1 Studying Satirical Prints

Home , Henry Heath (martyr), Isaac Cruikshank, James Sayers

Notes

1. Eirwen E.C. Nicholson, ‘The English Political Print and Pictorial Political Argument c. 1640–c. 1832: a study in historiography and methodology’, University of Edinburgh unpublished Ph.D. thesis (1994), 468–77. 2. Ibid., 483. 3. Vic Gatrell, City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London (London: Atlantic, 2006), 212. 4. Thomas Milton Kemnitz, ‘The Cartoon as a Historical Source’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4 (1973), 82. For discussion of definitions of ‘distortion’ and varying types, meanings and extent of distortion see Lawrence H. Streicher, ‘On a Theory of Political Caricature’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1967), 433. 5. E.H. Gombrich, Meditations on a Hobby Horse (London: Phaidon, 1978), 129. 6. Diana Donald, The Age of Caricature: Satirical Prints in the Reign of George III (London: Yale University Press, 1996), 12–14. 7. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 227. 8. Nicholson, English Political Print, 480–1; Draper Hill, Mr Gillray The Caricaturist (London: Phaidon, 1965), 1. 9. Nicholson, English Political Print, 132. 10. W.A. Coupe, ‘Observations on a Theory of Political Caricature’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 11 (1969), 85. 11. James Baker, ‘Isaac Cruikshank and the Notion of British Liberty: 1783–1811’, University of Kent unpublished PhD thesis (2010), 27. 12. Nicholson, English Political Print, 485. 13. Ibid., 488, 486. 14. Ibid., 486. 15. Dorothy George, English Political Caricature to 1792: A Study of Opinion and Propaganda (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), 1; H.T. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 1760–1832 (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1986), 11; Donald, Age of Caricature, vii; Gatrell, City of Laughter, 9. 16. Ibid., 213. 17. Ibid., 160–5. 18. Ibid., 218. 19. Mark Hallett, The Spectacle of Difference: Graphic Satire in the Age of Hogarth (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 24. 20. Eirwen E.C. Nicholson, ‘Consumers and Spectators: The public of the political print in eighteenth-century England’, History 81 (1996), 12. 21. Tamara L Hunt, Defining John Bull: Political Caricature and National Identity in Late Georgian England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), 233–4. 22. Ibid., 8–9. 23. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 15.

215 216 Notes

24. Cindy McCreery, The Satirical Gaze: Prints of Women in late Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004), 37. 25. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 13. 26. Donald, Age of Caricature, 5. 27. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 3. Examples of ceramics appear in David Bindman, The Shadow of the Guillotine: Britain and the French Revolution (London: British Museum Publications, 1989), 109, 120, 121, 137, 140, 141. 28. Richard Clay, ‘Riotous Images: representations of Joseph Priestley in British prints during the French Revolution’, History of Education 37 (2008), 596. 29. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 13; McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 37. 30. Nicholson, ‘Consumers and Spectators’, 5–21. 31. Ibid., 17. 32. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 15. 33. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 10, 318 n.64. 34. Eric Foner, ‘Introduction’, in Thomas Paine, Rights of Man (London: Penguin, 1986), 18. 35. Adam Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England 1500–1700 (Oxford University Press, 2000), 5, 6, 19. 36. Clay, ‘Riotous Images’, 594. 37. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 12. 38. Streicher, ‘Theory of Political Caricature’, 438. 39. Coupe, ‘Observations’, 81. 40. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 15; Nicholson, ‘Consumers and Spectators’, 19; Gatrell, City of Laughter, 55, 83. 41. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 15. 42. McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 26–7. 43. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 16. 44. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 494. 45. Ben Wilson, The Laughter of Triumph: William Hone and the Fight for the Free Press (London: Faber and Faber, 2005), 186–9. 46. Donald, Age of Caricature, 21. 47. McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 36. 48. Donald, Age of Caricature, 19. 49. E.A. Wrigley, People, Cities and Wealth: The Transformation of Traditional Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), 138. 50. Donald, Age of Caricature, 20. 51. Lorraine Welling Lanmon, ‘American Caricature in the English Tradition: the personal and political satires of William Charles’, Winter Portfolio 11 (1976), 1–51. 52. Frederick Wendeborn, A View of England towards the Close of the Eighteenth Century (1791), vol. ii, 155. 53. Donald, Age of Caricature, 20; Christiane Banerji and Diana Donald (eds), Gillray Observed: The Earliest Account of His Caricatures in London und Paris (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 245. 54. Hill, Gillray, 73–80. 55. Dorothy George, Catalogue of Prints in the British Museum, Division 1, Political and Personal Satires (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey) [10994]; Matthew and James Payne, Regarding Thomas Rowlandson, 1757–1827: His Life, Art and Acquaintance (Cornwall: Hogarth Arts, 2010), 273. Notes 217

56. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 231–2, 239. 57. Nicholson, English Political Print, 500. 58. Ibi d., 500–10. 59. Ibid., 503. 60. http://www.grosvenorprints.com. 61. Tim Clayton, Caricatures of the People of the British Isles (London: British Museum Press, 2007), 11. 62. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 13; Gatrell, City of Laughter, 234; Hunt, Defining John Bull, 7. 63. Nicholson, ‘Consumers and Spectators’, 9. 64. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 7. 65. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 234. 66. Richard Godfrey, ‘Introduction’, in James Gillray: The Art of Caricature, ed. Richard Godfrey (London: Tate, 2001), 18. 67. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 93. 68. Robert L Patten, ‘Conventions of Georgian Caricature’, Art Journal 43 (1983), 335. 69. Baker, Cruikshank, 8. 70. John Barrell, ‘Radicalism, Visual Culture, and Spectacle in the 1790s’, Romanticism on the Net 46 (2007), http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/2007/v/ n46/016131ar.html [14 September 2008]. 71. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 241. 72. Edward J. Olszewski questions Goya’s subversive leanings, specifically in The Family of Charles IV, but in doing so lists many critics who promote the view. Edward J. Olszewski, ‘Exorcising Goya’s The Family of Charles IV’, Artibus et Historiae 20 (1999), 169–85. 73. Donald, Age of Caricature, 99. 74. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 141–6. 75. Ibid., 136–56. 76. Massacre at St. Peter’s or ‘Britons Strike Home’!!! [BMC 13258] (George Cruikshank, 16 August 1819). 77. Nicholson, English Political Print, 307–9. 78. Dustin Griffin, Satire: A Critical Reintroduction (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994), 65–6. 79. Ibid., 149–50. 80. Clay, ‘Riotous Images’, 599. 81. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 213. 82. Gombrich, Meditations, 131. 83. Coupe, ‘Observations’, 87. 84. See Chapter 4. 85. Quoted in Coupe, ‘Observations’, 85. 86. Albert Boime, ‘The Sketch and Caricature as Metaphors for the French Revolution’, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 55 (1992), 261. 87. Patten, ‘Conventions’, 335. 88. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 213. 89. Ibid., 230. 90. Nicholson, ‘Consumers and Spectators’, 11. 91. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 21. 92. Kemnitz, ‘The Cartoon as a Historical Source’, 84–5, 92–3. 218 Notes

93. Streicher, ‘Theory of Political Caricature’, 431. 94. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (London: Yale University Press, 2005), 210. 95. See Chapter 3. 96. Quoted in Hunt, Defining John Bull, 18. 97. Hill, Gillray, chapter 6. 98. Ibid., 4. 99. Baker, Cruikshank, 7–10. 100. Lubber’s-hole [BMC 7909] (1 November 1791), Fashionable Contrasts [BMC 8058] (24 January 1792). 101. McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 22–3. 102. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 236–7. 103. Ibid., 444–7. 104. Ibid., 11. 105. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 17–18. 106. Sandy Petrey, ‘Pears in History’, Representations 35 (1991), 54–7. 107. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 17–18. 108. Clay, ‘Riotous Images’, 585–7. 109. Griffin, Satire, 152–60. 110. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 21. 111. Baker, Cruikshank, 14. 112. Ibid., 21. 113. John Barrell and Jon Mee (eds), Trials for Treason and Sedition, 1792–1794, Volume 1 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2006), xxi–xxii, 291–313. 114. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 503. 115. Ibid., 493, 520–9. 116. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 20; McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 33–4. 117. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 20. 118. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 538. 119. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 21. 120. Kemnitz, ‘The Cartoon as a Historical Source’, 85. 121. The pension stopped in 1801 but may have resumed in 1808; Hill, Gillray, 67, 104, 115. 122. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 20. 123. Nicholson, English Political Print, 311. 124. John Brewer, The Common People and Politics, 1750–1790s (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1986); Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution; Paul Langford, Walpole and the Robinocracy (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1986); J.A. Sharpe, Crime and the Law in English Satirical Prints, 1600–1832 (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1986); Donald, Age of Caricature; Hallett, Spectacle of Difference; Hunt, Defining John Bull; McCreery, Satirical Gaze; Gatrell, City of Laughter. 125. Michael Duffy, The Englishman and the Foreigner (Cambridge: Chadwyck- Healey, 1986); Michael Duffy, ‘The Noisie, Empty, Fluttering French: English Images of the French, 1689–1815’, History Today 32 (1982), 21–6. 126. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 45. 127. Ibid., 31. 128. Herbert M Atherton, Political Prints in the Age of Hogarth: A Study of the Ideographic Representation of Politics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974), 84–5. Notes 219

