. In likely to affect the ma’oma’o by plant seeds. Nonnative plants displace addition, small population size (each reducing breeding and foraging habitat, and outcompete native species. species has fewer than 100 individuals) increasing forest fragmentation, and Introduced, nonnative plants and is a serious and ongoing threat to each increasing the abundance and diversity animals are serious and ongoing threats of these species because (1) they may of invasive species. Other threats to the to these species rangewide, and these experience reduced reproductive vigor species include habitat degradation, threats are increased by the continued due to ineffective pollination or predation by nonnative species, and inadequacy of existing protective inbreeding depression; (2) they may

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experience reduced levels of genetic through 2012. From 2002 through 2012, a review of the best available scientific variability, leading to diminished however, the long-term population and commercial data, we conclude that capacity to adapt and respond to decline has leveled off and currently, listing this species under the environmental changes, thereby there is no discernable trend. The Endangered Species Act is not lessening the probability of long-term Christmas Bird Count data also warranted because this species is not persistence; and (3) a single catastrophic indicates that the population decline likely to become an endangered species event may result in extirpation of has stopped and the population trend within the foreseeable future throughout remaining populations and extinction of has no direction, either increasing or all or a significant portion of its range. the species. Climate change may pose a decreasing between 2003 and 2012. Therefore, we no longer consider it to be threat to the ecosystems that support In the Service’s 12-month finding a candidate species for listing. We will these species, thus exacerbating the published on September 15, 2010, we continue to monitor the status of this effects of the aforementioned threats. identified oil and gas development and species and to accept additional There are varying degrees of associated infrastructure as having a information and comments concerning conservation efforts ongoing for these strong negative influence on the species this finding. We will reconsider our species; however, at a minimum, all of based upon the available information at determination in the event that new these species are listed on the Hawaii that time. New information suggests that information indicates that the threats to Plant Extinction Prevention Program Sprague’s pipit avoidance response of the species are of a considerably greater (PEPP) species list. Species on the PEPP these features is highly variable across magnitude or imminence than identified list are prioritized for monitoring, the range and thus the species’ response through assessments of information surveys, collection and storing of seeds, to oil and gas development and roads contained in our files, as summarized propagation, and outplanting. The does not indicate that these are a threat. here. threats to each of these species are Landscape modelling to predict Flowering Plants imminent and of high magnitude, Sprague’s pipit habitat use on the leading to a relatively high likelihood of breeding range indicates the population Astragalus cusickii var. packardiae extinction. Therefore, we assign a LPN is concentrated in north-central (Packard’s milkvetch)—The following of 2 for Asplenium diellaciniatum and Montana, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, summary is based on information Deparia kaalaana and an LPN of 3 for Canada. Analysis of the likelihood of contained in our files. Packard’s Dryopteris glabra var. pusilla and prairie conversion in the area where milkvetch is narrowly endemic to a Hypolepis hawaiiensis var. mauiensis. most pipits occur suggests that the risk specific group of light-colored of widespread conversion is low, with sedimentary outcrops in southwestern Listing Priority Changes in Candidates the most likely risk scenario of future Idaho. The total range of the species We reviewed the LPN for all conversion to cropland predicting a covers approximately 26 square candidate species and are changing the relatively low proportion (10–15 kilometers (km2) (10 square miles (mi2)) number for the following species percent) of the breeding population in Payette County. Suboccurrences of discussed below. affected. Packard’s milkvetch, which are On the wintering range, conversion of typically represented by individual Birds prairie to cropland appears to be occupied outcrops, are found at Sprague’s pipit (Anthus spragueii)— accelerating. The species is widely elevations ranging from 793 to 915 The Sprague’s pipit is a small grassland distributed and mobile during winter, meters (m) (2,600 to 3,000 feet (ft)). bird characterized by its high breeding but grassland conversion is ongoing and Occupied outcrops tend to be found on flight display and otherwise very apparently widespread. At this time, we steep, south- to west-facing slopes, and secretive behavior. Sprague’s pipits are believe that the species’ trends can be are relatively sparsely vegetated. strongly associated with native prairie explained by the habitat changes that Packard’s milkvetch became a (land that has never been plowed), have occurred on the breeding range; candidate species in 2010, based on the especially on the breeding grounds. Its however, we will be more closely identified primary threat of habitat current breeding range includes assessing the changes to the wintering degradation due to off highway vehicles portions of Montana, North Dakota, range and whether those changes (OHVs). In response, on December 13, South Dakota, and Canada. The threaten the Sprague’s pipit. 2013, the Bureau of Land Management wintering range includes south-central The threats to the Sprague’s pipit (BLM) made a decision that and southeast Arizona, southern New described above are moderate to low in permanently closed 5,620 acres within Mexico, Texas, southern Oklahoma, magnitude. Because of the relatively and near Packard’s milkvetch habitat to southern Arkansas, northwest large population remaining and the OHV use, covering 68 percent of the Mississippi, southern Louisiana, and stable-to-uncertain (i.e. not showing a species’ occurrences. Monitoring data northern Mexico; the vast majority of clear decline) trends shown by surveys collected since the closure was the U.S. winter sightings have been in on both the breeding and wintering implemented in 2011 indicates that the Texas. During migration, the species has grounds, the potential decline is OHV closure has been effective at been sighted in areas outside of the nonimminent. In addition, the threat eliminating the primary threat to the direct flight path between its breeding from conversion of habitat on the species throughout a large majority of and wintering sites, including Michigan, breeding grounds is now nonimment. the species’ range. western Ontario, Ohio, Massachusetts, Therefore, we are revising the LPN from Other natural and anthropogenic and Gulf and Atlantic States from 8 to an 11. activities identified at the time it was Mississippi east and north to South designated a candidate included an Carolina. Sprague’s pipits also have Candidate Removals altered wildfire regime due to invasive been sighted in California during fall As summarized below, we have nonnative plant species and livestock migration. evaluated the threats to the following use. There was little data at the time to The primary stressor to the species is species and considered factors that, suggest whether these potential threats habitat conversion on the breeding individually and in combination, were significant, but out of an grounds. The Breeding Bird Survey currently or potentially could pose a abundance of caution, the Idaho Fish shows a long-term decline from 1966 risk to the species and its habitats. After and Wildlife Office (IFWO) considered

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these activities along with the OHV identified as candidates on its own Therefore, all candidate species monitoring data from 2008–2010 when initiative), it serves as the initial identified through our own initiative making the 2010 decision. However, by petition finding; (2) for candidate already have received the equivalent of 2013, a 5-year monitoring dataset (2008– species for which the Service has made substantial 90-day and warranted-but- 2013) suggested a stable population and a warranted-but-precluded petition precluded 12-month findings. no association between cover of finding, it serves as a ‘‘resubmitted’’ Nevertheless, we review the status of nonnative plant species and wildfire petition finding that the ESA requires the newly petitioned candidate species and the abundance of Packard’s the Service to make each year; and (3) and through this CNOR publish specific milkvetch. it documents the Service’s compliance section 4(b)(3) findings (i.e., substantial In 2010, the population of Packard’s with the statutory requirement to 90-day and warranted-but-precluded 12- milkvetch was estimated at monitor the status of species for which month findings) in response to the approximately 5,000 plants located listing is warranted but precluded, and petitions to list these candidate species. within 26 suboccurrences with to ascertain if they need emergency We publish these findings as part of the abundance ranges from 3 to listing. first CNOR following receipt of the approximately 500 plants per First, the CNOR serves as an initial petition. We have identified the suboccurrence. Surveys in 2012 petition finding in some instances. candidate species for which we received documented several additional Under section 4(b)(3)(A), when we petitions by the code ‘‘C*’’ in the occupied outcrops collectively totaling receive a listing petition, we must category column on the left side of approximately 2,000 individuals, which determine within 90 days, to the Table 1 below. revised the range-wide population maximum extent practicable, whether Second, the CNOR serves as a estimate to 6,500 plants occurring the petition presents substantial ‘‘resubmitted’’ petition finding. Section within 28 suboccurrences. The 5-year information indicating that listing may 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the ESA requires that monitoring dataset (2008–2013) has be warranted (a ‘‘90-day finding’’). If we when we make a warranted-but- suggested a stable population overall. make a positive 90-day finding, we must precluded finding on a petition, we treat Therefore, based on (1) the reduction promptly commence a status review of the petition as one that is resubmitted of the species’ primary threat (i.e., OHV the species under section 4(b)(3)(A); we on the date of the finding. Thus, we use), (2) the increase in number of must then make and publish one of must make a 12-month petition finding known suboccurrences and resulting three possible findings within 12 in compliance with section 4(b)(3)(B) of increase in the overall population, and months of the receipt of the petition (a the ESA at least once a year, until we (3) the species’ overall stable population ‘‘12-month finding’’): publish a proposal to list the species or status over a 5-year monitoring period, (1) The petitioned action is not make a final not-warranted finding. We we find that listing of Packard’s warranted; make these annual findings for milkvetch as threatened or endangered (2) The petitioned action is warranted petitioned candidate species through throughout all or a significant portion of (in which case we are required to the CNOR. These annual findings its range is no longer warranted; the promptly publish a proposed regulation supercede any findings from previous species no longer meets the definition of to implement the petitioned action; CNORs and the initial 12-month a candidate species, and we are once we publish a proposed rule for a warranted-but-precluded finding, removing it from candidate status. species, sections 4(b)(5) and 4(b)(6) of although all previous findings are part In addition to the factors that led us the ESA govern further procedures, of the administrative record for the new to conclude that Packard’s milkvetch no regardless of whether we issued the finding, and we may rely upon them or longer warrants candidate status, the proposal in response to a petition); or incorporate them by reference in the BLM and IFWO signed a 20-year (3) The petitioned action is warranted, new finding as appropriate. Candidate Conservation Agreement but (a) the immediate proposal of a Third, through undertaking the (CCA) on December 20, 2013, which regulation and final promulgation of a analysis required to complete the further supports the BLM’s OHV closure regulation implementing the petitioned CNOR, the Service determines if any decision and commits to continued action is precluded by pending candidate species needs emergency enforcement and monitoring of the OHV proposals to determine whether any listing. Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the ESA closure. The CCA also outlines the species is endangered or threatened, and requires us to ‘‘implement a system to BLM’s plans for long-term monitoring (b) expeditious progress is being made monitor effectively the status of all and future proactive conservation to add qualified species to the Lists. We species’’ for which we have made a measures to address new potential refer to this third option as a warranted-but-precluded 12-month threats that may arise. ‘‘warranted-but-precluded finding.’’ finding, and to ‘‘make prompt use of the We define ‘‘candidate species’’ to [emergency listing] authority [under Petition Findings mean those species for which the section 4(b)(7)] to prevent a significant The ESA provides two mechanisms Service has on file sufficient risk to the well being of any such for considering species for listing. One information on biological vulnerability species.’’ The CNOR plays a crucial role method allows the Secretary, on the and threat(s) to support issuance of a in the monitoring system that we have Secretary’s own initiative, to identify proposed rule to list, but for which implemented for all candidate species species for listing under the standards of issuance of the proposed rule is by providing notice that we are actively section 4(a)(1). We implement this precluded (61 FR 64481; December 5, seeking information regarding the status authority through the candidate 1996). The standard for making a of those species. We review all new program, discussed above. The second species a candidate through our own information on candidate species as it method for listing a species provides a initiative is identical to the standard for becomes available, prepare an annual mechanism for the public to petition us making a warranted-but-precluded 12- species assessment form that reflects to add a species to the Lists. The CNOR month petition finding on a petition to monitoring results and other new serves several purposes as part of the list, and we add all petitioned species information, and identify any species petition process: (1) In some instances for which we have made a warranted- for which emergency listing may be (in particular, for petitions to list but-precluded 12-month finding to the appropriate. If we determine that species that the Service has already candidate list. emergency listing is appropriate for any

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candidate, we will make prompt use of assessments and our administrative Preclusion the emergency listing authority under record for each species. A listing proposal is precluded if the section 4(b)(7). For example, on August Our review included updating the Service does not have sufficient status of, and threats to, petitioned 10, 2011, we emergency listed the resources available to complete the candidate or listed species for which we Miami blue butterfly (76 FR 49542). We proposal, because there are competing published findings, under section have been reviewing and will continue demands for those resources, and the 4(b)(3)(B) of the ESA, in the previous to review, at least annually, the status of relative priority of those competing CNOR. We have incorporated new every candidate, whether or not we have demands is higher. Thus, in any given information we gathered since the prior received a petition to list it. Thus, the fiscal year (FY), multiple factors dictate finding and, as a result of this review, CNOR and accompanying species whether it will be possible to undertake we are making continued warranted- assessment forms constitute the work on a listing proposal regulation or but-precluded 12-month findings on the Service’s system for monitoring and whether promulgation of such a making annual findings on the status of petitions for these species. The immediate publication of proposal is precluded by higher priority petitioned species under sections listing actions—(1) The amount of 4(b)(3)(C)(i) and 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the proposed rules to list these species was precluded by our work on higher resources available for completing the ESA. listing function, (2) the estimated cost of A number of court decisions have priority listing actions, listed below, during the period from October 1, 2013, completing the proposed listing, and (3) elaborated on the nature and specificity the Service’s workload and of information that we must consider in through September 30, 2014. Below we describe the actions that continue to prioritization of the proposed listing in making and describing the petition relation to other actions. findings in the CNOR. The CNOR that preclude the immediate proposal and final promulgation of a regulation published on November 9, 2009 (74 FR Available Resources implementing each of the petitioned 57804), describes these court decisions actions for which we have made a The resources available for listing in further detail. As with previous warranted-but-precluded finding, and actions are determined through the CNORs, we continue to incorporate we describe the expeditious progress we annual Congressional appropriations information of the nature and specificity are making to add qualified species to, process. In FY 1998 and for each fiscal required by the courts. For example, we and remove species from, the Lists. We year since then, Congress has placed a include a description of the reasons why will continue to monitor the status of all statutory cap on funds that may be the listing of every petitioned candidate candidate species, including petitioned expended for the Listing Program. This species is both warranted and precluded species, as new information becomes spending cap was designed to prevent at this time. We make our available to determine if a change in the listing function from depleting determinations of preclusion on a status is warranted, including the need funds needed for other functions under nationwide basis to ensure that the to emergency-list a species under the ESA (for example, recovery species most in need of listing will be section 4(b)(7) of the ESA. functions, such as removing species addressed first and also because we In addition to identifying petitioned from the Lists), or for other Service allocate our listing budget on a candidate species in Table 1 below, we programs (see House Report 105–163, nationwide basis (see below). Regional also present brief summaries of why 105th Congress, 1st Session, July 1, priorities can also be discerned from each of these candidates warrants 1997). The funds within the spending Table 1, below, which includes the lead listing. More complete information, cap are available to support work region and the LPN for each species. including references, is found in the involving the following listing actions: Our preclusion determinations are species assessment forms. You may Proposed and final listing rules; 90-day further based upon our budget for listing obtain a copy of these forms from the and 12-month findings on petitions to activities for unlisted species only, and Regional Office having the lead for the add species to the Lists or to change the we explain the priority system and why species, or from the Fish and Wildlife status of a species from threatened to the work we have accomplished does Service’s Internet Web site: http:// endangered; annual ‘‘resubmitted’’ preclude action on listing candidate ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/ petition findings on prior warranted- species. candidateSpecies.jsp. As described but-precluded petition findings as In preparing this CNOR, we reviewed above, under section 4 of the ESA, we required under section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the current status of, and threats to, the identify and propose species for listing the ESA; critical habitat petition 112 candidates for which we have based on the factors identified in section findings; proposed and final rules received a petition to list and the 5 4(a)(1), and section 4 also provides a designating critical habitat; and listed species for which we have mechanism for the public to petition us litigation-related, administrative, and received a petition to reclassify from to add species to the Lists of program-management functions threatened to endangered, where we Endangered or Threatened Wildlife and (including preparing and allocating found the petitioned action to be Plants under the ESA. budgets, responding to Congressional warranted but precluded. We find that and public inquiries, and conducting the immediate issuance of a proposed Preclusion and Expeditious Progress public outreach regarding listing and rule and timely promulgation of a final To make a finding that a particular critical habitat). rule for each of these species, except for action is warranted but precluded, the We cannot spend more for the Listing the Selkirk ecosystem population and Service must make two determinations: Program than the amount of funds the Cabinet-Yaak ecosystem population (1) That the immediate proposal and within the spending cap without of Grizzly bear (see Petitions To timely promulgation of a final violating the Anti-Deficiency Act (see 31 Reclassify Species Already Listed), has regulation is precluded by pending U.S.C. 1341(a)(1)(A)). In addition, since been, for the preceding months, and listing proposals and (2) that FY 2002, the Service’s budget has continues to be, precluded by higher expeditious progress is being made to included a critical habitat subcap to priority listing actions. Additional add qualified species to either of the ensure that some funds are available for information that is the basis for this lists and to remove species from the completing Listing Program actions finding is found in the species lists. 16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(3)(B)(iii). other than critical habitat designations

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(‘‘The critical habitat designation For FY 2014, on January 17, 2014, result of the petitions to list hundreds subcap will ensure that some funding is Congress passed a Consolidated of species, we currently have over 450 available to address other listing Appropriations Act, 2014 (Pub. L. 113– 12-month petition findings yet to be activities’’ (House Report No. 107–103, 76), which provided funding through initiated and completed. 107th Congress, 1st Session. June 19, September 30, 2014. In particular, it An additional way in which we 2001)). In FY 2002 and each year until included an overall spending cap of prioritize work in the section 4 program FY 2006, the Service had to use $20,515,000 for the listing program. Of is application of the listing priority virtually the entire critical habitat that, no more than $1,504,000 could be guidelines (48 FR 43098; September 21, subcap to address court-mandated used for listing actions for foreign 1983). Under those guidelines, we designations of critical habitat, and species, and no more than $1,501,000 assign each candidate an LPN of 1 to 12, consequently none of the critical habitat could be used to make 90-day or 12- depending on the magnitude of threats subcap funds were available for other month findings on petitions. The (high or moderate to low), immediacy of listing activities. In some FYs since Service thus had $ 12,905,000 available threats (imminent or nonimminent), and 2006, we have been able to use some of to work on proposed and final listing taxonomic status of the species (in order the critical habitat subcap funds to fund determinations for domestic species. In of priority: Monotypic genus (a species proposed listing determinations for addition, if the Service had funding that is the sole member of a genus), high-priority candidate species. In other available within the critical habitat, species, or part of a species (subspecies FYs, while we were unable to use any foreign species, or petition subcaps after or distinct population segment)). The of the critical habitat subcap funds to those workloads had been completed, it lower the listing priority number, the fund proposed listing determinations, could use those funds to work on listing higher the listing priority (that is, a we did use some of this money to fund actions other than critical habitat species with an LPN of 1 would have the critical habitat portion of some designations or foreign species. the highest listing priority). A species proposed listing determinations so that Costs of Listing Actions. The work with a higher LPN would generally be the proposed listing determination and involved in preparing various listing precluded from listing by species with proposed critical habitat designation documents can be extensive, and may lower LPNs, unless work on a proposed could be combined into one rule, include, but is not limited to: Gathering rule for the species with the higher LPN thereby being more efficient in our and assessing the best scientific and can be combined with work on a work. In FY 2014, based on the Service’s commercial data available and proposed rule for other high-priority workload, we were able to use some of conducting analyses used as the basis species. In addition to prioritizing the critical habitat subcap funds to fund for our decisions; writing and species with our 1983 guidance, because proposed listing determinations. publishing documents; and obtaining, of the large number of high-priority reviewing, and evaluating public species we have had in the recent past, For FY 2012 Congress also put in comments and peer review comments we had further ranked the candidate place two additional subcaps within the on proposed rules and incorporating species with an LPN of 2 by using the listing cap: One for listing actions for relevant information into final rules. following extinction-risk type criteria: foreign species and one for petition The number of listing actions that we International Union for the findings. As with the critical habitat can undertake in a given year also is Conservation of Nature and Natural subcap, if the Service does not need to influenced by the complexity of those Resources (IUCN) Red list status/rank, use all of the funds within the subcap, listing actions; that is, more complex Heritage rank (provided by we are able to use the remaining funds actions generally are more costly. The NatureServe), Heritage threat rank for completing proposed or final listing median cost for preparing and (provided by NatureServe), and species determinations. In FY 2014, based on publishing a 90-day finding is $39,276; currently with fewer than 50 the Service’s workload, we were able to for a 12-month finding, $100,690; for a individuals, or 4 or fewer populations. use some of the funds within the foreign proposed rule with critical habitat, Those species with the highest IUCN species subcap and the petitions subcap $345,000; and for a final listing rule rank (critically endangered), the highest to fund proposed listing determinations. with critical habitat, $305,000. Heritage rank (G1), the highest Heritage We make our determinations of Prioritizing Listing Actions. The threat rank (substantial, imminent preclusion on a nationwide basis to Service’s Listing Program workload is threats), and currently with fewer than ensure that the species most in need of broadly composed of four types of 50 individuals, or fewer than 4 listing will be addressed first, and also actions, which the Service prioritizes as populations, originally comprised a because we allocate our listing budget follows: (1) Compliance with court group of approximately 40 candidate on a nationwide basis. Through the orders and court-approved settlement species (‘‘Top 40’’). These 40 candidate listing cap, the three subcaps, and the agreements requiring that petition species had the highest priority to amount of funds needed to complete findings or listing or critical habitat receive funding to work on a proposed court-mandated actions within those determinations be completed by a listing determination and we used this subcaps, Congress and the courts have specific date; (2) essential litigation- to formulate our work plan for FYs 2010 in effect determined the amount of related, administrative, and listing and 2011 that was included in the MDL money available for other listing program-management functions; (3) Settlement Agreement (see below), as activities nationwide. Therefore, the section 4 (of the Act) listing and critical well as for work on proposed and final funds in the listing cap—other than habitat actions with absolute statutory listing rules for the remaining candidate those within the subcaps needed to deadlines; and (4) section 4 listing species with LPNs of 2 and 3. comply with court orders or court- actions that do not have absolute Finally, proposed rules for approved settlement agreements statutory deadlines. In the last few reclassification of threatened species to requiring critical habitat actions for years, the Service received many new endangered species are lower priority, already-listed species, listing actions for petitions and a single petition to list 404 because as listed species, they are foreign species, and petition findings— species, significantly increasing the already afforded the protections of the set the framework within which we number of actions within the second Act and implementing regulations. make our determinations of preclusion category of our workload—actions that However, for efficiency reasons, we may and expeditious progress. have absolute statutory deadlines. As a choose to work on a proposed rule to

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reclassify a species to endangered if we from the proposal). Paragraph 10 of that progress is being made to add and can combine this with work that is settlement agreement sets forth the remove qualified species to and from subject to a court order or court- Service’s conclusion that ‘‘fulfilling the the Lists. As with our ‘‘precluded’’ approved deadline. commitments set forth in this finding, the evaluation of whether Since before Congress first established Agreement, along with other progress in adding qualified species to the spending cap for the Listing Program commitments required by court orders the Lists has been expeditious is a in 1998, the Listing Program workload or court-approved settlement function of the resources available for has required considerably more agreements already in existence at the listing and the competing demands for resources than the amount of funds signing of this Settlement Agreement those funds. (Although we do not Congress has allowed for the Listing (listed in Exhibit A), will require discuss it in detail here, we are also Program. It is therefore important that substantially all of the resources in the making expeditious progress in we be as efficient as possible in our Listing Program.’’ As part of the same removing species from the list under the listing process. As we implement our lawsuit, the court also approved a Recovery program in light of the listing work plan and work on proposed separate settlement agreement with the resources available for delisting, which rules for the highest priority species in other plaintiff in the case; that is funded by a separate line item in the the next several years, we are preparing settlement agreement requires the budget of the Endangered Species multi-species proposals when Service to complete additional actions Program. During FY 2014, we completed appropriate, and these may include in specific fiscal years—including 12- a delisting rule for one species.) As species with lower priority if they month petition findings for 11 species, discussed below, given the limited overlap geographically or have the same 90-day petition findings for 477 species, resources available for listing, we find threats as one of the highest priority and proposed listing determinations or that we made expeditious progress in species. In addition, we take into not-warranted findings for 39 species. FY 2014 in the Listing Program. consideration the availability of staff These settlement agreements have led We provide below tables cataloguing resources when we determine which to a number of results that affect our the work of the Service’s Listing high-priority species will receive preclusion analysis. First, the Service Program in FY 2014. This work includes funding to minimize the amount of time has been, and will continue to be, all three of the steps necessary for and resources required to complete each limited in the extent to which it can adding species to the Lists: (1) listing action. undertake additional actions within the Identifying species that warrant listing; Listing Program Workload. Each FY Listing Program through FY 2017, (2) undertaking the evaluation of the we determine, based on the amount of beyond what is required by the MDL best available scientific data about those funding Congress has made available Settlement Agreements. Second, species and the threats they face, and within the Listing Program spending because the settlement is court preparing proposed and final listing cap, specifically which actions we will approved, two broad categories of rules; and (3) adding species to the Lists have the resources to work on in that actions now fall within the Service’s by publishing proposed and final listing FY. We then prepare Allocation Tables highest priority (compliance with a rules that include a summary of the data that identify the actions that we are court order): (1) The actions required to on which the rule is based and show the funding for that FY, and how much we be completed in FY 2014 by the MDL relationship of that data to the rule. estimate it will cost to complete each Settlement Agreements; and (2) After taking into consideration the action; these Allocation Tables are part completion, before the end of FY 2016, limited resources available for listing, of our record for this notice and the of proposed listings or not-warranted the competing demands for those funds, listing program. Our Allocation Table findings for most of the candidate and the completed work catalogued in for FY 2012, which incorporated the species identified in this CNOR (in Service’s approach to prioritizing its particular, for those candidate species the tables below, we find that we made workload, was adopted as part of a that were included in the 2010 CNOR). expeditious progress to add qualified settlement agreement in a case before Therefore, each year, one of the species to the Lists in FY 2014. the U.S. District Court for the District of Service’s highest priorities is to make First, we made expeditious progress Columbia (Endangered Species Act steady progress towards completing by in the third and final step: Listing Section 4 Deadline Litigation, No. 10– the end of 2017 proposed and final qualified species. In FY 2014, we 377 (EGS), MDL Docket No. 2165 (‘‘MDL listing determinations for the 2010 resolved the status of 35 species that we Litigation’’), Document 31–1 (D.D.C. candidate species—based on the determined, or had previously May 10, 2011) (‘‘MDL Settlement Service’s LPN prioritization system, determined, qualified for listing. Agreement’’)). The requirements of preparing multi-species actions when Moreover, for 32 species, the resolution paragraphs 1 through 7 of that appropriate, and taking into was to add them to the Lists, most with settlement agreement, combined with consideration the availability of staff concurrent designations of critical the work plan attached to the agreement resources. habitat, and for 3 species we published as Exhibit B, reflected the Service’s Based on these prioritization factors, a withdrawal of the proposed rule. We Allocation Tables for FY 2011 and FY we continue to find that proposals to list also proposed to list an additional 24 2012. In addition, paragraphs 2 through the petitioned candidate species qualified species, most with concurrent 7 of the agreement require the Service included in Table 1 are all precluded by critical habitat proposals. to take numerous other actions through higher priority listing actions including Second, we are making expeditious FY 2017—in particular, complete either those with court-ordered and court- progress in the second step: Working a proposed listing rule or a not- approved settlement agreements and towards adding qualified species to the warranted finding for all 251 species listing actions with absolute statutory Lists. In FY 2014, we worked on designated as ‘‘candidates’’ in the 2010 deadlines. developing proposed listing rules for 34 candidate notice of review (‘‘CNOR’’) species (most of them with concurrent before the end of FY 2016, and complete Expeditious Progress critical habitat proposals). Although we final listing determinations for those As explained above, a determination have not yet completed those actions, species proposed for listing within the that listing is warranted but precluded we are making expeditious progress statutory deadline (usually one year must also demonstrate that expeditious towards doing so.

