Introduction

Notes

Introduction

1. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 6th Series), vol. 21, col. 633, 3 April 1982. 2. Peter Carrington, Reflect on Things Past: The Memoirs of Lord Carrington (London, 1988), p. 370. The scene in the Commons is vividly portrayed in Richard Aldous, Reagan and Thatcher: The Difficult Relationship (London, 2012), pp. 70–74. 3. Parliamentary Debates, vol. 21, col. 646, 3 April 1982. 4. Parliamentary Debates, ‘Falkland Islands (Franks Report)’, vol. 35, col. 792, 25 January 1983. 5. Carrington, Reflect on Things Past: The Memoirs of Lord Carrington, p. 351. 6. Parliamentary Debates, ‘Falkland Islands (Franks Report)’, vol. 35, col. 948, 26 January 1983. 7. Article for The Observer by David Owen, 23 January 1983. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers, University of Liverpool. 8. David Owen, Time to Declare (London, 1991), p. 361. 9. Lawrence Freedman, The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: Vol. I: The Origins of the Falklands War (Abingdon, 2007). 10. For example: Lawrence Freedman and Virginia Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals of War (London, 1990), moves briskly through the 1960s and 70s, pp. 8–9. D. George Boyce, The Falklands War (Basingstoke, 2005), though useful, pro- vides insufficient detail for those with a serious interest in the origins of the war. Stephen Badsey et al. (eds) The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years On: Lessons for the Future (London, 2005), does not appear to draw any lessons from the diplomatic crises of the 1970s. In Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (London, 1983), another outstanding account of the 1982 conflict, discussion of the 1960s and 1970s is limited. 11. See: Freedman, The Official History Vol. I, pp. 229–233. 12. Daniel Gibran, The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic (London, 1998), p. 50. 13. Jimmy Burns, The Land That Lost Its Heroes: How Argentina Lost the Falklands War (London, 2012), p. xviii. Burns was the only full-time British foreign correspondent to remain in Argentina to cover the Falklands War. Drawing on a wide range of British and Argentine sources, his work is a beautifully written, insightful and first-hand account of the conflict. 14. Hugh Bicheno, Razor’s Edge: The Unofficial History of the Falklands War (London, 2006), pp. 27–8. 15. Falkland Islands Review: Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors, Cmnd. 8787 (London, 1983), para. 23. 16. Mary Cawkell, The History of the Falkland Islands (London, 2001), p. 114.

222 Notes 223

17. TNA FCO 7/3373, Report by Lord Chalfont on the visit to the Falkland Islands, 23–28 November 1968. 18. The Guardian, 29 November 1968. 19. David Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (including South Georgia): From Discovery up to 1981 (Hereford, 2008), p. 146. 20. The most authoritative work on the role of the Falklands lobby has been con- ducted by Clive Ellerby. See: Clive Ellerby, ‘The Role of the Falkland Lobby, 1968–1990’ in Alex Danchev (ed.), International Perspectives on the Falklands Conflict: A Matter of Life and Death (London, 1992), p. 85. 21. Daily Telegraph, 28 November 1968. 22. Ellerby, ‘The Role of the Falkland Lobby, 1968–1990’, p. 89. 23. Klaus Dodds, Pink Ice: Britain and the South Atlantic Empire (London, 2002), p. 133. Dodds’ work is an excellent addition to the Falklands literature, pro- viding thematic analysis of the political struggles over Antarctica and the South Atlantic. 24. Cited in: Michael Charlton, The Little Platoon: Diplomacy and the Falklands Dispute (Oxford, 1989), p. 27. Charlton’s work is the leading oral account of the Falklands conflict, featuring interviews with former ministers, diplomats and lobbyists. 25. Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1964–70 (London, 1984), pp. 568–9. 26. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), vol. 775, cols 425–6. 429–30, 11 December 1968. 27. David Sanders, Losing an Empire, Finding a Role: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (Basingstoke, 1990), p. 274. 28. For analysis of the theories behind the decolonisation process, see: John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (Basingstoke, 1988), pp. 17–25. 29. James Curran and Stuart Ward, The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire (Melbourne, 2010), p. 33. 30. John W. Young, The Labour Governments, 1964–70 (Vol. 2): International Policy (Manchester, 2003), p. 55. 31. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 308; Young, The Labour Governments, 1964–70, p. 101. 32. Martín Abel González, The Genesis of the Falklands (Malvinas) Conflict: Argentina, Britain and the Failed Negotiations of the 1960s (Basingstoke, 2013), p. 215. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., p. 205. 35. See for example: Dodds, Pink Ice, pp. 126–133; Freedman, The Official His- tory Vol. I, pp. 24–7. Ministers and diplomats have also emphasised the role of domestic politics and public/parliamentary opinion. See: Charlton, The Little Platoon, pp. 18–28. A long FCO research memorandum on the Anglo- Argentine talks from 1965 to 1968 was circulated in May 1973, and re-issued by the Labour government in 1976. This stresses the importance of British press, public and parliamentary opinion, as well as the impact of the lobby (Falkland Islands Emergency Committee), in persuading the Labour government to withdraw from sovereignty talks. See: TNA FCO 7/3201, Research Department memorandum. The Falkland Islands dispute: Developments from 1965–1968. 224 Notes

36. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 307. 37. The extent to which ﬁnancial considerations impacted upon the Labour government’s policy of decolonisation in the 1960s is discussed in: Stephen Ashton and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), British Documents on the End of Empire Series A, Volume 5, East of Suez and the Commonwealth 1964–1971 (London, 2004). See: Introduction, Part I, p. xxx. See also: Young, The Labour Govern- ments, 1964–70, pp. 31–56. 38. ‘Falkland Islands: Why do the British want to quit?’, Penelope Tremayne, Sunday Times, 25 September 1977. 39. Lowell Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (Oxford, 1988), p. 59. 40. Peter Calvert, ‘British Relations with the Southern Cone States’ in Michael Morris (ed.), Great Power Relations in Argentina, Chile and Antarctica (New York, 1990), p. 45. 41. Peter Beck, ‘Who Owns Antarctica?’, Boundary and Security Brieﬁng (Univer- sity of Durham, 1994), Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 11. 42. Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 10. 43. TNA FCO 7/3394, Minutes of Anglo-Argentine negotiations, New York, 13–15 December 1977. 44. TNA PREM 13/2613, Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly, 1398th Plenary Meeting, 16 December 1965. 45. Falkland Islands Monthly Review, October 1968. Minutes of Legislative Coun- cil, 16 and 18 October 1968. Also cited in: Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 132. 46. Cited in: Raphael Perl, The Falklands Dispute in International Law and Politics: A Documentary Sourcebook (New York, 1983), p. 368. 47. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, pp. 36–7. 48. Peter Beck, The Falkland Islands as an International Problem (London, 1988), p. 111. 49. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 33. 50. TNA FCO 7/2700, The Falkland Islands Dispute: Developments from 1969–74. 51. Ibid. 52. Mark Phythian, The Labour Party, War and International Relations, 1945–2006 (Abingdon, 2007), p. 81. 53. Anne Lane, ‘Foreign and Defence Policy’ in Anthony Seldon and Kevin Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Govern- ments 1974–79 (London, 2004), p. 154. This superb collection of essays is the most comprehensive analysis of the Labour governments of the 1970s. 54. Colin Phipps, ‘What Future for the Falkland Islands?’, Fabian Tract 450, July 1977. 55. TNA FCO 7/3227, Bridger to Stickels, 4 May 1976. 56. Dodds, Pink Ice, pp. 151–2. 57. ‘Falkland Islands’, Michael Frenchman, The Times, 26 August 1976. 58. Robert Graham, ‘British policy towards Latin America’, in Victor Bulmer- Thomas (ed.), Britain and Latin America: A Changing Relationship (Cambridge, 1989), p. 54. 59. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 149. 60. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 27. Notes 225

61. For discussion of the conduct of British diplomacy during the 1960s and 70s see: John W. Young, Twentieth Century Diplomacy: A Case Study of British Practice, 1963–1976 (Cambridge, 2008). 62. Curran and Ward, The Unknown Nation, p. 32. 63. Stuart Ward (ed.), British Culture and the End of Empire (Manchester, 2001). 64. Robert Bickers (ed.) Settlers and Expatriates: Britons over the Seas (Oxford, 2010). 65. Carl Bridge and Kent Fedorowich, ‘Mapping the British World’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 31:2, 1–15 (2003), p. 6. 66. Ibid.,p.3. 67. ‘Falkland Islands’, Michael Frenchman, The Times, 26 August 1976. 68. See: Dodds, Pink Ice, pp. 118–137. 69. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, pp. 101–2. 70. TNA FCO 7/3531, Carless to Cortazzi, 26 April 1978. 71. See: Peter Calvert, ‘The Malvinas as a Factor in Argentine Politics’, in Alex Danchev (ed.) International Perspectives on the Falklands Conflict: A Matter of Life and Death (London, 1992), pp. 47–64; Virginia Gamba- Stonehouse, ‘International and Inter-Agency Misperceptions in the Con- flict’, in Danchev (ed.), International Perspectives on the Falklands Conflict, pp. 109–124; Alejandro Dabat and Luis Lorenzano, ‘The Significance of the Malvinas for the Argentinian Nation’, in Argentina: The Malvinas and the End of Military Rule (London, 1984), pp. 42–62. 72. TNA FCO 7/3378, Brief No. 23: ‘Falkland Islands: Nationality and Immigra- tion into the United Kingdom’, February 1977. 73. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, Churchill College, Cambridge, p. 35. 74. David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century (Harlow, 2000), p. 53. 75. Ibid., p. 60. 76. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falkland Islands Policy March–September 1974 (Research Department), 8 March 1976.

1 ‘Leave This Poisoned Chalice Alone’: January–September 1974

1. Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10 (London, 2005), pp. 71–2. 2. Harold Wilson, Final Term: The Labour Government 1974–1976 (London, 1979), p. 13. 3. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p. 233. 4. Martin Holmes, The Labour Government, 1974–79: Political Aims and Eco- nomic Reality (London, 1985), p. 1. 5. Bernard Donoughue, prime minister: The Conduct of Policy under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan (London, 1987), p. 47. 6. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 11. 7. Wilson, Final Term, p. 17. 8. Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, 1992), p. 668. 9. Kenneth Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford, 1997), p. 409. 10. Ibid. 226 Notes

11. Peter Hennessy, The prime minister: The Ofﬁce and its Holders Since 1945 (London, 2001), p. 378. 12. Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Vol. II: With James Callaghan in No. 10 (London, 2008), p. 3. 13. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 406. 14. Ibid., p. 437. 15. David Allen, ‘James Callaghan 1974–76’, in Kevin Theakston (ed.), British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974 (London, 2004), p. 48. 16. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 142. 17. James Callaghan, Time and Chance (London, 1987), p. 296. 18. Allen, p. 62. 19. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 372. 20. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 45. 21. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I, p. 33. 22. Falkland Islands Review, para. 32. 23. TNA FCO 7/2699, UNGA, A/RES/3160, 14 December 1973. 24. TNA FCO 7/2698, Memorandum by Douglas-Home to DOP Committee, 3 January 1974. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid., Annex A. 28. TNA FCO 7/2698, Letter by Atkins to Douglas-Home, 7 January 1974. 29. TNA FCO 7/2698, Speaking notes for Douglas-Home, 10 January 1974. 30. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 122. 31. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, Churchill College, Cambridge, p. 44. 32. TNA FCO 7/2698, DOP Committee meeting, 10 January 1974. 33. TNA FCO 7/2698, Douglas-Home to Lewis, 17 January 1974. 34. TNA FCO 7/2698, Lewis to Douglas-Home, 20 January 1974. 35. TNA FCO 7/2698, DOP Committee meeting, 10 January 1974. 36. TNA FCO 7/2698, Douglas-Home to Lewis, 17 January 1974. 37. Ibid. 38. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, pp. 337–41. 39. TNA FCO 7/2698, Lewis to Douglas-Home, 20 January 1974. 40. Ibid. 41. TNA FCO 7/2698, Douglas-Home to Lewis and Hopson, 17 January 1974. 42. TNA FCO 7/2698. Draft memorandum by Douglas-Home, 11 February 1974. 43. TNA FCO 7/2698, Hankey to Watson, 8 March 1974. 44. TNA FCO 7/2699, Carless to Watson, 19 April 1974. 45. TNA FCO 44/1025, Memorandum by Callaghan for DOP Committee, 3 May 1974. 46. TNA FCO 7/2699, Carless to Hankey, 8 May 1974. 47. TNA FCO 7/2699, DOP Committee meeting with Wilson and Callaghan, 10 May 1974. 48. TNA FCO 7/2699, Hopson to Carless, 3 May 1974. 49. TNA FCO 7/2698, Hopson to Carless, 27 March 1974. 50. TNA FCO 44/1025, Hopson to Carless, 8 April 1974. 51. Interview with Hugh Carless, BDOHP, 23 February 2002, p. 35. 52. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 371. Notes 227

53. Ellerby, ‘The Role of the Falkland Lobby, 1968–1990’, p. 85. 54. Ibid., pp. 87–8. 55. Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 85. 56. Ibid.,p.78. 57. TNA PREM 16/743, Hunt to Wilson, 7 May 1974. 58. TNA FCO 7/2699, DOP Committee meeting, 10 May 1974. 59. TNA FCO 7/2699, Callaghan to Lewis, 21 May 1974. 60. TNA FCO 7/2699, DOP supplementary notes, 9 May 1974. 61. TNA FCO 7/2698, Hankey to Watson, 8 March 1974. 62. TNA FCO 7/2699, Relton to Carless, 29 May 1974. 63. TNA FCO 7/2699, Callaghan to Hopson and Lewis, 31 May 1974. 64. TNA FCO 7/2699, Cox to Matthews, 31 May 1974. 65. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), vol. 877, col. 456, 23 July 1974. 66. TNA FCO 7/2699, Callaghan to Hopson and Lewis, 4 June 1974. 67. TNA FCO 7/2699, Hopson to FCO and Lewis, 4 June 1974. 68. TNA FCO 7/2699, Hopson to Carless, 19 Apr 1974. 69. TNA FCO 7/2700, Report on ‘Malvinas Day’, 17 June 1974. 70. TNA FCO 7/2699, Lewis to Callaghan, 7 June 1974. 71. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falkland Islands Policy March–September 1974 (Research Department), 8 March 1976. 72. TNA FCO 7/2699, Lewis to Callaghan, 7 June 1974. 73. TNA FCO 7/2699, Hopson to Callaghan, 11 June 1974. 74. TNA FCO 7/2699, Lewis to Callaghan and Hopson, 12 June 1974. 75. TNA FCO 7/2699, Callaghan to Hopson, 13 June 1974. 76. ‘Falklands deal by Jim?’, Sunday Express, 16 June 1974. 77. ‘Cool wind of annexation shakes the Falklands’, Michael Binyon, The Times, 26 July 1974. 78. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), vol. 875, col. 449, 26 June 1974. 79. TNA FCO 7/2699, Hopson to Callaghan and Lewis, 20 June 1974. 80. Ibid. 81. TNA FCO 7/2700, Lewis to Callaghan and Hopson, 23 June 1974. 82. TNA FCO 7/2700, Callaghan to Hopson and Lewis, 24 June 1974. 83. TNA FCO 44/1031, Record of meeting between Ennals and the Falkland Islands Committee, 26 June 1974. 84. TNA FCO 7/2700, Carless to Hankey, 21 June 1974. 85. TNA FCO 7/2700, Record of meeting between Ennals and Amery, 26 June 1974. 86. TNA FCO 7/2700, Minute by Carless, 25 June 1974. 87. Luis Alberto Romero, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century (Univer- sity Park, 2002), p. 208. 88. TNA FCO 7/2700, Minute by Carless, 25 June 1974. 89. Gwyn Howells, ‘The British Press and the Peróns’, in Great Power Relations in Argentina, Chile and Antarctica, pp. 241–2. 90. TNA FCO 44/1027, Callaghan to Hopson and Lewis, 3 July 1974. 91. TNA FCO 7/2700, Carless to Hankey, 5 July 1974. 92. TNA FCO 44/1027, Callaghan to Hopson and Lewis, 3 July 1974. 93. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 130. 228 Notes

94. Ellerby, The Role of the Falklands Lobby, 1968–1990, p. 87. 95. TNA FCO 7/2700, Lewis to Callaghan and Hopson, 5 July 1974. 96. TNA FCO 7/2700, Lewis to Callaghan and Hopson, 11 July 1974. 97. Ibid. 98. Graham Bound, ‘How the islanders went to war’, Falkland Islands Newsletter, No. 81, May 2002. 99. TNA FCO 7/2700, Lewis to Callaghan and Hopson, 11 July 1974. 100. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 63. 101. TNA FCO 7/2700, Lewis: ‘Falkland Islands Intelligence Report’, 17 July 1974. 102. TNA FCO 44/1027, Callaghan to Hopson and Lewis, 17 July 1974. 103. TNA FCO 7/2700, Lewis to Callaghan and Hopson, 18 July 1974. 104. TNA FCO 7/2700, Carless to Watson, 26 July 1974. 105. TNA FCO 44/1027, Hopson to Callaghan and Lewis, 22 July 1974. 106. TNA FCO 44/1027, Hopson to Callaghan, 29 July 1974. 107. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 10. 108. TNA FCO 44/1027, Carless to Watson, 26 July 1974. 109. TNA FCO 7/2700, Minute by Hall, 24 July 1974. 110. TNA FCO 44/1027, Minute by Hall, 5 Aug 1974. 111. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I, p. 35. 112. TNA FCO 7/2700, Lewis to Callaghan and Hopson, 18 July 1974. 113. Richard Luce MP (letter): ‘The Falkland Islands and Britain’, Daily Telegraph, 27 July 1974. 114. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 134. 115. Ellerby, ‘The Role of the Falkland Lobby, 1968–1990’, p. 91. 116. TNA FCO 44/1031, ‘Text of H.M. Queen’s message to Falkland Islands Committee’, 10 July 1974. 117. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falkland Islands Policy March–September 1974 (Research Department), 8 March 1976. 118. Ibid. 119. TNA FCO 7/2700, Callaghan to Hopson, 14 Aug 1974. 120. Ibid. 121. TNA FCO 7/2700, Callaghan to Hopson: Message from Lord Goronwy- Roberts, 14 August 1974. 122. TNA FCO 7/2700, Hopson to Callaghan, 20 August 1974. 123. TNA FCO 7/2701, Maynard to Callaghan, 27 August 1974. 124. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falklands Policy March–September 1974, 8 March 1976. 125. TNA FCO 7/2701, Minute by Carless, 21 October 1974. 126. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falklands Policy March–September 1974, 8 March 1976. 127. TNA FCO 7/2701, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Vignes, 23 September 1974. 128. TNA FCO 7/2701, Watson to Moreton, 7 October 1974. 129. TNA FCO 7/2701, Minute by Carless, 18 October 1974. 130. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falklands Policy March–September 1974, 8 March 1976.