129. Robert R Williams, Hegel’s Ethics of Recognition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), chapter 3. 130. G.W.F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1910), 176. 131. Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin, 2003). 132. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 2006), 45. 133. Colley, Britons, 5. 134. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 300. 135. Gerald Newman, ‘Nationalism Revisited’, Journal of British Studies 35 (1996), 124–5. 136. Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987). 137. Steven Pincus, ‘Review of Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 by Linda Colley’, Journal of Modern History 67 (1995), 132–6; J.C.D. Clark, ‘Protestantism, Nationalism, and National Identity, 1660–1832’, Historical Journal 43 (2000), 249–76. 138. Laurence Brockliss and David Eastwood (eds), A Union of Multiple Identities: The British Isles c. 1750–1850 (Manchester University Press, 1997). 139. Prys Morgan, ‘Early Victorian Wales and Its Crisis of Identity’, in Brockliss and Eastwood (eds), A Union of Multiple Identities, 93–109; Colin Kidd, ‘Sentiment, Race and Revival: Scottish identities in the aftermath of Enlightenment’, in Brockliss and Eastwood (eds), A Union of Multiple Identities, 110–26; Richard J Finlay, ‘Keeping the Covenant: Scottish National Identity’, in T.M. Devine and J.R. Young (eds), Eighteenth- Century Scotland: New Perspectives (East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 1999), 121–33. 140. Marc Baer, ‘Review of Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 by Linda Colley’, American Historical Review 98 (1993), 120; James Loughlin, ‘Review of Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 by Linda Colley’, Fortnight 319 (1993), 50. 141. J.E. Cookson, The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815 (Oxford University Press, 1997); Nicholas Rogers, ‘The Sea Fencibles, Loyalism and the Reach of the State’, in Mark Philp (ed.), Resisting Napoleon: The British Response to the Threat of Invasion, 1797–1815 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 41–59; Katrina Navickas, ‘The Defence of Manchester and Liverpool in 1803: conflicts of loyalism, patriotism and the middle classes’, in Philp (ed.), Resisting Napoleon, 61–73. 142. Robin Eagles, ‘Beguiled by France? The English aristocracy, 1748–1848’, in Brockliss and Eastwood (eds), A Union of Multiple Identities, 60–77; Robin Eagles, Francophilia in English Society, 1748–1815 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000). 143. Eagles, Francophilia, 14–38. 144. For example, Stella Cottrell, ‘The Devil on Two Sticks: Franco-phobia in 1803’, in Raphael Samuel (ed.), Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, Volume 1 (London: Routledge, 1989), 259–74; John Brewer, ‘“This Monstrous Tragi-Comic Scene”: British reactions to the French Revolution’, in Bindman (ed.), Shadow of the Guillotine, 24–5. 145. See Robert and Isabelle Tombs, That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present (London: Pimlico, 2007), 204, 233, 246. 220 Notes