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Third, we are making expeditious agreement on September 9, 2011. That The Service has completed proposed progress in the first step towards adding agreement required, among other things, listing rules or not-warranted findings qualified species to the Lists: Identifying that for all 251 species that were for 166 of the 2010 candidate species, as additional species that qualify for included as candidates in the 2010 well as final listing rules for 118 of listing. In FY 2014, we completed two CNOR, the Service submit to the those proposed rules, and is therefore is 90-day petition findings for two species. Federal Register proposed listing rules making adequate progress towards Our accomplishments this year or not-warranted findings by the end of meeting all of the requirements of the should also be considered in the broader FY 2016, and for any proposed listing MDL settlement agreement. Both by context of our commitment to reduce rules, the Service complete final listing entering into the settlement agreement the number of candidate species for determinations within the statutory time and by making adequate progress which we have not made final frame. Paragraph 6 of the agreement towards making final listing determinations whether or not to list. provided indicators that the Service is determinations for the 251 species on On May 10, 2011, the Service filed in making adequate progress towards the 2010 candidate, the Service is the MDL Litigation a settlement meeting that requirement: Completing agreement that put in place an proposed listing rules or not-warranted making expeditious progress to add ambitious schedule for completing findings for at least 130 of the species qualified species to the lists. proposed and final listing by the end of FY 2013, at least 160 The Service’s progress in FY 2014 determinations at least through FY species by the end of FY 2014, and at included completing and publishing the 2016; the court approved that settlement least 200 species by the end of FY 2015. following determinations:

FY 2014 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS

Publication date Title Actions FR Pages

11/14/2013 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 78 FR 68660–68685. Gunnison’s Prairie Dog as an Endangered ranted. or Threatened Species. 11/26/2013 ...... Initiation of Status Review of Arctic Grayling Notice of Status Review ...... 78 FR 70525–70527. in the Upper Missouri River System. 12/19/2013 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Cole- Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 78 FR 76795–76807. man’s Coralroot as an Endangered or ranted. Threatened Species. 12/20/2013 ...... Threatened Status for Eriogonum codium Final Rule—Revision ...... 78 FR 76995–77005. (Umtanum Desert Buckwheat) and Physaria douglasii subsp. tuplashensis (White Bluffs Bladderpod) and Designation of Critical Habitat. 2/24/2014 ...... Determination of Threatened Species Status Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 10235–10293. for the Georgetown Salamander and Sa- lado Salamander Throughout Their Ranges. 3/31/2014 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Alex- Notice of 90-day petition finding, Substantial 79 FR 17993–17995. ander Archipelago Wolf as Threatened or Endangered. 4/9/2014 ...... Threatened Species Status for the Olympia Final Listing Threatened, with Special Rule ... 79 FR 19759–19796. Pocket Gopher, Roy Prairie Pocket Go- pher, Tenino Pocket Gopher, and Yelm Pocket Gopher, with Special Rule. 4/10/2014 ...... Determination of Threatened Status for the Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 19973–20071. Lesser Prairie-. 4/29/2014 ...... Endangered Species Status for Sierra Ne- Final Listing Threatened and Endangered ..... 79 FR 24255–24310. vada Yellow-Legged Frog and Northern Distinct Population Segment of the Moun- tain Yellow-Legged Frog, and Threatened Species Status for Yosemite Toad. 5/6/2014 ...... Determination of Threatened Status for Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 25683–25688. Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata (Ken- tucky Glade Cress). 6/3/2014 ...... Threatened Species Status for Ivesia webberi Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 31878–31883. 6/10/2014 ...... Determination of Endangered Status for the Final Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 33119–33137. New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse Throughout Its Range. 7/8/2014 ...... Threatened Status for the Northern Mexican Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 38677–38746. Gartersnake and Narrow-Headed Gartersnake. 7/24/2014 ...... Endangered Species Status for the Zuni Final Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 43131–43161. Bluehead Sucker. 8/1/2014 ...... Endangered Status for Physaria globosa Final Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 44712–44718. (Short’s bladderpod), Helianthus verticillatus (whorled sunflower), and Leavenworthia crassa (fleshy-fruit gladecress). 8/4/2014 ...... Determination of Endangered Status for the Final Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 45273–45286. and .

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FY 2014 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR Pages

8/6/2014 ...... Withdrawal of the Proposed Rules To List Proposed Listing Withdrawal ...... 79 FR 46041–46087. Graham’s Beardtongue (Penstemon grahamii) and Beardtongue (Penstemon scariosus var. albifluvis) and Designate Critical Habitat. 8/12/2014 ...... Endangered Status for the Florida Leafwing Final Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 47222–47244. and Bartram’s Scrub-Hairstreak Butterflies. 8/13/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 47413–47415. Warton’s Cave Meshweaver as Endan- ranted Candidate removal. gered or Threatened. 8/13/2014 ...... Threatened Status for the Distinct Population Proposed Listing Withdrawal ...... 79 FR 47521–47545. Segment of the North American Wolverine Occurring in the Contiguous United States; Establishment of a Nonessential Experi- mental Population of the North American Wolverine in Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico. 8/19/2014 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Is- Notice of 90-day petition finding, Substantial 79 FR 49045–49047. land Marble Butterfly as an Endangered Species. 8/20/2014 ...... Revised 12-Month Finding on a Petition To Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 49383–49422. List the Upper Missouri River Distinct Pop- ranted Candidate removal. ulation Segment of Arctic Grayling as an Endangered or Threatened Species. 8/26/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on the Petition To List Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 51041–51066. Least Chub as an Endangered or Threat- ranted Candidate removal. ened Species. 8/26/2014 ...... Endangered Status for Vandenberg Final Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 50844–50854. Monkeyflower. 8/29/2014 ...... Threatened Status for Oregon Spotted Frog .. Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 51657–51710. 9/4/2014 ...... Endangered Species Status for Brickellia Final Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 52567–52575. mosieri (Florida Brickell-bush) and Linum carteri var. carteri (Carter’s Small-flowered Flax). 9/9/2014 ...... Endangered Species Status for Agave Final Listing Endangered and Threatened ..... 79 FR 53315–53344. eggersiana and Gonocalyx concolor, and Threatened Species Status for Varronia rupicola. 9/12/2014 ...... Threatened Status for Arabis georgiana Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 54627–54635. (Georgia rockcress). 9/12/2014 ...... Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for the Final Critical Habitat Final Listing—adding 79 FR 54781–54846. Contiguous United States Distinct Popu- New Mexico to DPS boundary. lation Segment of the Canada Lynx and Revised Distinct Population Segment Boundary. 9/18/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 56029–56040. Eriogonum kelloggii (Red Mountain buck- ranted Candidate removal. wheat) and Sedum eastwoodiae (Red Mountain stonecrop) as Endangered or Threatened Species. 9/18/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 56041–56047. Symphyotrichum georgianum (Georgia ranted Candidate removal. aster) as Endangered or Threatened Spe- cies. 9/23/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 56730–56738. Tucson Shovel-Nosed Snake. ranted Candidate removal. 9/24/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 57032–57041. Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii and ranted Candidate removal. Eriogonum diatomaceum. 10/1/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Rio Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 59140–59150. Grande Cutthroat Trout as an Endangered ranted Candidate removal. or Threatened Species. 10/1/2014 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Yel- Notice of 12-month petition finding, Not war- 79 FR 59195–59204. low-Billed Loon (Gavia adamsii) as an En- ranted Candidate removal. dangered or Threatened Species. 10/1/2014 ...... Proposed Endangered Status for 21 Species Proposed Listing Endangered and Threat- 79 FR 59363–59413. and Proposed Threatened Status for 2 ened. Species in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

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FY 2014 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR Pages

10/3/2014 ...... Threatened Species Status for the Western Final Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 59991–60038. Distinct Population Segment of the Yellow- billed Cuckoo. 10/7/2014 ...... Threatened Species Status for Black Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 60406–60419. Pinesnake. 10/7/2014 ...... Threatened Species Status for West Coast Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 79 FR 60419–60443. Distinct Population Segment of Fisher. 10/9/2014 ...... Endangered Species Status for Trichomanes Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 79 FR 61135–61161. punctatum ssp. floridanum (Florida Bristle Fern).

Our expeditious progress also 2014. For these species, we have actions are listed below. All the actions included work on listing actions that we completed the first step, and have been in the table are being conducted under funded in previous fiscal years and in working on the second step, necessary a deadline set by a court through a court FY 2014 but did not complete in FY for adding species to the Lists. These order or settlement agreement.

ACTIONS FUNDED IN PREVIOUS FYS AND FY 2014 BUT NOT COMPLETED IN FY 2014

Species Action

Actions Subject to Court Order/Settlement Agreement

Gunnison sage-grouse ...... Final listing. Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling ...... Final listing. Red knot (rufa subspecies) ...... Final listing. Northern long-eared bat ...... Final listing. Greater sage-grouse—Bi-State DPS ...... Final listing. Washington ground squirrel ...... Proposed listing. Xantus’s murrelet ...... Proposed listing. Columbia spotted frog—Great Basin DPS ...... Proposed listing. Sequatchie ...... Proposed listing. Four Florida Keys plants (sand flax, Big Pine partridge pea, Blodgett’s silverbush, and wedge spurge) ...... Proposed listing. Four Florida plants (Florida pineland crabgrass, Florida prairie clover, pineland sandmat, and Everglades bully) ...... Proposed listing. White fringeless orchid ...... Proposed listing. Black warrior waterdog ...... Proposed listing. Black mudalia ...... Proposed listing. Elfin-woods warbler ...... Proposed listing. Kentucky arrow darter and Cumberland arrow darter ...... Proposed listing. Six Cave (Nobletts, Baker Station, Fowler’s, Indian Grave Point, inquirer, and Coleman) ...... Proposed listing. Sicyos macrophyllus ...... Proposed listing. Highlands tiger ...... Proposed listing. Sicklefin redhorse ...... Proposed listing. Headwater chub ...... Proposed listing. Roundtail chub DPS ...... Proposed listing. Page springsnail ...... Proposed listing. Sonoran desert tortoise ...... Proposed listing. Texas hornshell ...... Proposed listing. New England cottontail ...... Proposed listing. Eastern massasauga ...... Proposed listing.

We also funded work on resubmitted include an updated assessment form as summaries below regarding publication petitions findings for 112 candidate part of our resubmitted petition findings of these determinations (these species species (species petitioned prior to the for the 34 candidate species for which will remain on the candidate list until last CNOR). In our resubmitted petition we are preparing proposed listing a proposed listing rule is published). We finding for the Columbia Basin determinations. However, for both the also funded a revised 12-month petition population of the greater sage-grouse in Columbia Basin DPS of the greater sage- finding for the petitioned candidate this notice, although we completed a grouse and for the other resubmitted species that we are removing from new analysis of the threats facing the petition findings, in the course of candidate status, which is being species, we did not include new preparing proposed listing published as part of this CNOR (see information, as the significance of the determinations, we continue to monitor Candidate Removals). Because the Columbia Basin DPS of the greater sage- new information about their status so majority of these petitioned species grouse will require further review and that we can make prompt use of our were already candidate species prior to we will update our finding when we authority under section 4(b)(7) in the our receipt of a petition to list them, we resolve the status of the greater sage- case of an emergency posing a had already assessed their status using grouse at a later date (see 75 FR 13910; significant risk to the well-being of any funds from our Candidate Conservation March 23, 2010). We also did not of these candidate species; see Program, so we continue to monitor the

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status of these species through our Findings for Petitioned Candidate location of this DPS, where surveys are Candidate Conservation Program. The Species currently ongoing to ascertain its status. cost of updating the species assessment Below are updated summaries for The factors that led to the decline of this forms and publishing the joint petitioned candidates for which we subspecies and the DPS are poorly publication of the CNOR and published findings under section understood; however, current threats to resubmitted petition findings is shared 4(b)(3)(B). In accordance with section this subspecies and the DPS include between the Listing Program and the 4(b)(3)(C)(i), we treat any petitions for habitat loss, predation by introduced Candidate Conservation Program. which we made warranted-but- species, and its small population size precluded 12-month findings within the and distribution, which make the taxon During FY 2014, we also funded work extremely vulnerable to extinction due past year as having been resubmitted on on resubmitted petition findings for to typhoons and similar natural the date of the warranted-but-precluded uplisting five listed species (three catastrophes. The subspecies may also finding. We are making continued grizzly bear populations, Delta smelt, be susceptible to disturbance in its warranted-but-precluded 12-month and Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette roosting caves. The threats are imminent findings on the petitions for these cactus)), for which we had previously and of high magnitude, since they are species (for 12-month findings on received a petition and made a ongoing and severe enough to pose a resubmitted petitions for species that we warranted-but-precluded finding. relatively high likelihood of extinction. determined no longer meet the Therefore, we have retained an LPN of Another way that we have been definition of ‘‘endangered species’’ or expeditious in making progress to add 3 for this DPS of a subspecies. ‘‘threatened species,’’ see summaries Pen˜ asco least chipmunk (Tamias qualified species to the Lists is that we above under Candidate Removals). have endeavored to make our listing minimus atristria)—The following actions as efficient and timely as Mammals summary is based on information contained in our files. Pen˜ asco least possible, given the requirements of the Pacific sheath-tailed bat, American chipmunk is endemic to the White relevant law and regulations and Samoa DPS (Emballonura semicaudata Mountains, Otero and Lincoln Counties, constraints relating to workload and semicaudata)—The following summary personnel. We are continually and the Sacramento Mountains, Otero is based on information contained in ˜ considering ways to streamline County, New Mexico. The Penasco least our files. No new information was chipmunk historically had a broad processes or achieve economies of scale, provided in the petition we received on distribution throughout the Sacramento such as by batching related actions May 11, 2004. This small insectivorous Mountains within ponderosa pine together. Given our limited budget for bat is a member of the Emballonuridae forests. The last verification of implementing section 4 of the ESA, family, an Old World bat family that has persistence of the Sacramento these efforts also contribute towards an extensive distribution, primarily in Mountains population of Pen˜ asco least finding that we are making expeditious the tropics. Emballonura semicaudata chipmunk was in 1966, and the progress to add qualified species to the semicaudata was once common and subspecies appears to be extirpated from Lists. widespread in Polynesia and the Sacramento Mountains. The only Although we have not been able to Micronesia. The species as a whole (E. remaining known distribution of the resolve the listing status of many of the semicaudata) occurred on several of the least chipmunk is restricted to open, candidates, we continue to contribute to Caroline Islands (Palau, Chuuk, and high-elevation talus slopes within a the conservation of these species Pohnpei), Samoa (Independent and subalpine grassland, located in the through several programs in the Service. American), the Mariana Islands (Guam Sierra Blanca area of the White and the Commonwealth of the Northern In particular, the Candidate Mountains in Lincoln and Otero Mariana Islands (CNMI)), Tonga, Fiji, Conservation Program, which is Counties, New Mexico. and Vanuatu. While populations appear separately budgeted, focuses on The Pen˜ asco least chipmunk faces to be healthy in some locations, mainly providing technical expertise for threats from present or threatened in the Caroline Islands, they have developing conservation strategies and destruction, modification, and declined substantially in other areas, curtailment of its habitat from the agreements to guide voluntary on-the- including Independent and American ground conservation work for candidate alteration or loss of mature ponderosa Samoa, the Mariana Islands, Fiji, and pine forests in one of the two and other at-risk species. The main goal possibly Tonga. Scientists recognize historically occupied areas. The of this program is to address the threats four subspecies: E. s. rotensis, endemic documented decline in occupied facing candidate species. Through this to the Mariana Islands (Guam and the localities, in conjunction with the small program, we work with our partners Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana numbers of individuals captured, are (other Federal agencies, State agencies, Islands (CNMI)); E. s. sulcata, occurring linked to widespread habitat alteration. Tribes, local governments, private in Chuuk and Pohnpei; E. s. palauensis, Moreover, the highly fragmented nature landowners, and private conservation found in Palau; and E. s. semicaudata, of its distribution is a significant organizations) to address the threats to occurring in American and Independent contributor to the vulnerability of this candidate species and other species at Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. The subspecies and increases the likelihood risk. We are currently working with our candidate assessment form addresses of very small, isolated populations being partners to implement voluntary the DPS of E. s. semicaudata that occurs extirpated. As a result of this conservation agreements for more than in American Samoa. fragmentation, even if suitable habitat 110 species covering 3.6 million ac of Emballonura semicaudata exists (or is restored) in the Sacramento habitat. In some instances, the sustained semicaudata historically occurred in Mountains, the likelihood of natural implementation of strategically American and Independent Samoa, recolonization of historical habitat or designed conservation efforts Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. It is extant in population expansion from the White culminates in making listing Fiji and Tonga, but may be extirpated Mountains is extremely remote. unnecessary for species that are from Vanuatu and Independent Samoa. Considering the high magnitude and candidates for listing or for which There is some concern that it is also immediacy of these threats to the listing has been proposed. extirpated from American Samoa, the subspecies and its habitat, and the

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vulnerability of the White Mountains Threats to southern Idaho ground canopy. They are one of the few population, we conclude that the least squirrels include: Habitat degradation; animals that can persist on a diet of chipmunk is in danger of extinction direct killing from shooting, trapping, or conifer needles, which is their principal throughout all of its known range now poisoning; predation; and competition food. Red tree voles are endemic to the or in the foreseeable future. with other ground squirrel species. humid, coniferous forests of western The one known remaining extant Habitat degradation appears to be the Oregon (generally west of the crest of population of Pen˜ asco least chipmunk primary threat. Nonnative annuals such the Cascade Range) and northwestern in the White Mountains is particularly as Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and California (north of the Klamath River). susceptible to extinction as a result of Taeniatherum caput-medusae The north Oregon coast DPS of the red small, reduced population sizes and its (medusahead) now dominate much of tree vole comprises that portion of the isolation. Because of the reduced this species’ range and have altered the Oregon Coast Range from the Columbia population size and lack of contiguous fire regime by increasing the frequency River south to the Siuslaw River. Red habitat adjacent to the extant White of wildfire. Nonnative annuals may tree voles demonstrate strong selection Mountains population, even a small provide inconsistent forage quality for for nesting in older conifer forests, impact on the White Mountains could southern Idaho ground squirrels which are now relatively rare across the have a very large impact on the status compared to native vegetation. A DPS; they avoid nesting in younger of the species as a whole. As a result of programmatic Candidate Conservation forests. its restricted range, apparent small Agreement with Assurances (CCAA) has Although data are not available to population size, and fragmented been completed for this species and rigorously assess population trends, historical habitat, the White Mountains contains conservation measures that information from retrospective surveys population is inherently vulnerable to minimize ground disturbing activities, indicates red tree voles have declined in extinction due to effects of small, allow for the investigation of methods to the DPS and are largely absent in areas population sizes (e.g. loss of genetic restore currently degraded habitat, where they were once relatively diversity). These impacts are likely to be provide for additional protection to abundant. Older forests that provide seen in the population at some point in southern Idaho ground squirrels from habitat for red tree voles are limited and the foreseeable future, but do not appear recreational shooting and other direct highly fragmented, while ongoing forest to be affecting this population currently killing on enrolled lands, and allow for practices in much of the DPS maintain as it appears to be stable at this time. the translocation of squirrels to or from the remnant patches of older forest in a Therefore, we conclude that the threats enrolled lands, if necessary. The acreage highly fragmented and isolated to this population are of high enrolled through the CCAA condition. Modeling indicates that only magnitude, but not imminent. encompasses approximately 9 percent of 11 percent of the DPS currently contains Therefore, we assign an LPN of 6 to the the known range of the species. While tree vole habitat, largely restricted to the subspecies. the ongoing conservation efforts have 22 percent of the DPS that is under New England cottontail (Sylvilagus helped to reduce the magnitude of Federal ownership. transitionalis)—We continue to find that threats to a moderate level, habitat Existing regulatory mechanisms on listing this species is warranted but degradation remains the primary threat State and private lands are inadequate precluded as of the date of publication to the species throughout most of its to prevent continued harvest of forest of this notice. However, we are working range. This threat is imminent, due to stands at a scale and extent that would on a proposed listing determination that the ongoing and increasing prevalence be meaningful for conserving red tree we expect to publish prior to making the of nonnative vegetation. Therefore, we voles. Biological characteristics of red next annual resubmitted petition 12- have retained an LPN of 8 for this tree voles, such as small home ranges, month finding. In the course of species. limited dispersal distances, and low preparing the proposed listing rule, we Washington ground squirrel reproductive potential, limit their are continuing to monitor new (Urocitellus washingtoni)—We continue ability to respond to and persist in areas information about this species’ status so to find that listing this species is of extensive habitat loss and alteration. that we can make prompt use of our warranted but precluded as of the date These biological characteristics also authority under section 4(b)(7) in the of publication of this notice. However, make it difficult for the tree voles to case of an emergency posing a we are working on a proposed listing recolonize isolated habitat patches. Due significant risk to the species. rule that we expect to publish prior to to its reduced distribution, the red tree Southern Idaho ground squirrel making the next annual resubmitted vole is now vulnerable to random (Urocitellus endemicus)—The following petition 12-month finding. In the course environmental disturbances that may summary is based on information of preparing the proposed listing remove or further isolate large blocks of contained in our files. No new determination, we are continuing to already limited habitat, and to information was provided in the monitor new information about this extirpation within the DPS from such petition we received on May 11, 2004. species’ status so that we can make factors as lack of genetic variability, The southern Idaho ground squirrel is prompt use of our authority under inbreeding depression, and endemic to four counties in southwest section 4(b)(7) in the case of an demographic stochasticity. Although the Idaho; its total known range is emergency posing a significant risk to entire population is experiencing approximately 292,000 hectares (ha) the species. threats, the impact is less pronounced (722,000 acres (ac)). The population Red tree vole, north Oregon coast DPS on Federal lands, where much of the red declined significantly between 1985 and (Arborimus longicaudus)—The tree vole habitat remains. Hence, the 2001, and approximately 37 percent of following summary is based on magnitude of these threats is moderate the historical known sites were information contained in our files and to low. The threats are imminent occupied in 1999 by a relatively small in our initial warranted-but-precluded because habitat loss and reduced number of individuals. More recently, finding, published in the Federal distribution are currently occurring southern Idaho ground squirrels have Register on October 13, 2011 (76 FR within the DPS. Therefore, we have increased in abundance, and monitoring 63720). Red tree voles are small, mouse- retained an LPN of 9 for this DPS. suggests that the population may now sized rodents that live in conifer forests Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus be stable. and spend almost all of their time in the divergens)—The following information

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is based on information in our files and commercial fishing, and subsistence of the spotless crake’s range, and could our warranted-but-precluded 12-month harvest, but none rise to the level of a result in the isolation of the Marquesas petition finding published on February threat except subsistence harvest. We and Society Islands populations by 10, 2011 (76 FR 7634). The Pacific found that subsistence harvest will rise further limiting the potential for even walrus is an ice-dependent species to the level of a threat if the population rare genetic exchange. Based on the found across the continental shelf declines but harvest levels remain the discreteness and significance of the waters of the northern Bering and same. Because both the loss of sea ice American Samoa population of the Chukchi Seas. Unlike seals, which can habitat and the ongoing practice of spotless crake, we consider this remain in the water for extended subsistence harvest are presently population to be a distinct vertebrate periods, walrus must haul out onto ice occurring, these threats are imminent. population segment. or land periodically. Pacific walrus is a However, these threats are not having Threats to this population have not traditional and important source of food significant population-level effects changed over the past year. The and products to native Alaskans, currently, but are projected to, we population in American Samoa is especially those living on Saint determined that the magnitude of the threatened by small population size, Lawrence Island, and to native threats is moderate, not high. Thus, we limited distribution, predation by Russians. assigned an LPN of 9 to this subspecies. nonnative and native animals, Annually, walrus migrate up to 1,500 continued development of wetland kilometers (km) (932 miles (mi)) Birds habitat, and natural catastrophes such as between winter breeding areas in the Spotless crake, American Samoa DPS hurricanes. The co-occurrence of a sub-Arctic (northern Bering Sea) and (Porzana tabuensis)—The following known predator of ground-nesting birds, summer foraging areas in the Arctic. summary is based on information the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), and Historically, the females and calves contained in our files. No new native predators, the Pacific boa remained on pack ice over the information was provided in the (Candoia bibroni) and the Purple continental shelf of the Chukchi Sea petition we received on May 11, 2004. Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), along throughout the summer, using it as a The spotless crake is a small, dark, with the extremely restricted observed platform for resting after making cryptic bird found in wetlands and rank distribution and low numbers, indicates shallow foraging dives for invertebrates scrublands or forests in the Philippines, that the threats to the American Samoa on the sea floor. Sea ice also provides Australia, Fiji, Tonga, Society Islands, DPS of the spotless crake continue to be isolation from disturbance and Marquesas, Independent Samoa, and both imminent and high in magnitude terrestrial predators such as polar bears. American Samoa (Ofu, Tau). The genus because the ongoing threats have a high Since 1979, the extent of summer Arctic Porzana is widespread in the Pacific, likelihood of affecting the ability of the sea ice has declined. The five lowest where it is represented by numerous species to survive in a relatively short records of minimum sea ice extent island-endemic and flightless species time frame. Based on this assessment of occurred from 2007 to 2012. Based on (many of which are extinct as a result existing information about the the best scientific information available, of anthropogenic disturbances), as well imminence and high magnitude of these we anticipate that sea ice will retreat as several more cosmopolitan species, threats, we have retained an LPN of 3 northward off the Chukchi continental including P. tabuensis. No subspecies of for this DPS. shelf for 1 to 5 months every year in the P. tabuensis are recognized. Friendly ground-dove, American foreseeable future. The American Samoa population is Samoa DPS (Gallicolumba stairi)—The When the ice melts beyond the limits the only population of spotless crakes following summary is based on of the continental shelf (and the ability under U.S. jurisdiction. The available information contained in our files. No of the walrus to obtain food), thousands information indicates that distinct new information was provided in the of walrus congregate at coastal haulouts. populations of the spotless crake, a petition we received on May 11, 2004. Although coastal haulouts have species not noted for long-distance The genus Gallicolumba is distributed historically provided a place to rest, the dispersal, are definable. The population throughout the Pacific and Southeast aggregation of so many animals, in of spotless crakes in American Samoa is Asia. The genus is represented in the particular females and calves, at this discrete in relation to the remainder of oceanic Pacific by six species: Three are time of year has increased in the last 5 the species as a whole, which is endemic to Micronesian islands or years. Not only are the number of distributed in widely separated archipelagos, two are endemic to island animals more concentrated at coastal locations. Although the spotless crake groups in French Polynesia, and G. haulouts than on widely dispersed sea (and other rails) have dispersed widely stairi is endemic to Samoa, Tonga, and ice, but also the probability of in the Pacific, flight in island rails has Fiji. Some authors recognize two disturbance from humans and terrestrial atrophied or been completely lost over subspecies of the friendly ground-dove, animals is much higher. Disturbances at evolutionary time, causing populations one, slightly smaller, in the Samoan coastal haulouts can cause stampedes, to become isolated (and vulnerable to archipelago (G. s. stairi), and one in leading to mortalities and injuries. In terrestrial predators such as rats). The Tonga and Fiji (G. s. vitiensis), but addition, there is also concern that the population of this species in American because morphological differences concentration of animals will cause Samoa is therefore distinct based on between the two are minimal, we are local prey depletion, leading to longer geographic and distributional isolation not recognizing separate subspecies at foraging trips, increased energy costs, from spotless crake populations on this time. and potential effects on female other islands in the oceanic Pacific, the In American Samoa, the friendly condition and calf survival. We expect Philippines, and Australia. The ground-dove has been found on the these effects to lead to a population American Samoa population of the islands of Ofu and Olosega (Manua decline. spotless crake links the Central and Group). Threats to this species have not We recognize that Pacific walrus face Eastern Pacific portions of the species’ changed over the past year. Predation by additional stressors from ocean range. The loss of this population would nonnative species and natural warming, ocean acidification, disease, result in an increase of roughly 500 mi catastrophes such as hurricanes are the oil and gas exploration and (805 km) in the distance between the primary threats to the DPS. Of these, development, increased shipping, central and eastern Polynesian portions predation by nonnative species is

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thought to be occurring now and likely Rio Grande Joint Venture, World threaten the species. Pesticide exposure has been occurring for several decades. Birding Center, Rio Grande Valley is not known to affect the red-crowned This predation may be an important Birding Festival, and the Universidad parrot. Conservation efforts include the impediment to population growth. Auto´noma de Tamaulipas. As of April, artificial nest structure projects, as well Predation by introduced species has 2014, there are no changes to the range as habitat creation projects such as one played a significant role in reducing, or distribution of the red-crowned initiated by the Service and the Rio limiting, and extirpating populations of parrot. The red-crowned parrot is non- Grande Joint Venture in the LRGV to island birds, especially ground-nesters migratory, and occurs in fragmented understand and compare how birds are like the friendly ground-dove, in the isolated habitat in the Mexican States of using revegetated tracts of land that Pacific and other locations worldwide. Tamaulipas, Veracruz, San Luis Potosi, were previously affected by flooding. Nonnative predators known or thought Nuevo Leon, and northeast Queretaro. The project is in its initial steps and no to occur in the range of the friendly The species also occurs within the results are yet available. Threats to the ground-dove in American Samoa southern tip of Texas, in the cities of species are imminent because habitat include feral cats (Felis catus), Mission, McAllen, Pharr, and Edinburg destruction and inadequate regulatory Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), black (Hidalgo County), and in Brownsville, mechanisms are ongoing. In addition, rats (R. rattus), and Norway rats (R. Los Fresnos, San Benito, and Harlingen the threats are high in magnitude, norvegicus). (Cameron County). Feral populations because they affect the species In January 2004 and February of 2005, also exist in southern California, Puerto extensively at a population level; hurricanes virtually destroyed the Rico, Hawaii, and Florida and escaped therefore, we have determined that a habitat of G. stairi in the area on Olosega birds have been reported in central LPN of 2 remains appropriate for the Island where the species had been most Texas. As of 2004, half of the native species. frequently recorded. Although this population is believed to be found in Sprague’s pipit (Anthus spragueii)— species has evolved on islands subject the United States. The species is See above in ‘‘Listing Priority Changes to severe storms, this example illustrates nomadic during the winter (non- in Candidates.’’ the potential for natural disturbance to breeding) season when large flocks Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus exacerbate the effect of anthropogenic range widely to forage, moving tens of urophasianus)—The following summary disturbance on small populations. kilometers during a single flight in is based on information in our files and Consistent monitoring using a variety of Mexico. In Texas, red-crowned parrots in the petition we received on January methods over the last 5 years yielded are thought to move between urban 30, 2002. Currently, greater sage-grouse few observations and no change in the areas in search of food and other occur in 11 States (Washington, Oregon, relative abundance of this taxon in available resources. There has not been California, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, South American Samoa. The total population systematic annual monitoring of red- Dakota, and North Dakota) and 2 size remains poorly known but is crowned parrot populations in Texas’s Canadian provinces (Alberta and unlikely to number more than a few Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), so no Saskatchewan), occupying hundred pairs. The distribution of the population trend information is approximately 56 percent of their friendly ground-dove is limited to steep, available; instead, numbers of parrots historical range. Greater sage-grouse forested slopes with an open understory are most often reported from more depend on a variety of shrub-steppe and a substrate of fine scree or exposed informal surveys including Christmas habitats throughout their life cycle, and earth; this habitat is not common in Bird Counts and E-bird; surveys with American Samoa. The threats are are obligate users of several species of wide variation in observers’ skill levels. ongoing and therefore imminent, and sagebrush. Counts of nesting pairs have not been the magnitude is moderate because The primary threat to greater sage- documented since McKinney’s 1995 relative abundance has remained grouse is ongoing fragmentation and survey. In Mexico, the level of unchanged for several years. Thus, we loss of shrub-steppe habitats through a monitoring of red-crowned parrots have retained an LPN of 9 for this DPS. variety of mechanisms. Most Xantus’s murrelet (Synthliboramphus within the last two decades is not well importantly, increasing fire cycles and hypoleucus)—We continue to find that known; however, community groups invasive plants (and the interaction listing this species is warranted but did include the species in bird surveys between them) in more westerly parts of precluded as of the date of publication in the Ejido El Sabinito, in Sierras of the range, along with energy of this notice. However, we are working Tamaulipas, in 2012 and 2013, where development and related infrastructure on a proposed listing determination that they reported approximately 2,500 and in more easterly areas, are negatively we expect to publish prior to making the 1,889 individuals, respectively. affecting the species. In addition, direct next annual resubmitted petition 12- Anecdotal reports from Mexico suggest loss of habitat and fragmentation is month finding. In the course of that the species may be increasing in occurring due to agriculture, preparing the proposed listing rule, we numbers in urban areas of Tamaulipas urbanization, and infrastructure such as are continuing to monitor new and Neuvo Leon. roads and power lines built in support information about this species’ status so The primary threats within Mexico of several activities. We also have that we can make prompt use of our and Texas remain determined that currently existing authority under section 4(b)(7) in the and modification from logging, regulatory mechanisms are inadequate case of an emergency posing a deforestation, and conversion of suitable to protect the species from these significant risk to the species. habitat for agricultural and urban ongoing threats. However, many of these Red-crowned parrot (Amazona development purposes. In addition, habitat impacts are being actively viridigenalis)—The following summary existing regulations do not adequately addressed through conservation actions is based on information contained in the address the habitat or capture and trade taken by local working groups, and State notice of 12-month finding (76 FR threats to the species. Thus, the and Federal agencies. Notably, the 62016) as well as communication with inadequacy of existing regulations and Natural Resources Conservation Service the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service their enforcement continue to threaten has committed significant financial and (Service), Texas Parks and Wildlife the red-crowned parrot. Disease and technical resources to address threats to Department, The Nature Conservancy, predation are not documented to this species on private lands through

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their Sage-grouse Initiative. Also no longer considered a valid subspecies. main Hawaiian Islands when notably, the Bureau of Land In light of our conclusions regarding the Polynesians arrived about 1,500 years Management and U.S. Forest Service are taxonomic invalidity of the western ago, based on storm-petrel bones found in the process of revising 98 Land sage-grouse subspecies, the significance in middens on the island of Hawaii and Management Plans through 6 of the Columbia Basin DPS to the greater in excavation sites on Oahu and Environmental Impact Statements to sage-grouse will require further review. Molokai, Hawaii. Nesting colonies of provide adequate regulatory The Service intends to complete an this species in the Hawaiian Islands mechanisms. These efforts, when fully analysis to determine if this population currently are restricted to remote cliffs implemented, will potentially provide continues to warrant recognition as a on Kauai and Lehua Island and high- important conservation benefits to the DPS in accordance with our Policy elevation lava fields on Hawaii. greater sage-grouse and its habitats. We Regarding the Recognition of Distinct Vocalizations of the species were heard consider the threats to the greater sage- Vertebrate Population Segments (61 FR in Haleakala Crater on Maui as recently grouse to be of moderate magnitude, 4722; February 7, 1996) at the time we as 2006; however, no nesting sites have because the threats are not occurring make a listing decision on the status of been located on the island to date. The with uniform intensity or distribution the greater sage-grouse. Until that time, significant reduction in numbers and across the wide range of the species at the Columbia Basin DPS will remain a range of the band-rumped storm-petrel this time, and substantial habitat still candidate for listing. is due primarily to predation by remains to support the species in many Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hawaii nonnative species introduced by areas. The threats are imminent because DPS (Oceanodroma castro)—The humans, including the domestic cat the species is currently facing them in following summary is based on (Felis catus), small Indian mongoose many portions of its range. Therefore, information contained in our files and (Herpestes auropunctatus), common we assigned the greater sage-grouse an the petition we received on May 8, barn owl (Tyto alba), black rat (Rattus LPN of 8. 1989. No new information was provided rattus), Polynesian rat (R. exulans), and in the second petition received on May Greater sage-grouse, Columbia Basin Norway rat (R. norvegicus). These 11, 2004. The band-rumped storm-petrel DPS (Centrocercus urophasianus)—The nonnative predators occur throughout is a small seabird that is found in the main Hawaiian Islands, with the following summary is based on several areas of the subtropical Pacific exception of the mongoose, which is not information in our files and a petition, and Atlantic Oceans. In the Pacific, established on Kauai. Attraction of dated May 14, 1999, requesting the there are three widely separated fledglings to artificial lights, which listing of the Washington population of breeding populations—one in Japan, disrupt their night-time navigation, the western sage-grouse (C. u. phaios). one in Hawaii, and one in the resulting in collisions with buildings This population was historically found Galapagos. Populations in Japan and the and other objects, and collisions with in northern Oregon and central Galapagos are comparatively large and artificial structures such as Washington. On May 7, 2001, we number in the thousands, while the communication towers and utility lines, concluded that listing the Columbia Hawaiian birds represent a small, are also threats. Erosion of nest sites Basin DPS of the western sage-grouse remnant population of possibly only a caused by the actions of nonnative was warranted, but precluded by higher few hundred pairs. Band-rumped storm- ungulates is a potential threat in some priority listing actions (66 FR 22984). petrels are most commonly found in locations. Efforts are under way in some Following our May 7, 2001, finding, the close proximity to breeding islands. The areas to reduce light pollution and Service received additional petitions three populations in the Pacific are mitigate the threat of collisions, as well requesting listing actions for various separated by long distances across the as to control some of the nonnative other greater sage-grouse populations, ocean where birds are not found. predators in the Hawaiian Islands; including one for the nominal western Extensive at-sea surveys of the Pacific however, the threats are ongoing and are subspecies, dated January 24, 2002, and have revealed a broad gap in therefore imminent. They are of a high three for the entire species, dated June distribution of the band-rumped storm- magnitude, because they can severely 18, 2002, and March 19 and December petrel to the east and west of the affect the survival of this DPS, leading 22, 2003. The Service subsequently Hawaiian Islands, indicating that the to a relatively high likelihood of found that the petition for the western distribution of birds in the central extinction. Therefore, we have retained subspecies did not present substantial Pacific around Hawaii is disjunct from an LPN of 3 for this DPS. information indicating that listing may other nesting areas. The available Elfin-woods warbler (Dendroica be warranted (68 FR 6500; February 7, information indicates that distinct angelae)—We continue to find that 2003), and that listing the greater sage- populations of band-rumped storm- listing this species is warranted but grouse was not warranted (70 FR 2244; petrels are definable and that the precluded as of the date of publication January 12, 2005). The court Hawaiian population is distinct based of this notice. However, we are working subsequently remanded these latter on geographic and distributional on a proposed listing determination that findings to the Service for further isolation from other band-rumped we expect to publish prior to making the consideration. In response, we initiated storm-petrel populations in Japan, the next annual resubmitted petition 12- a new rangewide status review for the Galapagos, and the Atlantic Ocean. Loss month finding. In the course of entire species (73 FR 10218; February of the Hawaiian population would cause preparing the proposed listing rule, we 26, 2008). On March 5, 2010, we found a significant gap in the distribution of are continuing to monitor new that listing of the greater sage-grouse the band-rumped storm-petrel in the information about this species’ status so was warranted but precluded by higher Pacific, and could result in the complete that we can make prompt use of our priority listing actions (75 FR 13909; isolation of the Galapagos and Japan authority under section 4(b)(7) in the March 23, 2010), and it was added to populations without even occasional case of an emergency posing a the list of candidates. We also found genetic exchange. Therefore, the significant risk to the species. that the western subspecies of the population is both discrete and greater sage-grouse, the taxonomic significant, and constitutes a DPS. Reptiles entity we relied on in our DPS analysis The band-rumped storm-petrel Eastern massasauga rattlesnake for the Columbia Basin population, was probably was common on all of the (Sistrurus catenatus)—We continue to

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find that listing this species is plantations, increases in the number open tree canopy, and a diverse, warranted but precluded as of the date and width of roads, and urbanization) abundant herbaceous groundcover. of publication of this notice. However, on private lands in the matrix between The gopher tortoise ranges from we are working on a proposed listing these extant populations has eliminated extreme southern South Carolina south determination that we expect to publish dispersal among remnant populations through peninsular Florida, and west prior to making the next annual and the natural recolonization of vacant through southern Georgia, Florida, resubmitted petition 12-month finding. habitat patches. Because corridors southern Alabama, and Mississippi, into In the course of preparing the proposed linking extant populations are extremely extreme southeastern Louisiana. The listing rule, we are continuing to unlikely to be established, the loss of eastern population of the gopher tortoise monitor new information about this any extant population would be in South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, and species’ status so that we can make permanent without future Alabama (east of the Mobile and prompt use of our authority under reintroduction of captive-bred Tombigbee Rivers) is a candidate section 4(b)(7) in the case of an individuals. species; the gopher tortoise is federally emergency posing a significant risk to All populations require active habitat listed as threatened in the western the species. management, and the lack of adequate portion of its range, which includes Louisiana pine snake (Pituophis amounts of suitable habitat remains a Alabama (west of the Mobile and ruthveni)—The following summary is threat for several populations. The Tombigbee Rivers), Mississippi, and based on information contained in our potential threats to nearly all extant Louisiana. files and the petition we received on Louisiana pine snake populations, The primary threat to the gopher July 20, 2000, and updated through coupled with the likely permanence of tortoise is habitat fragmentation, April 22, 2014. The Louisiana pine these effects and the species’ low destruction, and modification (either snake historically occurred in the fire- fecundity and low population sizes deliberately or from inattention), maintained longleaf pine ecosystem (based on capture rates and occurrence including conversion of longleaf pine within west-central Louisiana and data), lead us to conclude that the forests to incompatible silvicultural or agricultural habitats, urbanization, extreme east-central Texas. Most of the threats have a relatively high likelihood shrub/hardwood encroachment (mainly historical longleaf pine habitat of the of bringing about extinction and from fire exclusion or insufficient fire Louisiana pine snake has been therefore remain high in magnitude. The management), and establishment and destroyed or degraded due to logging, threats are not imminent, because, while spread of invasive species. Other threats fire suppression, roadways, short the extent of Louisiana pine snake include disease, predation (mainly on rotation silviculture, and grazing. Over habitat loss has been great in the past, nests and young tortoises), and time, the extensive loss, degradation, the rate of habitat loss on Federal lands inadequate regulatory mechanisms, and fragmentation of the longleaf pine is declining and habitat conditions ecosystem, coupled with the disruption specifically those needed to protect and within occupied or preferable areas is of natural fire regimes, have resulted in enhance relocated tortoise populations improving due to proactive habitat extant Louisiana pine snake populations in perpetuity. The magnitude of threats management and other threat reduction that are isolated and small. to the eastern range of the gopher The Louisiana pine snake is currently through the CCA. Thus, based on tortoise is considered to be moderate to restricted to six small, isolated naturally nonimminent, high-magnitude threats, low, since populations extend over a occupied areas; four of these areas occur we assign an LPN of 5 to this species. broad geographic area and conservation on Federal lands, and two occur mainly Desert tortoise, Sonoran (Gopherus measures are in place in some areas. on private industrial timberlands. All of morafkai)—We continue to find that However, since the species is currently these remnant individuals may be listing this species is warranted but being affected by a number of threats vulnerable to factors associated with precluded as of the date of publication including destruction and modification low population sizes and demographic of this notice. However, we are working of its habitat, disease, predation, exotics, isolation, such as reduced genetic on a proposed listing determination that and inadequate regulatory mechanisms, heterozygosity. The currently occupied we expect to publish prior to making the the threats are imminent. Thus, we have area in Louisiana and Texas is estimated next annual resubmitted petition 12- assigned a LPN of 8 for this species. to be approximately 58,497 ha (144,549 month finding. In the course of Sonoyta mud turtle (Kinosternon ac). All remnant Louisiana pine snake preparing the proposed listing rule, we sonoriense longifemorale)—The habitats require active management to are continuing to monitor new following summary is based on remain suitable. A Candidate information about this species’ status so information contained in our files. No Conservation Agreement (CCA) was that we can make prompt use of our new information was provided in the completed in 2003 to maintain and authority under section 4(b)(7) in the petition we received on May 11, 2004. enhance occupied and potential habitat case of an emergency posing a The Sonoyta mud turtle occurs in a on public lands, and to protect known significant risk to the species. spring and pond at Quitobaquito Louisiana pine snake populations. This Gopher tortoise, eastern population Springs on Organ Pipe Cactus National proactive habitat management has likely (Gopherus polyphemus) — The Monument in Arizona, and in the Rio slowed or reversed the rate of Louisiana following summary is based on Sonoyta and Quitovac Spring of Sonora, pine snake habitat degradation on many information in our files. The gopher Mexico. Loss and degradation of stream portions of Federal lands. The 2003 tortoise is a large, terrestrial, habitat from water diversion and CCA was updated in 2013. The 2013 herbivorous turtle that reaches a total groundwater pumping, along with its updated CCA directly links the specific length up to 15 inches (in) (38 very limited distribution, are the conservation actions performed by the centimeters (cm)), and typically inhabits primary threats to the Sonoyta mud cooperators to the specific threats the sandhills, pine/scrub oak uplands, turtle. Sonoyta mud turtles are highly affecting the species. However, the and pine flatwoods associated with the aquatic and depend on permanent water historical and ongoing loss or longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) for survival. The area of southwest unavailability of preferable habitat (via ecosystem. A fossorial animal, the Arizona and northern Sonora where the fire suppression, conversion to short gopher tortoise is usually found in areas Sonoyta mud turtle occurs is one of the rotation, dense-canopy, off-site pine with well-drained, deep, sandy soils, an driest regions in the Southwest. While

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currently there is sufficient water for the translocated populations is small and, panhandle into portions of southwest turtles, so the threats are not imminent therefore, these populations are Georgia. Prior to 2014, there was we expect drought and irrigated vulnerable to stochastic events, such as thought to be a 125-km (78-mile (mi)) agriculture in the region to cause surface floods and wildfire. Climate change that separation between the western and water in the Rio Sonoyta and results in reduced spring flow, habitat eastern portions of the striped newt’s Quitobaquito Springs to dwindle further loss, and increased prevalence of range. However, the discovery of five in the foreseeable future and negatively wildfire would adversely affect relict adult striped newts in Taylor County, affect this species. National Park Service leopard frog populations. Florida, represents a significant possible staff continue to implement actions to In 2005, the National Park Service, in range connection. The historical range stabilize the water levels in the pond at cooperation with the Fish and Wildlife of the striped newt was likely similar to Quitobaquito Springs. However, surface Service and other Federal, State, and the current range. However, loss of water use in the Rio Sonoyta, in Sonora local partners, developed a conservation native longleaf habitat, fire suppression, Mexico, will have a significant impact agreement and strategy, which is and the natural patchy distribution of on the survival of this water-dependent intended to improve the status of the upland habitats used by striped newts subspecies. We retained a LPN of 6 for species through prescribed management have resulted in fragmentation of Sonoyta mud turtle due to high- actions and protection. Conservation existing populations. magnitude, nonimminent threats. actions identified in the agreement and Other threats to the species include strategy include captive rearing of Amphibians disease, drought, and inadequate tadpoles for translocation and refugium regulatory mechanisms. Overall, we Columbia spotted frog, Great Basin populations, habitat and natural history conclude that the magnitude of the DPS (Rana luteiventris)—We continue studies, habitat enhancement, threats is moderate because most of the to find that listing this species is population and habitat monitoring, and known striped newt metapopulations warranted but precluded as of the date translocation. New sites within the are on conservation lands which of publication of this notice. However, historical range of the species have been reduces the threat from further habitat we are working on a proposed listing successfully established with captive- fragmentation, and currently no diseases determination that we expect to publish reared frogs. Conservation is proceeding have been found in striped newts. Since prior to making the next annual under the agreement and strategy; the majority of threats are ongoing, they resubmitted petition 12-month finding. however, additional time is needed to are imminent. Therefore, we assigned an In the course of preparing the proposed determine whether or not the agreement LPN of 8 to this species. However, due listing rule, we are continuing to and strategy will be effective in to recent information that suggests the monitor new information about this eliminating or reducing the threats to striped newt is likely extirpated from species’ status so that we can make the point that the relict leopard frog is Apalachicola National Forest, the LPN prompt use of our authority under no longer a candidate for listing. In may warrant changing to a lower section 4(b)(7) in the case of an consideration of these conservation number in the future. emergency posing a significant risk to efforts and the overall threat level to the the species. species, we determined that the Berry Cave salamander (Gyrinophilus Relict leopard frog (Lithobates magnitude of existing threats is gulolineatus)—The following summary onca)—The following summary is based moderate to low. Potential water is based on information in our files. The on information contained in our files. development and other habitat effects, Berry Cave salamander is recorded from Natural relict leopard frog populations presence of introduced predators, Berry Cave in Roane County; from Mud occur in two general areas in Nevada: chytrid fungus, limited distribution, Flats, Aycock Spring, Christian, Meades near the Overton Arm area of Lake Mead small population size, and climate Quarry, Meades River, and Fifth caves and Black Canyon below Lake Mead. change are ongoing, and thus, imminent in Knox County; from Blythe Ferry Cave These two areas include a small fraction threats. Therefore, we continue to assign in Meigs County; and from an unknown of the historical distribution of the a LPN of 8 to this species. cave in Athens, McMinn County, species. Its historical range included Striped newt (Notophthalmus Tennessee. In May of 2012, the species springs, streams, and wetlands within perstriatus)—The following summary is was also discovered in an additional the Virgin River drainage downstream based on information contained in our cave, The Lost Puddle Cave, in Knox from the vicinity of Hurricane, Utah; files. The striped newt is a small County. These cave systems are all along the Muddy River in Nevada; and salamander that inhabits ephemeral located within the Upper Tennessee along the Colorado River in Nevada and ponds surrounded by upland habitats of River and Clinch River drainages. A Arizona, from its confluence with the high pine, scrubby flatwoods, and scrub. total of 113 caves in Middle and East Virgin River downstream to Black Longleaf pine–turkey oak stands with Tennessee were surveyed from the time Canyon below Lake Mead. intact ground cover containing period of April 2004 through June 2007, Factors contributing to the decline of wiregrass are the preferred upland resulting in observations of 63 Berry the species include alteration, loss, and habitat for striped newts, followed by Cave salamanders. These surveys degradation of aquatic habitat due to scrub, then flatwoods. Life-history concluded that Berry Cave salamander water developments and stages of the striped newt are complex, populations are robust at Berry and impoundments, and scouring and and include the use of both aquatic and Mudflats caves where population erosion; changes in plant communities terrestrial habitats throughout their life declines had been previously reported, that result in dense growth and the cycle. Striped newts are opportunistic and documented two new populations prevalence of vegetation; introduced feeders that prey on a variety of items of Berry Cave salamanders at Aycock predators; climate change; and such as frog eggs, worms, snails, fairy Spring and Christian caves. Three Berry stochastic events. The presence of shrimp, spiders, and (adult and Cave salamanders were spotted during chytrid fungus in relict leopard frogs at larvae) that are of appropriate size. They the May, 2012, survey in The Lost Lower Blue Point Spring is a concern occur in appropriate habitats from the Puddle, and local cavers also reported and warrants further evaluation of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of southeastern sighting one individual in August 2012. threat of disease to the relict leopard Georgia to the north-central peninsula of Surveys for new populations are frog. The size of natural and Florida and through the Florida planned along the Valley and Ridge

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Province between Knoxville and prior to making the next annual information contained in our files. Little Chattanooga. resubmitted petition 12-month finding. is known about the specific habitat Ongoing threats to this species are in In the course of preparing the proposed requirements or natural history of the the form of lye leaching in the Meades listing rule, we are continuing to Pearl darter. Pearl darters have been Quarry Cave as a result of past quarrying monitor new information about this collected from a variety of river/stream activities, the possible development of a species’ status so that we can make attributes, mainly over gravel bottom roadway with potential to impact the prompt use of our authority under substrate. This species is historically recharge area for the Meades Quarry section 4(b)(7) in the case of an known only from localized sites within Cave system, urban development in emergency posing a significant risk to the Pascagoula and Pearl River Knox County, water quality impacts the species. drainages in Mississippi and Louisiana. despite existing State and Federal laws, Arkansas darter (Etheostoma Currently, the Pearl darter is considered and hybridization between spring cragini)—The following summary is extirpated from the Pearl River drainage salamanders and Berry Cave based on information contained in our and rare in the Pascagoula River salamanders in Meades Quarry Cave. files. No new information was provided drainage. Since 1983, the range of the These threats, coupled with confined in the petition we received on May 11, Pearl darter has decreased by 55 distribution of the species and apparent 2004. This fish species occurs in percent. low population densities, are all factors Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, The Pearl darter is vulnerable to non- that leave the Berry Cave salamander and Oklahoma. The species is found point source pollution caused by vulnerable to extirpation. We have most often in sand- or pebble-bottomed urbanization and other land use determined that the Berry Cave pools of small, spring-fed streams and activities; gravel mining and resultant salamander faces imminent threats of marshes, with cool water and changes in river geomorphology, moderate magnitude. The threats are broadleaved aquatic vegetation. Its especially head cutting; and the moderate because the species still current distribution is indicative of a possibility of water quantity decline occurs in several different cave systems, species that once was widely dispersed from the proposed Department of and existing populations appear stable. throughout its range, but has been Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve Based on moderate-magnitude relegated to isolated areas separated by project and a proposed dam on the imminent threats, we continue to assign unsuitable habitat that prevents Bouie River. Additional threats are this species a LPN of 8. dispersal. posed by the apparent lack of adequate Black Warrior waterdog (Necturus Factors influencing the current State and Federal water quality alabamensis)—We continue to find that distribution include: Surface and regulations resulting in the continued listing this species is warranted but groundwater irrigation resulting in degradation of water quality within the precluded as of the date of publication decreased flows or stream dewatering; species’ habitat. The Pearl darter’s of this notice. However, we are working the dewatering of long reaches of localized distribution and apparent low on a proposed listing determination that riverine habitat; conversion of prairie to population numbers may indicate a we expect to publish prior to making the cropland, which influences species with lower genetic diversity; next annual resubmitted petition 12- groundwater recharge and spring flows; this would also make this species more month finding. In the course of water quality degradation from a variety vulnerable to catastrophic events. preparing the proposed listing rule, we of sources; and the construction of Threats affecting the Pearl darter are are continuing to monitor new dams, which act as barriers preventing localized in nature, affecting only information about this species’ status so emigration upstream and downstream portions of the population within the that we can make prompt use of our through the reservoir pool. A current drainage having only a localized impact authority under section 4(b)(7) in the drought in the western portions of the on the species and its’ habitat. While case of an emergency posing a species’ range is also a threat. If drought water quality degradation is the most significant risk to the species. conditions continue into the future, pervasive threat, it is not significant these conditions are likely to have a within the areas protected through The Fishes severe impact on many of these isolated Nature Conservancy ownership and Headwater chub (Gila nigra)—We populations. However, at present, the other areas where best managmenet continue to find that listing this species magnitude of threats facing this species practices are routinely practiced. Thus, is warranted but precluded as of the is still moderate to low, given the we assigned a threat magnitude of date of publication of this notice. number of different locations where the moderate to low to this species. In However, we are working on a proposed species occurs, and the fact that no addition, the threats are imminent since listing determination that we expect to single threat or combination of threats the identified threats are currently publish prior to making the next annual affects more than a portion of the impacting this species in some portions resubmitted petition 12-month finding. species’ widely distributed range. The of its range. Therefore, we have assigned In the course of preparing the proposed immediacy of threats varies across the an LPN of 8 for this species. listing rule, we are continuing to species’ range; groundwater pumping is Sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp.)— monitor new information about this an ongoing concern in the western We continue to find that listing this species’ status so that we can make portion of the species range, although it species is warranted but precluded as of prompt use of our authority under has declined in some portions, and the date of publication of this notice. section 4(b)(7) in the case of an groundwater levels continue to support However, we are working on a proposed emergency posing a significant risk to surface spring and stream flow in the listing determination that we expect to the species. majority of the species’ range. publish prior to making the next annual Roundtail chub (Gila robusta), Lower Development, spills, and runoff are not resubmitted petition 12-month finding. Colorado River DPS—We continue to currently affecting the species on a In the course of preparing the proposed find that listing this species is rangewide basis. Overall, the threats are listing rule, we are continuing to warranted but precluded as of the date nonimminent. Thus, we are retaining an monitor new information about this of publication of this notice. However, LPN of 11 for the Arkansas darter. species’ status so that we can make we are working on a proposed listing Pearl darter (Percina aurora)—The prompt use of our authority under determination that we expect to publish following summary is based on section 4(b)(7) in the case of an