2 The Lowest Common Multiple: September 1974–July 1975

1. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 134. 2. TNA FCO 7/2701, Maynard to Carless, 20 September 1974. Notes 229

3. TNA FCO 7/2701, FCO, Telno Guidance 141, 18 October 1974. 4. TNA FCO 7/2701, Carless to Maynard, 30 August 1974. 5. See for example: Ronald Hyam and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.) British Docu- ments on the End of Empire Series A, Vol. 4 The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964, two parts (London, 2000); and Wm. Roger Louis, ‘Public Enemy Number One: Britain and the United Nations in the Aftermath of Suez’, in Martin Lynn (ed.), The British Empire in the 1950: Retreat or Revival? (Basingstoke, 2006), pp. 186–213. 6. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 296. 7. TNA FCO 7/2701, Goronwy-Roberts to Richard, 30 August 1974. 8. TNA FCO 7/2701, Richard to Goronwy-Roberts, 6 September 1974. 9. TNA FCO 7/2699, DOP: Falkland Islands, 8 May 1974. 10. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I,p.36. 11. TNA FCO 58/813, Falkland Islands: working paper, 7 August 1974. 12. TNA FCO 7/2701, Lewis to Callaghan, 18 October 1974. 13. Ibid. 14. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 134. 15. TNA FCO 7/2701, Lewis to Callaghan, 18 October 1974. 16. Ibid. 17. ‘Sir Duncan Watson’, Patrick Keatley, The Guardian, 20 July 1999. 18. TNA FCO 7/2702, Watson to Acland, 8 November 1974. 19. TNA FCO 7/2702, Coles to Carless, 20 November 1974. 20. TNA FCO 7/2702, Maynard to Callaghan, 25 October 1974. 21. Alan Sked and Chris Cook, Post-War Britain: A Political History (London, 1993), p. 300. 22. TNA FCO 7/2702, Callaghan to Maynard, 8 November 1974. 23. Wilson, Final Term, p. 83. 24. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 32. 25. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 150. 26. TNA FCO 7/2702, Relton to FCO, 18 November 1974. 27. Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 41. 28. Ellerby, ‘The Role of the Falkland Lobby, 1968–1990’, p. 92. 29. TNA FCO 7/2698, Memorandum by Douglas-Home to DOP, 3 January 1974. 30. TNA FCO 7/2702, Relton to FCO, 18 November 1974. 31. TNA FCO 44/1031, Hall to FCO, 29 October 1974. 32. TNA FCO 7/2702, Evans to Relton, 25 November 1974. 33. TNA FCO 7/2945, Annex B, draft DOP Paper, 29 January 1975. 34. TNA FCO 7/2947, Relton to Carless, 20 January 1975. 35. TNA FCO 7/2947, Hall to Cox, 22 January 1975. 36. TNA FCO 7/2947, Lewis to FCO, 15 January 1975. 37. TNA FCO 7/2957, Report on UKFIC by Christie, April 1975. 38. TNA FCO 7/2958, Record of Falklands meeting held by Ennals, 8 May 1975. 39. See: TNA FCO 7/3208, Carless to Edmonds, 14 January 1976. 40. TNA FCO 7/2958, Record of Falklands meeting held by Ennals, 8 May 1975. 41. TNA FCO 7/2958, Carless to French, 9 May 1975. 42. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 36. 43. TNA FCO 7/2702, Maynard to Edmonds, 18 November 1974. 44. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 294. 45. ‘Obituary: Lord Ennals’, Tam Dalyell, The Independent, 19 June 1995. 230 Notes

46. Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: What Really Happened to Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), p. 473. 47. TNA FCO 7/2702, Record of meeting between Ennals and Vignes, 7 December 1974. 48. Ibid. 49. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 149. 50. TNA FCO 7/2702, Maynard to Callaghan and Lewis, 19 December 1974. 51. ‘Argentine Talks of Taking Falklands by Force’, Stuart Stirling, The Times, 20 December 1974. 52. TNA FCO 7/2702, Record of meeting between Ennals and UKFIC members, 19 December 1974. 53. Stirling, The Times, 20 December 1974. 54. TNA FCO 7/2702, Maynard to Callaghan, 17 December 1974. 55. Ibid. 56. Hunt to Callaghan: Nationality Law, 14 January 1977, James Callaghan Papers, 106, spans, 1283/Com/rho, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. 57. TNA FCO 7/3378, Brief No. 23: ‘Falkland Islands: Nationality and Immigra- tion into UK’, February 1977. 58. Romero, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century, p. 212. 59. TNA FCO 7/2708, Report of visit to Falklands, 9–16 December 1974. 60. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falkland Islands Policy March–September 1974 (Research Department), 8 March 1976. 61. TNA FCO 7/2708, Report of visit to Falklands, 9–16 December 1974. 62. TNA FCO 7/2949, Annex to draft DOP paper, 3 April 1975. 63. TNA FCO 7/2704, Jackson: ‘Defence Review: HMS Endurance’, 27 November 1974. 64. TNA FCO 7/2702, Ennals to Callaghan, 18 December 1974. 65. TNA FCO 7/2946, Richard to Ennals, 30 December 1974. 66. TNA FCO 7/2945, Relton: ‘A Lease of the Falkland Islands’, 17 January 1975. 67. TNA FCO 7/2949, Note by the MoD, 21 February 1975. 68. TNA FCO 7/2965, ‘Defence of the Falkland Islands’, 14 February 1975. See also: Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I, p. 37. Freedman’s claim that the MoD paper had a ‘generally optimistic tone’ does not marry with the evidence found by this author in the government ﬁles. 69. Falkland Islands Review, para. 32. 70. TNA FCO 7/2945, Carless to Edmonds, 29 January 1975. 71. Ibid. 72. TNA FCO 7/2964, Ennals to Callaghan, 31 January 1975. 73. TNA FCO 7/2949, ‘Falkland Islands: British policy and position’, 14 January 1975. 74. TNA FCO 7/2949, Maynard to FCO, 21 February 1975. 75. TNA FCO 44/1191, Acland to Ennals, 26 February 1975. 76. TNA FCO 7/2949, Relton: JIC update, 13 March 1975. 77. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 372. 78. TNA FCO 7/2949, Ashe to Callaghan, 25 March 1975. 79. TNA FCO 7/2949, Coles to Edmonds, 26 March 1975. 80. TNA FCO 7/2949, Mayne to Wright, 27 March 1975. 81. TNA FCO 7/2949, Wright to Acland, 27 March 1975. Notes 231

82. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 372. 83. TNA FCO 7/2949, Callaghan to Ashe, 27 March 1975. 84. TNA FCO 7/2949, Ashe to Callaghan, 15 April 1975. 85. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 352. 86. TNA FCO 7/2949, Wright to Barrett: Meeting between Callaghan, Wilson and Ennals, 16 April 1975. 87. Ibid. 88. Ibid. 89. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, pp. 41–2. 90. TNA FCO 7/2949, Draft DOP paper, 25 April 1975. 91. TNA FCO 7/2949, Carless to Ashe, 25 April 1975. 92. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 372. 93. Ibid., p. 374. 94. Robert Hill to Henry Kissinger, ‘Bomb at British Embassy Residence’, 25 April 1975. Document no. 1975Buenos02881, US Department of State Declassiﬁed Documents 1975–1984, http://www.desclasiﬁcados.com. ar. (accessed 25 June 2009). 95. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 88. 96. Hill to Kissinger, ‘Bomb at British Embassy Residence’, 25 April 1975. 97. TNA FCO 7/2965, Ashe to French: ‘Invasion Scare’, 9 May 1975. 98. Hill to Kissinger, 25 April 1975. 99. TNA FCO 7/2965, Ashe to Callaghan, 2 May 1975. 100. TNA FCO 7/2965, Ashe to Callaghan, 9 May 1975. 101. TNA FCO 7/2950, Edmonds to Ennals, 24 April 1975. 102. TNA FCO 7/2950, Callaghan to Wilson: Memorandum on the Falkland Islands, 14 May 1975. 103. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 374. 104. TNA, PREM 16/743, Wright to Barrett, 15 May 1975. 105. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 382. 106. TNA, FCO 7/2950, Ashe to Callaghan, 24 May 1975. 107. Ibid. 108. TNA FCO 7/2950, Ashe to Callaghan, 19 June 1975. 109. Ibid. 110. TNA FCO 7/2950, Callaghan to Ashe, 20 June 1975. 111. Romero, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century, pp. 213–14. 112. TNA FCO 7/2950, Ashe to Callaghan, 21 June 1975. 113. Ibid. 114. Jonathan Colman, A ‘Special Relationship’: Harold Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson and Anglo-American Relations at the Summit, 1964–8 (Manchester, 2004), p. 39. 115. TNA FCO 7/2965, Callaghan to Mason, 3 July 1975. 116. TNA FCO 7/2951, Ashe to Callaghan, 26 June 1975. 117. TNA FCO 7/2951, Callaghan to Ashe, 27 June 1975. 118. TNA FCO 7/2951, Ashe to Callaghan, 3 July 1975. 119. TNA FCO 7/2951, Callaghan to Ashe, 7 July 1975. 120. TNA FCO 7/2951, Ashe to Callaghan, 10 July 1975. 121. TNA FCO 7/2951, Ashe to Callaghan, 16 July 1975. 122. TNA FCO 7/2952, Ashe to Callaghan, 17 July 1975. 123. Romero, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century, p. 209. 232 Notes

124. TNA FCO 7/2952, Edmonds to Collins, 17 July 1975. 125. TNA FCO 7/2952, Ashe to Callaghan, 21 July 1975. 126. TNA PREM 16/743, Hunt to Wilson, 18 July 1975. 127. TNA FCO 7/2952, Meeting between Wilson, Callaghan, and DOP Commit- tee, 22 July 1975. 128. Ibid. 129. TNA PREM 16/743, Hunt to Wilson, 18 July 1975. 130. TNA FCO 7/2952, Edmonds to Collins, 23 July 1975.

3 A Sensational Hostage: July 1975–February 1976

1. TNA FCO 7/2952, Collins to Edmonds, 23 July 1975. 2. TNA FCO 7/2952, Ashe to Callaghan, 31 July 1975. 3. TNA FCO 7/2952, Collins to Edmonds, 6 August 1975. 4. TNA FCO 7/2952, Callaghan to Ashe, 15 August 1975. 5. TNA FCO 7/2953, Ashe to Callaghan, 21 August 1975. 6. Ibid. 7. TNA FCO 7/2953, Ashe to Callaghan, 25 August 1975. 8. TNA FCO 7/2953, Carless to Watson, 28 August 1975. 9. TNA FCO 7/2953, Ashe to Callaghan, 25 August 1975. 10. TNA FCO 7/2953, Callaghan to French and Ashe, 28 August 1975. 11. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 36. 12. Entry by Ted Rowlands in: Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 465. 13. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 45. 14. TNA FCO 7/2953, Ashe to Callaghan, 2 September 1975. 15. TNA FCO 44/1208, Lewis to Callaghan, 7 January 1975. 16. TNA FCO 7/2965, Ashe to French, 9 May 1975. 17. TNA FCO 7/2965, French to Callaghan and Ashe, 13 May 1975. 18. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, pp. 231–3. 19. TNA FCO 7/2965, French to Callaghan and Ashe, 13 May 1975. 20. TNA FCO 7/2951, Relton to FCO, 26 June 1975. 21. TNA FCO 7/2965, French to Callaghan and Ashe, 13 May 1975. 22. Graham Bound, ‘How the Islanders went to War’, Falkland Islands Newslet- ter, No. 81, May 2002. 23. TNA FCO 7/2965, French to Callaghan and Ashe, 13 May 1975. 24. TNA FCO 7/2965, Annex to Memorandum: ‘FIDF’, 19 May 1975. 25. TNA FCO 7/2965, Hawtin to Relton, 19 May 1975. 26. Falkland Islands Review, para. 21. For an excellent account of the Condor and Santiago incidents, see: Burns, TheLandThatLostItsHeroes, pp. 30–40. 27. TNA FCO 7/2965, French to Callaghan, 26 March 1975. 28. TNA FCO 7/2965, French to Callaghan, 9 April 1975. 29. TNA FCO 7/2965, Callaghan to French, 21 April 1975. 30. TNA FCO 7/2965, French to Duff, 26 April 1975. 31. TNA FCO 7/2953, Ashe to Callaghan, 16 September 1975. 32. ‘Argentina: This is Only a Little Goodbye’, Time Magazine, 29 September 1975. 33. TNA FCO 7/2953, Ashe to Callaghan, 16 September 1975. Notes 233

34. TNA FCO 7/2953, Callaghan to Ashe and French, 16 September 1975. 35. TNA FCO 7/2953, Ashe to Callaghan, 18 September 1975. 36. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 49. 37. Sanders, Losing an Empire, p. 123. 38. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, pp. 49–50. 39. TNA FCO 7/2953, Pearce to Brookﬁeld, 29 September 1975. 40. TNA FCO 7/2953, Richard to FCO, 25 September 1975. 41. TNA FCO 7/2954, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Robledo, 1 October 1975. 42. TNA FCO 7/2953, Callaghan to Ashe and French, 3 October 1975. 43. TNA FCO 7/2953, Richard to FCO, 25 September 1975. 44. TNA FCO 7/2953, Callaghan to Ashe and French, 3 October 1975. 45. TNA FCO 7/2953, Hall to Carless and Edmonds, 1 October 1975. 46. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 373. 47. Interview with Lord Patrick Wright, 16 October 2000, BDOHP, Churchill College, Cambridge, p. 35. 48. TNA FCO 7/2959, Record of meeting between Ennals and Falklands councillors, 3 June 1975. 49. TNA FCO 7/2960, Hall to French, ‘Falkland Islands: Economic Survey’, 20 June 1975. 50. Ibid. 51. TNA FCO 7/2955, Note on origins of Shackleton mission, 3 December 1975. 52. TNA FCO 7/2960, ‘Proposal for survey of the Falklands Dependencies’, EIU, September 1975. 53. TNA FCO 7/2960, Hall to French, 20 June 1975. 54. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 150. 55. TNA FCO 7/2960, Hall to French, 20 June 1975. 56. TNA FCO 7/2960, Callaghan to French, 8 July 1975. 57. ‘MPs rally to defend Falklands’, The Times, 18 August 1975. 58. TNA FCO 7/2960, Callaghan to French, 8 July 1975. 59. See: Falkland Islands Review, para. 34; Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I, pp. 42–3. 60. TNA FCO 7/2960, Callaghan to French and Ashe, 15 October 1975. 61. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 37. 62. TNA FCO 7/2963, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Lord Shackleton, 18 December 1975. 63. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, pp. 45–6. 64. TNA FCO 7/2960, Callaghan to French, 12 August 1975. 65. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 37. 66. Roland Huntford, Shackleton (London, 1985), pp. 175–80. 67. TNA FCO 7/2960, Carless to Edmonds and Rowlands, 1 October 1975. 68. TNA FCO 7/2961, Hall: ‘Note on Lord Shackleton’, 17 October 1975. 69. TNA FCO 7/2961, FCO to Certain posts and missions, 16 October 1975. 70. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 85. 71. Ibid.,p.84. 72. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 150. 73. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 Feb 2002, BDOHP, p. 37. 74. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Vol. I, p. 59. 75. TNA FCO 7/2961, Callaghan to French and Ashe, 16 October 1975. 234 Notes

76. TNA FCO 7/2961, Callaghan to French and Ashe, 20 October 1975. 77. TNA FCO 7/2961, Ashe to Callaghan, 22 October 1975. 78. Ibid. 79. TNA FCO 7/2961, Ashe to Callaghan, 23 October 1975. 80. TNA FCO 7/2954, Ashe to Callaghan, 5 November 1975. 81. Ibid. 82. TNA FCO 7/2954, Callaghan to Ashe, 6 November 1975. 83. TNA FCO 7/2954, Ashe to Callaghan, 11 November 1975. 84. TNA FCO 7/2954, Callaghan to Ashe, 11 November 1975. 85. TNA FCO 7/2954, Callaghan to Ashe, 29 October 1975. 86. TNA FCO 7/2954, Ashe to Callaghan, 13 November 1975. 87. TNA FCO 7/2954, Richards to Callaghan, 12 November 1975. 88. TNA FCO 7/2954, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Robledo, 1 October 1975. 89. TNA FCO 7/2954, Callaghan to Ashe, 13 November 1975. 90. TNA FCO 7/2954, Record of meeting between Edmonds and Yrigoyen, 22 October 1975. 91. TNA FCO 7/2954, Ashe to Callaghan, 23 November 1975. 92. TNA FCO 7/2954, Richard to Callaghan and Ashe, 20 November 1975. 93. TNA FCO 7/2963, Callaghan to French and Ashe, 18 December 1975. 94. TNA FCO 7/2955, Ashe to Callaghan and French, 4 December 1975. 95. TNA FCO 7/2954, Carless to Edmonds, 21 November 1975. 96. Peter Calvert, ‘The Malvinas as a Factor in Argentine Politics’, in Danchev (ed.) International Perspectives on the Falklands Conﬂict, p. 47. 97. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 461. 98. TNA FCO 7/2966, Mason to Callaghan, 13 August 1975. 99. Sanders, Losing an Empire, pp. 229–30. 100. TNA FCO 7/2966, Carless to Edmonds, 12 December 1975. 101. TNA FCO 7/2955, Dales to Mayne, 10 December 1975. 102. TNA FCO 7/2966, Cragg to Dales, 17 December 1975. 103. TNA FCO 7/2963, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Castex, 17 December 1975. 104. TNA FCO 7/2963, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Lord Shackleton, 18 December 1975. 105. TNA FCO 7/2963, Callaghan to Ashe and French, 30 December 1975. 106. TNA FCO 7/2963, Ashe to Callaghan and French, 30 December 1975. 107. TNA FCO 58/989, Ashe to Callaghan, 12 January 1976. 108. TNA FCO 7/2964, Ashe to Callaghan and French, 31 December 1975. 109. TNA FCO 7/3196, Carless to Edmonds, 5 January 1976. 110. Cawkell, The History of the Falkland Islands, p. 60. 111. TNA FCO 58/989, Ashe to Callaghan and French, 2 January 1976. 112. TNA FCO 7/3196, Callaghan to French: ‘Guardian article’, 14 January 1976. 113. TNA FCO 58/989, Ashe to Callaghan, 12 January 1976. 114. TNA FCO 58/989, Ashe to Callaghan and French, 13 January 1976. 115. TNA FCO 7/3208, Carless to Edmonds, 14 January 1976. 116. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), Argentina, vol. 903, cols. 391–7, 14 January 1976. 117. ‘Britain will withdraw Argentina ambassador’, Roger Berthoud, The Times, January 15 1976. Notes 235

118. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 90. 119. The Times, 16 January 1976. 120. ‘Two Bomb Blasts in Córdoba’, New York Times, 16 January 1976. 121. ‘Argentine Navy lands sappers in Falklands’, Roger Berthoud, The Times, 17 January 1976. 122. ‘The Falkland Islanders may be no more than pawns in a game that Britain does not want to win’, Michael Frenchman, The Times, 20 January 1976. 123. ‘Business Diary: Falklands Factors’, The Times, 22 January 1976. 124. The Times, 20 January 1976. 125. TNA FCO 46/1396, Rowlands to Mason, 19 January 1976. 126. Ibid. 127. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 631. 128. TNA FCO 58/989, Shakespeare to Callaghan and French, 3 February 1976. 129. TNA FCO 58/989, French to Callaghan and Shakespeare: ‘RRS Shackleton Incident’, 5 February 1976. 130. TNA FCO 58/989, Carless: Note on background to Shackleton Incident, 11 February 1976. 131. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 94. 132. TNA FCO 58/989, French to Callaghan and Shakespeare: ‘RRS Shackleton Incident’, 5 February 1976. 133. Ibid. 134. Notes on Falklands dispute, 1974–77, by Ted Rowlands, Merlyn-Rees/19/6, Falklands, 1982–83, the Merlyn-Rees Papers, LSE. 135. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 49. 136. TNA FCO 58/989, Shakespeare to Callaghan and French: RRS Shackleton, 4 February 1976. 137. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 94. 138. TNA FCO 58/989, Shakespeare to Callaghan and French, 4 February 1976. 139. Ibid. 140. TNA FCO 58/989, Callaghan to Shakespeare and French: RRS Shackleton, 4 February 1976. 141. ‘Britain denies concessions in Falklands dispute’, The Times,18February 1976; ‘Whitehall cool over Falklands’, Patrick Keatley, The Guardian, 6 February 1976.

4 Islands Surrounded by Advice: February–June 1976

1. TNA FCO 46/1396, Mason to Callaghan, 5 February 1976. 2. Ibid. 3. Lane, ‘Foreign and Defence Policy’, p. 160. 4. TNA FCO 46/1396, Mason to Callaghan, 5 February 1976. 5. TNA FCO 58/989, Shakespeare to Callaghan, 5 February 1976. 6. TNA FCO 7/3197, Steering Brief by LAD, 10 February 1976. 7. TNA FCO 7/3197, Speaking notes for Callaghan, 12 February 1976. 8. TNA FCO 7/3197, Record of meeting between Rowlands and Quijano, 12 February 1976. 9. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 94. 10. TNA FCO 7/3198, Shakespeare to Callaghan and French, 26 February 1976. 236 Notes

11. TNA FCO 7/3198, French to Callaghan and Shakespeare, 27 February 1976. 12. TNA FCO 7/3198, Callaghan to Prentice, 4 March 1976. 13. TNA FCO 7/3198, Callaghan to French, 4 March 1976. 14. TNA FCO 7/3198, Callaghan to Prentice, 4 March 1976. 15. Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp. 648–9. 16. Hennessy, The prime minister, p. 366. 17. Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p. 649. 18. Callaghan, Time and Chance, pp. 386–7. 19. TNA FCO 7/3198, Draft memorandum by Callaghan to DOP Committee, February 1976. 20. TNA FCO 46/1396, Callaghan to Mason, 12 February 1976. 21. TNA FCO 7/3221, Rodgers to Callaghan, 20 February 1976. 22. Ibid. 23. TNA FCO 7/3221, Mason to Callaghan, 20 February 1976. 24. TNA FCO 7/3221, Rodgers to Callaghan, 20 February 1976. 25. TNA FCO 7/3221, Rowlands to Rodgers, 25 February 1976. 26. TNA FCO 7/3198, Memorandum by Callaghan, February 1976. 27. TNA FCO 7/3198, Speaking notes for Callaghan, 10 March 1976. 28. Ibid. 29. TNA FCO 7/3202, Carless to Rowlands: Brief No. 6: Constitutional Changes’, 5 November 1976. 30. TNA FCO 7/3194, Callaghan to French, 25 February 1976. 31. TNA FCO 7/3194, French to Callaghan, 20 February 1976. 32. TNA FCO 7/3226, Larmour to Williams, 13 April 1976. 33. TNA FCO 7/3198, Shakespeare to Callaghan, 16 March 1976. 34. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I, p. 67. 35. TNA FCO 7/3198, Speaking notes for Callaghan, 10 March 1976. 36. TNA FCO 7/3198, Edmonds: ‘Message to Quijano’, 16 March 1976. 37. TNA PREM 16/1504, Hunt to Callaghan, 6 December 1976. 38. TNA FCO 7/3198, Callaghan to Shakespeare, 20 March 1976. 39. TNA FCO 7/3199, Shakespeare to Callaghan, 23 March 1976. 40. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 95. 41. Romero, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century, p. 215. 42. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 50. 43. Ibid. 44. TNA FCO 7/3201, Hall to Dales, 30 September 1976. 45. TNA FCO 7/3199, Shakespeare to Callaghan and French, 29 April 1976. 46. TNA FCO 7/3199, Sindall to Edmonds, 5 May 1976. 47. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 474. 48. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 394. 49. Hennessy, The prime minister, pp. 378–9. 50. Cited in: Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 405. 51. Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–2000 (London, 2004), p. 351. 52. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Vol. II,p.4. 53. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 399. 54. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 239. 55. Callaghan, Time and Chance, pp. 399–400. 56. Oliver J. Daddow, ‘Anthony Crosland 1976–77’, in Theakston (ed.), British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974, p. 81. Notes 237

57. Kevin Jeffreys, Anthony Crosland: A New Biography (London, 1999), p. 201. 58. Daddow, p. 76. 59. Ibid.,p.81. 60. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, pp. 38–9. 61. Lane, ‘Foreign and Defence Policy’, p. 167. 62. TNA FCO 7/3199, Crosland to Shakespeare and French, 6 May 1976. 63. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I,p.69. 64. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 35. 65. TNA FCO 7/2963, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Lord Shackleton, 18 December 1975. 66. TNA FCO 7/3226, Keeling to Edmonds, 20 May 1976. 67. TNA FCO 7/3231, Carless to Cortazzi: ‘A Summary of Lord Shackleton’s report’, 21 December 1976. 68. Lord Shackleton, ‘Prospect of the Falkland Islands’, The Geographic Journal, Vol. 143 Part I, March 1977. 69. Colin Phipps, ‘What Future for the Falkland Islands?’, Fabian Tract 450, July 1977. 70. Cited in: Dodds, Pink Ice, pp. 151–2. 71. TNA FCO 7/3231, Carless to Cortazzi, 21 December 1976. 72. Ibid. 73. Ibid. 74. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 44. 75. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I,p.49. 76. TNA FCO 7/2339, Edmonds to Carless, 12 August 1976. 77. ‘Britain gains by Falklands taxes’, Patrick Keatley, The Guardian, 21 July 1976. 78. TNA FCO 7/3231, Carless to Cortazzi, 21 December 1976. 79. Ibid. 80. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 44. 81. TNA FCO 7/3231, ‘A Summary of Lord Shackleton’s report’, 21 December 1976. 82. TNA FCO 7/3200, Dales to Wright: Falkland Islands: Anglo-Argentine Relations, 16 July 1976. 83. TNA FCO 7/3227, Stickles to Bridger, 3 May 1976. 84. TNA FCO 7/3226, Edmonds to Young, 25 May 1976. 85. TNA FCO 7/3226, Young to Edmonds, 26 May 1976. 86. TNA FCO 7/3226, Carless to Edmonds, 3 June 1976. 87. TNA FCO 7/3226, Edmonds to Larmour, 10 May 1976. 88. TNA FCO 7/3226, Edmonds to Young, 25 May 1976. 89. TNA FCO 7/3226, Shakespeare to Crosland, 7 May 1976. 90. TNA FCO 7/3226, Young to Edmonds, 26 May 1976. 91. TNA FCO 7/3226, Keeling to Carless, 24 May 1976. 92. TNA FCO 7/3200, Letter from Shackleton to Edmonds, 11 June 1976. 93. Philip Murphy, Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography (London, 1999), p. 104. 94. TNA FCO 7/3200, Letter from Shackleton to Edmonds, 11 June 1976. 95. TNA FCO 7/3227, Summary of meeting between Lord Shackleton and Callaghan, 17 June 1976. 96. TNA FCO 7/3229, Crossley to Carless, 2 August 1976. 97. TNA FCO 7/3200, Rowlands to Crosland, 11 June 1976. 238 Notes

98. ‘Economy of the Falkland Islands’, The Times, 21 July 1976. 99. ‘Falkland Islands’, Michael Frenchman, The Times, 26 August 1976. 100. TNA FCO 7/3200, Rowlands to Crosland, 11 June 1976. 101. TNA FCO 7/3235, Prentice to Crosland, 9 March 1976. 102. TNA FCO 7/3227, Prentice to Crosland, 30 June 1976. 103. TNA FCO 7/3227, Bridger to Stickels, 4 May 1976. 104. TNA FCO 7/3230, Hall to Carless, 15 October 1976. 105. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 44. 106. TNA FCO 7/3230, Carless to Rowlands, 22 October 1976. 107. TNA FCO 7/3230, ‘The Shackleton report: Memorandum by ODM’, October 1976. 108. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 37. 109. TNA FCO 7/3200, Rowlands to Crosland, 11 June 1976. 110. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 48. 111. Shackleton, ‘Prospect of the Falkland Islands’, p. 2.

5 The Mixed Approach: June 1976–January 1977

1. TNA FCO 7/3200, Carless to Edmonds, 2 June 1976. 2. TNA FCO 7/3200, Carless to Shakespeare, 4 June 1976. 3. TNA FCO 7/3200, Rowlands to Crosland, 11 June 1976. 4. TNA FCO 7/3204, Crosland to Shakespeare, 10 June 1976. 5. TNA FCO 7/3200, Pearce to Hall, 2 June 1976. 6. TNA FCO 7/3204, Shakespeare to Crosland, 11 June 1976. 7. TNA FCO 7/3204, FCO Steering Brief, 2 July 1976. 8. TNA FCO 7/3204, Shakespeare to Crosland, 2 July 1976. 9. TNA FCO 7/3204, Crosland to Shakespeare, 5 July 1976. 10. TNA FCO 7/3204, Crosland to Edmonds, 22 June 1976. 11. TNA FCO 7/3205, Record of meeting between British and Argentine delega- tions, 10–11 July 1976. 12. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 34. 13. TNA FCO 7/3205, Record of meeting between British and Argentine delega- tions, 10–11 July 1976. 14. Ibid. 15. TNA FCO 7/3205, Record of meeting between Rowlands and Allara, 13 July 1976. 16. Entry by Ted Rowlands in: Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 466. 17. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, pp. 134–5. 18. TNA FCO 7/3205, Edmonds to Young, 16 July 1976. 19. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 146. 20. TNA FCO 7/3201, Hall to Carless, 21 July 1976. 21. Ibid. 22. TNA FCO 7/3207, FCO Steering Brief, 7–8 August 1976. 23. TNA FCO 7/3207, Shakespeare to Crosland, 3 August 1976. 24. Daily Telegraph, ‘Robin Edmonds: Obituary’, 20 May 2009. 25. TNA FCO 7/3207, Record of meeting between British and Argentine delega- tions, 7 August 1976. Notes 239

26. Ibid. 27. TNA FCO 7/3207, Record of meeting between British and Argentine delega- tions, 8 August 1976. 28. TNA FCO 7/3207, Shakespeare to Crosland, 9 August 1976. 29. TNA FCO 7/3207, Edmonds to Rowlands, 11 August 1976. 30. TNA FCO 7/3207, Record of meeting between Edmonds and Allara, 8 August 1976. 31. TNA FCO 7/3207, Edmonds to Rowlands, 11 August 1976. 32. TNA FCO 7/3201, Note by Edmonds, 10 September 1976. 33. TNA FCO 7/3201, Young to Carless, 17 September 1976. 34. Denis Healey, The Time of My Life, (London, 1989), p. 458. 35. TNA FCO 7/3201, FCO Working Paper, 10 September 1976. 36. TNA FCO 7/3201, Young to Carless, 17 September 1976. 37. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: Vol. II, pp. 52–3. 38. TNA FCO 7/3201, Rowlands to Crosland, 14 October 1976. 39. TNA FCO 7/3202, ‘Note for the Record’, Dales, 6 October 1976. 40. TNA FCO 7/3201, Memorandum by FCO for Crosland, 8 October 1976. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid. 45. TNA FCO 7/3201, Edmonds to Carless, 12 October 1976. 46. TNA FCO 7/3202, Record of meeting between Crosland and FCO, 1 November 1976. 47. Ibid. 48. TNA FCO 7/3202, Draft Paper for DOP, 17 Nov 1976. 49. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 37. 50. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 45. 51. Sir Lawrence Freedman also notes this difference in outlook. See: Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I,p.73. 52. Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 54. 53. TNA FCO 7/3202, Draft Paper for DOP, 17 November 1976. 54. TNA FCO 7/3202, Crosland to Shakespeare, 11 November 1976. 55. Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 429. 56. Hennessy, The prime minister, p. 385. 57. TNA FCO 7/3202, Crosland to Shakespeare, 11 November 1976. 58. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: Vol. II, p. 99. 59. TNA FCO 7/3232, Christie to Edmonds, 31 March 1976. 60. TNA FCO 7/3232, French to Edmonds, 31 March 1976. 61. TNA FCO 7/3232, Carless to Christie, 7 April 1976. 62. TNA FCO 7/3232, Hall to Carless, 29 April 1976. 63. TNA FCO 7/3232, Barlow to Edmonds, May 1976. 64. TNA FCO 7/3233, Christie to Rowlands, 6 August 1976. 65. TNA FCO 7/3233, Sindall to Rowlands, 11 November 1976. 66. TNA FCO 7/3233, Hall to Christie, 11 November 1976. 67. Michael Frenchman, ‘Governor: ‘We must have cooperation with Argentina”, The Times, 26 August 1976. 68. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 233. 69. TNA FCO 7/3233, Barlow to Rowlands, 27 October 1976. 240 Notes

70. TNA FCO 7/3233, Hall to Carless, 14 October 1976. 71. Cawkell, The History of the Falkland Islands, p.122. 72. TNA FCO 7/3232, Hall to Carless, 29 June 1976. 73. Cawkell, p.122. 74. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 45. 75. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 233. 76. Frenchman, The Times, 26 August 1976. 77. TNA FCO 7/3202, DOP meeting: Speaking Notes, 8 December 1976. 78. TNA FCO 7/3202, Murray to FCO, 1 December 1976. 79. TNA FCO 7/3202, Carless to Rowlands, 14 December 1976. 80. TNA FCO 7/3202, DOP meeting: Speaking Notes, 8 December 1976. 81. TNA FCO 7/3201, Shakespeare to Edmonds, 22 September 1976. 82. Virginia Gamba-Stonehouse, ‘International and Inter-Agency Misperceptions in the Conﬂict’, in Danchev (ed.) International Perspectives on the Falklands Conﬂict, pp. 119–20. 83. TNA FCO 7/3202, Carless to Dales, 8 December 1976. 84. TNA FCO 7/3202, DOP meeting: Speaking Notes, 8 December 1976. 85. TNA FCO 7/3202, Record of FCO meeting, 9 December 1976. 86. Ibid. 87. ‘New governor appointed for Falklands’, David Spanier, The Times, 10 November 1976. 88. TNA FCO 7/3202, Message from Guzzetti to Crosland, 16 December 1976. 89. TNA FCO 7/3203, Crosland to Shakespeare, 20 December 1976. 90. TNA FCO 7/3203, Crosland to Shakespeare, 31 December 1976. 91. TNA DEFE 24/911, Mulley to Crosland, 31 December 1976.

6 Absentee Landlords: January–August 1977

1. TNA FCO 7/3375, Captain of HMS Endurance to Parker, 31 December 1976, Repeated to FCO, 4 January 1977. 2. TNA FCO 7/3375, Keeling to Carless, 7 January 1977. 3. Simon Winchester, Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire (London, 2003), p. 1. 4. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 6th Series), vol. 21, cols 663–8, 3 April 1982. 5. TNA FCO 7/3375, Crosland to Shakespeare and Parker, 7 January 1977. 6. TNA FCO 7/3375, Crosland to Captain of Endurance, 4 January 1977. 7. TNA FCO 7/3375, Crosland to Shakespeare and Parker, 4 January 1977. 8. TNA FCO 7/3375, Shakespeare to Crosland, 5 January 1977. 9. TNA FCO 7/3375, Crosland to Shakespeare, 5 January 1977. 10. TNA FCO 7/3375, Text of Argentine message, 14 January 1977. 11. TNA FCO 7/3375, Shakespeare to Crosland, 14 January 1977. 12. TNA FCO 7/3375, Carless to Rowlands, 18 January 1977. 13. TNA FCO 7/3536, Article from Gaceta Marinera, 8 June 1978. 14. TNA FCO 7/3375, Carless to Rowlands, 18 January 1977. 15. Ibid. 16. TNA FCO 7/3375, Crosland to Shakespeare, 18 January 1977. 17. TNA FCO 7/3375, Carless to Rowlands, 18 January 1977. Notes 241

18. TNA FCO 7/3375, Text of British ‘Protest Note’ to Argentine MFA, 19 January 1977. 19. TNA FCO 7/3375, Shakespeare to Crosland and Captain of Endurance, 21 January 1977. 20. TNA FCO 7/3375, Carless to Rowlands, 27 January 1977. 21. TNA FCO 7/3376, Shakespeare to Carless, 1 February 1977. 22. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), vol. 925, cols 550–52, 2 February 1977. 23. Ibid. 24. The Times, 18 February 1977. 25. Parliamentary Debates, vol. 925, cols 550–52, 2 February 1977. 26. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 61. 27. TNA DEFE 24/911, Crosland to Mulley, 1 February 1977. 28. TNA DEFE 24/911, Mulley to Crosland: HMS Endurance, 11 February 1977. 29. Falkland Islands Review, paras. 54–5. 30. Ibid. 31. Falkland Islands Review, para. 56. 32. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 73. 33. Falkland Islands Review, para. 59. 34. TNA FCO 7/3378, Note on Royal Navy Task Group 317.5, FCO Steering Brief, February 1977. 35. Falkland Islands Review, para. 59. 36. TNA FCO 7/3375, Edmonds to Carless, 2 February 1977. 37. TNA FCO 7/3375, FCO to Shakespeare and Parker, 14 February 1977. 38. TNA FCO 7/3381, Shakespeare to FCO, 15 February 1977. 39. TNA FCO 7/3375, FCO to Parker and Shakespeare, 16 February 1977. 40. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I,p.79. 41. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: Vol. II, p. 137. 42. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), vol. 925, cols 556–7, 2 February 1977. 43. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: Vol. II, p. 146. 44. Ibid. 45. ‘The Countdown to Crosland’s Collapse’, Ian Mather, The Observer, 20 February 1977. 46. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 252. 47. Callaghan, Time and Chance, pp. 447–8. 48. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 256. 49. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 448. 50. Fergus Carr, ‘David Owen 1977–79’, in Kevin Theakston (ed.), British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974 (London, 2004), p. 93. 51. Ibid., p. 110. 52. Article for The Observer by David Owen, 23 January 1983. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers, University of Liverpool. 53. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 271. 54. Ibid., pp. 43–4. 55. Carr, ‘David Owen 1977–79’, p. 111. 56. Falkland Islands Review Committee: Note of an oral evidence session, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 57. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 242 Notes

58. Interview with Sir Michael Palliser, 28 April 1999, BDOHP, p. 44. 59. Interview with Sir Brian Crowe, 15 October 2003, BDOHP, p. 33. 60. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 265. 61. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 36. 62. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 354. 63. TNA FCO 7/3382, Record of meeting between Rowlands and Guzzetti, 15 February 1977. 64. TNA FCO 7/3381, Shakespeare to FCO, 17 February 1977. 65. The Future of the Falklands: islanders Fear a Sell-Out’, Robert Ludley, Financial Times, 21 February 1977. 66. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 414. 67. TNA FCO 7/3383, Parker to Owen, 8 March 1977: ‘Visit by Rowlands’, 16–21 February 1977. 68. ‘Falklands Intend to Stay British’, Reading Eagle, 7 September 1977. 69. TNA FCO 7/3383, ‘Visit by Rowlands’, 16–21 February 1977. 70. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 37. 71. TNA FCO 7/3383, ‘Visit by Rowlands’, 16–21 February 1977. 72. ‘Falklands Intend to Stay British’, Reading Eagle, 7 September 1977. 73. TNA FCO 7/3383, ‘Visit by Rowlands’, 16–21 February 1977. 74. Entry by Ted Rowlands in: Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 466. 75. Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I, p. 75. 76. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 466. 77. Notes on Falklands dispute, 1974–77, by Ted Rowlands, Merlyn-Rees/19/6, Falklands, 1982–83, the Merlyn-Rees Papers, LSE. 78. TNA FCO 7/3382, Shakespeare, to Owen, 18 March 1977: ‘Visit by Rowlands, 21–23 February 1977.’ 79. Ibid. 80. ‘A Dangerous Negotiation’, The Times, February 23 1977. 81. ‘Falklands seek deliverance, The Guardian, February 23 1977. 82. ‘Islands in aspic’, Richard Gott, The Guardian, February 23 1977. 83. TNA FCO 7/3383, Rowlands to Owen, 28 February 1977. 84. Peter Riddell, ‘How New Labour Sees Old Labour’, in Seldon and Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour, p. 312. 85. TNA FCO 7/3383, Rowlands to Owen, 28 February 1977. 86. TNA FCO 7/3404, Record of meeting between Rowlands and UKFIC, 22 March 1977. 87. TNA FCO 7/3384, Owen to Parker and Shakespeare, 23 March 1977. 88. TNA FCO 7/3384, Parker to Owen, 4 April 1977. 89. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 151. 90. TNA FCO 7/3384, Carless to Rowlands, 17 March 1977. 91. TNA FCO 7/3384, Rowlands to Owen, 24 March 1977. 92. ‘Thousands Killed in Argentine Terror’, Alan McGregor, The Times,22 February 1977. 93. TNA FCO 7/3404, Carless to Rowlands, 22 March 1977. 94. TNA FCO 7/3384, Wright to Prendergast, 12 April 1977. 95. TNA FCO 7/3384, Shakespeare to Owen, 15 April 1977. 96. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 43. Notes 243

97. TNA FCO 7/3384, Sindall: Note on Beagle Channel dispute, 20 April 1977. 98. Felipe Sanfuentes, ‘The Chilean Falklands Factor’, in Danchev (ed.) Interna- tional Perspectives on the Falklands Conﬂict, p. 69. 99. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, pp. 43–4. 100. David Rock, Argentina, 1516–1982: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War (Berkeley, 1985), pp. 369–70. 101. TNA FCO 7/3384, Shakespeare to Owen, 22 April 1977. 102. See for example: Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol I, pp. 78–80. 103. ‘Argentine Belatedly Celebrates a Hero’, Uki Goni, Time Magazine, 1 August 2010. 104. TNA FCO 7/3384, Shakespeare to Owen, 23 April 1977. 105. TNA FCO 7/3384, Parker to Owen and Shakespeare, 24 April 1977. 106. ‘Argentine Belatedly Celebrates a Hero’, Uki Goni, Time Magazine, 1 August 2010. 107. ‘Expat Journalist Given Honorary Citizenship in Argentina’, Leah Hyslop, The Daily Telegraph, 23 August 2010. 108. TNA FCO 7/3276, Shakespeare to Owen, 31 March 1977. 109. Bicheno, Razor’s Edge, p. 52. 110. TNA FCO 7/3276, Anglin to FCO, 4 March 1977. 111. TNA FCO 7/3276, Shakespeare to Owen, 31 March 1977. 112. Ibid. 113. TNA FCO 7/3276, Keeling: ‘Argentina: Human Rights’, 24 June 1977. 114. Falkland Islands Review Committee: Note of an oral evidence session, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 115. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 572. 116. Callaghan, Time and Chance, pp. 481–2. 117. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), vol. 930, cols 273–4, 26 April 1977. 118. Martin Edwin Andersen, ‘The Military Obstacle to Latin Democracy’, Foreign Policy, No. 73 (Winter 1988–89), p. 105. 119. TNA FCO 7/3264, Shakespeare to Owen, 9 May 1977. 120. TNA FCO 7/3264, Statement by Montonero Party, 9 May 1977. 121. TNA FCO 7/3385, Shakespeare to Owen and Parker, 10 May 1977. 122. TNA FCO 7/3385, Shakespeare to Owen and Parker, 23 May 1977. 123. TNA DEFE 24/911, Owen to Mulley: ‘HMS Endurance’, 25 April 1977. 124. TNA DEFE 24/911, Mulley to Owen: ‘HMS Endurance’, 20 May 1977. 125. TNA FCO 7/3264, Shakespeare to Owen, 24 May 1977. 126. TNA FCO 7/3389, Shakespeare to Owen, 14 June 1977. 127. TNA FCO 7/3389, Parker to Owen, 9 July 1977. 128. ‘Softly, softly sell-out fear by islanders’, John Dickie, Daily Mail, 14 July 1977. 129. TNA FCO 76/1616, Summary of FCO meeting on the Falkland Islands, 13 June 1977. 130. TNA FCO 76/1616, DOP Meeting: Speaking Notes, 29 June 1977. 131. Ibid. 132. Tony Benn, The Benn Diaries, 1940–1990 (London, 1995), p. 422. 133. TNA FCO 76/1616, Burrows to Buxton, 7 July 1977. 134. TNA PREM 16/1504, Hunt to Callaghan, 1 July 1977. 244 Notes

135. TNA FCO 7/3391, FCO Steering Brief, Annex I, July 1977. 136. Notes on Falklands dispute, 1974–77, by Ted Rowlands, Merlyn-Rees/19/6, Falklands, 1982–83, the Merlyn-Rees Papers, LSE. 137. TNA FCO 7/3389, Hickson to Davis, 19 July 1977. 138. TNA FCO 7/3390, Record of meetings between Cortazzi and Allara, 13 July 1977. 139. TNA FCO 7/3390, Record of Anglo-Argentine Negotiations, 2nd Session, 14 July 1977. 140. TNA FCO 7/3390, Record of 3rd Session, 15 July 1977. 141. TNA FCO 7/3389, Owen to Parker: Message from Rowlands to Falklands councillors, 18 July 1977. 142. See: The Times, 18 July 1977 and The Guardian, 16 July 1977. 143. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute, p. 104. 144. The Observer, 25 September 1977.

7 Defence of the Realm: August 1977–January 1978

1. TNA FCO 7/3387, Carless to Cortazzi, 16 September 1977. 2. TNA FCO 7/3375, Carless to Owen, 11 August 1977. 3. TNA FCO 7/3387, Carless to Cortazzi, 16 September 1977. 4. TNA FCO 7/3375, Keeling to Hickson and Ure, 7 September 1977. 5. TNA FCO 7/3375, Owen to Carless and Parker, 6 October 1977. 6. TNA FCO 7/3375, Marsh to Prendergast, 7 October 1977. 7. Ibid. 8. Falkland Islands Review, para. 63. 9. TNA FCO 7/3375, Ure to Rowlands and Wall, 14 October 1977. 10. Correspondence between the Author and Lord Owen, 22 June 2011. 11. Falkland Islands Review, para. 42. 12. TNA FCO 7/3264, Extract from National Intelligence Daily (US), 3 October 1977. 13. TNA FCO 58/1105, Carless to Owen and Parker, 22 September 1977. 14. TNA FCO 7/3264, Carless to Owen, 20 September 1977. 15. TNA FCO 58/1105, Richard to FCO, 26 September 1977. 16. Falkland Islands Review Committee:Noteofanoralevidencesession,18Oct 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers, University of Liverpool. 17. TNA FCO 7/3387, Slater to Owen and Carless, 30 September 1977. 18. Hugh O’Shaughnessy, ‘F.O. wants to give away the Falklands’, The Observer, 25 September 1977. 19. TNA FCO 7/3387, Prendergast to Duff, 3 October 1977. 20. TNA FCO 7/3387, Rowlands to Owen: ‘Falklands: DOP’, 4 October 1977. 21. Notes on the Falklands dispute by Ted Rowlands, Merlyn-Rees/19/6, Falklands, 1982–83, the Merlyn-Rees Papers, LSE. 22. TNA FCO 7/3387, Rowlands to Owen, 4 October 1977. 23. TNA FCO 7/3387, Ure to Rowlands, 29 September 1977. 24. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 67. 25. TNA FCO 7/3387, Rowlands to Owen, 4 October 1977. 26. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 357. Notes 245

27. TNA FCO 7/3387, Ure to Cortazzi and Hall, 19 October 1977. 28. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 29. TNA FCO 7/3387, Wall to Rowlands, 14 October 1977. 30. TNA FCO 7/3387, Ure to Cortazzi and Wall, 17 October 1977. 31. Ibid. 32. TNA FCO 7/3375, Note by Hall, 12 October 1977. 33. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 358. 34. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 35. TNA FCO 7/3394, Carless to Owen, 24 October 1977. 36. TNA FCO 7/3375, Carless to Owen, 27 October 1977. 37. Ibid. 38. Falkland Islands Review Committee, 18 October1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 39. TNA DEFE 24/911, Mulley to Owen, 22 July 1977. 40. TNA DEFE 24/911, Owen to Mulley, 27 October 1977. 41. TNA DEFE 24/911, Mulley to Owen, 16 November 1977. 42. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 50. 43. Falkland Islands Review Committee, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 44. Falkland Islands Review, para. 63. 45. TNA FCO 7/3387, Norbury to Ure, 4 November 1977. 46. TNA FCO 7/3387, ‘Defence of the Falkland Islands’ (MoD paper), 4 November 1977. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid. 49. Notes on the Falklands dispute by Ted Rowlands, the Merlyn-Rees Papers. 50. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 50. 51. TNA PREM 16/1504, Cartledge to Facer, 11 November 1977. 52. TNA FCO 7/3387, Ure to Wall, draft DOP memorandum, 9 November 1977. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid. 55. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 357–8. 56. Article for The Observer by David Owen, 23 January 1983. 57. ‘Falklands Diary’, D 709 3/16/6, the David Owen Papers. 58. Ibid. 59. Falkland Islands Review Committee, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 60. ‘Falklands Diary’, D 709 3/16/6, the David Owen Papers. 61. Benn, The Benn Diaries, p. 434. 62. TNA PREM 16/1504, Mulley to Callaghan (MoD Paper), 17 November 1977. 63. Ibid. 64. TNA PREM 16/1504, Owen to Callaghan, 18 November 1977. 65. TNA CAB 130/997, Cabinet meeting on Falkland Islands (Gen 109), 21 November 1977. 66. Ibid. 67. Falkland Islands Review Committee, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 68. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Moss to Ure, 23 November 1977. 69. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Ure to Moss, 24 November 1977. 246 Notes

70. Falkland Islands Review Committee 18 October 1982’. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 71. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Ure to Moss, 24 November 1977. 72. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Ure to Norbury, 21 November 1977. 73. Benn, The Benn Diaries, p. 434. 74. William D. Rogers, ‘The Unspecial Relationship in Latin America’, in Louis and Bull (eds.), The ‘Special Relationship’: Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 (Oxford, 1986), p. 342. 75. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 76. Falkland Islands Review Committee, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 77. TNA PREM 16/1504, Mulley to Callaghan: ‘Defence of the Falkland Islands: Measures to Deter the Argentine Threat’. Annex A: Rules of Engagement, 17 November 1977. 78. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Moss to Ure, 22 November 1977. 79. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Ure to Moss, 21 November 1977. 80. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Chief of the Naval Staff (Terence Lewin) to Mulley, 23 November 1977. 81. Nigel West, The Secret War for the Falklands: The SAS, MI6, and the War Whitehall Nearly Lost (London, 1997), p. 221. 82. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Lewin to Mulley: ‘The Falkland Islands’ (ROE attached), 23 November 1977. 83. Ibid. 84. Ibid. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid., Annex A. 87. See: Freedman, The Official History Vol. I, pp. 86–8. 88. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Lewin to Mulley: ‘The Falkland Islands’ (ROE attached), 23 November 1977. 89. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Ure to Moss: ‘Rules of Engagement for naval forces’, 24 November 1977. 90. TNA PREM 16/1504, Cartledge to Facer, 28 November 1977. 91. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 6th Series), Franks Report, vol. 35, col. 819, 25 January 1983. 92. BBC Radio interview with Sir Terence Lewin, 30 January 1983. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 93. Statement by David Owen MP, 31 January 1983, D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 94. ‘Send a gunboat – if there’s a fleet and a will to back it’, Admiral Lord Lewin, Daily Telegraph, 22 February 1983. 95. ‘Rules of engagement approved in 1977’, David Owen MP, Daily Telegraph, 23 February 1977. 96. Personal letter by Lewin to Owen, 29 April 1983. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 97. TNA CAB 292/25, The Falkland Islands Review Committee: transcript of oral evidence by Sir Frank Cooper and Sir Terence Lewin (4 October 1982), p. 56. 98. Peter Carrington, Reflect on Things Past: The Memoirs of Lord Carrington (London, 1988), p. 351. Notes 247

99. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 6th Series), Franks Report, vol. 35, col. 949, 26 January 1983. 100. TNA CAB 292/26, The Falkland Islands Review Committee: transcript of oral evidence by John Nott and others (4 October 1982), pp. 23–4. 101. In his discussion of the possibilities for deterrence in 1982, Sir Lawrence Freedman reaches a similar conclusion. See: Freedman, The Ofﬁcial History Vol. I, p. 226. 102. See: Falkland Islands Review, paras. 138–40. 103. Falkland Islands Review, para. 148. See also: TNA CAB 292/22, The Falkland Islands Review Committee: transcript of oral evidence by Lord Carrington (29 September 1982), p. 16. 104. Falkland Islands Review, para. 329. See also: TNA CAB 292/22, The Falkland Islands Review Committee: transcript of oral evidence by Lord Carrington (29 September 1982), pp. 22–3. 105. TNA FCO 7/3387, Ure to Parker, 20 October 1977. 106. TNA FCO 7/3392, Owen to Parker, 22 November 1977. 107. TNA FCO 7/3393, Ure to Parker, 28 November 1977 and to Carless, 29 November 1977. 108. TNA FCO 7/3393, Carless to Owen, 2 December 1977. 109. TNA FCO 7/3393, Carless to Owen and Parker, 7 December 1977. 110. The Guardian, 9 December 1977. 111. TNA FCO 7/3406, Note by the Falkland Islands Ofﬁce, 1 December 1977. 112. TNA FCO 7/3394, Minutes of Anglo-Argentine talks, 13–15 December 1977. 113. Ibid. 114. Ibid. 115. TNA FCO 7/3393, Rowlands to Owen: Anglo-Argentine talks, 15 December 1977. 116. Ibid. 117. Ibid. 118. The Times, 16 December 1977. 119. The Guardian, 17 December 1977. 120. TNA FCO 7/3394, Egerton to Owen, 18 December 1977. 121. TNA PREM 16/1504, Wall to Cartledge, 20 December 1977. 122. West, The Secret War for the Falklands, p. 221. 123. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 6th Series), ‘South Georgia’, vol. 21, col. 168, 30 March 1982. 124. TNA CAB 292/37, The Falkland Islands Review Committee: transcript of oral evidence by James Callaghan (18 October 1982), p. 11. 125. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 375. 126. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 127. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 116. 128. Ibid., p. 117. 129. Ibid., p. 116. 130. Richard Hill, Lewin of Greenwich: The Authorised Biography of Admiral Lewin (London, 2000), p. 314. 131. Ibid., p. 418. 132. West, The Secret War for the Falklands, p. 255. 133. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 134. TNA PREM 16/1504, Owen to Mulley, 16 December 1977. 248 Notes

135. TNA PREM 16/1504, Michael de Winton (Attorney General’s Chambers) to Cartledge, 16 December 1977. 136. TNA PREM 16/1504, Brind to Cartledge, 27 January 1978. 137. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Sinclair to de Winton, 12 December 1977. 138. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Reffell (DNW) to DS5, 20 December 1977. 139. TNA DEFE 24/1245, Marsh to de Winton, 6 February 1978. 140. TNA FCO 7/3394, Leggatt to Carless, 21 December 1977.

8 ‘No Talks, Just Football’: January 1978–May 1979

1. ‘Joint Anglo-Argentine studies of Falklands’, The Times, 16 December 1977. 2. ‘Island talks “positive” ’, The Guardian, 19 December 1977. 3. TNA FCO 7/3534, Carless to Owen, 6 January 1978. 4. TNA FCO 7/3534, Owen to Carless, 25 January 1978. 5. TNA FCO 7/3534, Parker to Owen, 7 February 1978. 6. TNA FCO 7/3534, Parker to Owen, 24 February 1978. 7. TNA FCO 7/3534, Parker to Owen, 25 February 1978. 8. TNA FCO 7/3534, Owen to Parker, 8 March 1978. 9. TNA FCO 46/1785, Mulley to Owen, 24 January 1978. 10. TNA DEFE 24/1405, Marsh: ‘HMS Endurance’, 16 January 1978. 11. TNA FCO 7/3528, Owen to Carless, 9 January 1978. 12. TNA PREM 16/1504, Owen to Callaghan, 6 January 1978. 13. Ibid. 14. TNA PREM 16/1504, Owen to Callaghan, 6 February 1978. 15. TNA FCO 7/3528, Ure to Carless, 9 January 1978. 16. TNA PREM 16/1504, Owen to Callaghan, 6 January 1978. 17. TNA PREM 16/1504, Letter from Montes to Owen, 23 January 1978. 18. TNA PREM 16/1504, Owen to Callaghan, 6 January 1978. 19. Ibid. 20. TNA PREM 16/1504, Mulley to Callaghan, 10 February 1978. 21. TNA PREM 16/1504, Hunt to Callaghan, 14 February 1978. 22. TNA FCO 7/3528, Owen to Hall and Carless, 16 February 1978. 23. TNA FCO 7/3528, Hall to Rowlands, 13 February 1978. 24. TNA FCO 7/3528, Owen to Hall, 16 February 1978. 25. TNA FCO 7/3529, Record of Anglo-Argentine Negotiations, 15–17 February 1978. 26. TNA FCO 7/3529, Pearce to Sindall, 29 March 1978. 27. TNA FCO 7/3529, Record of Anglo-Argentine Negotiations, 15–17 February 1978. 28. Ibid. 29. TNA FCO 7/3529, Illman to Sindall, 15 March 1978. 30. TNA FCO 7/3528, Hall to Owen, Carless and Parker, 17 February 1978. 31. TNA FCO 7/3528, Carless to Owen, 21 February 1978. 32. TNA FCO 7/3529, Owen to Carless, 8 March 1978. 33. TNA FCO 7/3529, Owen to Carless, 20 April 1978. 34. TNA FCO 7/3534, Owen to Parker and Carless, 6 May 1978. 35. ‘Argentinians take over British island’, Hugh O’Shaughnessy, The Observer, 7 May 1978. 36. TNA FCO 7/3534, Parker to Owen and Carless, 8 May 1978. Notes 249

37. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons: 5th Series), ‘prime minister: Engagements’, vol. 949, cols. 972–3, 9 May 1978. 38. TNA FCO 7/3535, Parker to Owen and Carless, 10 May 1978. 39. ‘Falkland Island Occupied’, Sunday Telegraph, 7 May 1978. 40. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Lords), ‘Thule Island and the Argentine’, vol. 391, cols. 976–81, 10 May 1978. 41. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons: 5th Series), ‘Falkland Islands’, vol. 950, cols. 160–61, 16 May 1978. 42. ‘Kick them out’, Sunday Express, 14 May 1978. 43. ‘Issue ‘Evaded’; Falklands Disappointed’, Daily Telegraph, 25 May 1978. 44. TNA FCO 7/3534, UKFIC press statement, 8 May 1978. 45. ‘Britain and Falklands dispute island’s ‘secret”, Mark Arnold-Foster, The Guardian, 12 May 1978. 46. TNA FCO 7/3535, Sindall to Ure, 12 May 1978. 47. TNA FCO 7/3535, Owen to Carless, 9 May 1978. 48. TNA FCO 7/3535, Chick to Owen, 10 May 1978. 49. TNA FCO 7/3535, Chick to Owen, 11 May 1978. 50. TNA FCO 7/3535, Chick to Owen, 17 May 1978. 51. TNA FCO 7/3531, Wall to Ure, 15 May 1978. 52. TNA FCO 7/3535, Parker to Owen, 16 May 1978. 53. TNA FCO 7/3536, Owen to Parker, 22 May 1978. 54. TNA FCO 7/3532, Carless to Owen, 21 July 1978. 55. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, pp. 60–61. 56. TNA FCO 7/3532, Carless to Owen, 14 August 1978. 57. TNA FCO 7/3532, Carless to Owen, 29 August 1978. 58. TNA FCO 7/3532, Owen to Carless, 9 August 1978. 59. Eduardo Galeano, Football in Sun and Shadow (London, 1997), p. 28. 60. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 111. 61. Simon Kuper, Football Against the Enemy (London, 1994) pp. 176–7. 62. Galeano, Football in Sun and Shadow, p. 151. 63. Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 111. 64. Kuper, Football Against the Enemy, p. 175. 65. Ibid. 66. ‘Battle of the River Plate’, Hugh McIlvanney, The Observer, 25 June 1978. 67. TNA FCO 7/3532, Carless to Cortazzi: ‘British/Argentine Relations’, 25 August 1978. 68. Ibid. 69. TNA FCO 7/3531, Carless to Cortazzi, 26 April 1978. 70. TNA FCO 7/3532, Cortazzi to Carless, 4 September 1978. 71. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 516. 72. Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 461. 73. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 517. 74. Ibid., p. 518. 75. TNA FCO 7/3532, Carless to Owen, 29 August 1978. 76. TNA FCO 7/3532, Carless to Owen, 6 September 1978. 77. Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 42. 78. Burns, TheLandThatLostItsHeroes, p. 113. 79. TNA FCO 7/3533, Record of meeting between Owen and Montes, 29 September 1978. 250 Notes

80. TNA FCO 7/3533, Gozney to FCO, 6 October 1978. 81. TNA FCO 7/3533, Carless to Hall, 3 October 1978. 82. TNA FCO 46/1785, Owen to Mulley, 21 September 1978. 83. Ibid. 84. TNA FCO 46/1785, Mulley to Owen, 4 October 1978. 85. Interview with Colin Munro, 8 September 2009, BDOHP, p. 13. 86. TNA FCO 46/1785, Munro to Ure, 21 November 1978. 87. TNA FCO 46/1785, Mulley to Owen, 4 October 1978. 88. TNA FCO 46/1785, Owen to Mulley, 31 October 1978. 89. Ibid. 90. Freedman, The Official History Vol. I, p. 98. 91. TNA FCO 46/1785, Mulley to Owen, 13 November 1978. 92. Mark Phythian, The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 (Manchester, 2000), p. 124. 93. ‘Defence chiefs fear cancellation of Argentine order for frigates’, The Guardian, 1 August 1978. 94. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 5th Series), ‘Argentina’, vol. 953, col. 422, 10 July 1978. 95. Falkland Islands Review Committee: Note of an oral evidence session, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 96. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 97. Freedman, The Official History Vol. I, pp. 92–3. 98. Phythian, The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964, p. 124. 99. TNA FCO 7/3533, Ure to Cortazzi, 7 November 1978. 100. TNA FCO 7/3533, Record of FCO meeting, 12 September 1978. 101. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 357. 102. TNA FCO 7/3533, Ure to Cortazzi, 7 November 1978. 103. Ellerby, ‘The Role of the Falkland Lobby, 1968–1990’, p. 96. 104. TNA FCO 7/3533, Ure to Cortazzi, 7 November 1978. 105. TNA FCO 7/3680, Sindall: ‘Falklands: File Note’, 16 March 1979. 106. TNA FCO 7/3675, Rowlands to Owen: Report on Anglo-Argentine Negotia- tions, 5 January 1979. 107. Ibid. 108. Ibid. 109. TNA FCO 7/3675, Wall to Rowlands, 10 January 1979. 110. TNA FCO 7/3678, Statham to Owen and Carless: Rowlands’ meeting with Falklands councillors, 9 January 1979. 111. TNA FCO 7/3678, Parker to Owen and Carless, 13 January 1979. 112. Ibid. 113. Tatham (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography, p. 551. 114. TNA FCO 7/3679, Ure to Parker, 21 March 1979. 115. TNA FCO 7/3679, Parker to Owen and Carless, 25 January 1979. 116. TNA FCO 7/3678, Parker to Owen and Carless, 13 January 1979. 117. Falkland Islands Review Committee: Note of an oral evidence session, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 118. See: Freedman, The Official History, Vol. I, p. 94; Falkland Islands Review, para. 69. 119. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p. 238. 120. Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 465–6. Notes 251

121. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 518. 122. Cited in: Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 482. 123. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 661. 124. Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: Vol. II, p. 418. 125. Cited in: Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 483–4. 126. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life, p. 662. 127. Hennessy, The prime minister, p. 377. 128. Interview by the Author with Lord Owen, 30 June 2009. 129. TNA FCO 7/3675, Owen to Callaghan, 13 March 1979. 130. TNA FCO 7/3679, Minute by Hall, 5 February 1979. 131. TNA FCO 7/3675, Owen to Callaghan, 13 March 1979. 132. TNA FCO 7/3680, Richard to Owen, Carless and Parker: Report on Anglo- Argentine talks, 21–23 March 1979. 133. TNA FCO 7/3680, Record of Anglo-Argentine Negotiations, New York, 21–23 March 1979. 134. TNA FCO 7/3680, Richard to Owen, Carless and Parker: Report on Anglo- Argentine talks, 21–23 March 1979. 135. Ibid. 136. TNA FCO 7/3680, Gozney to Cowling, 11 April 1979. 137. TNA FCO 7/3680, Carless to Hall, 20 April 1979. 138. TNA FCO 7/3680, Gozney to Cowling, 16 April 1979. 139. TNA FCO 7/3680, Owen to Parker, 20 April 1979. 140. Falkland Islands Newsletter, April 1979, No. 6. 141. ‘Falklands Get New Airport’, Patrick Keatley, The Guardian, 27 April 1979. 142. Sked and Cook, Post-War Britain, p. 323. 143. Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 516. 144. Keatley, The Guardian, 27 April 1979.

Conclusion

1. TNA FCO 7/3198, Falklands Policy March–September 1974 (Research Depart- ment), 8 March 1976. 2. TNA FCO 7/2963, Record of meeting between Callaghan and Lord Shackleton, 18 December 1975. 3. Cited in: Charlton, The Little Platoon, p. 25. 4. Falkland Islands Review Committee: Note of an oral evidence session, 18 October 1982. D 709 3/16/6: Falkland Islands, the David Owen Papers. 5. Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 40. 6. TNA FCO 7/3531, Wall to Ure, 15 May 1978. 7. Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 372. 8. Ibid. 9. Richard Ned Lebow, ‘Revisiting the Falklands Intelligence Failures’, RUSI Jour- nal, Vol. 152, No. 4 (August 2007), pp. 68–73. 10. Falkland Islands Review: Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors, Cmnd. 8787 (London, 1983), para. 291. 11. Ibid., paras. 307–8. 12. West, The Secret War for the Falklands, pp. 207–8. 13. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 369. 252 Notes

14. Philip Norton, ‘Parliament’, in Seldon and Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments 1974–79, p. 190. 15. See for example: Interview with Hugh Carless, 23 February 2002, BDOHP, p. 35; Interview with Adrian Sindall, 22 April 2008, BDOHP, p. 35. 16. TNA FCO 7/3201, FCO Working Paper, 10 September 1976. 17. Parliamentary Debates, Hansard (Commons; 6th Series), ‘Falkland Islands (Franks Report)’, vol. 35, col. 847–8, 25 January 1983. 18. For analysis of Anglo-Argentine tension during 2012–13 see: Aaron Donaghy, ‘Falklands referendum will change little’, 8 March 2013, http:// theconversation.com/falklands-referendum-will-change-little-12653 (accessed 23 April 2013). Select Bibliography

Primary Sources

United Kingdom National Archives, Kew Foreign Office records: FCO 7, 44, 46, 49, 51, 53, 58, 76, 79, 96 Prime Minister’s Office records: PREM 13, 15, 16 Ministry of Defence records: DEFE 24, 25, 69 Cabinet Office records: CAB 128, 129, 130, 148, 292 Overseas Development Ministry records: OD 20, 28, 42 Department of Energy records: EG 14

Private Papers

The James Callaghan papers, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford The David Owen papers, Special Collections and Archives, University of Liverpool The Merlyn Rees papers, Library of Political and Economic Science, LSE, London The Harold Wilson papers, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford

Interviews

Author with Lord David Owen, 30 June 2009 Author with Peter Jay, 19 February 2010 Interviews with former diplomats and ofﬁcials from the British Diplomatic Oral History Programme (BDOHP), Churchill Archives Centre, University of Cambridge

Memoirs

Benn, Tony, The Benn Diaries, 1940–1990, Hutchinson (London, 1995) Callaghan, James, Time and Chance, HarperCollins (London, 1987) Carrington, Peter, Reﬂect on Things Past: The Memoirs of Lord Carrington, HarperCollins (London, 1988) Castle, Barbara, The Castle Diaries, 1964–70, Weidenfeld & Nicholson (London, 1984) Crossman, Richard, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, Hamilton (London, 1975) Donoughue, Bernard, Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10, Jonathan Cape (London, 2005) Donoughue, Bernard, Downing Street Diary Vol. II: With James Callaghan in No. 10, Jonathan Cape (London, 2008) Healey, Denis, TheTimeofMyLife, Michael Joseph (London, 1989)

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Hunt, Rex, My Falklands Days, David & Charles (London, 1992) Nott, John, Here Today Gone Tomorrow: Recollections of an Errant Politician, Politico’s (London, 2002) Owen, David, Time to Declare, Michael Joseph (London, 1991) Owen, David, Time to Declare: Second Innings, Politico’s (London, 2009) Thatcher, Margaret, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins (London, 1993) Wilson, Harold, Final Term: The Labour Government 1974–1976, Michael Joseph (London, 1979)

Houses of Parliament

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Aldous, Richard, Reagan and Thatcher: The Difficult Relationship, Hutchinson (London, 2012) Allen, David, ‘James Callaghan 1974–76’, in Kevin Theakston (ed.), British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974, Routledge (London, 2004) Andersen, Martin Edwin, ‘The Military Obstacle to Latin Democracy’, Foreign Policy, 73, 94–113 (Winter, 1988–89) Ashton, Steven and Louis, Wm. Roger (eds.), British Documents on the End of Empire Series A, Volume 5, East of Suez and the Commonwealth 1964–1971,The Stationery Office (London, 2004) Badsey, Stephen et al. (eds.) The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years On: Lessons for the Future, Routledge (London, 2005) Beck, Peter, The Falkland Islands as an International Problem, Routledge, (London, 1988) Beck, Peter, ‘Who Owns Antarctica?: Governing and Managing the Last Continent’, Boundary and Security Briefing, Vol. 1, No. 1 (University of Durham, 1994) Select Bibliography 255

Beckett, Andy, When the Lights Went Out: What Really Happened to Britain in the Seventies, Faber and Faber (London, 2009) Bicheno, Hugh, Razor’s Edge: The Unofficial History of the Falklands War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (London, 2006) Bickers, Robert (ed.) Settlers and Expatriates: Britons over the Seas, Oxford UP (Oxford, 2010) Boyce, George, The Falklands War, Palgrave Macmillan (London, 2005) Bridge, Carl, and Fedorowich, Kent, ‘Mapping the British World’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth Studies, 31:2, 1–15 (2003) Burns, Jimmy, The Land That Lost Its Heroes: How Argentina Lost the Falklands War, Bloomsbury (London, 2012) Calvert, Peter, ‘British Relations with the Southern Cone States’, in Michael Morris (ed.), Great Power Relations in Argentina, Chile and Antarctica, St. Martin’s Press (New York, 1990) Calvert, Peter, ‘The Malvinas as a Factor in Argentine Politics’, in Alex Danchev (ed.) International Perspectives on the Falklands Conflict: A Matter of Life and Death, Macmillan (London, 1992) Carr, Fergus, ‘David Owen 1977–79’, in Theakston (ed.), British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974 Cawkell, Mary, The History of the Falkland Islands, Anthony Nelson (London, 2001) Charlton, Michael, The Little Platoon: Diplomacy and the Falklands Dispute,Basil Blackwell (Oxford, 1989) Clarke, Peter, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–2000, Penguin Books (London, 2004) Curran, James and Ward, Stuart, The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire, Melbourne UP (Melbourne, 2010) Daddow, Oliver, ‘Anthony Crosland 1976–77’, in Theakston (ed.), British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974 Darwin, John, Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World, Macmillan (Basingstoke, 1988) Dodds, Klaus, Pink Ice: Britain and the South Atlantic Empire, I.B. Tauris (London, 2002) Ellerby, Clive, ‘The Role of the Falkland Lobby, 1968–1990’, in Danchev (ed.), International Perspectives on the Falklands Conflict Freedman, Lawrence, The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: Vols. I and II (revised edition), Routledge (Abingdon, 2007) Freedman, Lawrence and Gamba-Stonehouse, Virginia, Signals of War,Faber (London, 1989) Galeano, Eduardo, Football in Sun and Shadow, Fourth Estate (London, 2003) Gamba-Stonehouse, Virginia, ‘International and Inter-Agency Misperceptions in the Conflict’, in Danchev (ed.) International Perspectives on the Falklands Conflict Gibran, Daniel, The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic, McFarland & Company (London, 1998) González, Martín Abel, The Genesis of the Falklands (Malvinas) Conflict: Argentina, Britain and the Failed Negotiations of the 1960s, Palgrave Macmillan (Basingstoke, 2013) Graham, Robert, ‘British policy towards Latin America’, in Victor Bulmer- Thomas (ed.), Britain and Latin America: A Changing Relationship, Cambridge UP (Cambridge, 1989) 256 Select Bibliography

Gustafson, Lowell, The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands, Oxford UP (Oxford, 1988) Hastings, Max, and Jenkins, Simon, The Battle for the Falklands, Michael Joseph (London, 1983) Hennessy, Peter, The Prime Minister: The Ofﬁce and Its Holders Since 1945,Penguin Books (London, 2000) Hill, Richard, Lewin of Greenwich: The Authorised Biography of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Lewin, Cassel & Co. (London, 2000) Holmes, Martin, The Labour Government, 1974–79: Political Aims and Economic Reality, Macmillan (London, 1985) Howells, Gwyn, ‘The British Press and the Peróns’, in Morris (ed.), Great Power Relations in Argentina, Chile and Antarctica Huntford, Roland, Shackleton, Hodder & Stoughton (London, 1985) Jeffreys, Kevin, Anthony Crosland: A New Biography, Metro Books (London, 1999) Kuper, Simon, Football Against the Enemy, Orion (London, 1994) Lane, Anne, ‘Foreign and Defence Policy’, in Anthony Seldon and Kevin Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments 1974–79, Routledge (London, 2004) Lebow, Richard Ned, ‘Revisiting the Falklands Intelligence Failures’, RUSI Journal, Vol. 152, No. 4 (Aug. 2007) Morgan, Kenneth, Callaghan: A Life, Oxford UP (Oxford, 1997) Murphy, Philip, Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography, I.B. Tauris (London, 1999) Norton, Philip, ‘Parliament’, in Seldon and Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments 1974–79 Perl, Raphael, The Falkland Islands Dispute in International Law and Politics: A Documentary Sourcebook, Oceana (New York, 1983) Phipps, Colin, ‘What Future for the Falkland Islands?’, Fabian Tract 450, July 1977 Phythian, Mark, The Labour Party, War and International Relations, 1945–2006, Routledge (Abingdon, 2007) Phythian, Mark, The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964, Manchester UP (Manchester, 2000) Pimlott, Ben, Harold Wilson, HarperCollins (London, 1992) Reynolds, David, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century, Longman (Harlow, 2000) Riddell, Peter, ‘How New Labour Sees Old Labour’, in Seldon and Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour Rock, David, Argentina, 1516–1982: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War, University of California Press (Berkeley, 1985) Rogers, William D., ‘The Unspecial Relationship in Latin America’, in Wm Roger Louis and Hedley Bull (eds.), The ‘Special Relationship’: Anglo-American Relations Since 1945, Clarendon Press (Oxford, 1986) Romero, Luis Alberto, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century, Pennsylvania State UP (University Park, 2002) Sanders, David, Losing an Empire, Finding a Role: British Foreign Policy since 1945, Macmillan (Basingstoke, 1990) Sanfuentes, Felipe, ‘The Chilean Falklands Factor’, in Danchev (ed.), International Perspectives on the Falklands Conﬂict: A Matter of Life and Death Shackleton, Lord Edward, ‘Prospect of the Falkland Islands’, The Geographic Journal, Vol. 143 Part I, March 1977 Select Bibliography 257

Sked, Alan and Cook, Chris, Post-War Britain: A Political History, Penguin Books (London, 1993) Tatham, David (ed.), The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (including South Georgia): From Discovery up to 1981, ABC Print (Hereford, 2008) Ward, Stuart (ed.), British Culture and the End of Empire, Manchester UP (Manchester, 2001) West, Nigel, The Secret War for the Falklands: The SAS, MI6, and the War Whitehall Nearly Lost, Little, Brown and Company (London, 1997) Winchester, Simon, Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire, Penguin Books (London, 2003) Young, John W., The Labour Governments, 1964–70 (Vol. 2): International Policy, Manchester UP (Manchester, 2003) Young, John W., Twentieth Century Diplomacy: A Case Study of British Practice, 1963–1976, Cambridge UP (Cambridge, 2008) Index

Abbott, Jack, 51, 91 139–40, 161–62, 164–65, 213; Aden, 7, 10, 109 occupation of Southern Thule, 2, Agosti, Brigadier General Orlando, 102 18, 133–40, 144, 158–59, 162–63, Allara, Rear Admiral Gualter: 185–86, 187, 188–89, 190, importance of Malvinas, 10–11; 191–94, 197, 202–3, 204–5, 210, Anglo-Argentine talks (July, 213, 214, 219; negotiations over August 1976), 116–21; proposes Falklands (1965–73), 4–6, 8, 9, ‘joint administration’ of 10–13, 28, 29–30, 59, 71, 118–19, Falklands, 119–21; Southern 130–31, 210, 219; Operation Thule, 134; Beagle Channel Condor, 5, 58, 75, 134; claim to dispute, 150–51; Anglo-Argentine sovereignty over Falklands, 10–11, talks (July 1977), 155–56, 158; 17, 36, 120, 156, 178, 193, 203; Anglo-Argentine negotiations Anglo-Argentine community, 10, (December 1977), 177–79, 183, 51, 151–52; nationalism, 10, 37, 185; frustration at British tactics, 40, 53, 197; importance of 177; talks on scientiﬁc Malvinas, 10–11, 17, 29, 32, 40; cooperation, 193, 202–3 Malvinas Day, 10, 31–32; Álvarez, Rear Admiral José Angel, 88 objections to self-determination Amery, Julian, 27, 28, 36, 219 for Islanders, 11, 77, 120, 156; Amnesty International, 129, 149, 195 Communications Agreement Anaya, Admiral Jorge, 136, 139, 159, (1971), 12, 25, 42, 55, 74; air 181, 217 service with Falkland Islands Anchorena, Manuel de, 29, 32, 83–84, (LADE), 12, 14, 24, 28, 39, 74, 90, 101 208; Beagle Channel dispute with Antarctic Treaty (1961), 10, 134, 135, Chile, 17, 144, 148, 150–51, 156, 186, 189 162, 187–88, 189, 190, 194, 196, Antarctica, 10, 51, 81, 86, 92, 115, 197, 207, 209, 212–13, 219; 130, 133, 134, 135, 150, 163, economic problems, 18, 25, 40, 185, 186 66, 67, 69, 102; political ARA Almirante Storni, 92–94, 96, 159 instability, 18, 32, 37, 40, 52, 54, ARA Bahía Aguirre, 136 59–60, 67, 68, 69–72, 76, 100–2, ARA Cabo San Gonzalo, 90–91 117–18, 147, 149, 153, 155, 195, ARA General San Martín, 136 210, 213; terrorism and political ARA Presidente Sarmiento, 119 violence, 18, 37, 40, 51, 54, ARA Salta, 181 59–60, 64, 76, 102, 117, 123, ARA Santiago del Estero, 75, 134 151–52, 153, 194; condominium ARA Uruguay, 133 initiative (joint administration), Argentina: invasion of the Falkland 24–44, 78, 83–84, 85, 100, 117, Islands (1982), 1–2, 41, 173–76, 119–20, 123, 125, 162, 178, 211; 180, 215–17, 220: plans/threats to attitude towards oil, 25, 45, attack Falklands, 1, 19, 23, 52–54, 49–50, 53–54, 57–58, 62–63, 66, 56, 59, 60–61, 64, 67–68, 84, 89, 96, 135, 144, 153, 190; nature

258 Index 259

of Ministry of Foreign Affairs BBC (British Broadcasting (MFA), 29, 32, 71, 85, 213; talks Corporation), 34, 91, 140, on economic cooperation, 45, 151, 173 62–70, 74, 77–78, 85, 89, 102, Beagle Channel dispute, 17, 144, 148, 103, 116, 119–21, 155–56, 150–51, 156, 162, 187–88, 189, 178–79, 189, 197; bombing of 190, 194, 196, 197, 207, 209, British Embassy, 64; reaction to 212–13, 219 Shackleton economic survey, 78, Belize, 7, 23, 51, 73, 99, 142, 160, 166, 82–94, 96–97, 117, 121, 123, 211; 170, 183, 187, 188, 219 withdrawal of ambassadors, 90; Beltramino, Juan Carlos, 71, 73, attack on RRS Shackleton, 92–97; 82–84 military coup (1976), 101–3, 139, Benn, Tony, 21, 98, 155, 168, 170, 201 152, 162, 211; process of Bevin, Ernest, 22 militarisation, 129–30, 150, 159; Biggs-Davison, John, 30, 192 and ‘mixed approach’, 131, 156, Blanco, Juan Carlos, 43, 64, 74, 82, 84, 160, 166, 178–79, 180, 187, 195, 97, 135 211; and talks on scientiﬁc Bloomer-Reeve, Carlos, 38–39, cooperation, 189–91, 193–94, 74–75, 97 197, 202–5, 206–7, 209, 211, 217 Bowles, William, 33 Argentine Air Force, 39, 53, 97, 102, Boyd, Lord Alan Lennox, 110–11 130, 139, 198 Braine, Sir Bernard, 30, 41, 51 Argentine Army, 37, 72, 86, 130, Brazil, 27, 40, 51, 66, 177, 179, 195, 159, 197 203: dispute with Argentina, 32, Argentine Congress, 25, 32, 44, 53, 66, 162; transit of Shackleton team, 82, 89–90, 92 86, 89; and British naval Argentine Navy, 67, 91, 181, 197, 200: deployment (1976), 99, 182, 214; militancy of, 86, 92–94, 139–40, training exercises with Royal 158–59, 162–63, 164–65, 215; Navy, 198–99 rivalry with armed services, Brezhnev, Leonid, 119 129–30, 150, 159; occupation of Bridger, Gordon, 112–13 Southern Thule, 133–37, 139, 159 Britain: see Great Britain Argentine press: see Crónica, Opinión, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), 133, Nación, Última Clave, Última Hora 135, 136, 139, 163, 164, 171, Ascension Island, 165 178, 216 Ashe, Derek: warns Vignes against British Embassy: bombing of (1975), aggression, 61, 68–69; bombing of 64, 74, 96 British Embassy, 64; talks with British Guiana: see Guyana Vignes on economic cooperation, British Honduras: see Belize 65–69; and Argentine reaction to British Nationality Law, 16, Shackleton mission, 82–85, 89–90; 54, 216 withdrawal from Buenos Aires, 90 British naval deployments: Atkins, Humphrey, 25–26 Attlee, Clement, 22 Operation Journeyman (November–December 1977), Australia, 15, 16 1–2, 163–76, 177, 180–84, 213–17; overt deployment Balfour, Captain Hugh, 171 (1976), 98–99, 182, 214; Royal Barlow, Sir John, 127–28 Navy task force 317.5 Barton, Arthur, 37–39, 41 (January–February 1977), 260 Index

British naval deployments – continued planning (1976), 98–99, 182, 214; 140, 182, 214; debates over becomes prime minister, 103–4; (1978), 188, 198–200, 214 involvement in defence plans Buenos Aires: bombing of British (1977), 166, 168–69, 172, 173, Embassy, 64, 74, 96; 180–81; and ‘Winter of Anglo-Argentine talks (August Discontent’, 205–6 1976), 119–21 Cameron, David, 220–21 Buenos Aires Herald, 151 Cameron, Neil, 168–69, 173 Bulgaria, 162–63 Camilion, Oscar, 17 Busser, Rear Admiral Carlos, 181 Campbell, Ian, 128, 130, 145 Canada, 16, 53, 56–57, 81 Cabinet: and 1977 naval deployment, Cape Pembroke, 92 2, 167–69, 170, 174, 177, 181, Carless, Hugh: Communications 183, 217; rules of engagement Agreement (1971), 12; importance (1977), 2, 169, 170–75, 182–83; of Malvinas for Argentina, 17; and and Anglo-Argentine negotiations death of Perón, 37, 40; seminar (1968), 6; view on Falklands with Falkland Islands committee, dispute, 15 51–52; pessimistic about condominium proposal, 31, 39; defending Falklands, 58; and Anglo-Argentine economic Shackleton mission, 80; reaction cooperation, 64, 70; and to Argentine military coup, 102; resumption of sovereignty talks, and Crosland’s ‘mixed approach’, 95, 101–2; mixed approach 105, 125; criticises Shackleton formula, 125, 129, 130, 155; and report, 109–10, 113; and Falklands continental shelf, 155; Argentine occupation of Southern leaseback, 161, 166, 179; and Thule, 135–36, 163, 193–94; absenceofmeetings appointed chargé d’affaires, 158; (1981–82), 216 reports of Argentine naval threat, Callaghan, Audrey, 206 158; and scientific cooperation Callaghan, James: background and talks, 193–94 personality, 22–23; and special Carrington, Lord Peter, 1, 2, 19, 175, relationship with USA, 22, 142, 176, 192 153; relationship with Foreign Carter, Jimmy, 152–53 Office, 23, 73; attitude towards Falklands dispute, 23, 80, 125–26; Cartledge, Bryan, 166 withdraws from condominium Castex,Arauz:andShackleton talks, 42; meeting with Vignes economic survey, 82–90; meeting (September 1974), 43–44; with Callaghan, 87–88; recalls overrules Foreign Office on ambassadors, 90 leaseback, 60–62, 73, 214–15; Castle, Barbara, 6 warns Argentine foreign minister, Chalfont, Lord Alun, 4–6, 9, 28, 30, 61, 68; and HMS Endurance, 68, 118, 144, 202, 219 87, 91, 95–96, 98; meeting with Channel Islands, 155 Robledo (September 1975), 76–78, Chile, 158: and arms sales, 13, 118; 82, 84–85; and Shackleton human rights record, 13, 118, economic survey, 79–80, 82, 152–53; Beagle Channel dispute 84–85, 86, 87–88, 89, 90, 91; with Argentina, 17, 144, 148, meeting with Castex (December 150–51, 156, 162, 187–88, 189, 1975), 84–85; contingency 190, 194, 196, 197, 207, 209, Index 261

212–13, 219; establishments on Europe and the United States, Falklands Dependencies, 134 104; attitude towards Falklands China, 7–8, 220 dispute, 105, 126; defers Falklands Choiseul Sound, 171 issue to diplomats, 105; and Christie, William Hunter, 49–51, 60, Shackleton report, 111, 126, 130, 127–28, 149, 154, 177, 192 137–38; failing health, 122, 126, Churchill, Sir Winston, 10, 103 141; devises ‘mixed approach’, Clark, William, 36, 49 123–26; correspondence with Clement, Jim, 11 Guzzetti (October 1976), 131; and Clifford, Geoffrey, 26 Southern Thule, 134–37, 138; and ‘Cod War’ (Britain and Iceland), 104, HMS Endurance, 138–39 105, 115, 218 Crossley, Geoffrey, 111 Cold War, 7 Crowe, Brian, 143 Colombia, 111 Cuba, 37, 74, 127 Commonwealth of Nations (British Cyprus, 10, 109 Commonwealth), 10, 12–13, 16, Czechoslovakia, 142 23, 46, 89, 104, 204, 218 Commonwealth Parliamentary Daily Express, 191 Association, 30, 157 Daily Mail, 154 Communications Agreement (1971), Daily Telegraph, 6, 41, 144 11–12, 25, 31, 35, 42, 47, 55, 74 Dales, Richard, 87 Comodoro Rivadavia, 12, 28, 74, 208 Damasco, Vicente, 72, 76 Condominium, 59, 78, 83–84, 85, Darwin, 107, 145 100, 119–20, 123, 162, 178: and Deception Island, 134 Anglo-Argentine initiative (1974), decolonisation, 7, 9–10, 11, 13, 15–16, 13, 24–44, 45, 47, 48, 54, 55, 101, 23, 87 117, 211 Defence and Overseas Policy Conservative government: Thatcher committee (DOP): see Cabinet (1979–83), 1–2, 3–4, 173–76, 180, Defence Review (1974–75), 56, 58, 75, 199, 209, 213, 215–17, 219–20; 87, 213: (1981), 199 Heath (1970–74), 3–4, 12–13, 21, Department of Energy, 56, 155, 201 22, 24–27, 31, 36, 55, 87, 118 Derian, Patricia, 152 Conservative Party, 90, 103–4, 148, 192, 196, 209: and Falklands Desmaras, Carlos, 48 lobby, 6, 30, 35, 36, 49, 51, Destefani, Laurio, 183 110–11, 192 Diego Garcia, 17, 77, 87 continental shelf, 25, 49, 58, 65, ‘disappeared’ people (Argentina), 149, 154–55, 189–91, 202 151–52, 195 Cook, Captain James, 134 Donoughue, Bernard, 21, 22, 63, 65, Cooper, Frank, 118 98, 104, 122, 126, 141, 206 Córdoba, bombing of British Cultural Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 24–27, Institute, 90 28, 192 Cortazzi, Hugh, Anglo-Argentine talks (July 1977), 153, 155–57, 158 economic cooperation, Cox, Robert, 151–52 Anglo-Argentine talks on, 45, Cragg, Anthony, 87 62–70, 74, 77–78, 85, 89, 102, Crónica, 53, 59, 144 103, 116, 119–21, 155–56, Crosland, Tony: background and 178–79, 189, 197 personality, 104–5; views on Eden, Sir Anthony, 142 262 Index

Edmonds, Robin: and 1968 Falkland Islands: Argentine invasion negotiations, 6; meetings with of (1982), 1–2, 41, 173–76, 180, Falkland Islands Committee, 215–17, 220; British defence 49–52, 63; and Shackleton report, plans, 1–2, 3, 4, 19, 58, 61, 68, 109–10; Anglo-Argentine talks 95–96, 98–99, 138–40, 153–54, (July, August 1976), 116–21 163–76, 177, 180–84, 186, 188, Ennals, David: and Falkland Islands 198–200, 213–14, 215–17, 220–21; Committee, 36, 50, 51–52, 59; Lord Chalfont’s visit, 4–6, 9, 11, Vignes’ invasion ultimatum, 28, 30, 118–19, 144, 202, 219; 52–53, 56, 59, 61; and leaseback Anglo-Argentine negotiations formula, 57, 59–60, 62, 64, 73 (1965–73), 4–6, 8, 9, 10–13, 28, European Economic Community 29–30, 59, 71, 118–19, 130–31, (EEC): British renegotiations, 22, 210, 219; UN debates on, 5, 11, 29, 218; view on Falklands 17, 19, 23, 24, 45–46, 56–57, 65, dispute, 56; British 120, 129; Argentine landings on referendum, 65 (1966), 5, 58, 75; distinct from Evans, Glynne, 43, 50 other British colonies, 7–8, 11, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 124 16–17; British claims to, 8–9; Exocet missiles, 171 economic problems, 9, 11, 14, 47, 63, 79–80, 91, 106–8, 112–13, Falkland Islanders: character, 5, 14, 125, 146; population decline, 9, 16–17, 26, 30, 55, 74, 106–7, 112, 11, 14, 79, 106, 187; revival of the 137, 145, 146–47; desire to dispute, 10; Communications remain British, 5–6, 8, 11, 13, 17, Agreement (1971), 11–12, 25, 31, 25, 30, 37–38, 41, 50–51, 56, 90, 35, 42, 47, 55, 74; Argentine air 101–2, 112, 124, 144, 145, 146, service to (LADE), 12, 14, 24, 28, 149, 157; fear of abandonment, 39, 74–75, 208; Argentine 5–6, 17–18, 29–30, 55–56, 76, immigration control (‘white 100, 118–19, 123–24, 144–45, cards’), 12, 14, 74–75, 148, 208; 149–50, 154, 179, 191–92, 203–5; condominium initiative, 13, wishes as paramount, 6, 35, 42, 24–44, 45, 47, 48, 54, 55, 59, 78, 65, 67, 100–101, 118, 123, 137, 83–84, 85, 100, 101, 117, 119–20, 142–43, 178, 211, 219; distrust of 123, 162, 178, 211; oil as factor in British government, 17–18, dispute, 14, 25, 45, 49–50, 53, 56, 55–56, 75–76, 100–101, 118–19, 62–66, 79, 80, 96–97, 105, 108, 127–29, 145, 160, 191–93, 203–5, 124, 125, 144, 149, 153, 157, 190, 210, 215; and condominium 220; leaseback initiative, 14, 45, initiative, 23–44, 45, 47, 55, 57–58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 70, 100, 83–84, 100, 101, 117, 178, 211; 101, 124, 130, 142, 154, 157, anti-Argentine attitudes, 38–39, 160–61, 166–67, 177, 179, 183, 40–41, 50–51, 65, 74–75, 97, 130, 187, 201, 202, 211, 212, 215; 145, 179; Rowlands’ perception social problems, 14, 55–56, 63, 79, of, 146–47; reaction to occupation 106–7, 112, 113, 125; of Southern Thule, 186, 191–93, vulnerability, 15, 18, 56–59, 62, 204–5, 219; rejection of scientiﬁc 74, 75–76, 96, 98, 165, 177, 210, agreement, 203–5; See also 220; airﬁeld, 24, 31–32, 56, 80, Falkland Islands Executive 97–98, 108, 112, 113, 127, 130, Council; Falkland Islands 148, 165, 208; role of Governor, Legislative Council 26, 215; British postponement of Index 263

constitutional changes, 100–101; Falkland Islands Governor: see Shackleton economic report, Falkland Islands; Ernest Lewis; 105–14, 115, 116, 117, 121, 123, Neville French; James Parker 127–28, 131, 137, 149, 219; Falkland Islands Legislative Council Rowlands’ visit (1977), 143–47, (LegCo), 26, 31, 33–34, 41, 47, 53, 215; sovereignty referendum 100–101, 145–46, 148, 156–57, (2013), 220; Anglo-Argentine 176–77, 193, 203–5, 208, 215 tension (2012–13), 220–21; see Falkland Islands lobby: see Falkland also Falklands War Islands Committee Falkland Islands Committee (UKFIC): Falkland Islands Sheepowners composition, 6, 30, 50, 59, 79–80, Association, 38, 39, 128, 146 127; influence, 6, 18, 30, 41, 42, Falklands War (1982), 1–2, 3, 39, 41, 49, 79–80, 147–50, 201, 208, 210, 171, 173–76, 180, 198, 205, 211–12; formation of, 18, 29–30; 215–17, 219–220, 221 criticism of British government, Financial Times, 61, 144 30–31, 36, 51, 79, 154, 192; First World War, 10, 76 opposition to condominium Fisher, Sir Nigel, 208 initiative, 36, 37–38, 41, 42, 47; Foot, Michael, 103 meetings with Foreign Office, 36, Ford, Gerald, 63, 152, 153 49–52, 63, 148; expansion of, 47, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 79–80, 127, 149; campaign for (FCO): Chalfont’s mission, 4–6; economic development, 63, attitude towards Falklands, 5, 8–9, 79–80; pressure on ‘pro-Argentine’ 14–15; Latin American governor, 126–29; Shackleton Department, 9, 14; hearts and report, 127–28, 208; Argentine minds campaign, 11–12; policy occupation of Southern Thule, disagreements between diplomats 140–41, 192; and human rights and ministers, 14–15, 23, 45, abuses in Argentina, 147, 149–50 57–62, 73, 136–37, 143, 160–63, Falkland Islands Company (FIC), 14, 165, 166–67, 177, 183–84; 46–47, 52, 65, 66, 84, 107, 146, Falklands ‘education campaign’, 156, 162, 191 18, 48–52, 70, 75, 148–49, 150, Falkland Islands Defence Force, 14, 155, 200–202, 211–12, 218, 219; 75–76 visit of diplomats to Falklands Falkland Islands Dependencies: (1975), 48, 55–56; clash with Argentine desire to occupy, 67, Ministry of Defence over HMS 69, 120, 134, 139, 154–55; British Endurance, 68, 87, 91, 95–96, willingness to negotiate 131–32, 138–39, 153–54, 163–64, sovereignty, 105, 124, 125, 129, 182, 186, 198–99, 213; reaction to 166, 178–79; talks on scientific Argentine military coup (1976), cooperation, 188–91, 193–94, 102; Rowlands’ visit to Falklands 197, 202–5, 206–7, 209, 211, 217; (1977), 143–47; involvement in See also South Georgia; Southern 1977 defence plans, 160–62, Thule 165–67, 171, 176–77, 183–84; see Falkland Islands Executive Council also Great Britain (ExCo), 13, 26, 27, 31, 33–34, 41, Fox Bay, 145 47, 65, 80, 145–46, 148, 156–57, France, 155, 200: Paris talks, 87–88, 176–77, 203–5, 215 115–18, 119, 123 Falkland Islands Office (London), 149, Franks Committee enquiry, 2, 163, 192, 201, 212 174–75, 176, 180 264 Index

Franks Report (1983), 2, 64, 80, 126, (1971), 11–12, 25, 31, 35, 42, 47, 173, 182, 205, 216 55, 74; arms sales policy, 13, 18, French, Neville: background, 74, 129; 30, 117–18, 121, 142, 159, 159, policy towards Falklands and 191, 200, 210; human rights Argentina, 74, 113, 130; policy, 13, 14, 18, 117–18, 142, equipping the FIDF, 75–76; and 148, 149, 151–53, 154, 155, 156, RRS Shackleton incident, 92, 131; 157, 159, 191, 200, 210, 211, 218; forced out by Islanders, condominium initiative, 13, 126–29, 131 24–44, 45, 47, 48, 54, 55, 59, 78, Frenchman, Michael, 91, 111–12, 83–84, 85, 100, 101, 117, 119–20, 126–28 123, 162, 178, 211; oil as factor in Frow, Brian, 192 dispute, 14, 25, 45, 49–50, 53, 56, Fuchs, Sir Vivian, 209 62–66, 79, 80, 96–97, 105, 108, 124, 125, 144, 149, 153, 157, 190, Galsworthy, Sir Arthur, 118–19 220; leaseback initiative, 14, 45, Garrido, Jorge, 72, 76 57–58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 70, 100, Geisel, Ernesto, 27 101, 124, 130, 142, 154, 157, Gelbard, José, 37, 69 160–61, 166–67, 177, 179, 183, Germany: see West Germany 187, 201, 202, 211, 212, 215; Gibraltar, 5, 7–8, 9, 17, 23, 31, 54, 58, economic problems, 15, 18, 19, 140, 143, 160, 171, 214 21, 41, 48, 95, 104, 111, 112, 126, Gilbert, John, 140 142, 205–6, 218; defence cuts, 15, Goa: Portuguese–Indian War (1961), 56, 87, 91, 95–96, 131, 199, 213, 11, 28, 139–40 216, 220; nationality/citizenship Goose Green, 145, 154 issues, 16, 17–18, 54, 216; Goronwy-Roberts, Lord, 42, 44, 46, instability of Labour government, 92, 192 18, 21, 29, 49, 122, 142, 148, 196, Gowland, Rafael, 94, 110–11, 135, 137 218–19; devolution debates, 18, Gozney, Richard, 208 122, 148, 218; intelligence Great Britain: 1977 naval deployment, reports, 19, 28, 58, 60, 72, 86, 1–2, 163–76, 177, 180–84, 136, 139–40, 159, 164–65, 213–17; Argentine occupation of 215–17; general election, 21, 27, Southern Thule, 2, 18, 133–40, 44, 45, 49, 52, 194, 196, 197, 201, 144, 158–59, 162–63, 185–86, 206, 207, 20; talks on economic 187, 188–89, 190, 191–94, 197, cooperation, 45, 62–70, 74, 202–3, 204–5, 210, 213, 214, 219; 77–78, 85, 89, 102, 103, 116, Anglo-Argentine negotiations 119–21, 155–56, 178–79, 189, (1965–73), 4–6, 8, 9, 10–13, 28, 197; withdrawal of ambassadors, 29–30, 59, 71, 118–19, 130–31, 90; reaction to RRS Shackleton 210, 219; Islanders’ wishes as incident, 93–96, 98–102; paramount, 6, 35, 42, 65, 67, contingency defence plans (1976), 100–101, 118, 123, 137, 142–43, 98–99, 182, 214; Shackleton 178, 211, 219; and economic report, 105–14, 115, decolonisation, 7–11, 15–16, 23, 116, 117, 121, 123, 127–28, 131, 87; military withdrawal East of 137, 149, 219; ‘mixed approach’ Suez, 7, 15, 16, 23, 54, 77, 87; lack formula, 122–26, 131, 134, of support at UN, 11, 23, 45–46, 154–55, 156, 160, 161, 166, 177, 56–57, 59, 65, 129, 210; 178–79, 180, 187, 195, 203, 204, Communications Agreement 211; contingency defence plans Index 265

(February 1977), 140, 182, 214; HMS Exeter, 171 talks on scientific cooperation, HMS Phoebe, 171 189–91, 193–94, 197, 202–5, HMS Tiger, 140 206–7, 209, 211, 217; ‘Winter of Hong Kong, 7–8, 10, 16, 18, 54, Discontent’, 205–6; see also 58, 124 Foreign and Commonwealth Hope Bay, 10 Office; Ministry of Defence; Hopson, Sir Donald: and Cabinet; Conservative condominium initiative (1974), government 24, 27, 29, 31–32, 34–37, 40, Griffiths, Professor Donald, 49, 50, 53, 42–43, 44; death, 42–43, 45 56, 66 House of Commons, 1–2, 6, 26, 27, Guatemala, 10, 99, 170, 219 29, 35, 49, 61, 65, 90, 134, 141, The Guardian, 89, 94, 108, 147–48, 143, 157, 173, 177, 180, 181, 187, 157, 179, 192, 200 192, 200, 209, 212 Guyana, 10, 51 House of Lords, 41, 42, 192 Guzzetti, Admiral César: background, Hughes, Cledwyn, 103 103; renewal of sovereignty talks, human rights: British policy towards, 103, 122, 126, 131, 143; 13, 14, 18, 117–18, 142, 148, 149, Argentine presence on Southern 151–53, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, Thule, 143–44; shot by the 191, 200, 210, 211, 218; and UN, Montoneros, 153 46, 129, 149; Argentine violations, 117–18, 129, 148–49, Hall, David, 50, 55–56, 119, 127 151–53, 159, 191, 200, 208, 218 Hall, George, 162, 187, 189–90, 206–7 Hungary, 142 Hankey, Henry, 28 Hunt, John, 31, 70, 155, 188 Hart, Judith, 31–32 Hutchison, Michael Clark, 36 Healey, Denis, 88, 91, 103, 126, 141, 163, 168 intelligence reports: see Joint Heath, Edward, 22, 27, 98: see also Intelligence Committee Conservative government International Court of Justice (ICJ), Helsinki Accords (1975), 13 10, 150–51, 187, 197 Hill, Rear Admiral Richard, 181 International Monetary Fund Hill, Robert, 64 (IMF), 126 HMS Alacrity, 171 Ireland, 155 HMS Ark Royal, 165, 168 Italy, 200 HMS Ashanti, 199 HMS Churchill, 140 HMS Clio,89 Japan, 220 HMS Dreadnought, 171, 180 Jenkins, Roy, 104, 141 HMS Endurance: symbolic importance Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC): of, 19, 87, 138–39, 153–54, 213; intelligence reports, 19, 28, 58, FCO and MoD debates on, 68, 87, 60, 72, 86, 136, 139–40, 159, 91, 95–96, 131–32, 138–39, 164–65, 215–17 153–54, 163–64, 182, 186, Judd, Frank, 137 198–99, 213; and Shackleton mission, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92; Keeling, David, 152 Thatcher government announces Kenya, 10 withdrawal, 199, 216 Kenyon, Clifford, 30 HMS Eskimo, 99, 182 Kershaw, Anthony, 35 266 Index

Kissinger, Henry, 22, 63, 64, 86, Massera, Admiral Emilio, 86, 102, 150, 104, 105 154, 183, 197: plan to invade Falklands, 139–40; prominence Labour government: see Great Britain of, 150, 158, 159, 162–63; Labour Party, 23, 54, 103, 118, criticises Argentine President, 159; 166–67, 191 attack on vessels in Falklands LADE (Líneas Aéreas del Estado), 12, waters, 162; intelligence report 14, 24, 28, 39, 74, 208 on, 164–65; visit to London (July Lambruschini, Vice Admiral Armando, 1978), 200 86, 197 Maudling, Reginald, 90 Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 115 Maynard, Frank, 43–44, 45, 48, 52–54 Layng, Thomas, 26, 33 Medina Muñoz, Raúl, 163, 186, leaseback, 14, 45, 57–58, 59, 60, 61, 189–90 63, 70, 100, 101, 124, 130, 142, Mello, Gimenez, 97, 102 154, 157, 160–61, 166–67, 177, Memorandum of Understanding 179, 183, 187, 201, 202, 211, (1968), 5, 12, 118 212, 215 MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service), 164, Leggatt, Captain Daniel, 86, 154, 180–81 181, 183 Miller, Syd, 47 Lestor, Joan, 62 Miller, Tim, 154 Lever, Harold, 98 Milne, Harold, 47 Lewin, Admiral Sir Terence, 173–76, Ministry of Defence (MoD): and rules 180, 181, 182, 200 of engagement, 2, 58, 169, Lewis, Ernest Gordon (‘Toby’): 170–76, 182–83, 213; prioritise condominium initiative (1974), NATO alliance, 15, 58, 61, 87, 26, 27, 31, 33–34, 36, 37–41; 95–96, 99, 131, 198, 213; and background, 27; policy towards HMS Endurance, 15, 56, 68, 87, 91, Falklands and Argentina, 27; 95–96, 131–32, 138–39, 153–54, reports on lobby activities, 46–47; 163–64, 182, 186, 199, 213; and Liberal Party, 30, 50, 90, 148 contingency defence plans, 58, Lloyd George, David, 103 61, 98–99, 140, 165–72, 181–83, London, Anglo-Argentine talks (July 188, 198–99, 214, 217 1976), 117–18 Ministry of Overseas Development López Rega, José, 60, 69 (ODM), 15, 31, 32, 55–56, 97–98, Luce, Richard, 41 106, 112–13, 127, 130, 211 Luder, Italo, 76 Mitchell, Frank, 36, 38, 41, 91 Monk, Adrian, 33, 40–41, 193 McCaffrey, Thomas, 63–64 Montenegro, Guillermo, 181 McNally, Tom, 206 Montevideo, 86, 69, 112 Macmillan, Harold, 7, 9 Montes, Vice Admiral Oscar: Maitland, Sir Donald, 46 personality, 154, 159, 162; Malaysia, 7, 10 background, 159; meeting with Malvinas: see Falkland Islands Owen (September 1977), 159–60; maritime zones, 150, 154–55, 156, Southern Thule, 185, 193 166, 178–79, 188–89, 191, Beagle Channel dispute, 187–88; 193–94, 198, 202–3, 205, 208 talks on scientiﬁc cooperation, Martini, Counsellor de, 136, 137, 153 194, 197; meeting with Owen Mason, Roy, 61, 68, 87, 91, 95–96, (September 1978), 197 98–99, 131 Montoneros, 54, 153, 154 Index 267

Morrison, Douglas, 41 Operation Condor (1966), 58, 75, 134 Moss, Michael, 169 Operation Journeyman (1977), 1–2, Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 41 163–76, 177, 180–84, 213–17: see Mulley, Fred, 131–32, 138–39, 140, also British naval deployments 153–54, 163–64, 167–69, 172, Opinión, 77, 89, 177, 207 180, 182, 186, 188, 198–99, Organization of American States 200, 214 (OAS), 67, 96, 170 Munro, Colin, 198 Ortiz de Rozas, Carlos, 82, 85 O’Shaughnessy, Hugh, 191 Nación,77 Owen, David: criticism of Thatcher National Executive Committee (NEC), government, 1–2; 1977 naval 166–67 deployment, 1–2, 160–77, 180–84, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty 213–17; rules of engagement Organization), 15, 58, 61, 87, (1977), 2, 169–76, 182, 213–14; 95–96, 99, 131, 165–66, 198, 213 background and personality, Netherlands, 195, 200 141–43; and Anglo-American New Hebrides, 24, 26, 33 relations, 142, 152, 169–70; and New York (Anglo-Argentine talks), 43, human rights, 142, 152–53, 154, 45, 71, 73, 74, 77–78, 82, 84, 159, 200; attitude towards 96–97, 122, 159–60, 177–79, 183, Falklands dispute, 142–43; 185, 189, 197, 206–8, 213 relationship with Foreign Office, New Zealand, 16 143, 215; and ‘education Northern Ireland, 30, 109, 122 campaign’, 148–49, 200–202, Nott, John, 2, 173, 175 211–12; and HMS Endurance, nuclear submarines (SSN): see British 153–54, 163–64, 186, 199; naval deployments; Operation Argentine occupation of Southern Journeyman Thule, 159, 163, 185–86, 187, 188, 191–92, 193, 197; meeting The Observer, 160, 191, 195 with Montes (September 1977), Official History, 3, 41, 64, 80, 101, 105, 159–60; overrules Foreign Office 129, 151, 172, 182, 205 on leaseback, 160–62, 166–67, oil: as factor in Falklands dispute, 14, 177, 183–84, 214–15; requests for 25, 45, 49–50, 53, 56, 62–66, 79, further defence plans (1978), 188, 80, 96–97, 105, 108, 124, 125, 198–99; meeting with Montes 144, 149, 153, 157, 190, 220; (September 1978), 197 Islanders and lobby’s views on, 25, 49–51, 53, 56, 79, 80, 149, Palliser, Sir Michael, 125, 143 157, 220; YPF and Commercial Paraná River, 32 Agreements (1974), 45; Griffiths Patagonia, 10, 74, 130 report, 49, 50, 53, 56, 66; Parker, James: background, 131, 144; Anglo-Argentine talks on reports on Rowlands’ visit, 146; cooperation, 62–70; Shackleton and Anglo-Argentine negotiations report, 108 (December 1977), 160, 161, 177; Oldfield, Sir Maurice, 180–81 leak about Southern Thule, 186, Oliveri López, Angel, 192–93, 194, 191, 193, 204, 205; talks on 207–8 scientific cooperation (1978–79), Onslow, Captain John James, 89 203–5 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Pastor, Brigadier Carlos Exporting Countries), 63 Washington, 198 268 Index

Pereyra, Ezequiel, 115–16 Rowlands, Harold, 40, 204 Perón, Evita, 37, 49, 72 Rowlands, Ted: role at Foreign Office, Perón, Isabel, 37, 40, 51, 67, 69, 71, 72–73; and HMS Endurance, 87, 72, 76, 83, 102 91, 95; meeting with Quijano Perón, General Juan, 10, 12, 23, 27, (February 1976), 96–97; and 28, 29. 32, 34, 36–37, 38, 60, Shackleton report, 109–14; 72, 134 meeting with Allara (July 1976), Peru (Lima talks), 52, 53, 186–91, 195 117–18; and devising ‘mixed Pinochet, General Augusto, 118 approach’, 122–26; reaction to Pitaluga, Robin, 33, 40–41 occupation of Southern Thule, Pitcairn Islands, 118 134, 138, 158–59, 191–93; Port Howard, 4–5 contingency planning Port Louis, 89 (January–February 1977), 140, Prentice, Reg, 98, 112, 130, 137 182, 214; visit to the Falkland Puento Arenas, 158 Islands, 143–47, 215; recommends leaseback formula, Quijano, Raúl: and RRS Shackleton 160–61, 177; meeting with Allara incident, 93–94; meeting with (December 1977), 177–80, 183, Rowlands (February 1977), 96–97; 185; meeting with Allara insecurity of, 102 (December 1978), 202–3 Quiroga, Ramón, 195 Royal Fleet Auxiliary, 99, 158–59, 165, 169, 171, 182 RAF Nimrod, 158 Royal Marines, 14, 74, 75, 76, 84, 91, Ramsey, Alf, 194 97, 129, 165, 199 Rattenbach Commission report Royal Navy, 19, 58, 77, 87, 140, 142, (1983), 216 165, 169, 173, 175, 181, 182, 183, Rattín, Antonio, 194 198–99, 200, 209, 213: see also Reffell, Captain Derek, 183 Falklands Islands: British defence Relton, Stanley, 55–56 plans RFA Olwen, 171 RRS Bransfield, 162, 186 RFA Resurgent, 171 RRS John Biscoe, 162 RFA Tidespring, 158–59 RRS Shackleton, 86, 91: Argentine Rhodesia, 7, 8, 9, 48, 74, 104, 141, attack on, 92–97, 98, 100, 131, 218, 219 114, 144, 159, 162, 182, 214 Richard, Ivor, 46, 56–57, 85 Rucci, José Ignacio, 54 Ridley, Nicholas, 9, 202, 219 Ruda, José María, 11 Rio de Janeiro, 40, 74, 177, 179, Rules of Engagement (1977), 2, 169, 199, 203 170–76, 182–83, 213 River Plate, 32, 91, 162, 165 Robledo, Angel: personality, 72, 77; scientific co-operation, Diego Garcia as ‘precedent’, 77; Anglo-Argentine negotiations, Anglo-Argentine economic 189–91, 193–94, 197, 202–5, cooperation, 78, 82, 85; meeting 206–7, 209, 211, 217 with Callaghan (September 1975), Scott, David, 11 78, 79, 82, 84–85; and Shackleton Scott, Peter, 50 mission, 78, 79, 82–83, 84–85 Scott, Robert Falcon, 50 Rockall, 155 Second World War, 1, 10, 16, 76 Rodgers, William, 99 Segura, Rear Admiral Edgardo, 162 Rodrigo, Celastino, 69 Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands, 220 Index 269

Shackleton, Lord Edward: meeting Spain, 8, 23 with Callaghan, 80, 88, 109; Spruce, Terence, 191 background, 81; reaction to Stanley, 5, 6, 12, 14, 30, 31, 37–38, 47, appointment, 81–82; economic 52, 74, 75, 84, 89, 91, 92–93, 97, report and recommendations, 97, 106–7, 128, 130, 144–46, 149, 100, 105–14 171, 192, 199, 203–4, 208, 209 Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 81, 92, 93 Steel, David, 148 Shakespeare, John: reaction to RRS Stewart, Michael, 6, 15, 30, 75, 123, Shackleton incident, 93–94, 96; 211, 219 Argentine view on Shackleton Storey, Robert, 81, 106, 114 report, 110; reports on Argentine Stowe, Kenneth, 206 militarisation process, 129–30; Sudan, 24 reaction to occupation of Suez crisis (1956), 1, 7, 22 Southern Thule, 135, 136–37; The Sun, 206 Beagle Channel dispute, 150–51; Sunday Express, 34, 192 arrest of Robert Cox, 151; Sunday Telegraph, 50, 191 Argentine human rights abuses, Sunday Times,9 151–52 Switzerland (Geneva talks), 198, 202–3 Shetland Islands, 81 Silkin, Samuel, 182 Sinclair, Sir Ian, 182–83 Tesón, Fernando, 208 Sindall, Adrian: role of Falklands Thatcher, Margaret: and Argentine governor, 26, 128–29; potency of invasion of Falkland Islands, 1–2; Falklands issue, 73; Beagle government’s lack of contingency Channel dispute, 150; view on planning (1982), 1–2, 173–76, Falklands lobby, 212 215–17; critical of Labour Smith, Ian, 74 government, 2; view of James Smith, John, 191 Callaghan, 103–4; and HMS South Georgia, 81, 126, 178, 216: Endurance, 199, 216; elected prime Argentine threat to, 136, 139, minister, 209; see also 163, 164, 171; Islanders’ views Conservative government towards, 204–5; South Orkney Thorpe, Jeremy, 90 Islands, 92 Tierra del Fuego, 130 South Sandwich Islands, 133–34, 140, The Times, 17, 34–35, 53, 79–80, 82, 191, 193 90, 91, 94, 112–13, 126–27, 128, South Shetland Islands, 92 157, 179 Southern Thule: Argentine presence Trades Union Congress (TUC), 196 on, 2, 133–34, 143–44, 158–59, Train, Admiral Harry, 181 163, 202, 205; British response Treasury, 9, 22, 68, 88, 91, 103, towards occupation, 2, 18, 126, 141 134–40, 158–59, 163, 182, 185–86, 187, 191–93, 210, 214; remoteness of, 133–34, 136; leak Última Clave, 140 about occupation, 138, 140–41, Última Hora,89 186, 191–93; talks on scientiﬁc United Kingdom: see Great Britain cooperation, 189, 190, 193–94, United Nations (UN): resolutions on 197, 202–5, 207, 217 Falklands/Malvinas dispute, 5, 11, Soviet Union (USSR), 7, 37, 49, 77, 17, 19, 24, 48, 120, 129; 104, 119, 142, 162, 163, 180 decolonisation, 11, 17, 43, 96, 97; 270 Index

United Nations (UN) – continued proposes occupation of Falklands lack of support for British Dependencies, 67 position, 11, 23, 45–46, 56–57, 59, Viola, General Roberto, 197 65, 129, 210; human rights, 46, 129, 149 Wall, Stephen, 161 United States (USA): relations with Wallace, Stuart, 204 Britain, 22, 29, 59, 77, 86, 104, Warne, Captain Philip, 92–93, 94 142, 153, 169–70, 218; view on Watson, Sir Duncan, 28, 44, 48 Falklands dispute, 46, 56–57, 58, West Germany, 200 59, 64, 86, 169–70; Carter’s ‘White Card’ (exit visa system), 12, 14, human rights policy, 152–53; and 148, 208 British naval deployment (1977), Wilson, Harold, 46, 49, 64, 103, 122, 169–70, 180–81 142, 218: and Anglo-Argentine Ure, John, 162, 169, 176–77, talks (1968), 6; British economic 187, 201 problems, 19, 21; physical Uruguay, 86, 89, 99, 112, 133, deterioration of, 21–22, 65, 98; 182, 214 relationship with Callaghan, 22; Ushuaia, 93 condominium initiative, 31; defending the Falklands, 61; economic cooperation and oil Venezuela, 10 exploration, 62–63, 65, 70; Vernet, Louis, 10, 53 reaction to Shackleton Videla, General Jorge, 72, 86, 102, appointment, 82; resigns as prime 105, 118, 136, 139, 147, 149, 159, minister, 98 187, 194, 197 Winton, Michael de, 171 Vignes, Alberto: and condominium World Cup, 193, 194–95 initiative (1974), 27–44; secrecy Wright, Patrick, 78, 122 of, 43, 65, 83; meeting with Callaghan (September 1974), YPF (Argentine state oil company), 45, 43–44; invasion warnings, 52–53, 51, 91, 97 54–55, 59, 60–61, 67; talks on Yrigoyen, Hipólito Solari, 50, 85–86 economic cooperation, 66–70; insecurity of, 67–69, 70, 71–72; Zaire, 198