2 Food, Fashion and the French

1. Philip Thicknesse, Observations on the customs and manners of the French nation, in a series of letters, in which that nation is vindicated from the misrepresentations of some late writers (London: 1766), 69. 2. John Andrews, Remarks on the French and English ladies: in a series of letters: interspersed with various anecdotes, and additional matter arising from the subject (1783), 184. 3. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 34. 4. Ibid., 35. 5. Atherton, Political Prints, 44. 6. Payne, Rowlandson, 14, 24. 7. Atherton, Political Prints, 45. 8. L.H. Cust, rev. Tessa Murdoch, ‘Fournier, Daniel (c.1711-c.1766)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004), http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/10001 [13 March 2011]. 9. Eagles, Francophilia, 23. 10. See Chapter 3. 11. [BMC 3050]. 12. Ben Rogers, Beef and Liberty: Roast Beef, John Bull and the English Nation (London: Vintage, 2004), 98–9. 13. Ibid., 100. 14. Francis Grose, Rules for Drawing Caricaturas: with an essay on comic painting (1788), 25. 15. Rogers, Beef and Liberty, 100. 16. Ibid., 97. 17. Eagles, Francophilia, 23. 18. Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The Rise of the Arts in Eighteenth- Century Britain (London: Hogarth Arts, 2007), 1–2. 19. Quoted in Newman, English Nationalism, 64. 20. A.A. Phillips, ‘The Cultural Cringe’, in A.A. Phillips, On the Cultural Cringe (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2006), 3–9. 21. The Louvre, or the National Gallery of France./ No. 100, Pall Mall, or the National Gallery of England [BMC 17388] (c.1832). 22. Colley, Britons, 37. 23. Fast Day! [BMC 8323] (Richard Newton, 19 April 1793), A General Fast in Consequence of the War!! [BMC 8428] (Isaac Cruikshank, 14 February 1794), Fast Day [BMC 11959] (Rowlandson, 20 March 1812). In 1793, George III proclaimed a national fast day in support of the war against France. This was endorsed by the Church of England, and a fast day took place every year for nearly a decade thereafter, with special fast-day sermons. Colin Haydon, John Henry Williams (1747–1829): ‘Political Clergyman’ (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), 91–3. 24. Denise Gigante, Taste: A Literary History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 66. 25. The City Combat, or the Desperate attack at the English Baron [BMC 9862] (Williams?, 3 May 1802). 26. Lazarus and the Rich Man [BMC 16047] (c.February 1830). 27. Gilly Lehmann, ‘Politics in the Kitchen’, Eighteenth Century Life 23 (1999), 73. Notes 221

28. The Constitutional Society [BMC 6246] (William Dent, 27 June 1783), Coplinda Lindhursta the Cook [BMC 15883] (William Heath, 10 October 1830). 29. Thoughts on Invasion, Both Sides the Water [BMC 10109] (William Charles, 11 October 1803). 30. Menno Spiering, ‘Food, Phagophobia and English National Identity’, European Studies 22 (2006), 37. 31. Donald, Age of Caricature, 162. 32. John Bull Taking a Lunch – or Johnny’s Purveyors Pampering His Appetite with Dainties from All Parts of the World [BMC 9259] (Williams?, 1 November 1798). 33. Donald, Age of Caricature, 145. 34. Peter J. Kitson, ‘“The Eucharist of Hell”; or, Eating People is Right: Romantic Representations of Cannibalism’, Romanticism on the Net 17 (2000), para. 7. 35. Ronald Paulson, Representations of Revolution (1789–1820) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 200. 36. Kitson, ‘Eucharist’, para. 19. 37. As in Dressing the Minister Alias Roasting the Guinea Pig [BMC 8650] (W O’Keefe?, 23 May 1795) in which English and French barbers cook Pitt in response to the unpopular hair-powder tax. For the controversy of the tax, see John Barrell, The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s (Oxford University Press, 2006), chapter 4. 38. Kitson, ‘Eucharist’, para. 9. 39. For example, Britannia’s Old And New Physicians (H. Burrows after Robert Seymour), in Figaro in London (7 July 1832). 40. Recruit Francois/Recruit Anglois [BMC 5862] (Thomas Colley, c.1781?). It was not until later that the French were labelled ‘frogs’ or depicted as such. In the eighteenth century, the Dutch were more likely to be represented as frogs. 41. John Bonehill and Geoff Quilley, ‘Introduction’, in Bonehill and Quilley (eds), Conflicting Visions: War and Visual Culture in Britain and France c. 1700–1830 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 3. 42. Cindy McCreery, ‘True Blue and Black, Brown and Fair: prints of British sailors and their women during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’, British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 23 (2000), 135–52. 43. Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Vindication of Natural Diet (London: 1813). 44. The Beef-headed Parson, or Vialls of Wrath [14407] (George Cruikshank, c.1822). 45. Indigestion [BMC 14904] (George Cruikshank, 1825). Gigante, Taste, 56. 46. Lisa Wood, ‘“Wholesome Nutriment” for the Rising Generation: food, nationalism, and didactic fiction at the end of the eighteenth century’, Eighteenth Century Fiction 21 (2009), 621, 623. 47. Roy Porter, Bodies Politic: Disease, Death and Doctors in Britain, 1650–1900 (London: Reaktion Books, 2001), 84. 48. McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 242. 49. [Louis Simond], Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain during the years 1810 and 1811 by a French Traveller: with remarks on the country, its arts, literature, and politics, and on the manners and customs of its inhabitants. Volume first (1815), 11. 50. Phillips, ‘Cultural Cringe’, 5–6. 51. The Treaty of Commerce or New Coalition [BMC 7144] (26 February 1787). 52. Eagles, Francophilia, 27. 222 Notes

53. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 37. 54. Jeremy Black, Natural and Necessary Enemies: Anglo–French Relations in the Eighteenth Century (London: Duckworth, 1986), 176. 55. Susan C. Shapiro, ‘“Yon Plumed Dandebrat”: Male Effeminacy in English Satire and Criticism’, Review of English Studies, New Series 39 (1988), 400. 56. Ibid., 400. 57. Quoted in Eugen Weber, ‘Of Stereotypes of the French’, Journal of Contemporary History 25 (1990), 169. 58. Caroline D. Williams, Pope and Manliness: Some Aspects of Eighteenth Century Classical Learning (London: Routledge, 1993), 3. Michele Cohen, Fashioning Masculinity: National Identity and Language in the Eighteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1996), 8–9. 59. Gary Kates, ‘Review of Fashioning Masculinity: National Identity and Language in the Eighteenth Century by Michele Cohen’, Journal of Modern History 71 (1999), 954. 60. Michele Cohen, ‘Manliness, Effeminacy and the French: gender and the construction of national character in eighteenth-century England’, in Tim Hitchcock and Michele Cohen (eds), English Masculinities 1660–1800 (Essex: Longman, 1999), 58. 61. Cohen, Fashioning Masculinity, 9; Cohen, ‘Manliness, Effeminacy and the French’, 51. 62. Rogers, Beef and Liberty, 53. 63. Hallett, Spectacle of Difference, 187. 64. Ibid., 188–9. 65. Lynn Festa, ‘Personal Effects: wigs and possessive individualism in the long eighteenth century’, Eighteenth Century Life 29 (2005), 48. 66. Ibid., 54. 67. Ibid., 47–90. 68. Diana Donald, Followers of Fashion: Graphic Satires from the Georgian Period (London: Haywood Gallery, 2002), 25. 69. Quoted in Ibid., 16. 70. Ibid., 16. 71. George Stephens, Catalogue of Prints in the British Museum, Division 1, Political and Personal Satires (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey) [4520]. 72. Shearer West, ‘The Darly Macaroni Prints and the Politics of “Private Man”’, Eighteenth-Century Life 25 (2001), 172–3. 73. M. John Cardwell, Arts and Arms: Literature, Politics and Patriotism during the Seven Years War (Manchester University Press, 2004), 79. 74. George, Catalogue [5903]. 75. The fox and the gaggling geese may also have evoked the Francophile Charles James Fox and his Whig followers. The politician had appeared in caricature, like his father before him, as that very animal. 76. William C. Lowe, ‘Douglas, William, Fourth Duke of Queensberry (1725– 1810)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/ view/article/7937 [13 March 2010]. 77. George, Catalogue [8893]. 78. Quoted in Michael John Kooy, ‘Coleridge’s Francophobia’, Modern Language Review 95 (2000), 935. 79. Quoted by Stephens, Catalogue [4476]. Notes 223

80. Sal Dab Giving Monsieur a Receipt in Full [BMC 4623] (29 May 1776). 81. The Devils Dance Set to French Music by Doctor Lucifer of Paris [BMC 3373] (August 1756). 82. [Simond], Journal, 99. 83. Ibid., 21. The extent to which Simond’s Frenchness was immediately apparent to Englishmen is unclear. He had emigrated to America before the French Revolution, lived there for over twenty years, and was married to an Englishwoman with whom he travelled, though he certainly considered himself a Frenchman and, while his émigré status maybe helped, he does not appear to have needed or wanted to conceal his nation of origin in the course of his wartime visit (ix–x).

3 Kings and Leaders

1. Adrian Bury, Maurice-Quentin de la Tour (London: Charles Skilton , 1971), pl. 1. 2. David Williams (ed.), The Enlightenment (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 25–30, 252. 3. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 32. 4. Duffy, ‘The Noisie, Empty, Fluttering French’, 22. 5. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 23. 6. Michael Pickering, Stereotyping: The Politics of Representation (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), 56. 7. Stephen Conway, ‘Continental Connections: Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century’, History 90 (2005), 356. 8. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 34. 9. Black, Natural and Necessary Enemies, 187. 10. These more specific references allude to Port Mahon and the loss of Minorca to the French in the opening stages of the Seven Years’ War, Francis Drake’s role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, Sir George Rooke, the Admiral responsible for the capture of Gibraltar during the War of Spanish Succession in 1704, and Admiral Vernon who had captured the Spanish colonial possession of Porto Bello in 1739 during the War of Jenkins Ear. Stephens, Catalogue [3373]. 11. Colley, Britons, 201. 12. Ibid., 204–12. 13. Ibid., 201. 14. Ibid., 229–30. 15. Black, Natural and Necessary Enemies, 178–9. 16. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 21. 17. Barrell and Mee (ed.), Trials, xxi–xxii. 18. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings (Oxford University Press, 2008), 170. 19. Conway, ‘Continental Connections’, 356; T.C.W. Blanning, ‘“That Horrid Electorate” or “Ma Patrie Germanique”? George III, Hanover, and the Fürstenbund of 1785’, The Historical Journal 20 (1977), 311–44. 20. Donald, Age of Caricature, 164. 21. ‘They ridiculed the failings of the governing elite, but they did not endorse popular revolution or radical constitutional reforms.’ Dickinson, Caricatures 224 Notes

and the Constitution, 21; ‘To constitution and hierarchy the printshops were steadfastly loyal. They ridiculed the royal princes, but pulled their punches on the king. They mocked the Prince of Wales [later George IV] for his profligacy, mistresses and Foxite friends, but it was his comic potential that they exploited mainly: and nothing was said about him that Tory loyalists would have deplored.’ Gatrell, City of Laughter, 143–4. 22. Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings, 11–19. 23. The Commercial Treaty; or, John Bull Changing Beef and Pudding for Frogs and Soup Maigre! [BMC 6995] (25 November 1786). 24. See Gillray’s Frying Sprats, Vide. Royal Supper [BMC 7922] (28 November 1791) and Anti-saccharrites, _ or _ JOHN BULL and His Family Leaving Off the Use of Sugar [BMC 8074] (27 March 1792) in both of which Charlotte is caricatured particularly cruelly, or the anonymous The Queen of Hearts Cover’d with Diamonds [BMC 7882] (c.1786), in which the invisibly miniscule smidgen of snuff Charlotte holds daintily up to her face with pinched fingers is dwarfed by her huge, gaping nostril. 25. Alexandra K. Wettlaufer, ‘Absent Fathers, Martyred Mothers: domestic drama and (royal) family values in A Graphic History of Louis the Sixteenth’, Eighteenth Century Life 23 (1999), 2. 26. Paulson, Representations, 195. 27. Britain’s ‘Year of Victories’ in the Seven Years’ War contributed to and coincided with near bankruptcy for France, which was forced to suspend naval building. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 129, 138. 28. Vic Gatrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868 (Oxford University Press, 1994), 7–9. 29. ‘The scaffold loomed hugely in the popular imagination before 1830. We meet it at every turn: in ballads, Punch and Judy shows, broadsides, and woodcuts. It appeared in stick-gallows scratched on urban walls and, in smaller communities, in the punitive rituals of the skimmington ride as well, when transgressors against communal norms were hanged in effigy.’ Ibid., 112. 30. Atherton, Political Prints, 245, 250–1. 31. Stephens, Catalogue [3434]. 32. A View of the Assassination of the Lady of John Bull Esqr Who was Barbarously Butcher’d Anno 1756 & 57 &c. [BMC 3548] (1757). 33. Eagles, ‘Beguiled by France?’, 63. 34. Lehmann, ‘Politics in the Kitchen’, 76. 35. Rogers, Beef and Liberty, 71. 36. Ibid., 71. 37. Newman, English Nationalism, 67. 38. Ibid., 78. 39. Ibid., 14. 40. Stephens, Catalogue [4652]. 41. Newman, English Nationalism, 14–15. 42. John Andrews, A Comparative View of the French and English Nations, in Their Manners, Politics and Literature (1785), 316–17. 43. For example, A French Gentleman of the Court of Louis XVIth/A French Gentleman of the Court of Égalité, 1799 [BMC 9410] (Gillray, 15 August 1799). 44. Colin Haydon, ‘“I love my King and my Country, but a Roman Catholic I hate”: Anti-Catholicism, xenophobia and national identity in eighteenth-century Notes 225

England’, in Tony Claydon and Ian McBride (eds), Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland, c.1650–1850 (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 37. 45. Ibid., 43. 46. Linda Colley, ‘Britishness and Otherness: an argument’, Journal of British Studies 31 (1992), 316. 47. [Philip Playstowe], The Gentleman’s Guide in his Tour through France. Wrote by an officer in the Royal-Navy, Who lately traveled on a principle, which he most sincerely recommends to his Countrymen, viz. Not to spend more money in the Country of our natural enemy, than is requisite to support with decency the character of an English Man (1766), 52, 124. 48. Eagles, Francophilia, 131–2. 49. Thicknesse, Observations, 11. 50. Ibid., 10, 12. 51. John Miller, Religion in the Popular Prints 1600–1832 (Cambridge: Chadwyck- Healey, 1986), 31; J.C.D. Clark, English Society, 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Régime (Cambridge University Press, 1985); Jeremy Gregory, ‘Religion: faith in the Age of Reason’, Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 34 (2011), 434–43. 52. Quoted by Clare Haynes in Pictures and Popery: Art and Religion in England, 1660–1760 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 5. 53. Ibid., 6. 54. Tobias Smollett, Humphry Clinker (London: Penguin, 2008), 83. 55. Vicesimus Knox, ‘On the effect of caricatures exhibited at the windows of print sellers’, in Winter Evenings: or, lubrications on life and letters, Volume 1 (3rd edn, 1795), 143. Examples of ‘Vicar and Moses’ include [BMC 6130] (21 Jan 1782), Rowlandson’s version [BMC 6721] (8 August 1784) [BMC 3771] (c.1790s), and the plates labelled I and II by D. Madan in the Lewis Walpole Library 08591 (c.1790s). 56. David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1987), 199. 57. Clark, ‘Protestantism’, 262. 58. Ibid., 272. 59. Miller, Religion, 38. 60. Colley, Britons, 11–54. In an earlier article Colley admits that British anti- Catholicism’s ‘utility and attractiveness waned’ following the Seven Years’ War, though in Britons this is largely ignored in the interests of her Protestant identity thesis. Colley, ‘Whose Nation? Class and National Consciousness in Britain 1750–1830’, Past and Present 113 (1986), 108. 61. Eagles, Francophilia, 21. 62. Newman, English Nationalism, 124. 63. George Rudé, ‘The Gordon Riots: a study of the rioters and their victims’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, vol. 6 (1956), 93–114, Walpole quoted on p. 106. 64. Clare Haynes, ‘“A Trial for the Patience of Reason”? Grand tourists and anti-Catholicism after 1745’, Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 33 (2010), 195–208. ‘Satirical prints’ are also mentioned, but no examples given, 200. 65. Quoted in Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 213. 66. Ruth Scurr, Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (London: Chatto and Windus, 2006), 267. 226 Notes

67. Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (London: Penguin, 2004), 656–7. 68. George, Catalogue [11010]. 69. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 194. 70. Miller, Religion, 46. 71. Scurr, Fatal Purity, 112. 72. Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (London: Longman, 2000), 62, 65. 73. Stuart Semmel, Napoleon and the British (London: Yale University Press, 2004), 74, 76. 74. Ellis, Napoleon, 27–8. 75. