Sequential Drinking Water Sampling As a Tool for Evaluating Lead in Flint
Water Research 157 (2019) 40e54 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Water Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres Sequential drinking water sampling as a tool for evaluating lead in flint, Michigan * Darren A. Lytle a, , Michael R. Schock a, Kory Wait a, Kelly Cahalan a, Valerie Bosscher b, Andrea Porter b, Miguel Del Toral b a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Ground Water & Drinking Water Branch, 77 Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL 60604, USA article info abstract Article history: Eliminating the sources of human lead exposure is an ongoing public health goal. Identifying the make- Received 11 October 2018 up of household plumbing and service line material type is important for many reasons including un- Received in revised form derstanding lead release sources and mechanisms, targeting locations for lead service line (LSL) removal, 15 March 2019 and assessing the effectiveness of lead remediation strategies. As part of the response to Flint, Michigan's Accepted 21 March 2019 drinking water lead public health crisis, a return to their original drinking water source (Lake Huron) and Available online 24 March 2019 an increase in orthophosphate dose was implemented in late 2015. In 2016, EPA performed multiple rounds of sequential or “profiling” water sampling to evaluate corrosion control effectiveness and Keywords: Lead identify lead sources in homes and service lines, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion Drinking water control treatment with time on the different plumbing components. The results showed that lead levels, sequential samples including high lead levels likely associated with particles, decreased with time in homes sampled during Orthophosphate the 11-month evaluation period.
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