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emergency posing a significant risk to files. The Texas fatmucket is a large, extinction. Based on imminent, high- the species. elongated freshwater mussel that is magnitude threats, we maintained an Longfin smelt (Spirinchus endemic to central Texas. Its shell can LPN of 2 for the Texas fatmucket. thaleichthys), Bay-Delta DPS—The be moderately thick, smooth, and Texas fawnsfoot (Truncilla following summary is based on rhomboidal to oval in shape. Its external macrodon)—The following summary is information contained in our files and coloration varies from tan to brown with based on information contained in our the petition we received on August 8, continuous dark brown, green-brown, or files. The Texas fawnsfoot is a small, 2007. On April 2, 2012 (77 FR19756), black rays, and internally it is pearly relatively thin-shelled freshwater we determined that listing the longfin white, with some having a light salmon mussel that is endemic to central Texas. smelt San Francisco Bay-Delta distinct tint. This species historically occurred Its shell is long and oval, generally free population segment (Bay-Delta DPS) throughout the Colorado and of external sculpturing, with external was warranted but precluded. Longfin Guadalupe-San Antonio River basins coloration that varies from yellowish- or smelt measure 9–11 cm (3.5–4.3 in) but is now known to occur only in nine orangish-tan, brown, reddish-brown, to standard length. Longfin smelt are streams within these basins in very smoky-green with a pattern of broken considered pelagic and anadromous, limited numbers. All existing rays or irregular blotches. The internal although anadromy in longfin smelt is populations are represented by only one color is bluish-white or white and poorly understood, and certain or two individuals and are not likely to iridescent posteriorly. This species populations in other parts of the be stable or recruiting. historically occurred throughout the species’ range are not anadromous and The Texas fatmucket is primarily Colorado and basins and is complete their entire life cycle in threatened by habitat destruction and now known from only five locations. freshwater lakes and streams. Longfin modification from impoundments, The Texas fawnsfoot has been smelt usually live for 2 years, spawn, which scour river beds, thereby extirpated from nearly all of the and then die, although some individuals removing mussel habitat; decrease water Colorado River basin and from much of may spawn as 1- or 3-year-old fish quality; modify stream flows; and the Brazos River basin. Of the before dying. In the Bay-Delta, longfin prevent fish host migration and populations that remain, only three are smelt are believed to spawn primarily in distribution of freshwater mussels. This likely to be stable and recruiting; the freshwater in the lower reaches of the species is also threatened by remaining populations are disjunct and Sacramento River and San Joaquin sedimentation, dewatering, sand and restricted to short stream reaches. River. gravel mining, and chemical The Texas fawnsfoot is primarily Longfin smelt numbers in the Bay- contaminants. Additionally, these threatened by habitat destruction and Delta have declined significantly since threats may be exacerbated by the modification from impoundments, the 1980s. Abundance indices derived current and projected effects of climate which scour river beds, thereby from the Fall Midwater Trawl (FMWT), change, population fragmentation and removing mussel habitat; decrease water Bay Study Midwater Trawl (BSMT), and isolation, and the anticipated threat of quality; modify stream flows; and Bay Study Otter Trawl (BSOT) all show nonnative species. Threats to the Texas prevent fish host migration and marked declines in Bay-Delta longfin fatmucket and its habitat are not being distribution of freshwater mussels, as smelt populations from 2002 to 2012. adequately addressed through existing well as by sedimentation, dewatering, Longfin smelt abundance over the last regulatory mechanisms. Because of the sand and gravel mining, and chemical decade is the lowest recorded in the 40- limited distribution of this endemic contaminants. Additionally, these year history of CDFG’s FMWT species and its lack of mobility, these threats may be exacerbated by the monitoring surveys. threats are likely to result in the current and projected effects of climate The primary threat to the DPS is from extinction of the Texas fatmucket in the change, population fragmentation and reduced freshwater flows. Freshwater foreseeable future. isolation, and the anticipated threat of flows, especially winter-spring flows, The threats to the Texas fatmucket are nonnative species. Threats to the Texas are significantly correlated with longfin high in magnitude, because habitat loss fawnsfoot and its habitat are not being smelt abundance—longfin smelt and degradation from impoundments, adequately addressed through existing abundance is lower when winter-spring sedimentation, sand and gravel mining, regulatory mechanisms. Because of the flows are lower. The long-term decline and chemical contaminants are limited distribution of this endemic in abundance of longfin smelt in the widespread throughout the range of the species and its lack of mobility, these Bay-Delta has been partially attributed Texas fatmucket and profoundly affect threats are likely to result in the to reductions in food availability and its survival and recruitment. These extinction of the Texas fawnsfoot in the disruptions of the Bay-Delta food web threats are exacerbated by climate foreseeable future. caused by establishment of the change, which will increase the The threats to the Texas fawnsfoot are nonnative overbite clam and likely by frequency and magnitude of droughts. high in magnitude. Habitat loss and increasing ammonium concentrations. Remaining populations are small, degradation from impoundments, In the 2012, 12-month finding, we isolated, and highly vulnerable to sedimentation, sand and gravel mining, determined that threats were high in stochastic events, which could lead to and chemical contaminants are magnitude and imminent, resulting in extirpation or extinction. These threats widespread throughout the range of the an LPN of 3. The threats still remain are imminent because they are ongoing Texas fawnsfoot and profoundly affect high in magnitude since they pose a and will continue in the foreseeable its habitat. These threats are exacerbated significant risk to the DPS throughout future. Habitat loss and degradation by climate change, which will increase its range. The threats are ongoing, and have already occurred and will continue the frequency and magnitude of thus are imminent. We are maintaining as the human population continues to droughts. Remaining populations are an LPN of 3 for this population. grow in central Texas. Texas fatmucket small, isolated, and highly vulnerable to populations may already be below the stochastic events. These threats are Clams minimum viable population imminent because they are ongoing and Texas fatmucket (Lampsilis requirement, which causes a reduction will continue in the foreseeable future. bracteata)—The following summary is in the number of populations and an Habitat loss and degradation has already based on information contained in our increase in the species’ vulnerability to occurred and will continue as the

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human population continues to grow in species and its lack of mobility, these existing regulatory mechanisms. central Texas. The Texas fawnsfoot threats may be likely to result in the Because of the limited distribution of populations may already be below the golden orb becoming in danger of this endemic species and its lack of minimum viable population extinction in the foreseeable future. mobility, these threats may be likely to requirement, which causes a reduction The threats to the golden orb are result in the smooth pimpleback in the number of populations and an moderate in magnitude. Although becoming in danger of extinction in the increase in the species’ vulnerability to habitat loss and degradation from foreseeable future. extinction. Based on imminent, high- impoundments, sedimentation, sand The threats to the smooth pimpleback magnitude threats, we assigned the and gravel mining, and chemical are moderate in magnitude. Although Texas fawnsfoot an LPN of 2. contaminants are widespread habitat loss and degradation from Texas hornshell (Popenaias popei)— throughout the range of the golden orb, impoundments, sedimentation, sand We continue to find that listing this and are likely to be exacerbated by and gravel mining, and chemical species is warranted but precluded as of climate change, which will increase the contaminants are widespread the date of publication of this notice. frequency and magnitude of droughts, throughout the range of the smooth However, we are working on a proposed four large populations remain, including pimpleback, and may be exacerbated by listing determination that we expect to one that was recently discovered, climate change, which will increase the publish prior to making the next annual suggesting that the threats are not high frequency and magnitude of droughts, resubmitted petition 12-month finding. in magnitude. The threats from habitat several large populations remain, In the course of preparing the proposed loss and degradation are imminent including one that was recently listing rule, we are continuing to because habitat loss and degradation discovered, suggesting that the threats monitor new information about this have already occurred and will likely are not high in magnitude. The threats species’ status so that we can make continue as the human population from habitat loss and degradation are prompt use of our authority under continues to grow in central Texas. imminent because they have already section 4(b)(7) in the case of an Several golden orb populations may occurred and will continue as the emergency posing a significant risk to already be below the minimum viable human population continues to grow in the species. population requirement, which causes a central Texas. Several smooth Golden orb (Quadrula aurea)—The reduction in the number of populations pimpleback populations may already be following summary is based on and an increase in the species’ below the minimum viable population information contained in our files. The vulnerability to extinction. Based on requirement, which causes a reduction golden orb is a small, round-shaped imminent, moderate threats, we in the number of populations and an freshwater mussel that is endemic to maintain an LPN of 8 for the golden orb. increase in the species’ vulnerability to central Texas. This species historically Smooth pimpleback (Quadrula extinction. Based on imminent, occurred throughout the Nueces-Frio houstonensis)—The following summary moderate threats, we maintain an LPN and Guadalupe-San Antonio River is based on information contained in of 8 for the smooth pimpleback. basins and is now known from only our files. The smooth pimpleback is a Texas pimpleback (Quadrula nine locations in four rivers. The golden small, round-shaped freshwater mussel petrina)—The following summary is orb has been eliminated from nearly the that is endemic to central Texas. This based on information contained in our entire Nueces-Frio River basin. Four of species historically occurred throughout files. The Texas pimpleback is a large, these populations appear to be stable the Colorado and Brazos River basins freshwater mussel that is endemic to and reproducing, and the remaining five and is now known from only nine central Texas. This species historically populations are small and isolated and locations. The smooth pimpleback has occurred throughout the Colorado and show no evidence of recruitment. It been eliminated from nearly the entire Guadalupe-San Antonio River basins, appears that the populations in the Colorado River and all but one of its but is now known to only occur in four middle Guadalupe and lower San tributaries, and has been limited to the streams within these basins. Only two Marcos Rivers are likely connected. The central and lower Brazos River drainage. populations appear large enough to be remaining extant populations are highly Five of the populations are represented stable, but evidence of recruitment is fragmented and restricted to short by no more than a few individuals and limited in the Concho River population reaches. are small and isolated. Six of the and is present in the San Saba River The golden orb is primarily existing populations appear to be population, which may be the only threatened by habitat destruction and relatively stable and recruiting. remaining recruiting populations of modification from impoundments, The smooth pimpleback is primarily Texas pimpleback. The remaining two which scour river beds (thereby threatened by habitat destruction and populations are represented by one or removing mussel habitat), decrease modification from impoundments, two individuals and are highly disjunct. water quality, modify stream flows, and which scour river beds (thereby The Texas pimpleback is primarily prevent fish host migration and removing mussel habitat), decrease threatened by habitat destruction and distribution of freshwater mussels. The water quality, modify stream flows, and modification from impoundments, species is also threatened by prevent fish host migration and which scour river beds (thereby sedimentation, dewatering, sand and distribution of freshwater mussels. The removing mussel habitat), decrease gravel mining, and chemical species is also threatened by water quality, modify stream flows, and contaminants. Additionally, these sedimentation, dewatering, sand and prevent fish host migration and threats may be exacerbated by the gravel mining, and chemical distribution of freshwater mussels. This current and projected effects of climate contaminants. Additionally, these species is also threatened by change, population fragmentation and threats may be exacerbated by the sedimentation, dewatering, sand and isolation, and the anticipated threat of current and projected effects of climate gravel mining, and chemical nonnative species. Threats to the golden change, population fragmentation and contaminants. Additionally, these orb and its habitat are not being isolation, and the anticipated threat of threats may be exacerbated by the adequately addressed through existing nonnative species. Threats to the current and projected effects of climate regulatory mechanisms. Because of the smooth pimpleback and its habitat are change (which will increase the limited distribution of this endemic not being adequately addressed through frequency and magnitude of droughts),

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population fragmentation and isolation, habitats. The magnificent ramshorn is disease, or predator infestation, could and the anticipated threat of nonnative believed to be a southeastern North result in the near extinction of the species. Threats to the Texas Carolina endemic. The species is known species. Therefore, we assigned this pimpleback and its habitat are not being from only four sites in the lower Cape species a LPN of 2. adequately addressed through existing Fear River Basin in North Carolina. Sisi snail (Ostodes strigatus)—The regulatory mechanisms. Because of the Although the complete historical range following summary is based on limited distribution of this endemic of the species is unknown, the size of information contained in our files. No species and its lack of mobility, these the species and the fact that it was not new information was provided in the threats may be likely to result in the reported until 1903 are indications that petition we received on May 11, 2004. Texas pimpleback becoming in danger the species may have always been rare The sisi snail is a ground-dwelling of extinction in the foreseeable future. and localized. species in the Potaridae family, and is The threats to the Texas pimpleback Salinity and pH are major factors endemic to American Samoa. The are high in magnitude, because habitat limiting the distribution of the species is now known from a single loss and degradation from magnificent ramshorn, as the snail population on the island of Tutuila, impoundments, sedimentation, sand prefers freshwater bodies with American Samoa. and gravel mining, and chemical circumneutral pH (i.e., pH within the This species is currently threatened contaminants are widespread range of 6.8–7.5). While members of the by habitat loss and modification and by throughout the entire range of the Texas family Planorbidae are hermaphroditic, predation from nonnative predatory pimpleback and profoundly affect its it is currently unknown whether snails. The decline of the sisi snail in survival and recruitment. The only magnificent ramshorns self-fertilize American Samoa has resulted, in part, remaining populations are small, their eggs, mate with other individuals from loss of habitat to logging and isolated, and highly vulnerable to of the species, or both. Like other agriculture, and loss of forest structure stochastic events, which could lead to members of the Planorbidae family, the to hurricanes and nonnative weeds that extirpation or extinction. The threats are magnificent ramshorn is believed to be become established after these storms. imminent because habitat loss and primarily a vegetarian, feeding on All live sisi snails have been found in degradation have already occurred and submerged aquatic plants, algae, and the leaf litter beneath remaining intact will continue as the human population detritus. While several factors likely forest canopy. No snails were found in continues to grow in central Texas. All have contributed to the possible areas bordering agricultural plots or in Texas pimpleback populations may extirpation of the magnificent ramshorn forested areas that were severely already be below the minimum viable in the wild, the primary factors include damaged by hurricanes. Under natural population requirement, which causes a loss of habitat associated with the historical conditions, loss of forest reduction in the number of populations extirpation of beavers (and their canopy to storms did not pose a great and an increase in the species’ impoundments) in the early 20th threat to the long-term survival of these vulnerability to extinction. Based on century and increased salinity and snails; enough intact forest with healthy imminent, high-magnitude threats, we alteration of flow patterns, as well as populations of snails would support assigned the Texas pimpleback an LPN increased input of nutrients and other dispersal back into newly regrown forest of 2. pollutants. canopy. However, the presence of The magnificent ramshorn appears to nonnative weeds such as mile-a-minute Snails be extirpated from the wild due to vine (Mikania micrantha) may reduce Black mudalia (Elimia melanoides)— habitat loss and degradation resulting the likelihood that native forests will re- We continue to find that listing this from a variety of human-induced and establish in areas damaged by species is warranted but precluded as of natural factors. The only known hurricanes. This loss of habitat to storms the date of publication of this notice. surviving individuals of the species are is greatly exacerbated by expanding However, we are working on a proposed presently being held and propagated at agriculture. Agricultural plots on listing determination that we expect to a private residence, a lab at North Tutuila have spread from low elevation publish prior to making the next annual Carolina State University’s Veterinary up to middle and some high elevations, resubmitted petition 12-month finding. School, and the North Carolina Wildlife greatly reducing the forested area and In the course of preparing the proposed Resources Commission’s Watha State thus reducing the resilience of native listing rule, we are continuing to Fish Hatchery. While efforts have been forests and populations of native snails. monitor new information about this made to restore habitat for the These reductions also increase the species’ status so that we can make magnificent ramshorn at one of the sites likelihood that future storms will lead to prompt use of our authority under known to have previously supported the the extinction of populations or species section 4(b)(7) in the case of an species, all of the sites continue to be that rely on the remaining forest canopy. emergency posing a significant risk to affected or threatened by the same In an effort to eradicate the nonnative the species. factors (i.e., salt water intrusion and giant African snail (Achatina fulica), the Magnificent ramshorn (Planorbella other water-quality degradation, nonnative rosy carnivore snail magnifica)—Magnificent ramshorn, is nuisance aquatic plant control, storms, (Euglandina rosea) was introduced in the largest North American air-breathing sea level rise, etc.) believed to have 1980. The rosy carnivore snail has freshwater snail in the family resulted in extirpation of the species spread throughout the main island of Planorbidae. It has a relatively thin from the wild. Currently, only three Tutuila. Numerous studies show that discoidal (i.e., coiling in one plane) captive populations exist; a single the rosy carnivore snail feeds on shell that reaches a diameter commonly robust captive population of the species endemic island snails, including the sisi exceeding 35mm and heights exceeding comprised of greater than 200 adults, snail, and is a major agent in their 20mm. The great width of its shell, in and two small populations of 50 or more declines and extirpations. At present, relation to the diameter, makes it easily individuals. Although the robust captive the major threat to the long-term identifiable at all ages. The shell is population of the species has been survival of the native snail fauna in brown colored (often with leopard-like maintained since 1993, a single American Samoa, including the sisi spots) and fragile, thus indicating it is catastrophic event affecting this captive snail, is predation by nonnative adapted to still or slow-flowing aquatic population, such as a severe storm, predatory snails. The threats are

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imminent and of high magnitude, since ongoing in or adjacent to occupied Therefore, we have retained an LPN of they are severe enough to affect the habitats, and catastrophic wildfire is not 2 for this species. continued existence of the species, known to be an imminent threat. Hawaiian yellow-faced ( leading to a relatively high likelihood of Accordingly, threats are nonimminent. assimulans)—The following summary is extinction. Therefore, we have retained Therefore, we retain an LPN of 11 for based on information contained in our an LPN of 2 for this species. the Huachuca springsnail. files and in the petition that we received Tutuila tree snail (Eua zebrina)—A Page springsnail (Pyrgulopsis for this species on March 23, 2009. tree-dwelling species, the Tutuila tree morrisoni)—We continue to find that Hylaeus assimulans is a species of snail is a member of the Partulidae listing this species is warranted but Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (family family of snails and is endemic to precluded as of the date of publication ) found in certain coastal American Samoa. The species is known of this notice. However, we are working areas and dry lowland forests containing from 32 populations on the islands of on a proposed listing determination that native plant communities on the islands Tutuila, Manua, and Ofu. we expect to publish prior to making the of Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, This species is currently threatened next annual resubmitted petition 12- Molokai, and Oahu, Hawaii. Hylaeus by habitat loss and modification and by month finding. In the course of assimulans is currently known from five predation from nonnative predatory preparing the proposed listing rule, we populations containing an unknown snails and rats (Rattus spp.). All live are continuing to monitor new number of individuals. This species is Tutuila tree snails were found on information about this species’ status so threatened by ongoing habitat loss and understory vegetation beneath that we can make prompt use of our modification due to the effects of feral remaining intact forest canopy. No authority under section 4(b)(7) in the ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, snails were found in areas bordering case of an emergency posing a and climate change. Hylaeus assimulans agricultural plots or in forested areas significant risk to the species. is directly threatened by predation from that were severely damaged by three yellow jacket wasps (Vespula hurricanes (1987, 1990, and 1991). (See Insects pensylvanica) and several species of summary for the sisi snail, above, Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus nonnative ants. Additional indirect regarding impacts of nonnative weeds anthracinus)—The following summary threats to the species include the and of the rosy carnivore snail.) Rats is based on information contained in limited number and small size of have also been shown to devastate snail our files and in the petition that we populations, competition from populations, and rat-damaged snail European honey (Apis mellifera), received for this species on March 23, shells have been found at sites where the possibility of habitat destruction 2009. Hylaeus anthracinus is a species the Tutuila snail occurs. At present, the from stochastic and catastrophic events, of Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (family major threat to the long-term survival of and a lack of regulatory mechanisms Colletidae) found in certain coastal the native snail fauna in American affording protection to the species. Samoa is ongoing predation by areas and dry lowland forests containing Some H. assimulans populations nonnative predatory snails and rats. The native plant communities on the islands occur in areas that are managed for one magnitude of threats is high because of Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, or more of the threats affecting habitat; they result in direct mortality leading to Molokai, and Oahu, Hawaii. Hylaeus however, no population is entirely significant population declines to the anthracinus is currently known from 16 protected from impacts to habitat, and Tutuila tree snail rangewide. Therefore, populations containing an unknown predation on the species is not currently we have retained an LPN of 2 for this number of individuals. This species is managed at any population site. Because species. threatened by ongoing habitat loss and the ongoing threats adversely affect H. Huachuca springsnail (Pyrgulopsis modification due to the effects of feral assimulans throughout its entire range, thompsoni)—The following is based on ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, and cause impacts that are sufficiently information contained in our files. No and climate change. Hylaeus severe that they could lead to new information was provided in the anthracinus is directly threatened by population declines, the threats are high petition received on May 11, 2004. The predation from yellow jacket wasps in magnitude and are imminent. Huachuca springsnail is endemic to (Vespula pensylvanica) and several Therefore, we have retained an LPN of Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties in species of nonnative ants. Additional 2 for this species. southeastern Arizona and adjacent indirect threats to the species include Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus portions of northern Sonora, Mexico. the limited number and small size of facilis)—The following summary is Currently, the Huachuca springsnail populations, competition from based on information contained in our inhabits at least 21 spring sites in European honey bees (Apis mellifera), files and in the petition that we received southeastern Arizona and northern the possibility of habitat destruction for this species on March 23, 2009. Sonora, Mexico. The species is most from stochastic and catastrophic events, Hylaeus facilis is a species of Hawaiian commonly found in shallow water and a lack of regulatory mechanisms yellow-faced bee (family Colletidae) habitats, often in rocky seeps at the affording protection to the species. with a wide historical range of native spring source. Threats include habitat Some H. anthracinus populations plant community habitat including modification and destruction through occur in areas that are managed for one coastal areas, lowland dry and wet catastrophic wildfire, unmanaged or more of the threats affecting habitat; forests, and montane mesic forests on grazing at the landscape scale, and the however, no population is entirely the islands of Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms. protected from impacts to habitat, and Oahu, Hawaii. Now extirpated from the Overall, the threats are low in predation on the species is not currently islands of Lanai and Maui, H. facilis is magnitude, because threats are not managed at any population site. Because currently known from two populations occurring throughout the range of the the ongoing threats adversely affect H. containing an unknown number of species uniformly and not all anthracinus throughout its entire range, individuals. This species is threatened populations would likely be affected and cause impacts that are sufficiently by ongoing habitat loss and simultaneously by the known threats. severe that they could lead to modification due to the effects of feral We have no site-specific information population declines, the threats are high ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, indicating that grazing is currently in magnitude and are imminent. and climate change. H. facilis is directly

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threatened by predation from yellow severity presents a relatively high (Vespula pensylvanica) and several jacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) likelihood of extinction throughout its species of nonnative ants. Additional and several species of nonnative ants. entire range. The threats to H. hilaris are indirect threats to the species include Additional indirect threats to the imminent, since they are ongoing. the limited number and small size of species include the limited number and Therefore, we have retained an LPN of populations, competition from small size of populations, competition 2 for this species. European honey bees (Apis mellifera), from European honey bees (Apis Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus the possibility of habitat destruction mellifera), the possibility of habitat kuakea)—The following summary is from stochastic and catastrophic events, destruction from stochastic and based on information contained in our and a lack of regulatory mechanisms catastrophic events, and a lack of files and in the petition that we received affording protection to the species. regulatory mechanisms affording for this species on March 23, 2009. Some Hylaeus longiceps populations protection to the species. Hylaeus kuakea is a species of Hawaiian occur in areas that are managed for one Both of the Hylaeus facilis yellow-faced bee (family Colletidae) or more of the threats affecting habitat; populations occur in areas that are found in lowland mesic forests on the however, no population is entirely managed for one or more of the threats island of Oahu, Hawaii. H. kuakea is protected from impacts to habitat, and affecting habitat; however, neither currently known from two populations predation on the species is not currently population is entirely protected from containing an unknown number of managed within any population site. impacts to habitat and predation upon individuals. This species is threatened The threats to H. longiceps are high in the species is not currently managed by ongoing habitat loss and magnitude because their severity within either population site. The modification due to the effects of feral presents a relatively high likelihood of threats to H. facilis are high in ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, extinction throughout its entire range. magnitude because their severity and climate change. H. kuakea is The threats to H. longiceps are endangers the species with a relatively directly threatened by predation from imminent, since they are ongoing. high likelihood of extinction throughout yellow jacket wasps (Vespula Therefore, we have retained an LPN of its entire range. The threats are ongoing pensylvanica) and several species of 2 for this species. throughout its entire range, thus the nonnative ants. Additional indirect Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus threats are imminent. Therefore, we threats to the species include the mana)—The following summary is have retained an LPN of 2 for this limited number and small size of based on information contained in our species. populations, competition from files and in the petition that we received Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus European honey bees (Apis mellifera), for this species on March 23, 2009. hilaris)—The following summary is the possibility of habitat destruction Hylaeus mana is a species of Hawaiian based on information contained in our from stochastic and catastrophic events, yellow-faced bee (family Colletidae) files and in the petition that we received and a lack of regulatory mechanisms found in lowland mesic forests on the for this species on March 23, 2009. affording protection to the species. island of Oahu, Hawaii. H. mana is Hylaeus hilaris is a cleptoparasitic Both Hylaeus kuakea populations currently known from four populations species of Hawaiian yellow-faced bee occur in areas that are managed for one containing an unknown number of (family Colletidae) with a historical or more of the threats affecting habitat; individuals. This species is threatened range in coastal habitat on the islands of however, neither population is entirely by ongoing habitat loss and Lanai, Maui, and Molokai, Hawaii. Now protected from impacts to habitat, and modification due to the effects of feral extirpated from the islands of Lanai and predation on the species is not currently ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, Maui, H. hilaris is currently known from managed within either population site. and climate change. H. mana is directly a single population on Molokai The threats to H. kuakea are high in threatened by predation from yellow containing an unknown number of magnitude because their severity jacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) individuals. This species is threatened presents a relatively high likelihood of and several species of nonnative ants. by ongoing habitat loss and extinction throughout its entire range. Additional indirect threats to the modification due to the effects of feral The threats to H. kuakea are imminent, species include the limited number and ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, since they are ongoing. Therefore, we small size of populations, competition and climate change. H. hilaris is directly have retained an LPN of 2 for this from European honey bees (Apis threatened by predation from yellow species. mellifera), the possibility of habitat jacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus destruction from stochastic and and several species of nonnative ants. longiceps)—The following summary is catastrophic events, and a lack of Additional indirect threats to the based on information contained in our regulatory mechanisms affording species include the small size of its files and in the petition that we received protection to the species. remaining population, lack of additional for this species on March 23, 2009. The Hylaeus mana populations occur populations, competition from Hylaeus longiceps is a species of in areas that are managed for one or European honey bees (Apis mellifera), Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (family more of the threats affecting habitat; possibility of habitat destruction from Colletidae) found in certain coastal however, the population is not entirely stochastic and catastrophic events, and areas and dry lowland forest containing protected from impacts to habitat, and a lack of regulatory mechanisms native plant communities on the islands predation on the species is not currently affording protection to the species. of Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu, managed at all. The threats to H. mana The Hylaeus hilaris population occurs Hawaii. H. longiceps is currently known are high in magnitude because their within a private preserve that is from six populations containing an severity presents a relatively high managed for some of the threats unknown number of individuals. This likelihood of extinction throughout its affecting habitat; however, the species is threatened by ongoing habitat entire range. The threats to H. mana are population is not entirely protected loss and modification due to the effects imminent, since they are ongoing. from impacts to habitat, and predation of feral ungulates, nonnative plants, Therefore, we have retained an LPN of upon the species is not currently wildfire, and climate change. H. 2 for this species. managed at all. The threats to H. hilaris longiceps is directly threatened by Hermes copper butterfly are high in magnitude because their predation from yellow jacket wasps (Hermelycaena [Lycaena] hermes)—

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Hermes copper butterfly primarily endemic to the Greater Antilles within Cave beetle is known only from two occurs in San Diego County, California, the genus Atlantea. This species occurs privately owned caves in Woodford and a few records of the species have within the subtropical moist forest life County, Kentucky. Soon after the been documented in Baja California, zone in the northern karst region (i.e., species was first observed in 1963, the Mexico. The species inhabits coastal municipality of Quebradillas) of Puerto cave entrance was blocked due to road sage scrub and southern mixed Rico, and in the subtropical wet forest construction and placement of fill chaparral, and is dependent on its larval (i.e., Maricao Commonwealth Forest, material along KY Highway 1964. We do host plant, Rhamnus crocea (spiny municipality of Maricao). The Puerto not know whether the species still redberry), to complete its lifecycle. Rican harlequin butterfly has only been occurs at the original location or if it has Adult Hermes copper butterflies lay found utilizing Oplonia spinosa (prickly been extirpated from the site by the single eggs on spiny redberry stems bush) as its host plant (i.e., a plant that closure of the cave entrance. A 2008 where they hatch and feed until is used for laying the eggs, and also attempt to re-open the cave was pupation occurs at the base of the plant. serves as a food source for development unsuccessful. Other caves in the vicinity Hermes copper butterflies have one of the larvae). of this cave were surveyed for the flight period occurring in mid-May to The primary threats to the Puerto species during 1995 and 1996, and only early-July, depending on weather Rican harlequin butterfly are one additional site (Richardson’s conditions and elevation. We estimate development, habitat fragmentation, and Spring) was found to support the Clifton there were at least 59 known separate other natural or manmade factors such Cave beetle. historical populations throughout the as human-induced fires, use of The limestone caves in which the species’ range since the species was first herbicides and pesticides, vegetation Clifton Cave beetle is found provide a described. Of the 59 known Hermes management, and climate change. These unique and fragile environment that copper butterfly populations, 21 are threats would substantially affect the supports a variety of species that have extant, 27 are believed to have been distribution and abundance of the evolved to survive and reproduce under extirpated, and 11 are of unknown species, as well as its habitat. In the demanding conditions found in cave status. addition, the lack of effective ecosystems. The limited distribution of Primary threats to Hermes copper enforcement makes the existing policies the species makes it vulnerable to butterfly are megafires (large wildfires), and regulations inadequate for the isolated events that would only have a and small and isolated populations. protection of the species’ habitat. minimal effect on more wide-ranging Secondary threats include increased Activities leading to habitat insects. Events such as toxic chemical wildfire frequency that results in habitat modification and destruction are spills, discharges of large amounts of loss, and combined impacts of existing expected to continue and potentially polluted water or indirect impacts from development, possible future (limited) increase in the foreseeable future. These off-site construction activities, closure development, existing dispersal barriers, threats are high in magnitude and of entrances, alteration of entrances, or and fires that fragment habitat. Hermes imminent because known populations the creation of new entrances could copper butterfly occupies scattered occur in areas that are subject to have serious adverse impacts on on the areas of sage scrub and chaparral habitat ongoing development, increased traffic, survival of this species. Therefore, the in an arid region susceptible to wildfires and increased road maintenance and magnitude of threat is high for this of increasing frequency and size. The construction and they directly affect species. The threats are nonimminent likelihood that individuals of the populations during all life stages because there are no known projects species will be burned as a result of throughout the range of the species. that would affect the species in the near catastrophic wildfires, combined with Therefore, we assigned a LPN of 2 to future. We therefore have assigned an the isolation and small size of extant this species. LPN of 5 to this species. populations, makes Hermes copper Sequatchie caddisfly (Glyphopsyche Coleman cave beetle butterfly particularly vulnerable to sequatchie)—We continue to find that (Pseudanophthalmus colemanensis)— population extirpation rangewide. listing this species is warranted but We continue to find that listing this Overall, the threats that Hermes copper precluded as of the date of publication species is warranted but precluded as of butterfly faces are high in magnitude, of this notice. However, we are working the date of publication of this notice. because the major threats (particularly on a proposed listing determination that However, we are working on a proposed mortality due to wildfire and increased we expect to publish prior to making the listing determination that we expect to wildfire frequency) occur throughout all next annual resubmitted petition 12- publish prior to making the next annual of the species’ range and are likely to month finding. In the course of resubmitted petition 12-month finding. result in significant adverse impacts to preparing the proposed listing rule, we In the course of preparing the proposed the status of the species. The threats are are continuing to monitor new listing rule, we are continuing to nonimminent overall, because the information about this species’ status so monitor new information about this impact of wildfire to Hermes copper that we can make prompt use of our species’ status so that we can make butterfly and its habitat occurs on a authority under section 4(b)(7) in the prompt use of our authority under sporadic basis, and we do not have the case of an emergency posing a section 4(b)(7) in the case of an ability to predict when wildfires will significant risk to the species.. emergency posing a significant risk to occur. This species faces high- Clifton Cave beetle the species. magnitude nonimminent threats; (Pseudanophthalmus caecus)—The Icebox Cave beetle therefore, we assigned this species a following summary is based upon (Pseudanophthalmus frigidus)—The LPN of 5. information contained in our files. No following summary is based upon Puerto Rican harlequin butterfly new information was provided in the information contained in our files. No (Atlantea tulita)—The following petition we received on May 11, 2004. new information was provided in the summary is based on information in our Clifton Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, petition we received on May 11, 2004. files and in the petition we received on reddish-brown, predatory that Icebox Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, February 29, 2009. The Puerto Rican feeds upon small cave invertebrates. It reddish-brown, predatory insect that harlequin butterfly is endemic to Puerto is cave dependent and is not found feeds upon small cave invertebrates. It Rico, and one of the four species outside the cave environment. Clifton is not found outside the cave

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environment, and is only known from occurs at the original location or if it has effect on more wide-ranging insects. one privately owned Kentucky cave in been extirpated from the site by the Events such as toxic chemical spills, Bell County. closure of the cave entrance. Several discharges of large amounts of polluted The limestone cave in which this other caves in Jefferson County were water, or indirect impacts from off-site species is found provides a unique and surveyed for the species in 1994, but construction activities, closure of fragile environment that supports a individuals of the species were observed entrances, alteration of entrances, or the variety of species that have evolved to at only one additional location, Eleven creation of new entrances, could have survive and reproduce under the Jones Cave. This cave is located on the serious adverse impacts on this species. demanding conditions found in cave southeast bank of Beargrass Creek near The magnitude of threat is high for this ecosystems. The species has not been Cave Hill Cemetery and Arboretum. Due species, because its limited numbers observed since it was originally to pollution and reportedly high carbon mean that any threats could severely collected, but species experts believe dioxide levels in the cave, additional affect its continued existence. The that it may still exist in the cave in low searches of the cave have not been threats are nonimminent, because there numbers. The limited distribution of the possible. are no known projects that would affect species makes it vulnerable to isolated The limestone caves in which this the species in the near future. We events that would only have a minimal species is found provide a unique and therefore have assigned an LPN of 5 to effect on more wide-ranging insects. fragile environment that supports a this species. Events such as toxic chemical spills or variety of species that have evolved to Orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly discharges of large amounts of polluted survive and reproduce under the (Megalagrion xanthomelas)—The water, or indirect impacts from off-site demanding conditions found in cave following summary is based on construction activities, closure of ecosystems. The limited distribution of information contained in our files. No entrances, alteration of entrances, or the the species makes it vulnerable to new information was provided in the creation of new entrances, could have isolated events that would only have a petition we received on May 11, 2004. serious adverse impacts on the survival minimal effect on more wide-ranging The orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly is of this species. The magnitude of threat insects. Events such as toxic chemical a stream- and pool-dwelling species is high for this species because it is spills, discharges of large amounts of endemic to the Hawaiian Islands of limited in distribution and the threats polluted water, or indirect impacts from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and would result in a high level of mortality off-site construction activities, closure Hawaii. The species no longer is found or reduced reproductive capacity. The of entrances, alteration of entrances, or on Kauai, and is now restricted to a total threats are nonimminent because there the creation of new entrances, could of 16 populations distributed across the are no known projects that would affect have serious adverse impacts on the islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, the species in the near future. We survival of this species. The magnitude and Hawaii. This species is threatened therefore have assigned an LPN of 5 to of threat is high for this species, because by predation from nonnative aquatic this species. it is limited in distribution and the species such as fish and predacious Inquirer Cave beetle threats would have severe negative insects, and habitat loss through (Pseudanophthalmus inquisitor)—We impacts on the species. The threats are dewatering of streams and invasion by continue to find that listing this species non-imminent because there are no nonnative plants. Nonnative fish and is warranted but precluded as of the known projects that would affect the insects prey on the larval-stage naiads of date of publication of this notice. species in the near future. We therefore the damselfly, and loss of water reduces However, we are working on a proposed have assigned an LPN of 5 to this the amount of suitable habitat for the listing determination that we expect to species. naiad life stage. Invasive plants (e.g., publish prior to making the next annual Tatum Cave beetle California grass (Brachiaria mutica)) resubmitted petition 12-month finding. (Pseudanophthalmus parvus)—The also contribute to loss of habitat by In the course of preparing the proposed following summary is based upon forming dense, monotypic stands that listing rule, we are continuing to information contained in our files. No completely eliminate open water. monitor new information about this new information was provided in the Nonnative fish and plants are found in species’ status so that we can make petition we received on May 11, 2004. all the streams where orangeblack prompt use of our authority under Tatum Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, Hawaiian damselflies occur, except at section 4(b)(7) in the case of an reddish-brown predatory insect that the single Oahu population, where there emergency posing a significant risk to feeds upon cave invertebrates. It is not are no nonnative fish. We have retained the species. found outside the cave environment and an LPN of 8 for this species because, Louisville Cave beetle is only known from one privately although the threats are ongoing and (Pseudanophthalmus troglodytes)—The owned Kentucky cave (Tatum Cave) in therefore imminent, they affect the following summary is based upon Marion County. Despite searches in different populations of the species to information contained in our files. No 1980, 1996, 2004, and 2005, the species varying degrees throughout the species’ new information was provided in the has not been observed in Tatum Cave range and are thus of moderate petition we received on May 11, 2004. since 1965. magnitude. The Louisville cave beetle is a small, The limestone cave in which this Rattlesnake-master borer moth eyeless, reddish-brown, predatory insect species is found provides a unique and (Papaipema eryngii)—The following that feeds upon cave invertebrates. It is fragile environment that supports a information is based on information in not found outside the cave environment variety of species that have evolved to our files. Rattlesnake-master borer and is only known from two privately survive and reproduce under the moths are obligate residents of owned Kentucky caves in Jefferson demanding conditions found in cave undisturbed prairie remnants, savanna, County. The cave entrance at the ecosystems. The species has not been and pine barrens that contain their only species’ original location (Oxmoor, also observed since 1965, but species experts food plant—rattlesnake-master called Highbaugh Cave) was closed due believe that it still exists in low (Eryngium yuccifolium). The to residential development and numbers. The limited distribution of the rattlesnake-master borer moth is known placement of fill in the early 1990s. We species makes it vulnerable to isolated from 16 sites distributed over 5 States: do not know whether the species still events that would only have a minimal Illinois, Arkansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma,

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and North Carolina. Currently 12 of the moth populations. Illinois’ endangered endemic riffle beetle historically found sites contain extant populations, 3 species statute provides regulatory in limited spring environments within contain populations with unknown mechanisms to protect the species from the Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County, status, and 1 contains a population that potential impacts from actions such as Arizona. In the most recent surveys is considered extirpated. development and collecting on the 10 conducted in 1993, the Stephan’s riffle Although the rattlesnake-master plant Illinois sites; however, illegal beetle was documented only in is widely distributed across 26 States collections of the species have occurred Sylvester Spring in Madera Canyon, and is a common plant in remnant at two sites. A permit is required for Santa Cruz County, within the Coronado prairies, it is a conservative species, collection by site managers within the National Forest. Suspected potential meaning it is not found in disturbed sites in North Carolina and Oklahoma. threats to that spring are largely from areas, with relative frequencies of less The rattlesnake-master borer moth is habitat modification, and potential than 1 percent. The habitat range for the also listed as endangered in Kentucky changes in water quality and quantity rattlesnake-master borer moth is very by the State’s Nature Preserves due to catastrophic natural events (such narrow and appears to be limiting for Commission, although at this time the as wildfire or flooding from storms). The the species. The ongoing effects of Kentucky legislature has not enacted threats are of low to moderate habitat loss, fragmentation, degradation, any statute that provides legal magnitude because the Forest Service and modification from agriculture, protection for species listed as has no plans to modify the springs development, flooding, invasive species, threatened or endangered. There are no where this species occurs. In addition, and secondary succession have resulted statutory mechanisms in place to protect the effects of the other threats are in fragmented populations and the populations in North Carolina, unlikely to be permanent, as they stem population declines. Rattlesnake-master Arkansas, or Oklahoma. from occasional natural events that do borer moths are affected by habitat Some threats that the rattlesnake- not result in permanent water quality fragmentation and population isolation. master moth faces are high in degradation. In addition, because of the Almost all of the sites with extant magnitude, such as habitat conversion physical habitat structure (large populations of the rattlesnake-master and fragmentation, and population boulders surrounding the springs) and borer moth are isolated from one isolation. These threats with the highest the location of the springs (on hillsides another, with the populations in magnitude occur in many of the above the stream or in the headwaters Kentucky, North Carolina, and populations throughout the species’ where there is little watershed to Oklahoma occurring within a single site range, but although they are likely to generate large flood flows), flooding, for each State, thus precluding affect each population at some time, resulting from thunderstorms or post- recolonization from other populations. they are not likely to affect all of the fire runoff is not a factor affecting this These small, isolated populations are populations at any one time. Other species at this time. Additionally, there likely to become unviable over time due threats, such as agricultural and is a higher likelihood that the species to lower genetic diversity reducing their nonagricultural development, mortality will persist in areas that are unaffected ability to adapt to environmental from implementation of some prairie by the threats; it is unlikely that all change, effects of stochastic events, and management tools (such as fire), areas of the spring would be inability to recolonize areas where they flooding, succession, and climate simultaneously be affected. Threats are extirpated. change are of moderate to low from habitat modification have already Rattlesnake-master borer moths have magnitude. For example, the life history occurred and are no longer ongoing. life-history traits that make them more of rattlesnake-master borer moths makes Therefore, the threats are not imminent. susceptible to outside stressors. They them highly sensitive to fire, which can Thus, we retain an LPN of 11 for the are univoltine (having a single flight per cause mortality of individuals through Stephan’s riffle beetle. year), do not disperse widely, and are most of the year and can affect entire monophagous (have only one food populations. Conversely, complete fire Arapahoe snowfly (Capnia source). The life history of the species suppression can also be a threat to arapahoe)—The following summary is makes it particularly sensitive to fire, rattlesnake-master borer moths as based on information contained in our which is the primary practice used in prairie habitat declines and woody or files. This insect is a winter stonefly prairie management. The species is only invasive species become established associated with clean, cool, running safe from fire once it bores into the root such that the species’ only food plant is waters. Adult snowflies emerge in late of the host plant, which makes adult, not found in disturbed prairies. winter from the space underneath egg, and first larval stages subject to Although these threats can cause direct stream ice. The Arapahoe snowfly is mortality during prescribed burns and and indirect mortality of the species, known to be found only in a short wildfires. Fire and grazing cause direct they are of moderate or low magnitude section of Elkhorn Creek, a small mortality to the moth and destroy food because they affect only some tributary of the Cache la Poudre River in plants if the intensity, extent, or timing populations throughout the range and to the Roosevelt National Forest, Larimer is not conducive to the species’ biology. varying degrees. Overall, the threats are County, Colorado. New surveys Although fire management is a threat to moderate. The threats are imminent completed in 2013 indicate that the the species, lack of management is also because they are ongoing; every known Arapahoe snowfly may occur in a threat, and at least one site has become population of rattlesnake-master borer additional drainages other than Elkhorn extirpated likely because of the moth has at least one ongoing threat, Creek; however, the results are succession to woody habitat. The and some have several working in preliminary, and surveys are continuing species is sought after by collectors, and tandem. Thus, we assigned a LPN of 8 in 2014. We will evaluate and the host plant is very easy to identify, to this species. incorporate the results of these new making the moth susceptible to Stephan’s riffle beetle (Heterelmis surveys into our review when they collection, and thus many sites are kept stephani)—The following summary is become available. The species undisclosed to the public. based on information contained in our previously occurred downriver at Young Existing regulatory mechanisms files. No new information was provided Gulch, but it is likely that either habitat provide protection for 12 of the 16 sites in the petition received on May 11, became unsuitable or other unknown containing rattlesnake-master borer 2004. The Stephan’s riffle beetle is an causes extirpated the species. Habitats

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at Young Gulch were further degraded stonefly was a candidate for listing in a Threats to this species could have a by the High Park Fire in 2012, and warranted-but-precluded 12-month significant adverse effect on the survival potentially by a flash flood disaster in petition finding published on April 5, of the species, leading to a relatively September 2013. 2011 (76 FR 18684). We have assigned high likelihood of extinction, and are Climate change is a threat to the the species an LPN of 5, based on three thus of a high magnitude. The primary Arapahoe snowfly, and modifies its criteria: (1) The high magnitude of threats of predation from fish and loss habitats by reducing snowpacks, threat, which is projected to of habitat due to degradation are increasing temperatures, fostering substantially reduce the amount of nonimminent, because on the islands of mountain pine beetle outbreaks, and suitable habitat relative to the species’ Maui and Hawaii no fish were observed increasing the frequency of destructive current range; (2) the low immediacy of in any of the pools where this species wildfires. Limited dispersal capabilities, the threat based on the lack of occurs, and there has been no an extremely restricted range, documented evidence that climate documented trash dumping in these dependence on pristine habitats, and a change is affecting stonefly habitat; and pools. Therefore, we have retained an small population size make the (3) the taxonomic status of the species, LPN of 5 for this species. Arapahoe snowfly vulnerable to which is a full species. Anchialine pool shrimp demographic stochasticity, Highlands tiger beetle (Cicindela (Palaemonella burnsi)—The following environmental stochasticity, and highlandensis)—We continue to find summary is based on information random catastrophes. Furthermore, that listing this species is warranted but contained in our files. No new regulatory mechanisms inadequately precluded as of the date of publication information was provided in the reduce these threats, which may act of this notice. However, we are working petition we received on May 11, 2004. cumulatively to affect the species. The on a proposed listing determination that Palaemonella burnsi is a species of threats to the Arapahoe snowfly are high we expect to publish prior to making the shrimp belonging to the family in magnitude because they occur next annual resubmitted petition 12- Palaemonidae, that inhabits anchialine throughout the species’ limited range. month finding. In the course of pools. This species is endemic to the However, the threats are nonimminent. preparing the proposed listing rule, we Hawaiian Islands with populations on While limited dispersal capabilities, are continuing to monitor new the islands of Maui and Hawaii. The restricted range, dependence on pristine information about this species’ status so primary threats to this species are habitats, and small population size are that we can make prompt use of our predation by nonnative fish (i.e., fish characteristics that make this species authority under section 4(b)(7) in the species that do not naturally occur in vulnerable to stochastic events and case of an emergency posing a the pools inhabited by this species) and catastrophes (and potential impacts significant risk to the species. habitat loss due to degradation from climate change), these events are (primarily from illegal trash dumping). Crustaceans not currently occurring and increased This species’ populations on Maui are temperatures will adversely affect the Anchialine pool shrimp (Metabetaeus located within a State Natural Area species in the future. Therefore, we have lohena)—The following summary is Reserve (NAR). Hawaii’s State statutes assigned the Arapahoe snowfly an LPN based on information contained in our prohibit the collection of the species of 5. files. No new information was provided and the disturbance of the pools in State Meltwater lednian stonefly (Lednia in the petition we received on May 11, NARs. On the island of Hawaii, the tumana)—The following summary is 2004. Metabetaeus lohena is a species of species occurs within a State NAR and based on information contained in our shrimp belonging to the family a National Park, where collection and files and in the petition we received on Alpheidae that inhabits anchialine disturbance are also prohibited. July 30, 2007. This species is an aquatic pools. This species is endemic to the However, enforcement of these insect in the order Plecoptera Hawaiian Islands, with populations on prohibitions is difficult, and the (stoneflies). Stoneflies are primarily the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. negative effects from the introduction of associated with clean, cool streams and The primary threats to this species are fish can occur suddenly and could rivers. Eggs and nymphs (juveniles) of predation by fish (i.e., fish species that quickly decimate a population. the meltwater lednian stonefly are do not naturally occur in the pools Therefore, threats to this species could found in high-elevation, alpine, and inhabited by this species) and habitat have a significant adverse effect on the subalpine streams, most typically in loss from degradation (primarily from survival of the species, leading to a locations closely linked to glacial illegal trash dumping). Populations of relatively high likelihood of extinction, runoff. The species is generally M. lohena on the islands of Maui and and thus are of a high magnitude. The restricted to streams with mean summer Hawaii are located within State Natural threats are nonimminent, because water temperature less than 10 °C Area Reserves (NARs) and in a National surveys in 2004 and 2007 did not find (50 °F). The only known meltwater Park. Both the State NARs and the fish in the pools where these shrimp lednian stonefly occurrences are within National Park prohibit the collection of occur on Maui or the island of Hawaii. Glacier National Park (NP), Montana. the species and the disturbance of the Also, there was no evidence of recent Climate change, and the associated pools. However, enforcement of habitat degradation at those pools. effects of glacier loss (with glaciers collection and disturbance prohibitions Therefore, we have retained an LPN of predicted to be gone by 2030)— is difficult, and the negative effects from 5 for this species. including reduced streamflows, and the introduction of fish can occur Anchialine pool shrimp (Procaris increased water temperatures—are suddenly and could quickly decimate a hawaiana)—The following summary is expected to significantly reduce the population. On Oahu, four pools based on information contained in our occurrence of populations and extent of containing this species are located in a files. No new information was provided suitable habitat for the species in National Wildlife Refuge and are in the petition we received on May 11, Glacier NP. In addition, the existing protected from collection and 2004. Procaris hawaiana is a species of regulatory mechanisms are not adequate disturbance to the pool; however, on shrimp belonging to the family to address these environmental changes State-owned land where the species Procarididae that inhabits anchialine due to global climate change. We occurs, there is no protection from pools. This species is endemic to the determined that the meltwater lednian collection or disturbance of the pools. Hawaiian Islands, and is currently

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known from 2 pools on the island of approximately 130,000 plants in 1997 to have been rerouted, the threats are not Maui and 12 pools on the island of a low of approximately 40,000 plants in imminent. The LPN for A. alpina Hawaii. The primary threats to this 2003. In 2012, when the population was remains an 11 due to the presence of species are predation from nonnative last monitored, the estimated total moderate-to-low threats, and the fish (i.e., fish species that do not population increased to approximately determination that the threats are not naturally occur in the pools inhabited 156,000 plants. imminent at this point in time. by this species) and habitat loss due to The factors currently threatening Argythamnia blodgettii (Blodgett’s degradation (primarily from illegal trash Abronia alpina include natural and silverbush)—We continue to find that dumping). This species’ populations on human habitat alteration, lowering of listing this species is warranted but Maui are located within a State Natural the water table due to erosion within the precluded as of the date of publication Area Reserve (NAR). Twelve pools meadow system, and recreational use of this notice. However, we are working containing this species on the island of within meadow habitats. Lodgepole on a proposed listing determination that Hawaii are also located within a State pines are encroaching upon meadow we expect to publish prior to making the NAR. Hawaii’s State statutes prohibit habitat with germinating within A. next annual resubmitted petition 12- the collection of the species and the alpina habitat, occupying up to 20 month finding. In the course of disturbance of the pools in State NARs. percent of two A. alpina preparing the proposed listing However, enforcement of these subpopulations. Lodgepole pine determination, we are continuing to prohibitions is difficult, and the encroachment may alter soil monitor new information about this negative effects from the introduction of characteristics by increasing organic species’ status so that we can make fish can occur suddenly and could matter levels, decreasing porosity, and prompt use of our authority under quickly decimate a population. In moderating diurnal temperature section 4(b)(7) in the case of an addition, there are no prohibitions for fluctuations thus reducing the emergency posing a significant risk to either removal of the species or competitive ability of A. alpina to the species. disturbance to one pool containing this persist in an environment more Artemisia borealis var. wormskioldii species located outside a NAR on the hospitable to other plant species. The (Northern wormwood)—The following island of Hawaii. Therefore, threats to habitat occupied by Abronia alpina summary is based on information this species could have a significant directly borders the meadow system, contained in our files. No new adverse effect on the survival of the which is supported by the South Fork information was provided in the species, leading to a relatively high of the Kern River. The river flows petition we received on May 11, 2004. likelihood of extinction, and thus through the meadow, at times coming Historically known from eight sites, remain at a high magnitude. The threats within 15 m (50 ft) of Abronia alpina Artemisia campestris var. wormskioldii to the species are nonimminent, habitat, particularly in the vicinity of (formerly A. borealis var. wormskioldii) because, during 2004 and 2007 surveys, five subpopulations. Past livestock is currently known from two natural no nonnative fish were observed in the trampling and past removal of bank- populations (one in Klickitat County pools where these shrimp occur on stabilizing vegetation by grazing and one in Grant County, Washington) Maui, nor were they observed in the one livestock have contributed to down- and four outplanted populations in pool on the island of Hawaii that was cutting of the river channel through the Oregon and Washington. This plant is surveyed in 2005. In addition, there meadow, leaving the meadow subject to restricted to exposed basalt, cobbly- were no signs of dumping or fill in any potential alteration by lowering of the sandy terraces, and sand habitat along of the pools where the species occurs. water table. In 2001, the Forest Service the shore of, and on islands within, the Therefore, we have retained an LPN of began resting the grazing allotment for Columbia River. Annual monitoring 5 for this species. 10 years, thereby eliminating cattle use. indicates that the two natural The allotment is still being rested while populations have declined from Flowering Plants the Forest Service assesses the data historical numbers and now total Abronia alpina (Ramshaw Meadows collected on the rested allotment for roughly 550 individuals. Two sand-verbena)—The following summary eventual inclusion in an environmental populations were outplanted with is based on information contained in analysis to consider resumption of approximately 3,000 individuals, and our files. No new information was grazing. Established hiker, packstock, when monitored in 2012, approximately provided in the petition we received on and cattle trails pass through A. alpina 900 individuals still remained; the other May 11, 2004. Abronia alpina is a small subpopulations. Two main hiker trails two outplanted populations have not perennial herb in the Nyctaginaceae pass through Ramshaw Meadow, but in been monitored since 120 individuals (four-o’clock) family, 2.5 to 15.2 cm (1 1988 and 1997, they were rerouted out were outplanted at the sites in 2013. It to 6 in) across, forming compact mats of A. alpina subpopulations. Occasional is possible that additional natural with lavender-pink, trumpet-shaped, incidental use by horses and hikers populations of the species exist as there and generally fragrant flowers. Abronia sometimes occurs on the remnants of are relatively large stretches of the mid- alpina is known from one main cattle trails that pass through Columbia River and its tributaries that population center at Ramshaw Meadow subpopulations in several places. have not been surveyed specifically for and a smaller population at the adjacent The Service has funded studies to this plant; however, we currently know Templeton Meadow. The meadows are determine appropriate conservation of the species only from the above six located on the Kern River Plateau in the measures for the species and is working locations. The species is also cultivated Sierra Nevada, on lands administered by with the U.S. Forest Service on ex situ for future translocation projects. the Inyo National Forest, in Tulare developing a conservation strategy for Habitat loss from inundation behind County, California. The total estimated the species. The remaining threats affect hydroelectric dams and placement of area occupied is approximately 6 individuals in the population and have riprap along the Columbia River is hectares (15 acres). The population not appeared to have population-level thought to be the cause of historical fluctuates from year to year without any effects. Therefore, the threats are low in population loss. Current threats to clear trends. Population estimates for magnitude. In addition, because the northern wormwood include possible the years from 1985 up to, but not grazing activities have been eliminated direct loss of habitat through regulation including, 2012 range from a high of for the time being and the hiking trails of water levels in the Columbia River;

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human trampling of plants from the perimeter of wildfires that occurred narrow endemic perennial plant that recreation; competition with nonnative in 2007 which negatively affected nearly grows in the mature pinyon-juniper invasive species; burial by wind- and 50 percent of the known occurrences in woodland of mesa tops in the Mesa water-borne sediments; small Nevada and Utah. In addition, livestock Verde National Park area and in the Ute population sizes; susceptibility to use impacts were observed at all sites Mountain Ute Tribal Park in Colorado. genetic drift and inbreeding; and the visited in Utah in 2011 with 25 percent The most significant threats to the potential for hybridization with two of the sites (containing 73 percent of the species are degradation of habitat by other species of Artemisia. At the Grant individuals) being directly affected. The fire, followed by invasion by nonnative County site, ongoing conservation threats to the species are imminent, or cheatgrass and subsequent increase in actions have reduced trampling, but currently occurring, largely as a result of fire frequency. These threats currently have not eliminated or reduced the land management actions taken since affect about 40 percent of the species’ other threats. At the Klickitat County fires initially altered the habitat. The entire known range, and cheatgrass is site (Miller Island), active conservation threats associated with livestock grazing likely to increase, given (1) its rapid measures are not currently in place. The and invasive species are occurring spread and persistence in habitat magnitude of these threats is high, as throughout a large portion of the disturbed by wildfires, fire and fuels the remaining populations are small, species’ range. The high magnitude and management and development of isolated, and each could be eliminated immediacy of threats leave the species infrastructure, and (2) the inability of by a single disturbance. The threats are and its small populations more land managers to control it on a imminent because recreational use is vulnerable to stochastic events. landscape scale. Other threats to ongoing, invasive nonnative species Therefore, we have assigned the Goose Schmoll milkvetch include fire break occur at both sites, erosion of the Creek milkvetch an LPN of 2. clearings, drought, and feral livestock substrate is ongoing at the Klickitat Astragalus microcymbus (Skiff grazing; existing regulatory mechanisms County site, and high water flows may milkvetch)—The following summary is are not adequate to address these occur unpredictably in any year. based on information contained in our threats. The threats to the species Therefore, we have retained an LPN of files and in the petition we received on overall are imminent, because they are 3 for this variety. July 30, 2007. Skiff milkvetch is a ongoing, and moderate in magnitude, Astragalus anserinus (Goose Creek perennial forb that dies back to the because the species is currently facing milkvetch)—The following summary is ground every year. It has a very limited them in many portions of its range, but based on information in our files and in range and a spotty distribution within the threats do not collectively result in the petition received on February 3, Gunnison and Saguache Counties in population declines on a short time 2004. The majority (over 80 percent) of Colorado, where it is found in open, scale. Therefore, we have assigned Goose Creek milkvetch sites in Idaho, park-like landscapes in the sagebrush- Schmoll milkvetch an LPN of 8. Utah, and Nevada occur on Federal steppe ecosystem on rocky or cobbly, Astragalus tortipes (sleeping Ute lands managed by the Bureau of Land moderate-to-steep slopes of hills and milkvetch)—The following summary is Management. The rest of the sites occur draws. based on information contained in our as small populations on private and The most significant threats to skiff files. No new information was provided State lands in Utah and on private land milkvetch are recreation, roads, trails, in the petition we received on May 11, in Idaho and Nevada. Goose Creek and habitat fragmentation and 2004. Sleeping Ute milkvetch is a milkvetch occurs in a variety of habitats, degradation. Existing regulatory perennial plant that grows only on the but is typically associated with dry, mechanisms are not adequate to protect Smokey Hills layer of the Mancos Shale tuffaceous soils (made up of rock the species from these threats. Formation on the Ute Mountain Ute consisting of smaller kinds of volcanic Recreational impacts are likely to Indian Reservation in Montezuma detritus) from the Salt Lake Formation. increase, given the close proximity of County, Colorado. The species grows on steep or flat sites, skiff milkvetch to the town of Gunnison In 2000, a total of 3,744 plants were with soil textures ranging from silty to and the increasing popularity of recorded at 24 locations covering 500 sandy to somewhat gravelly. The mountain biking, motorcycling, and all- acres within an overall range of 6,400 species tolerates some level of terrain vehicles. Furthermore, the acres. Available information from 2000 disturbance, based on its occurrence on Hartman Rocks Recreation Area draws and 2009 indicated that the species’ steep slopes, where downhill movement users, and contains over 40 percent of status was stable at that time. However, of soil is common. the skiff milkvetch units. Other threats previous and ongoing threats from The primary threat to Goose Creek to the species include residential and borrow pit excavation, off-highway milkvetch is habitat degradation and urban development; livestock, deer, and vehicles, irrigation canal construction, modification resulting from an altered elk use; climate change; increasing and a prairie dog colony have had minor wildfire regime, fire suppression periodic drought; nonnative invasive impacts that reduced the range and activities, and rehabilitation efforts to cheatgrass; and wildfire. The threats to number of plants by small amounts. Off recover lands that have burned. Other skiff milkvetch are moderate in road-vehicle use of the habitat has factors that also appear to threaten magnitude, because, while serious and reportedly been controlled by fencing. Goose Creek milkvetch include occurring rangewide, they do not Oil and gas development is active in the livestock use and invasive nonnative collectively result in population general area, but the Service has species. The existing regulatory declines on a short time scale. The received no information to indicate that mechanisms are not adequate to address threats are imminent, because the there is development within plant these threats. Climate change effects to species is currently facing them in many habitat. In 2011, the tribal Goose Creek drainage habitats are portions of its range. Therefore, we have Environmental Programs Department possible, but we are unable to predict assigned skiff milkvetch an LPN of 8. reported habitat disturbance by vehicles the specific impacts of this change to Astragalus schmolliae (Schmoll and activity at the shooting range Goose Creek milkvetch at this time. milkvetch)—The following summary is located within the plant habitat. The The magnitude of threats is high as based on information contained in our Tribe reported that the status of the available monitoring data indicate files and in the petition we received on species remained unchanged. The Tribe declines in excess of 70 percent within July 30, 2007. Schmoll milkvetch is a has been working on a management

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plan that will include a monitoring actions. Overutilization, predation, and distributed over 164 ha (405 ac) on three program for this species, among others. the inadequacy of regulatory individual mountain peaks in the We had expected the final plan to be mechanisms are likely threats to the Klamath National Forest and on private released in 2010, but it still has not been species. The threats that B. pusilla faces lands. The northernmost occurrence completed. We have no documentation are moderate in magnitude, primarily consists of not more than five Siskiyou concerning the current status of the because of the recent leveling off of the mariposa lily plants that were plants, condition of habitat, and terms population decline. The threat to B. discovered in 1998, on Bald Mountain, of the species management plan being pusilla is imminent, because we have west of Ashland, Jackson County, drafted by the Tribe. Thus, at this time, evidence that the species is currently Oregon. we cannot accurately assess whether facing a threat indicated by reduced Major threats include competition and populations are being adequately population size. The threat appears to shading by native and nonnative species protected from previously existing be ongoing, although we are unsure of fostered by suppression of wildfire; threats. The threats are moderate in the extent and timing of its effects on increased fuel loading and subsequent magnitude, since they have had only the species. Thus, we have assigned B. risk of wildfire; fragmentation by roads, minor impacts. Until the management pusilla an LPN of 8. fire breaks, tree plantations, and radio- plan is completed there are no expansa (Maui tower facilities; maintenance and regulatory mechanisms in place to reedgrass)—The following summary is construction around radio towers and protect the species from the threats based on information contained in our telephone relay stations located on described above. Overall, we conclude files. No new information was provided Gunsight Peak and Mahogany Point; and that threats are moderate to low and in the petition we received on May 11, soil disturbance, direct damage, and nonimminent. Therefore, we assigned 2004. Calamagrostis expansa is a nonnative weed and grass species an LPN of 11 to this species. perennial grass found in wet forests and introduction as a result of heavy Boechera pusilla (Fremont County bogs, and in bog margins, on the recreational use and construction of fire rockcress)—The following summary is Hawaiian Islands of Maui and Hawaii. breaks. Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoria), an based on information in our files and in This species is known from 13 invasive, nonnative plant that may the petition received on July 24, 2007. populations collectively totaling fewer prevent germination of Siskiyou Boechera pusilla is a perennial herb that than 750 individuals. mariposa lily seedlings, has invaded 75 occupies sparsely vegetated, coarse Calamagrostis expansa is threatened percent of the known lily habitat on granite soil pockets in exposed granite- by habitat degradation and loss by feral Gunsight-Humbug Ridge, the pegmatite outcrops, with slopes pigs (Sus scrofa), and by competition southernmost California occurrence. generally less than 10 degrees, at an with nonnative plants. All of the known Forest Service staff and the Klamath- elevation between 2,438 and 2,469 m populations of C. expansa on Maui Siskiyou Wildlands Center cite (8,000 and 8,100 ft). The only known occur in managed areas. Pig exclusion competition with dyer’s woad as a population of B. pusilla is located in fences have been constructed, and significant and chronic threat to the Wyoming on lands administered by the control of nonnative plants is ongoing survival of Siskiyou mariposa lily. Bureau of Land Management in the within the exclosures but still pose a The combination of restricted range, southern foothills of the Wind River threat to the species. On the island of extremely low numbers (five plants) in Range. B. pusilla is likely restricted in Hawaii, the population in the Upper one of three disjunct populations, poor distribution by the limited occurrence of Waiakea Forest Reserve has been fenced competitive ability, short seed dispersal pegmatite (a very coarse-grained rock entirely. This species is not represented distance, slow growth rates, low seed formed from magma or lava) in the area. in an ex situ collection. Threats to this production, apparently poor survival The specialized habitat requirements of species from feral pigs and nonnative rates in some years, herbivory, habitat B. pusilla have allowed the plant to plants are still ongoing despite the disturbance, and competition from persist without competition from other conservation actions, and are thus nonnative invasive plants threatens the herbaceous plants or sagebrush- imminent and of high magnitude, given continued existence of this species. The grassland species that are present in the the limited number of individuals, main threat is competition by dyer’s surrounding landscape. leading to a relatively high likelihood of woad. However, because efforts are Boechera pusilla has a threat that is extinction. Therefore, we have retained under way to reduce the threat of dyer’s not identified, but that is indicated by an LPN of 2 for this species. woad where it is found and there is no the small and overall declining Calochortus persistens (Siskiyou evidence of a decline in C. persistens population size. Although the threat is mariposa lily)—The following summary populations where this weed has not fully understood, we know it exists is based on information contained in become most widely distributed, the as indicated by the declining our files and the petition we received on magnitude of existing threats is population. The population size may be September 10, 2001. The Siskiyou moderate. Overall, the threats are declining from a variety of unknown mariposa lily is a narrow endemic that nonimment since the threats of causes, with drought or disease possibly is restricted to three disjunct ridge tops competition from nonnative invasive contributing to the trend. The in the Klamath-Siskiyou Range near the plants has been reduced to localized downward trend may have been leveled California-Oregon border. The areas and are not anticipated to off somewhat recently, but without southernmost occurrence of this species overwhelm a large portion of the improved population numbers, the is composed of nine separate sites on species’ range in the immediate future. species may reach a population level at approximately 17.6 ha (43.4 ac) of The likelihood that a large proportion of which other stressors become threats. Klamath National Forest and privately the Gunsight-Humbug Ridge range We are unable to determine how climate owned lands that stretch for 10 km (6 would be affected by disturbance, and change may affect the species in the mi) along the Gunsight-Humbug Ridge, therefore invaded by dyer’s woad at the future. To the extent that we understand Siskiyou County, California. In 2007, a same time, is low. Therefore, we have the species, other potential habitat- new occurrence was confirmed in the assigned a LPN of 11 to this species. related threats have been removed locality of Cottonwood Peak and Little Chamaecrista lineata var. keyensis through the implementation of Federal Cottonwood Peak, Siskiyou County, (Big Pine partridge pea)—We continue regulatory mechanisms and associated where several populations are to find that listing this species is

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warranted but precluded as of the date Ranch. Investigations of historical Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina is of publication of this notice. However, locations and seemingly suitable habitat particularly vulnerable to extinction due we are working on a proposed listing within the range of the species have not to its concentration in two isolated determination that we expect to publish revealed any other occurrences. areas. The existence of only two areas of prior to making the next annual The threats facing C. parryi var. occurrence, and a relatively small range, resubmitted petition 12-month finding. fernandina include threatened makes the variety highly susceptible to In the course of preparing the proposed destruction, modification, or extinction or extirpation from a listing determination, we are continuing curtailment of its habitat or range significant portion of its range due to to monitor new information about this (Factor A), inadequacy of existing random events such as fire, drought, species’ status so that we can make regulatory mechanisms (Factor D), and and erosion. We retained an LPN of 6 prompt use of our authority under other natural or manmade factors for this species due to high-magnitude, section 4(b)(7) in the case of an (Factor E). The threats to C. parryi var. nonimminent threats. emergency posing a significant risk to fernandina from habitat destruction or Cirsium wrightii (Wright’s marsh the species. modification are lower in magnitude thistle)—The following summary is Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. pinetorum than they were 9 years ago when we based on information from the 12-month (Pineland sandmat)—We continue to originally determined that the species warranted-but-precluded finding find that listing this species is was a candidate for listing. One of the published November 4, 2010 (75 FR warranted but precluded as of the date two populations (Upper Las Virgenes 67925), as well as any new information of publication of this notice. However, Canyon Open Space Preserve) is now in gathered since then. Wright’s marsh we are working on a proposed listing permanent public ownership and is thistle is a in the determination that we expect to publish being managed by an agency that is sunflower family. It is prickly with short prior to making the next annual working to conserve the plant; however, black spines and a 3- to 8-foot (ft) (0.9- resubmitted petition 12-month finding. the use of adjacent habitat for to 2.4-meter (m)) single stalk covered In the course of preparing the proposed Hollywood film productions was with succulent leaves. Flowers are listing determination, we are continuing brought to our attention in 2007, and the white to pale pink in areas of the to monitor new information about this potential impacts to C. parryi var. Sacramento Mountains, but are vivid species’ status so that we can make fernandina are not yet clear. During a pink in all the Pecos Valley locations. prompt use of our authority under site visit to the Preserve in April 2012, There are eight general confirmed section 4(b)(7) in the case of an we noted an abundance of nonnative locations of Wright’s marsh thistle in emergency posing a significant risk to species that, if not managed, could New Mexico: Santa Rosa, Guadalupe the species. degrade the quality of the habitat for C. County; Bitter Lake National Wildlife Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. serpyllum parryi var. fernandina over time. We Refuge, Chaves County; Blue Spring, (Wedge spurge)—We continue to find will be working with the landowners to Eddy County; La Luz Canyon, Karr that listing this species is warranted but manage the site for the benefit of C. Canyon, Silver Springs, and Tularosa precluded as of the date of publication parryi var. fernandina. Creek, Otero County; and Alamosa of this notice. However, we are working The other population (Newhall Creek, Socorro County. Wright’s marsh on a proposed listing determination that Ranch) is under the threat of thistle has been extirpated from all we expect to publish prior to making the development. A CCA was being previously known locations in Arizona, next annual resubmitted petition 12- developed with the landowner to and was misidentified and likely not month finding. In the course of address conservation of the plants; ever present in Texas. The status of the preparing the proposed listing however, as of 2014, work on the CCA species in Mexico is uncertain, with few determination, we are continuing to has been suspended. Until such an verified collections. monitor new information about this agreement is finalized, the threat of Wright’s marsh thistle faces threats species’ status so that we can make development and the potential damage primarily from natural and human- prompt use of our authority under to the Newhall Ranch population still caused modifications of its habitat due section 4(b)(7) in the case of an exist, as shown by the destruction of to ground and surface water depletion, emergency posing a significant risk to some plants during installation of an drought, invasion of Phragmites the species. agave farm. Furthermore, cattle grazing australis, and from the inadequacy of Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina on Newhall Ranch may be a current existing regulatory mechanisms. The (San Fernando Valley spineflower)— threat. Cattle grazing may harm C. parryi species occupies relatively small areas The following summary is based on var. fernandina by trampling and soil of seeps, springs, and wetland habitat in information contained in our files and compaction. Grazing activity could also an arid region plagued by drought and the petition received on December 14, alter the nutrient (e.g., elevated organic ongoing and future water withdrawals. 1999. Chorizanthe parryi var. material levels) content of the soils for The species’ highly specific fernandina is a low-growing herbaceous C. parryi var. fernandina habitat requirements of saturated soils with annual plant in the buckwheat family. through fecal inputs, which in turn may surface or subsurface water flow make it Germination occurs following the onset favor the growth of other plant species particularly vulnerable. of late-fall and winter rains and that would otherwise not grow so Long-term drought, in combination typically represents different cohorts readily on the mineral-based soils. Over with ground and surface from the seed bank. Flowering occurs in time, changes in species composition waterwithdrawal, pose a current and the spring, generally between April and may render the sites less favorable for future threat to Wright’s marsh thistle June. The plant currently is known from the persistence of C. parryi var. and its habitat. In addition, we expect two disjunct localities: The first is in the fernandina. Chorizanthe parryi var. that these threats will likely intensify in southeastern portion of Ventura County fernandina may be threatened by the foreseeable future. However, the on a site within the Upper Las Virgenes invasive nonnative plants, including threats are moderate in magnitude Canyon Open Space Preserve, formerly grasses, which could potentially because the majority of the threats known as Ahmanson Ranch, and the displace it from available habitat; (habitat loss and degradation due to second is in an area of southwestern Los compete for light, water, and nutrients; alteration of the hydrology of its rare Angeles County known as Newhall and reduce survival and establishment. wetland habitat), while serious and

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occurring rangewide, do not at this time on a proposed listing determination that in the petition we received on May 11, collectively and significantly adversely we expect to publish prior to making the 2004. This species is a cespitose affect the species at a population level. next annual resubmitted petition 12- (growing in dense, low tufts) annual All of the threats are ongoing and month finding. In the course of found in dry forests on Hawaii Island. therefore imminent. Thus, we continue preparing the proposed listing Festuca hawaiiensis is known from four to assign an LPN of 8 to Wright’s marsh determination, we are continuing to populations collectively totaling thistle. monitor new information about this approximately 1,000 individuals in and Dalea carthagenensis ssp. floridana species’ status so that we can make around the Pohakuloa Training Area. (Florida prairie-clover)—We continue to prompt use of our authority under Historically, this species was also found find that listing this species is section 4(b)(7) in the case of an on Hualalai and Puu Huluhulu, but it no warranted but precluded as of the date emergency posing a significant risk to longer occurs at these sites. In addition, of publication of this notice. However, the species. the historical range of F. hawaiiensis we are working on a proposed listing Eriogonum soredium (Frisco may have included Maui. determination that we expect to publish buckwheat)—The following summary is This species is threatened by pigs prior to making the next annual based on information in our files and (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), resubmitted petition 12-month finding. the petition we received on July 30, mouflon (Ovis musimon), and feral In the course of preparing the proposed 2007. Frisco buckwheat is a narrow sheep (O. aries) that degrade and listing rule, we are continuing to endemic perennial plant restricted to destroy habitat; fire; military training monitor new information about this soils derived from Ordovician limestone activities; and nonnative plants that species’ status so that we can make outcrops. The range of the species is less outcompete and displace it. Feral pigs, prompt use of our authority under than 5 sq mi (13 sq km), with four goats, mouflon, and feral sheep have section 4(b)(7) in the case of an known populations. All four been fenced out of a portion of the emergency posing a significant risk to populations occur exclusively on populations of F. hawaiiensis and the species. private lands in Beaver County, Utah, nonnative plants have been reduced in Dichanthelium hirstii (Hirst Brothers’ and each population occupies a very the fenced area, but the majority of the panic grass)—The following summary is small area with high densities of plants. populations are still affected by threats based on information contained in our Available population estimates are from ungulates. The threats are files. No new information was provided highly variable and inaccurate due to imminent because they are not in the petition we received on May 11, the limited access for surveys associated controlled and are ongoing in the 2004. Dichanthelium hirstii is a with private lands. remaining, unfenced populations. perennial grass that produces erect, The primary threat to Frisco Firebreaks have been established to leafy, flowering stems from May to buckwheat is habitat destruction from protect two populations, but fire is an October. The species occurs in coastal precious metal and gravel mining. imminent threat to the remaining plain intermittent ponds, usually in wet Mining for precious metals historically populations that have no firebreaks. savanna or pine barren habitats, and is occurred within the vicinity of all four There are no ex situ collections. The known to occur at only three sites in populations. Three of the populations threats are of a high magnitude because New Jersey, one site in Delaware, and are currently in the immediate vicinity they could adversely affect the majority two sites in North Carolina. While all of active limestone quarries. Ongoing of F. hawaiiensis populations resulting six extant D. hirstii populations are mining in the species’ habitat has the in direct mortality or reduced located on public land, threats to the potential to extirpate one population in reproductive capacity which could species from encroachment of woody the near future and extirpate all bring about extinction on a relatively and herbaceous vegetation, competition populations in the foreseeable future. short time scale. Therefore, we have from rhizomatous perennials, Ongoing exploration for precious metals retained an LPN of 2 for this species. fluctuations in hydrology, and threats and gravel indicate that mining will Festuca ligulata (Guadalupe fescue)— associated with small population continue, but will take time for the The following summary is based on number and size are significant. Given mining operations to be put into place. information obtained from the original the naturally fluctuating number of This will result in the loss and species petition, received in 1975, and plants found at each site, and the fragmentation of Frisco buckwheat from our files, on-line herbarium isolated nature of the wetlands (limiting populations over a longer time scale. databases, and scientific publications. dispersal opportunities), even small Other threats to the species include Six small populations of Guadalupe changes in the species’ habitat could nonnative species, vulnerability fescue, a member of the (grass result in local extirpation. With so few associated with small population size, family), have been documented in populations, the loss of any known sites and climate change. Existing regulatory mountains of the Chihuahuan desert in would constitute a significant mechanisms are inadequate to protect Texas and in Coahuila, Mexico. Only contraction of the species’ range and the species from these threats. The two extant populations have been increase the risk of extinction of the threats that Frisco buckwheat faces are confirmed in the last 5 years: One in the species. Because most of the significant moderate in magnitude, because while Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National threats to D. hirstii affect the species serious and occurring rangewide, the Park (BIBE), Texas, and one in the over a period of years and, in some threats do not significantly reduce privately owned Area de Proteccio´ n de cases, are being managed to some populations on a short time scale. The Flora y Fauna (APFF, Protected Area for extent, the threats are nonimminent. threats are imminent, because three of Flora and Fauna) Maderas del Carmen Based on nonimminent threats of a high the populations are currently in the in northern Coahuila. Despite intensive magnitude, we retain a LPN of 5 for this immediate vicinity of active limestone searches, a population known from species. quarries. Therefore, we have assigned Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Digitaria pauciflora (Florida pineland Frisco buckwheat an LPN of 8. Texas, has not been found since 1952, crabgrass)—We continue to find that Festuca hawaiiensis (no common and is presumed extirpated. In 2009, listing this species is warranted but name)—The following summary is botanists confirmed Guadalupe fescue at precluded as of the date of publication based on information contained in our one site in APFF Maderas del Carmen, of this notice. However, we are working files. No new information was provided but could not find the species at the

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original site, known as Sierra El Jardı´n, remyi, and nonnative plants have been relatively high probability of extinction. which was first reported in 1973. Two reduced in those areas. However, these Therefore, we have retained an LPN of additional Mexican populations, near threats are ongoing in the remaining, 3 for this subspecies. Fraile in southern Coahuila, and the unfenced populations, and are therefore Kadua (=Hedyotis) fluviatilis Sierra de la Madera in central Coahuila, imminent. In addition, the threat from (Kamapuaa)—The following summary is have not been monitored since 1941 and goats and deer is ongoing and imminent based on information contained in our 1977, respectively. A great amount of throughout the range of the species, files. No new information was provided potentially suitable habitat in Coahuila because no goat or deer control in the petition we received on May 11, and adjacent Mexican States has never measures have been undertaken for any 2004. Kadua fluviatilis (formerly been surveyed; due to prevailing of the populations of G. remyi. All of the Hedyotis fluviatilis) is a scandent security issues in northern Mexico. We threats are of a high magnitude, because (climbing) shrub found in mixed do not know if or when these sites can habitat destruction, predation, and shrubland to wet lowland forests on the be safely monitored. The BIBE site was landslides could significantly affect the islands of Oahu and Kauai, Hawaii. This monitored in September 2013; at that entire species, resulting in direct species is known from 11 populations time the total population was estimated mortality or reduced reproductive collectively totaling between 400 and to be less than 200 individual plants. capacity, leading to a relatively high 900 individuals. Kadua fluviatilis is The potential threats to Guadalupe likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we threatened by pigs (Sus scrofa) and fescue include changes in the wildfire have retained an LPN of 2 for this goats (Capra hircus) that degrade and cycle and vegetation structure, species. destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants trampling from humans and pack that outcompete and displace it. Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens animals, possible grazing, trail runoff, Landslides and hurricanes are a (Ohe)—The following summary is based fungal infection of seeds, small sizes potential threat to populations on Kauai. on information contained in our files. and isolation of populations, and Herbivory by pigs and goats is a likely No new information was provided in limited genetic diversity. A historically threat. This species is not represented in the petition we received on May 11, unprecedented period of exceptional an ex situ collection. Threats to this 2004. Joinvillea ascendens ssp. drought and high temperatures species are imminent because they are ascendens is an erect herb found in wet prevailed throughout the species’ range ongoing, and are of high magnitude, to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha- from October 2010 until November leading to a relatively high likelihood of Acacia koa (ohia-koa) lowland and 2011. The Service and the National Park extinction. Therefore, we have retained Service established a candidate montane forests on the Hawaiian Islands an LPN of 2 for this species. conservation agreement (CCA) in 2008 of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Lepidium ostleri (Ostler’s to provide additional protection for the Hawaii. This subspecies is known from peppergrass)—The following summary Chisos Mountains population and to 44 widely scattered populations is based on information in our files and promote cooperative conservation collectively totaling approximately 200 the petition we received on July 30, efforts with U.S. and Mexican partners. individuals. Many of the populations, 2007. Ostler’s peppergrass is a long- The threats to Guadalupe fescue are of which are widely separated, include lived perennial herb in the mustard moderate magnitude and are not only one or two individuals. This family that grows in dense, cushion-like imminent due to the provisions of the subspecies is threatened by destruction tufts. Ostler’s peppergrass is a narrow CCA and other conservation efforts that or modification of habitat by pigs (Sus endemic restricted to soils derived from address threats from trampling, grazing, scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), and deer Ordovician limestone outcrops. The trail runoff, and genetic diversity. Thus, (Axis axis and Odocoileus hemionus), range of the species is less than 5 sq mi we maintained an LPN of 11 for this and by nonnative plants that (13 sq km), with only four known species. outcompete and displace native plants. populations. All four populations occur remyi (Nanu)—The Herbivory by pigs, goats, deer, and rats exclusively on private lands in the following summary is based on (Rattus exulans, R. norvegicus, and R. southern San Francisco Mountains of information contained in our files. No rattus) is a likely threat to this species. Beaver County, Utah. Available new information was provided in the Landslides are a potential threat to population estimates are highly variable petition we received on May 11, 2004. populations on Kauai and Molokai. and inaccurate due largely to the limited Gardenia remyi is a tree found in mesic Seedlings have rarely been observed in access for surveys associated with to wet forests on the Hawaiian Islands the wild. Seeds germinate in cultivation, private lands. of Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. but most die soon thereafter. It is The primary threat to Ostler’s Gardenia remyi is known from 19 uncertain if the apparent low seedling peppergrass is habitat destruction from populations collectively totaling recruitment is typical of this subspecies, precious metal and gravel mining. between 85 and 87 individuals. This or if it is related to habitat disturbance. Mining for precious metals historically species is threatened by pigs (Sus Feral pigs have been fenced out of a few occurred within the vicinity of all four scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), and deer of the populations of this subspecies, populations. Three of the populations (Axis axis and Odocoileus hemionus), and nonnative plants have been reduced are currently in the immediate vicinity which degrade and destroy habitat and in those populations that are fenced. of active limestone quarries, but mining possibly forage upon the species, and by However, these threats are not is only currently occurring in the area nonnative plants that outcompete and controlled and are ongoing in the of one population. Ongoing mining in displace it. G. remyi is also threatened remaining, unfenced populations. This the species’ habitat has the potential to by landslides and reduced reproductive species is represented in ex situ extirpate one population in the near vigor on the island of Hawaii. This collections. The threats are imminent future. Ongoing exploration for precious species is represented in ex situ because they are ongoing and are of high metals and gravel indicate that mining collections. On Kauai, G. remyi magnitude because habitat degradation, will continue, but will take time for the individuals have been outplanted nonnative plants, and predation result mining operations to be put into place. within ungulate-proof exclosures in two in mortality and may severely affect the This will result in the loss and locations. Feral pigs have been fenced reproductive capacity of the majority of fragmentation of Ostler’s peppergrass out of the west Maui populations of G. populations of this species, leading to a populations over a longer time scale.

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Other threats to the species include latifolium (1Aiea)—The the fenced areas. The threat from fire is nonnative species, vulnerability following summary is based on of a high magnitude and imminent associated with small population size, information contained in our files. No because no control measures have been climate change, and the overall new information was provided in the undertaken to address this threat that inadequacy of existing regulatory petition we received on May 11, 2004. could adversely affect most O. mechanisms. The threats that Ostler’s Nothocestrum latifolium is a small tree haleakalae population sites. The threats peppergrass faces are moderate in found in dry to mesic forests on the from feral pigs, goats, and cattle are magnitude, because, while serious and islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, ongoing to the unfenced populations of occurring rangewide, the threats do not and Lanai, Hawaii. N. latifolium is O. haleakalae. The threat from collectively result in significant known from 17 declining populations nonnative plants is imminent and of a population declines on a short time collectively totaling fewer than 1,200 high magnitude to the wild populations scale. The threats are imminent because individuals. This species is threatened on both islands, because it is ongoing the species is currently facing them by feral pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra and adversely affects the survival and across its entire range. Therefore, we hircus), and deer (Axis axis and reproductive capacity of the majority of have assigned Ostler’s peppergrass an Odocoileus hemionus) that degrade and the individuals of this species, leading LPN of 8. destroy habitat and may forage upon it; to a relatively high likelihood of Linum arenicola (Sand flax)—We by nonnative plants that compete for extinction. Therefore, we have retained continue to find that listing this species light and nutrients; and by decreased an LPN of 2 for this species. is warranted but precluded as of the reproductive viability through the loss Pinus albicaulis (Whitebark pine)— date of publication of this notice. of pollinators. This species is The following summary is based on However, we are working on a proposed represented in an ex situ collection. information in our files and in the listing determination that we expect to Ungulates have been fenced out of four petition received on December 9, 2008. publish prior to making the next annual areas where N. latifolium currently Pinus albicaulis is a hardy conifer found resubmitted petition 12-month finding. occurs, hundreds of N. latifolium at alpine tree line and subalpine In the course of preparing the proposed individuals have been outplanted in elevations in Washington, Oregon, listing determination, we are continuing fenced areas, and nonnative plants have Nevada, California, Idaho, Montana, and to monitor new information about this been reduced in some populations that Wyoming, and in British Columbia and species’ status so that we can make are fenced. However, these ongoing Alberta, Canada. In the United States, prompt use of our authority under conservation efforts for this species approximately 96 percent of land where section 4(b)(7) in the case of an benefit only a few of the known the species occurs is federally owned or emergency posing a significant risk to populations. The threats are not managed, primarily by the U.S. Forest the species. controlled and are ongoing in the Service. Pinus albicaulis is a slow- fosbergii (Kolea)—The remaining unfenced populations. In growing, long-lived tree that often lives following summary is based on addition, little natural regeneration has for 500 and sometimes more than 1,000 information contained in our files. No been observed in this species. The years. It is considered a keystone, or new information was provided in the threats are imminent because they are foundation, species in western North petition we received on May 11, 2004. ongoing and of high magnitude, since America, where it increases biodiversity Myrsine fosbergii is a branched shrub or they are severe enough to affect the and contributes to critical ecosystem small tree found in lowland mesic and functions. continued existence of the species, wet forests, on watercourses or stream The primary threat to the species is leading to a relatively high likelihood of banks, on the islands of Kauai and from disease in the form of the extinction. Therefore, we have retained Oahu, Hawaii. This species is currently nonnative white pine blister rust and its known from 14 populations collectively an LPN of 2 for this species. interaction with other threats. Pinus totaling a little more than 100 haleakalae (Holei)—The albicaulis also is currently experiencing individuals. Myrsine fosbergii is following summary is based on significant mortality from predation by threatened by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and information contained in our files. No the native mountain pine beetle. We goats (Capra hircus) that degrade and new information was provided in the also anticipate that continuing destroy habitat and may forage upon the petition we received on May 11, 2004. environmental effects resulting from plant, and by nonnative plants that Ochrosia haleakalae is a tree found in climate change will result in direct compete for light and nutrients. This dry to mesic forests, often on lava, on habitat loss for P. albicaulis. Models species is represented in an ex situ the islands of Hawaii and Maui, Hawaii. predict that suitable habitat for P. collection. Although there are plans to This species is currently known from 8 albicaulis will decline precipitously fence and remove ungulates from the populations collectively totaling within the next 100 years. Past and Helemano area of Oahu, which may between 64 and 76 individuals. ongoing fire suppression is also benefit this species, no conservation Ochrosia haleakalae is threatened by negatively affecting populations of P. measures have yet been taken to protect fire; by feral pigs (Sus scrofa), goats albicaulis through direct habitat loss. this species from nonnative herbivores. (Capra hircus), and cattle (Bos taurus) Additionally, environmental changes Feral pigs and goats are found that degrade and destroy habitat and resulting from changing climatic throughout the known range of M. may directly forage upon it; and, by conditions are acting alone and in fosbergii, as are nonnative plants. The nonnative plants that compete for light combination with the effects of fire threats from feral pigs, goats, and and nutrients. This species is suppression to increase the frequency nonnative plants are imminent and of represented in ex situ collections. Feral and severity of wildfires. Lastly, the high magnitude because because they pigs, goats, and cattle have been fenced existing regulatory mechanisms are are ongoing and they pose a severe out of one wild and one outplanted inadequate to address the threats threat throughout the limited range of population on private lands on the presented above. The threats that face P. this species leading to a relatively high island of Maui and one outplanted albicaulis are high in magnitude, likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we population in Hawaii Volcanoes because the major threats occur have retained an LPN of 2 for this National Park on the island of Hawaii. throughout all of the species’ range and species. Nonnative plants have been reduced in are having a major population-level

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effect on the species. The threats are result in direct mortality or significantly mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), axis imminent, because rangewide disease, reduce reproductive capacity for the deer (Axis axis), and slugs (Limax predation, fire and fire suppression, and majority of the populations, leading to maximus, Milax gagates, and Vaginulus environmental effects of climate change a relatively high likelihood of plebeius); by habitat degradation and are affecting P. albicaulis currently and extinction. Therefore, we have retained destruction by feral ungulates; and by are expected to continue and likely an LPN of 3 for this plant variety. nonnative plants that compete for light intensify in the foreseeable future. Thus, Ranunculus hawaiensis (Makou)— and nutrients. This species is we have assigned P. albicaulis an LPN The following summary is based on represented in an ex situ collection. of 2. information contained in our files. No Feral pigs have been fenced out of one Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Leur new information was provided in the Maui population of R. mauiensis, and (White fringeless orchid)—We continue petition we received on May 11, 2004. nonnative plants have been reduced in to find that listing this species is Ranunculus hawaiensis is an erect or the fenced area. One individual occurs warranted but precluded as of the date ascending perennial herb found in in the Kamakou Preserve on Molokai, of publication of this notice. However, mesic to wet forests dominated by managed by The Nature Conservancy. we are working on a proposed listing Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and However, ongoing conservation efforts determination that we expect to publish Acacia koa (koa) with scree substrate benefit only two populations. The prior to making the next annual (loose stones or rocky debris on a slope) threats are imminent and of high resubmitted petition 12-month finding. on the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and magnitude, since they are severe enough In the course of preparing the proposed Hawaii. This species is currently known to affect the continued existence of the listing rule, we are continuing to from 6 populations collectively totaling species, leading to a relatively high monitor new information about this 14 individuals on the island of Hawaii. likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we species’ status so that we can make On Maui, it was historically known have retained an LPN of 2 for this prompt use of our authority under from an area in east Maui, but species. section 4(b)(7) in the case of an individuals have not been seen at this Rorippa subumbellata (Tahoe yellow emergency posing a significant risk to location since 1995. Ranunculus cress)—The following summary is based the species. hawaiensis is threatened by direct on information contained in our files Pseudognaphalium (= Gnaphalium) predation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa), and the petition received on December sandwicensium var. molokaiense goats (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), 27, 2000. Rorippa subumbellata is a (Enaena)—The following summary is mouflon (Ovis musimon), feral sheep small, branching perennial herb known based on information contained in our (O. aries), and slugs (Limax maximus, only from the shores of Lake Tahoe in files. No new information was provided Milax gagates, and Vaginulus plebeius); California and Nevada. in the petition we received on May 11, by degradation and destruction of Data collected over the last 25 years 2004. Pseudognaphalium habitat by feral ungulates; and by generally indicate that species sandwicensium var. molokaiense is a nonnative plants that compete for light occurrence fluctuates yearly as a perennial herb found in strand and nutrients. This species is function of both lake level and the vegetation in dry consolidated dunes on represented in ex situ collections, and amount of exposed habitat. Records kept the islands of Molokai and Maui, three populations have been outplanted since 1900 show a preponderance of Hawaii. Historically, this variety was into protected exclosures; however, feral years with high lake levels that would also found on Oahu and Lanai. This ungulates and nonnative plants are not isolate and reduce R. subumbellata variety is known from five populations controlled in the remaining, unfenced occurrences at higher beach elevations. collectively totaling approximately 200 populations. In addition, the threat from From the standpoint of the species, less to 20,000 individuals (depending upon introduced slugs is of a high magnitude favorable peak years have occurred rainfall) in the Moomomi area on the because slugs occur throughout the almost twice as often as more favorable island of Molokai, and from 2 limited range of this species and no low-level years. Annual surveys are populations of a few individuals at effective measures have been conducted to determine population Waiehu dunes and at Puu Kahulianapa undertaken to control them or prevent numbers, site occupancy, and general on west Maui. Pseudognaphalium s. var. them from predating on the plants disturbance regime. At least within a molokaiense is threatened by feral goats which can result in death or reduction certain range, the data clearly show that (Capra hircus) and axis deer (Axis axis) in reproductive capacity. Overall, the more individuals are present when lake that degrade and destroy habitat and threats to the species from pigs, goats, levels are low and fewer when lake possibly browse upon it, and by cattle, mouflon, feral sheep, slugs, and levels are high. nonnative plants that compete for light nonnative plants are imminent and of Many Rorippa subumbellata sites are and nutrients. Potential threats also high magnitude. Therefore, we have intensively used for commercial and include collection for cultural use, and retained an LPN of 2 for this species. public purposes, and are subject to off-road vehicles that directly damage Ranunculus mauiensis (Makou)—The various activities such as erosion plants and degrade habitat. Weed following summary is based on control, marina developments, pier control is conducted for one population information contained in our files. No construction, and recreation. The U.S. on Molokai; however, no conservation new information was provided in the Forest Service, California Tahoe efforts have been initiated to date for the petition we received on May 11, 2004. Conservancy, and California Department other populations on Molokai or for the Ranunculus mauiensis is an erect to of Parks and Recreation have individuals on Maui. This species is weakly ascending perennial herb found management programs for R. represented in an ex situ collection. The in open sites in mesic to wet forests and subumbellata that include monitoring, ongoing threats from feral goats, axis along streams on the islands of Maui, fenced enclosures, and transplanting deer, nonnative plants, collection, and Kauai, and Molokai, Hawaii. This efforts when funds and staff are off-road vehicles are of a high species is currently known from 14 available. Public agencies (including the magnitude, because no control measures populations collectively totaling 198 Service), private landowners, and have been undertaken for the Maui individuals. Ranunculus mauiensis is environmental groups collaborated to population or for the four of the five threatened by direct predation by feral develop a Conservation Strategy Molokai populations, and the threats pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), coupled with a Memorandum of

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Understanding–Conservation populations, leading to a relatively high trailing shrub found in coral rubble or Agreement. The Conservation Strategy, likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we sand in coastal sites. This species is completed in 2003, contains goals and have retained an LPN of 2 for this known from populations on Molokai objectives for recovery and survival and species. (approximately 300 individuals), the a research and monitoring agenda, and Sicyos macrophyllus (1Anunu)—We island of Hawaii (5 individuals), and the serves as the foundation for an adaptive continue to find that listing this species northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), management program. Because of the is warranted but precluded as of the Hawaii. The current populations in the continued commitments to conservation date of publication of this notice. NWHI are found on Kure (unknown demonstrated by regulatory and land However, we are working on a proposed number of individuals), Midway management agencies participating in listing determination that we expect to (approximately 260 individuals), Laysan the conservation strategy, the threats to publish prior to making the next annual (approximately 490 individuals), Pearl R. subumbellata from various land uses resubmitted petition 12-month finding. and Hermes (unknown number of have been reduced to a moderate In the course of preparing the proposed individuals), and Nihoa (8,000 to 15,000 magnitude. In high lake level years such listing determination, we are continuing individuals). On Molokai, S. nelsonii is as 2011 and 2013, however, recreational to monitor new information about this moderately threatened by ungulates use is concentrated within R. species’ status so that we can make which degrade and destroy habitat and subumbellata habitat, and we consider prompt use of our authority under which may eat individuals. On Molokai this threat in particular to be ongoing section 4(b)(7) in the case of an and the NWHI, this species is exposed and imminent. Therefore, we are emergency posing a significant risk to to threats from nonnative plants that maintaining an LPN of 8 for this species. the species. outcompete and displace it. Solanum conocarpum (marron Schiedea pubescens (Maolioli)—The nelsonii is exposed to threats by bacora)—The following summary is herbivory by a nonnative grasshopper following summary is based on based on information in our files and in information contained in our files. No (Schistocera nitens) in the NWHI. On the petition we received on November Kure, Midway, Laysan, and Pearl and new information was provided in the 21, 1996. Solanum conocarpum is a dry- petition we received on May 11, 2004. Hermes in the NWHI, tsunamis are also forest shrub in the island of St. John, a potential threat to S. nelsonii. This Schiedea pubescens is a reclining or U.S. Virgin Islands. Its current species is represented in ex situ weakly climbing vine found in diverse distribution includes eight localities in collections. Ungulate exclusion fences, mesic to wet forests on the Hawaiian the island of St. John, each ranging from routine fence monitoring and Islands of Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. It 1 to 144 individuals. The species has maintenance, and weed control protect is presumed extirpated from Lanai. been reported to occur on dry, poor the population of S. nelsonii on Currently, this species is known from 8 soils. It can be locally abundant in Molokai. Limited weed control is populations collectively totaling exposed topography on sites disturbed conducted in the NWHI. However, the between 30 and 32 individuals on Maui, by erosion, areas that have received threats are ongoing and are not being from 4 populations collectively totaling moderate grazing, and around ridgelines controlled in the majority of sites, they between 21 and 22 individuals on as an understory component in diverse are therefore imminent. These threats Molokai, and from 1 population of 4 to woodland communities. A habitat are of moderate magnitude because of 6 individuals on the island of Hawaii. suitability model suggests that the vast the relatively large number of plants, Schiedea pubescens is threatened by majority of Solanum conocarpum and the fact that this species is found on feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra habitat is found in the lower elevation more than one island. Therefore, we hircus) that consume it and degrade and coastal scrub forest. Efforts have been have retained an LPN of 8 for this destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants conducted to propagate the species to species. that compete for light and nutrients. enhance natural populations, and Trifolium friscanum (Frisco clover)— Feral ungulates have been fenced out of planting of seedlings has been The following summary is based on the population of S. pubescens on the conducted in the island of St. John. information in our files and the petition island of Hawaii. Feral goats have been Solanum conocarpum is threatened we received on July 30, 2007. Frisco fenced out of a few of the west Maui by the lack of natural recruitment, clover is a narrow endemic perennial populations of S. pubescens. Nonnative absence of dispersers, fragmented herb found only in Utah, with five plants have been reduced in the distribution, lack of genetic variation, known populations restricted to populations that are fenced on Maui. climate change, and habitat destruction sparsely vegetated, pinion-juniper However, the threats are not controlled or modification by exotic mammal sagebrush communities and shallow, and are ongoing in the remaining species. These threats are evidenced by gravel soils derived from volcanic unfenced populations on Maui and the the reduced number of individuals, low gravels, Ordovician limestone, and four populations on Molokai. number of populations, and lack of dolomite outcrops. The majority (68 Additional fenced areas are planned for connectivity between populations. percent) of Frisco clover plants occur on the Hawaii Island population at Overall, the threats are of high private lands, with the remaining plants Pohakuloa Training Area. Nonnative magnitude because they are leading to found on Federal and State lands. feral ungulates and nonnative plants populations declines for a species that On the private and State lands, the will be controlled within these fenced already has low population numbers most significant threat to Frisco clover areas. Fire is a potential threat to the and fragmented distribution; the threats is habitat destruction from mining for Hawaii Island population. This species are also ongoing and therefore precious metals and gravel. Active is not represented in an ex situ imminent. Therefore, we assigned a LPN mining claims, recent prospecting, and collection. Due to the extremely low of 2 to Solanum conocarpum. an increasing demand for precious number of individuals of this species, Solanum nelsonii (popolo)—The metals and gravel indicate that mining the ongoing threats from goats and following summary is based on in Frisco clover habitats will increase in nonnative plants are imminent and of information contained in our files. No the foreseeable future, likely resulting in high magnitude. These threats cause new information was provided in the the loss of large numbers of plants. mortality and reduced reproductive petition we received on May 11, 2004. Other threats to Frisco clover include capacity for the majority of the Solanum nelsonii is a sprawling or nonnative, invasive species;

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vulnerability associated with small totaling approximately 20 individuals. populations of the grizzly bear (Ursus population size; and drought associated The Maui population has not been arctos horribilis), delta smelt with climate change. Existing regulatory observed since 1995. Huperzia (Hypomesus transpacificus), and mechanisms are inadequate to protect stemmermanniae is threatened by feral Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette the species from these threats. The pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), cactus). Because these species are threats to Frisco clover are moderate in cattle (Bos taurus), and axis deer (Axis already listed under the ESA, they are magnitude because, while serious and axis) that degrade and destroy habitat, not candidates for listing and are not occurring rangewide, they are not acting and by nonnative plants that compete included in Table 1. However, this independently or cumulatively to have for light, space, and nutrients. Huperzia notice and associated species a highly significant negative impact on stemmermanniae is also threatened by assessment forms or 5-year review its survival or reproductive capacity. randomly occurring natural events due documents also constitute the findings For example, although mining for to its small population size. One for the resubmitted petitions to precious metals and gravel historically individual at Waikamoi Preserve may reclassify these species. Our updated occurred throughout Frisco clover’s benefit from fencing for axis deer and assessments for these species are range, and mining operations may pigs. This species is represented in ex provided below. We find that eventually expand into occupied situ collections. The threats from pigs, reclassification to endangered status for habitats, there are no active mines goats, cattle, axis deer, and nonnative one grizzly bear ecosystem population, within the immediate vicinity of any plants are imminent and of a high delta smelt, and Sclerocactus known population. The threats are magnitude because they are sufficiently brevispinus are all currently warranted imminent because the species is severe to adversely affect the species but precluded by work identified above currently facing them across its entire throughout its limited range, resulting (see Findings for Petitioned Candidate range. Therefore, we have assigned in direct mortality or significantly Species). We find that uplisting the Frisco clover an LPN of 8. reducing reproductive capacity and Selkirk ecosystem population and the leading to a relatively high likelihood of Ferns and Allies Cabinet-Yaak ecosystem population of extinction. Therefore, we have retained grizzly bear is no longer warranted; the Cyclosorus boydiae (no common an LPN of 2 for this species. species remains listed as threatened. name)—The following summary is Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis One of the primary reasons that the based on information contained in our (Palapalai)—The following summary is work identified above is considered to files. No new information was provided based on information contained in our have higher priority is that the grizzly in the petition we received on May 11, files. No new information was provided bear population, delta smelt, and 2004. Cyclosorus boydiae is a small- to in the petition we received on May 11, Sclerocactus brevispinus are currently medium-sized fern found in mesic to 2004. Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis listed as threatened, and therefore wet forests along stream banks on the is a terrestrial fern found in mesic-to- already receive certain protections Hawaiian Islands of Oahu and Maui. It wet forests. It is currently found on the under the ESA. We promulgated has been extirpated from the island of Hawaiian Islands of Maui, Oahu, and regulations extending take prohibitions Hawaii. Currently, C. boydiae is known Hawaii in 9 known populations for wildlife and plants under section 9 from seven populations collectively collectively totaling at least 50 to threatened species (50 CFR 17.31 and totaling approximately 400 individuals. individuals. M. s. var. mauiensis is 50 CFR 17.71, respectively). Prohibited This species is threatened by feral pigs threatened by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) that actions under section 9 for wildlife that degrade and destroy habitat and degrade and destroy habitat, and by include, but are not limited to, take (i.e., may eat this plant, and by nonnative nonnative plants that compete for light to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, plants that compete for light and and nutrients. Pigs have been fenced out wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or nutrients. Feral pigs have been fenced of some areas on east and west Maui, attempt to engage in such activity). For out of the largest population on Maui, Oahu, and on Hawaii, where M. s. var. plants, prohibited actions under section and nonnative plants have been reduced mauiensis currently occurs and 9 include removing or reducing to in the fenced area. No conservation nonnative plants have been reduced in possession any listed plant from an area efforts are under way to alleviate threats the fenced areas. However, the threats under Federal jurisdiction (50 CFR to the other two populations on Maui, are not controlled and are ongoing in 17.61). Other protections that apply to or the two populations on Oahu. This the remaining unfenced populations on species is represented in an ex situ Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii. Therefore, the these threatened species even before we collection. The threats are imminent threats from feral pigs and nonnative complete proposed and final because they are ongoing, and of plants are imminent. The threats are of reclassification rules include those moderate magnitude because pigs no a high magnitude because they are under section 7(a)(2) of the ESA, longer threaten the largest population sufficiently severe to adversely affect whereby Federal agencies must insure and nonnative plants have been the species throughout its range, that any action they authorize, fund, or reduced. Therefore, we have retained an resulting in direct mortality or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the LPN of 8 for this species. significantly reducing reproductive continued existence of any endangered Huperzia stemmermanniae capacity and leading to a relatively high or threatened species. (Waewaeiole)—The following summary likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos is based on information contained in have retained an LPN of 3 for this plant horribilis)—North Cascades ecosystem our files. No new information was variety. population (Region 6)—Since 1990, we provided in the petition we received on have received and reviewed five May 11, 2004. Huperzia Petitions To Reclassify Species Already petitions requesting a change in status stemmermanniae is an epiphytic, Listed for the North Cascades grizzly bear pendant clubmoss found in mesic-to- We previously made warranted-but- population (55 FR 32103, August 7, wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia precluded findings on five petitions 1990; 56 FR 33892, July 24, 1991; 57 FR koa (ohia-koa) forests on the Hawaiian seeking to reclassify threatened species 14372, April 20, 1992; 58 FR 43856, Islands of Maui and Hawaii. Only 3 to endangered status. The taxa involved August 18, 1993; 63 FR 30453, June 4, populations are known, collectively in the reclassification petitions are three 1998). In response to these petitions, we

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determined that grizzly bears in the extinction’’). This constitutes our not- 2001. Delta smelt abundance, as North Cascade ecosystem warrant a warranted finding on the six uplisting indicated by the Fall Mid-Water Trawl change to endangered status. In 2014, petitions we received. survey, was exceptionally low between we continue to find that reclassifying Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos 2004 and 2010, increased during the wet this population as endangered is horribilis)—Selkirk ecosystem year of 2011, and decreased again to a warranted but precluded and we population (Region 6)—Since 1992, we very a low level in 2012. continue to assign a LPN of 3 for the have received and reviewed four The primary threats to the delta smelt uplisting of the North Cascades petitions requesting a change in status are direct entrainments by State and population based on high magnitude for individual grizzly bear populations Federal water export facilities, summer threats that are ongoing, thus imminent. (57 FR 14372, April 20, 1992; 58 FR and fall increases in salinity and water However, higher priority listing actions, 8250, February 12, 1993; 58 FR 43856, clarity resulting from decreases in including court-approved settlements, August 18, 1993; 64 FR 26725, May 17, freshwater flow into the estuary, and court-ordered and statutory deadlines 1999). In response to these petitions, we effects from introduced species. for petition findings and listing previously determined that grizzly bears Ammonia in the form of ammonium determinations, emergency listing within the Selkirk ecosystem warranted may also be a significant threat to the determinations, and responses to a change to endangered status but survival of the delta smelt. Additional litigation, continue to preclude reclassification was precluded by higher potential threats are predation by reclassifying grizzly bears in this priority listing actions. However, striped and largemouth bass and inland ecosystem. Furthermore, proposed rules improvements to habitat and the silversides, entrainment into power to reclassify threatened species to institutionalization of those plants, contaminants, and small endangered are a lower priority than improvements in National Forest Land population size. Existing regulatory listing currently unprotected species Management Plans, as well as new mechanisms have not proven adequate (i.e., candidate species), since species information about population size have to halt the decline of delta smelt since currently listed as threatened are significantly reduced threats to this the time of listing as a threatened already afforded the protection of the population from habitat destruction, species. ESA and the implementing regulations. and improved the adequacy of As a result of our analysis of the best We continue to monitor this population regulatory mechanisms. Population available scientific and commercial and will change its status or implement estimates indicate that the population is data, we have retained the an emergency uplisting if necessary. approaching recovery goals of 90 bears, recommendation of uplisting the delta and levels of human-caused mortality smelt to an endangered species with a Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos have been low in recent years. LPN of 2, based on high magnitude and horribilis)—Cabinet-Yaak ecosystem Additionally, food storage orders have imminent threats. The magnitude of the population (Region 6)—Since 1992, we been implemented and some movement threats is high, because the threats occur have received and reviewed six between the Selkirk Mountains and rangewide and result in mortality at a petitions requesting a change in status other populations in Canada has been population level, or significantly reduce for the Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear documented. However, until there are the reproductive capacity of the species. population (57 FR 14372, April 20, significant improvements to regulatory Threats are imminent because they are 1992; 58 FR 8250, February 12, 1993; 58 mechanisms in Canada, full ongoing and, in some cases (e.g., FR 43856, August 18, 1993; 58 FR implementation of motorized access nonnative species), considered 43856, August 18, 1993; 63 FR 30453, management by the U.S. Forest Service, irreversible. June 4, 1998; 64 FR 26725, May 17, and improved population connectivity, Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette 1999). In response to these petitions, we we remain cautious in our cactus) (Region 6) (see 72 FR 53211, previously determined that grizzly bears interpretation. We conclude that the September 18, 2007, and the species in the Cabinet-Yaak ecosystem Selkirk ecosystem population continues assessment form (see ADDRESSES) for warranted a change to endangered to face several threats and will retain additional information on why status. However, for several years, this this populations’s threatened status, but reclassification to endangered is population’s status has been improving. we no longer find that the population is warranted but precluded)—Sclerocactus The population trend has now changed warranted for uplisting to endangered brevispinus is restricted to clay from declining to stable. The U.S. Forest status (i.e., ‘‘on the brink of extinction’’). badlands of the Uinta geologic Service has established regulatory This constitutes our not-warranted formation in the Uinta Basin of mechanisms for motorized access finding on the four uplisting petitions northeastern Utah. The species is management and attractant storage, and we received. restricted to one population with an researchers have documented some Delta smelt (Hypomesus overall range of approximately 16 mi by movement between the Cabinet-Yaak transpacificus) (Region 8) (see 75 FR 5 mi in extent. The species’ entire and other populations in Canada. 17667, April 7, 2010, for additional population is within a developed and Together, these improvements have information on why reclassification to expanding oil and gas field. The reduced the threats to this population. endangered is warranted but location of the species’ habitat exposes Until the Record of Decision for precluded)—The following summary is it to destruction from road, pipeline, motorized access management is more based on information contained in our and well-site construction in connection fully implemented and we have several files. In April, 2010 we completed a 12- with oil and gas development. The more years of a positive population month finding for delta smelt in which species may be collected as a specimen trend, we remain cautious in our we determined that a change in status plant for horticultural use. Recreational interpretation. We conclude that the from threatened to endangered was off-road vehicle use and livestock Cabinet-Yaak ecosystem population warranted, although precluded by other trampling are additional potential continues to face several threats, and high priority listings. The primary threats. The species is currently retain this populations’s threatened rationale for reclassifying delta smelt federally listed as threatened by its status, but we no longer find that the from threatened to endangered was the previous inclusion within the species population is warranted for uplisting to significant declines in delta smelt Sclerocactus glaucus. The threats are of endangered status (i.e., ‘‘on the brink of abundance that have occurred since a high magnitude because any one of the

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threats has the potential to severely status of each species according to the territories. Many species no longer affect the survival of this species, a following codes: occur in all of the areas listed. narrow endemic with a highly limited PE—Species proposed for listing as Species in Table 2 of this notice are range and distribution. Threats are endangered. Proposed species are those we included either as proposed ongoing and, therefore, are imminent. those species for which we have species or as candidates in the previous Thus, we assigned an LPN of 2 to this published a proposed rule to list as CNOR (published November 22, 2013, at species for uplisting. endangered or threatened in the 78 FR 70104) that are no longer Current Notice of Review Federal Register. This category does proposed species or candidates for not include species for which we have listing. Since November 22, 2013, we We gather data on plants and animals withdrawn or finalized the proposed listed 33 species, withdrew 3 species native to the United States that appear rule. from proposed status, and removed 13 to merit consideration for addition to PT—Species proposed for listing as species from the candidate list. The first the Lists of Endangered and Threatened threatened. column indicates the present status of Wildlife and Plants (Lists). This notice PSAT—Species proposed for listing as each species, using the following codes identifies those species that we threatened due to similarity of (not all of these codes may have been currently regard as candidates for appearance. used in this CNOR): addition to the Lists. These candidates C—Candidates: Species for which we E—Species we listed as endangered. include species and subspecies of fish, have on file sufficient information on T—Species we listed as threatened. wildlife, or plants, and DPSs of biological vulnerability and threats to Rc—Species we removed from the vertebrate animals. This compilation support proposals to list them as candidate list because currently relies on information from status endangered or threatened. Issuance of available information does not surveys conducted for candidate proposed rules for these species is support a proposed listing. assessment and on information from precluded at present by other higher Rp—Species we removed from because State Natural Heritage Programs, other priority listing actions. This category we have withdrawn the proposed State and Federal agencies, includes species for which we made listing. knowledgeable scientists, public and a 12-month warranted-but-precluded private natural resource interests, and finding on a petition to list. We made The second column indicates why the comments received in response to new findings on all petitions for species is no longer a candidate or previous notices of review. which we previously made proposed species using the following Tables 1 and 2 list animals arranged ‘‘warranted-but-precluded’’ findings. codes (not all of these codes may have alphabetically by common names under We identify the species for which we been used in this CNOR): the major group headings, and list made a continued warranted-but- A—Species that are more abundant or plants alphabetically by names of precluded finding on a resubmitted widespread than previously believed genera, species, and relevant subspecies petition by the code ‘‘C*’’ in the and species that are not subject to the and varieties. Animals are grouped by category column (see the Findings for degree of threats sufficient that the class or order. Plants are subdivided Petitioned Candidate Species section species is a candidate for listing (for into two groups: (1) Flowering plants for additional information). reasons other than that conservation and (2) ferns and their allies. Useful The ‘‘Priority’’ column indicates the efforts have removed or reduced the synonyms and subgeneric scientific LPN for each candidate species, which threats to the species). names appear in parentheses with the we use to determine the most F—Species whose range no longer synonyms preceded by an ‘‘equals’’ appropriate use of our available includes a U.S. territory. sign. Several species that have not yet resources. The lowest numbers have the I—Species for which we have been formally described in the scientific highest priority. We assign LPNs based insufficient information on biological literature are included; such species are on the immediacy and magnitude of vulnerability and threats to support identified by a generic or specific name threats, as well as on taxonomic status. issuance of a proposed rule to list. (in italics), followed by ‘‘sp.’’ or ‘‘ssp.’’ We published a complete description of L—Species we added to the Lists of We incorporate standardized common our listing priority system in the Endangered and Threatened Wildlife names in these notices as they become Federal Register (48 FR 43098, and Plants. available. We sort plants by scientific September 21, 1983). M—Species we mistakenly included as name due to the inconsistencies in The third column, ‘‘Lead Region,’’ common names, the inclusion of candidates or proposed species in the identifies the Regional Office to which last notice of review. vernacular and composite subspecific you should direct information, N—Species that are not listable entities names, and the fact that many plants comments, or questions (see addresses based on the ESA’s definition of still lack a standardized common name. under Request for Information at the ‘‘species’’ and current taxonomic Table 1 lists all candidate species, end of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION understanding. plus species currently proposed for section). listing under the ESA. We emphasize Following the scientific name (fourth U—Species that are not subject to the that in this notice we are not proposing column) and the family designation degree of threats sufficient to warrant to list any of the candidate species; (fifth column) is the common name issuance of a proposed listing and rather, we will develop and publish (sixth column). The seventh column therefore are not candidates for proposed listing rules for these species provides the known historical range for listing, due, in part or totally, to in the future. We encourage State the species or vertebrate population (for conservation efforts that remove or agencies, other Federal agencies, and vertebrate populations, this is the reduce the threats to the species. other parties to give consideration to historical range for the entire species or X—Species we believe to be extinct. these species in environmental subspecies and not just the historical The columns describing lead region, planning. range for the distinct population scientific name, family, common name, In Table 1, the ‘‘category’’ column on segment), indicated by postal code and historical range include information the left side of the table identifies the abbreviations for States and U.S. as previously described for Table 1.

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Request for Information Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Suite W2606, Sacramento, CA 95825 We request you submit any further Service, 500 Gold Avenue SW., Room (916/414–6464). information on the species named in 4012, Albuquerque, NM 87102 (505/ 248–6920). We will provide information received this notice as soon as possible or in response to the previous CNOR to the whenever it becomes available. We are Region 3. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Region having lead responsibility for particularly interested in any each candidate species mentioned in the information: and Wisconsin. Regional Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, submission. We will likewise consider (1) Indicating that we should add a all information provided in response to species to the list of candidate species; 5600 American Blvd. West, Suite 990, (2) Indicating that we should remove Bloomington, MN 55437–1458 (612/ this CNOR in deciding whether to a species from candidate status; 713–5334). propose species for listing and when to (3) Recommending areas that we Region 4. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, undertake necessary listing actions should designate as critical habitat for a Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, (including whether emergency listing species, or indicating that designation of Mississippi, North Carolina, South under section 4(b)(7) of the ESA is critical habitat would not be prudent for Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and appropriate). Information and comments a species; the U.S. Virgin Islands. Regional we receive will become part of the (4) Documenting threats to any of the Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife administrative record for the species, included species; Service, 1875 Century Boulevard, which we maintain at the appropriate (5) Describing the immediacy or Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30345 (404/ Regional Office. magnitude of threats facing candidate 679–4156). species; Region 5. Connecticut, Delaware, Public Availability of Comments District of Columbia, Maine, (6) Pointing out taxonomic or Before including your address, phone nomenclature changes for any of the Maryland, Massachusetts, New number, email address, or other species; Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, personal identifying information in your (7) Suggesting appropriate common Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, names; and Virginia, and West Virginia. Regional submission, be advised that your entire (8) Noting any mistakes, such as Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife submission—including your personal errors in the indicated historical ranges. Service, 300 Westgate Center Drive, identifying information—may be made Submit information, materials, or Hadley, MA 01035–9589 (413/253– publicly available at any time. Although comments regarding a particular species 8615). you can ask us in your submission to to the Regional Director of the Region Region 6. Colorado, Kansas, Montana, withhold from public review your identified as having the lead Nebraska, North Dakota, South personal identifying information, we responsibility for that species. The Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Regional cannot guarantee that we will be able to regional addresses follow: Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife do so. Region 1. Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, Service, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Authority Washington, American Samoa, Guam, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225– and Commonwealth of the Northern 0486 (303/236–7400). This notice is published under the Mariana Islands. Regional Director Region 7. Alaska. Regional Director authority of the Endangered Species Act (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE. 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK seq.). 11th Avenue, Portland, OR 97232– 99503–6199 (907/786–3505). 4181 (503/231–6158). Region 8. California and Nevada. Dated: November 18, 2014. Region 2. Arizona, New Mexico, Regional Director (TE), U.S. Fish and David Cottingham, Oklahoma, and Texas. Regional Wildlife Service, 2800 Cottage Way, Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.

TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS) [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

MAMMALS

PE ...... R3 ...... Myotis septentrionalis ...... Bat, northern long-eared U.S.A. (AL, AR, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WV, WI, WY); Canada (AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT). PE ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Emballonura Emballonuridae ...... Bat, Pacific sheath-tailed U.S.A. (GU, CNMI). semicaudata rotensis. (Mariana Islands sub- species). C * ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Emballonura Emballonuridae ...... Bat, Pacific sheath-tailed U.S.A. (AS), Fiji, Inde- semicaudata (American Samoa pendent Samoa, semicaudata. DPS). Tonga, Vanuatu.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C * ...... 6 ...... R2 ...... Tamias minimus Sciuridae ...... Chipmunk, Pen˜asco U.S.A. (NM). atristriatus. least. C * ...... 2 ...... R5 ...... Sylvilagus transitionalis .. Leporidae ...... Cottontail, New England U.S.A. (CT, MA, ME, NH, NY, RI, VT). PT ...... 6 ...... R8 ...... Martes pennanti ...... Mustelidae ...... Fisher (west coast DPS) U.S.A. (CA, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY), Canada. C * ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Urocitellus endemicus .... Sciuridae ...... Squirrel, Southern Idaho U.S.A. (ID). ground. C * ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Urocitellus washingtoni .. Sciuridae ...... Squirrel, Washington U.S.A. (WA, OR). ground. C * ...... 9 ...... R1 ...... Arborimus longicaudus .. Cricetidae ...... Vole, Red (north Oregon U.S.A. (OR). coast DPS). C * ...... 9 ...... R7 ...... Odobenus rosmarus Odobenidae ...... Walrus, Pacific ...... U.S.A. (AK), Russian divergens. Federation (Kamchatka and Chukotka). PE ...... R2 ...... Canis lupus baileyi ...... Canidae ...... Wolf, Mexican gray ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NM).

BIRDS

C * ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Porzana tabuensis ...... Rallidae ...... Crake, spotless (Amer- U.S.A. (AS), Australia, ican Samoa DPS). Fiji, Independent Samoa, Marquesas, Philippines, Society Is- lands, Tonga. C * ...... 9 ...... R1 ...... Gallicolumba stairi ...... Columbidae ...... Ground-dove, friendly U.S.A. (AS), Inde- (American Samoa pendent Samoa. DPS). PT ...... 3 ...... R5 ...... Calidris canutus rufa ...... Scolopacidae ...... Knot, red ...... U.S.A. (Atlantic coast), Canada, South Amer- ica. C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Gymnomyza samoensis Meliphagidae ...... Ma’oma’o ...... U.S.A. (AS), Inde- pendent Samoa. C * ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Synthliboramphus Alcidae ...... Murrelet, Xantus’s ...... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico. hypoleucus. C * ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Amazona viridigenalis .... Psittacidae ...... Parrot, red-crowned ...... U.S.A. (TX), Mexico. C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Anthus spragueii ...... Motacillidae ...... Pipit, Sprague’s ...... U.S.A. (AR, AZ, CO, KS, LA, MN, MS, MT, ND, NE, NM, OK, SD, TX), Canada, Mexico. C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater ..... U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, ID, urophasianus. MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). PT ...... 3 ...... R8 ...... Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, ID, urophasianus. (Bi-State DPS). MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). C * ...... 6 ...... R1 ...... Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, ID, urophasianus. (Columbia Basin DPS). MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). PE ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Centrocercus minimus ... Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, Gunnison U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM, UT). C * ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Oceanodroma castro ..... Hydrobatidae ...... Storm-petrel, band- U.S.A. (HI), Atlantic rumped (Hawaii DPS). Ocean, Ecuador (Ga- lapagos Islands), Japan. C * ...... 11 ...... R4 ...... Dendroica angelae ...... Emberizidae ...... Warbler, elfin-woods ...... U.S.A. (PR).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

REPTILES

C * ...... 8 ...... R3 ...... Sistrurus catenatus ...... Viperidae ...... Massasauga U.S.A. (IA, IL, IN, MI, (=rattlesnake), eastern. MN, MO, NY, OH, PA, WI), Canada. PE ...... R1 ...... Emoia slevini ...... Scincidae ...... Skink, Slevin’s (Guali’ek U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Halom Tano). Islands). PT ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Pituophis melanoleucus Colubridae ...... Snake, black pine ...... U.S.A. (AL, LA, MS). lodingi. C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pituophis ruthveni ...... Colubridae ...... Snake, Louisiana pine ... U.S.A. (LA, TX). C * ...... 5 ...... R2 ...... Gopherus morafkai ...... Testudinidae ...... Tortoise, Sonoran desert U.S.A. (AZ, CA, NV, UT). C * ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Gopherus polyphemus ... Testudinidae ...... Tortoise, gopher (east- U.S.A. (AL, FL, GA, LA, ern population). MS, SC). C * ...... 6 ...... R2 ...... Kinosternon sonoriense Kinosternidae ...... Turtle, Sonoyta mud ...... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. longifemorale.

AMPHIBIANS

C * ...... 9 ...... R8 ...... Rana luteiventris ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Columbia spotted U.S.A. (AK, ID, MT, NV, (Great Basin DPS). OR, UT, WA, WY), Canada (BC). C * ...... 8 ...... R8 ...... Lithobates onca ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, relict leopard ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NV, UT). C * ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Notophthalmus Salamandridae ...... Newt, striped ...... U.S.A. (FL, GA). perstriatus. C * ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Berry Cave U.S.A. (TN). C ...... 3 ...... R2 ...... Hyla wrightorum ...... Hylidae ...... Treefrog, Arizona U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico (So- (Huachuca/Canelo nora). DPS). C * ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Necturus alabamensis ... Proteidae ...... Waterdog, black warrior U.S.A. (AL). (=Sipsey Fork).

FISHES

C * ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Gila nigra ...... ...... Chub, headwater ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NM). C * ...... 9 ...... R2 ...... Gila robusta ...... Cyprinidae ...... Chub, roundtail (Lower U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM, Colorado River Basin UT, WY). DPS). C * ...... 11 ...... R6 ...... Etheostoma cragini ...... Percidae ...... Darter, Arkansas ...... U.S.A. (AR, CO, KS, MO, OK). C ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Etheostoma sagitta ...... Percidae ...... Darter, Cumberland U.S.A. (KY, TN). arrow. PE ...... 2 ...... R5 ...... Crystallaria cincotta ...... Percidae ...... Darter, diamond ...... U.S.A. (KY, OH, TN, WV). C ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Etheostoma spilotum ..... Percidae ...... Darter, Kentucky arrow .. U.S.A. (KY). C * ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Percina aurora ...... Percidae ...... Darter, Pearl ...... U.S.A. (LA, MS). C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Moxostoma sp ...... Catostomidae ...... Redhorse, sicklefin ...... U.S.A. (GA, NC, TN). C * ...... 3 ...... R8 ...... Spirinchus thaleichthys .. Osmeridae ...... Smelt, longfin (San Fran- U.S.A. (AK, CA, OR, cisco bay-delta DPS). WA), Canada. PSAT ..... N/A ...... R1 ...... Salvelinus malma ...... Salmonidae ...... Trout, Dolly Varden ...... U.S.A. (AK, WA), Can- ada, East Asia.

CLAMS

C * ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Lampsilis bracteata ...... Unionidae ...... Fatmucket, Texas ...... U.S.A. (TX). C * ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Truncilla macrodon ...... Unionidae ...... Fawnsfoot, Texas ...... U.S.A. (TX). C * ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Popenaias popei ...... Unionidae ...... Hornshell, Texas ...... U.S.A. (NM, TX), Mex- ico. C * ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Quadrula aurea ...... Unionidae ...... Orb, golden ...... U.S.A. (TX). C * ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Quadrula houstonensis .. Unionidae ...... Pimpleback, smooth ...... U.S.A. (TX). C * ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Quadrula petrina ...... Unionidae ...... Pimpleback, Texas ...... U.S.A. (TX).

SNAILS

C * ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Elimia melanoides ...... Pleuroceridae ...... Mudalia, black ...... U.S.A. (AL). C * ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Planorbella magnifica .... Planorbidae ...... Ramshorn, magnificent .. U.S.A. (NC). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ostodes strigatus ...... Potaridae ...... Sisi snail ...... U.S.A. (AS). PE ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Samoana fragilis ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, fragile tree ...... U.S.A. (GU, MP). PE ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Partula radiolata ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Guam tree ...... U.S.A. (GU).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

PE ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Partula gibba ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Humped tree ...... U.S.A. (GU, MP). PE ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Partula langfordi ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Langford’s tree ..... U.S.A. (MP). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Eua zebrina ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Tutuila tree ...... U.S.A. (AS). C * ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Pyrgulopsis thompsoni ... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Huachuca ... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. C * ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Pyrgulopsis morrisoni .... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Page ...... U.S.A. (AZ).

INSECTS

C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus anthracinus ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus assimulans ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus facilis ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus hilaris ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus kuakea ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus longiceps ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus mana ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C * ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Hermelycaena [Lycaena] Lycaenidae ...... Butterfly, Hermes copper U.S.A. (CA). hermes. PE ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Hypolimnas octucula Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Mariana eight- U.S.A. (GU, MP). mariannensis. spot. PE ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Vagrans egistina ...... Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Mariana wan- U.S.A. (GU, MP). dering. C * ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Atlantea tulita ...... Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Puerto Rican U.S.A. (PR). harlequin. C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Glyphopsyche Limnephilidae ...... Caddisfly, Sequatchie .... U.S.A. (TN). sequatchie. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Baker Sta- U.S.A. (TN). insularis. tion (=insular). C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Clifton ...... U.S.A. (KY). caecus. C * ...... 11 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Coleman ... U.S.A. (TN). colemanensis. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Fowler’s .... U.S.A. (TN). fowlerae. C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, icebox ...... U.S.A. (KY). frigidus. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Indian U.S.A. (TN). tiresias. Grave Point (= Sooth- sayer). C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus in- Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, inquirer ..... U.S.A. (TN). quisitor. C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Louisville ... U.S.A. (KY). troglodytes. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Noblett’s ... U.S.A. (TN). paulus. C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Tatum ...... U.S.A. (KY). parvus. C * ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Megalagrion Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, orangeblack U.S.A. (HI). xanthomelas. Hawaiian. PE ...... R1 ...... Ischnura luta ...... Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, Rota blue ..... U.S.A. (Mariana Islands). C ...... 2 ...... R8 ...... Ambrysus funebris ...... Naucoridae ...... Naucorid bug (=Furnace U.S.A. (CA). Creek), Nevares Spring. C * ...... 8 ...... R3 ...... Papaipema eryngii ...... Noctuidae ...... Moth, rattlesnake-master U.S.A. (AR, IL, KY, NC, borer. OK). C * ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Heterelmis stephani ...... Elmidae ...... Riffle beetle, Stephan’s .. U.S.A. (AZ). PT ...... 8 ...... R3 ...... Hesperia dacotae ...... Hesperiidae ...... Skipper, Dakota ...... U.S.A. (MN, IA, SD, ND, IL), Canada. PE ...... 2 ...... R3 ...... Oarisma poweshiek ...... Hesperiidae ...... Skipperling, Poweshiek .. U.S.A. (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, ND, SD, WI), Canada (MB). C * ...... 5 ...... R6 ...... Capnia arapahoe ...... Capniidae ...... Snowfly, Arapahoe ...... U.S.A. (CO).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C * ...... 5 ...... R6 ...... Lednia tumana ...... Nemouridae ...... Stonefly, meltwater U.S.A. (MT). lednian. C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Cicindela highlandensis Cicindelidae ...... Tiger beetle, highlands .. U.S.A. (FL).

CRUSTACEANS

C ...... 8 ...... R5 ...... Stygobromus kenki ...... Crangonyctidae ...... Amphipod, Kenk’s ...... U.S.A. (DC). C * ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Metabetaeus lohena ...... Alpheidae ...... Shrimp, anchialine pool U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Palaemonella burnsi ...... Palaemonidae ...... Shrimp, anchialine pool U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Procaris hawaiana ...... Procarididae ...... Shrimp, anchialine pool U.S.A. (HI).

FLOWERING PLANTS

C * ...... 11 ...... R8 ...... Abronia alpina ...... Nyctaginaceae ...... Sand-verbena, U.S.A. (CA). Ramshaw Meadows. C * ...... 11 ...... R4 ...... Argythamnia blodgettii ... Euphorbiaceae ...... Silverbush, Blodgett’s .... U.S.A. (FL). C * ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Artemisia borealis var. Asteraceae ...... Wormwood, northern ..... U.S.A. (OR, WA). wormskioldii. C * ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus anserinus ..... Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Goose Creek U.S.A. (ID, NV, UT). C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus microcymbus Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, skiff ...... U.S.A. (CO). C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus schmolliae .... Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Schmoll ...... U.S.A. (CO). C * ...... 11 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus tortipes ...... Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Sleeping Ute U.S.A. (CO). C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Boechera (Arabis) pusilla Brassicaceae ...... Rockcress, Fremont U.S.A. (WY). County or small. PE ...... R1 ...... Bulbophyllum guamense Orchidaceae ...... Cebello halumtano ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Calamagrostis expansa Poaceae ...... Reedgrass, Maui ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 11 ...... R8 ...... Calochortus persistens .. Liliaceae ...... Mariposa lily, Siskiyou ... U.S.A. (CA, OR). C * ...... 9 ...... R4 ...... Chamaecrista lineata Fabaceae ...... Pea, Big Pine partridge U.S.A. (FL). var. keyensis. C * ...... 12 ...... R4 ...... Chamaesyce deltoidea Euphorbiaceae ...... Sandmat, pineland ...... U.S.A. (FL). pinetorum. C * ...... 9 ...... R4 ...... Chamaesyce deltoidea Euphorbiaceae ...... Spurge, wedge ...... U.S.A. (FL). serpyllum. C * ...... 6 ...... R8 ...... Chorizanthe parryi var. Polygonaceae ...... Spineflower, San Fer- U.S.A. (CA). fernandina. nando Valley. C * ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Cirsium wrightii ...... Asteraceae ...... Thistle, Wright’s ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NM), Mex- ico. C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Cyanea kauaulaensis .... Campanulaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). PT ...... R1 ...... Cycas micronesica ...... Cycadaceae ...... Fadang ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Cyperus neokunthianus Cyperaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Cyrtandra hematos ...... Gesneriaceae ...... Ha1iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Dalea carthagenensis Fabaceae ...... Prairie-clover, Florida ..... U.S.A. (FL). var. floridana. PE ...... R1 ...... Dendrobium guamens ... Orchidaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C * ...... 5 ...... R5 ...... Dichanthelium hirstii ...... Poaceae ...... Panic grass, Hirst Broth- U.S.A. (DE, GA, NC, ers’. NJ). C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Digitaria pauciflora ...... Poaceae ...... Crabgrass, Florida pine- U.S.A. (FL). land. C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Eriogonum soredium ...... Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Frisco ...... U.S.A. (UT). PE ...... R1 ...... Eugenia bryanii ...... Myrtaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (Guam). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Exocarpos menziesii ...... Santalaceae ...... Menzies ballart ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Festuca hawaiiensis ...... Poaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Festuca ligulata ...... Poaceae ...... Fescue, Guadalupe ...... U.S.A. (TX), Mexico. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Gardenia remyi ...... ...... Nanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). PE ...... R1 ...... Hedyotis megalantha ..... Rubiaceae ...... Paudedo ...... U.S.A. (Guam). PE ...... R1 ...... Heritiera longipetiolata ... Malvaceae ...... Ufa-halomtano ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C * ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Joinvillea ascendens Joinvilleaceae ...... 1Ohe ...... U.S.A. (HI). ascendens. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Kadua (=Hedyotis) Rubiaceae ...... Kampua1a ...... U.S.A. (HI). fluviatilis. C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Kadua haupuensis ...... Rubiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Labordia lorenciana ...... Loganiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Lepidium orbiculare ...... Brassicaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Lepidium ostleri ...... Brassicaceae ...... Peppergrass, Ostler’s .... U.S.A. (UT). C * ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Linum arenicola ...... Linaceae ...... Flax, sand ...... U.S.A. (FL).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

PE ...... R1 ...... Maesa walkeri ...... ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Myrsine fosbergii ...... Myrsinaceae ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI). PE ...... R1 ...... Nervilia jacksoniae ...... Orchidaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Nothocestrum latifolium ...... 1Aiea ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ochrosia haleakalae ...... ...... Holei ...... U.S.A. (HI). PE ...... R1 ...... Phyllanthus saffordii ...... Phyllanthaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (Guam). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Phyllostegia brevidens ... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Phyllostegia helleri ...... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Phyllostegia stachyoides Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Pinus albicaulis ...... Pinaceae ...... Pine, whitebark ...... U.S.A. (CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA, WY), Can- ada (AB, BC). C * ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Platanthera integrilabia .. Orchidaceae ...... Orchid, white fringeless U.S.A. (AL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Portulaca villosa ...... ...... Ihi ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Pritchardia bakeri ...... Arecaceae ...... Lo1ulu (=Lo1ulu lelo) ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Pseudognaphalium Asteraceae ...... 1Ena1ena ...... U.S.A. (HI). (=Gnaphalium) sandwicensium var. molokaiense. PE ...... R1 ...... Psychotria malaspinae ... Rubiaceae ...... Aplokating-palaoan ...... U.S.A. (Guam). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ranunculus hawaiensis Ranunculaceae ...... Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ranunculus mauiensis ... Ranunculaceae ...... Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 8 ...... R8 ...... Rorippa subumbellata .... Brassicaceae ...... Cress, Tahoe yellow ...... U.S.A. (CA, NV). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Sanicula sandwicensis ... Apiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Santalum involutum ...... Santalaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Schiedea diffusa ssp. Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). diffusa. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Schiedea pubescens ..... Caryophyllaceae ...... Ma1oli1oli ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Sicyos lanceoloideus ..... Cucurbitaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Sicyos macrophyllus ...... Cucurbitaceae ...... 1Anunu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 12 ...... R4 ...... Sideroxylon reclinatum Sapotaceae ...... Bully, Everglades ...... U.S.A. (FL). austrofloridense. C * ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Solanum conocarpum .... Solanaceae ...... Bacora, marron ...... U.S.A. (PR). PE ...... R1 ...... Solanum guamense ...... Solanaceae ...... Bereng-henas halomtano U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C * ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Solanum nelsonii ...... Solanaceae ...... Popolo ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Stenogyne kaalae ssp. Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). sherffii. C ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Streptanthus bracteatus Brassicaceae ...... Twistflower, bracted ...... U.S.A. (TX). PT ...... R1 ...... Tabernaemontana Apocynaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana rotensis. Islands). PE ...... R1 ...... Tinospora homosepala .. Menispermaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A (Guam). C * ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Trifolium friscanum ...... Fabaceae ...... Clover, Frisco ...... U.S.A. (UT). PE ...... R1 ...... Tuberolabium guamense Orchidaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (Guam, Mariana Islands). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Wikstroemia Thymelaeaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). skottsbergiana.

FERNS AND ALLIES

C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Asplenium diellaciniatum Aspleniaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C * ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Cyclosorus boydiae ...... Thelypteridaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Deparia kaalaana ...... Woodsiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Dryopteris glabra var. Dryopteridaceae ...... Kilau ...... U.S.A. (HI). pusilla. C ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Hypolepis hawaiiensis Dennstaedtiaceae ...... Olua ...... U.S.A. (HI). var. mauiensis. C * ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Huperzia Lycopodiaceae ...... Wawae1iole ...... U.S.A. (HI). (=Phlegmariurus) stemmermanniae. C * ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Microlepia strigosa var. Dennstaedtiaceae ...... Palapalai ...... U.S.A. (HI). mauiensis (=Microlepia mauiensis). PE ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Trichomanes punctatum Hymenophyllaceae ...... Florida bristle fern ...... U.S.A. (FL). floridanum.

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TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

MAMMALS

T ...... L ...... R6 ...... Lynx canadensis ...... Felidae ...... Lynx, Canada (New U.S.A. (CO, ID, ME, MI, Mexico population). MN, MT, NH, NY, OR, UT, VT, WA, WI, WY), Canada. E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Zapus hudsonius luteus Zapodidae ...... Mouse, New Mexico U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM). meadow jumping. T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Roy U.S.A. (WA). glacialis. Prairie. T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Olympia U.S.A. (WA). pugetensis. T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Tenino .. U.S.A. (WA). tumuli. T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Yelm ..... U.S.A. (WA). yelmensis. Rc ...... A ...... R6 ...... Cynomys gunnisoni ...... Sciuridae ...... Prairie dog, Gunnison’s U.S.A. (CO, NM). (populations in central and south-central Col- orado, north-central New Mexico). Rp ...... A ...... R6 ...... Gulo gulo luscus ...... Mustelidae ...... Wolverine, North Amer- U.S.A. (CA, CO, ID, MT, ican (Contiguous U.S. OR, UT, WA, WY). DPS).

BIRDS

T ...... L ...... R8 ...... Coccyzus americanus .... Cuculidae ...... Cuckoo, yellow-billed U.S.A. (Lower 48 (Western U.S. DPS). States), Canada, Mex- ico, Central and South America. Rc ...... A ...... R7 ...... Gavia adamsii ...... Gaviidae ...... Loon, yellow-billed ...... U.S.A. (AK), Canada, Norway, Russia, coastal waters of southern Pacific and North Sea. T ...... L ...... R2 ...... Tympanuchus Phasianidae ...... Prairie-chicken, lesser ... U.S.A. (CO, KA, NM, pallidicinctus. OK, TX).

REPTILES

T ...... L ...... R2 ...... Thamnophis Colubridae ...... Gartersnake, narrow- U.S.A. (AZ, NM). rufipunctatus. headed. T ...... L ...... R2 ...... Thamnophis eques Colubridae ...... Gartersnake, northern U.S.A. (AZ, NM, NV), megalops. Mexican. Mexico. Rc ...... A ...... R2 ...... Chionactis occipitalis Colubridae ...... Snake, Tucson shovel- U.S.A. (AZ). klauberi. nosed.

AMPHIBIANS

E ...... L ...... R8 ...... Rana muscosa ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, mountain yellow- U.S.A (CA, NV). legged (northern Cali- fornia DPS). T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Rana pretiosa ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Oregon spotted .... U.S.A. (CA, OR, WA), Canada (BC). E ...... L ...... R8 ...... Rana sierrae ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Sierra Nevada yel- U.S.A. (CA, NV). low-legged frog. T ...... L ...... R2 ...... Eurycea naufragia ...... Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, George- U.S.A. (TX). town. T ...... L ...... R2 ...... Eurycea chisholmensis .. Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Salado ...... U.S.A. (TX). T ...... L ...... R8 ...... Anaxyrus canorus ...... Bufonidae ...... Toad, Yosemite ...... U.S.A. (CA).

FISHES

Rc ...... A ...... R6 ...... Iotichthys phlegethontis Cyprinidae ...... Chub, least ...... U.S.A. (UT). Rc ...... A ...... R6 ...... Thymallus arcticus ...... Salmonidae ...... Grayling, Arctic (upper U.S.A. (AK, MI, MT, Missouri River DPS). WY), Canada, north- ern Asia, northern Eu- rope.

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TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

E ...... L ...... R2 ...... oxyrhynchus .... Cyprinidae ...... Shiner, sharpnose ...... U.S.A. (TX). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Notropis buccula ...... Cyprinidae ...... Shiner, smalleye ...... U.S.A. (TX). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Catostomus discobolus Catostomidae ...... Sucker, Zuni bluehead ... U.S.A. (AZ, NM). yarrowi. Rc ...... U ...... R2 ...... Oncorhynchus clarki Salmonidae ...... Trout, Rio Grande cut- U.S.A. (CO, NM). virginalis. throat.

INSECTS

E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Strymon acis bartrami .... Lycaenidae ...... Butterfly, Bartram’s U.S.A. (FL). scrub-hairstreak. E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Anaea troglodyta Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Florida U.S.A. (FL). floridalis. leafwing.

ARACHNIDS

Rc ...... N ...... R2 ...... Cicurina wartoni ...... Dictynidae ...... Meshweaver, Warton’s U.S.A. (TX). cave.

FLOWERING PLANTS

E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Agave eggersiana ...... Agavaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (VI). T ...... L ...... R4 ...... Arabis georgiana ...... Brassicaceae ...... Rockcress, Georgia ...... U.S.A. (AL, GA). Rc ...... A ...... R1 ...... Astragalus cusickii var. Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Packard’s ...... U.S.A. (ID). packardiae. E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Brickellia mosieri ...... Asteraceae ...... Brickell-bush, Florida ..... U.S.A. (FL). Rc ...... A ...... R8 ...... Eriogonum corymbosum Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Las Vegas .. U.S.A. (NV). var. nilesii. Rc ...... A ...... R8 ...... Eriogonum diatomaceum Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Churchill U.S.A (NV). Narrows. Rc ...... A ...... R8 ...... Eriogonum kelloggii ...... Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Red Moun- U.S.A. (CA). tain. E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Gonocalyx concolor ...... Ericaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (PR). E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Helianthus verticillatus ... Asteraceae ...... Sunflower, whorled ...... U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN). T ...... L ...... R8 ...... Ivesia webberi ...... Rosaceae ...... Ivesia, Webber ...... U.S.A. (CA, NV). E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Leavenworthia crassa .... Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, fleshy-fruit .. U.S.A. (AL). T ...... L ...... R4 ...... Leavenworthia exigua Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, Kentucky .... U.S.A. (KY). var. laciniata. E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Linum carteri var. carteri Linaceae ...... Flax, Carter’s small-flow- U.S.A. (FL). ered. E ...... L ...... R8 ...... Mimulus fremontii var. Phrymaceae ...... Monkeyflower, Vanden- U.S.A. (CA). vandenbergensis. berg. Rp ...... A ...... R6 ...... Penstemon grahamii ...... Scrophulariaceae ...... Beardtongue, Graham’s U.S.A. (CO, UT). Rp ...... A ...... R6 ...... Penstemon scariosus Scrophulariaceae ...... Beardtongue, White U.S.A. (CO, UT). var. albifluvis. River. E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Physaria globosa ...... Brassicaceae ...... Bladderpod, Short’s ...... U.S.A. (IN, KY, TN). Rc ...... A ...... R8 ...... Sedum eastwoodiae ...... Crassulaceae ...... Stonecrop, Red Moun- U.S.A. (CA). tain. Rc ...... U ...... R4 ...... Symphyotrichum Asteraceae ...... Aster, Georgia ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL, GA, NC, georgianum. SC). T ...... L ...... R4 ...... Varronia (=Cordia) Boraginaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (PR), Anegada. rupicola.

[FR Doc. 2014–28536 Filed 12–4–14; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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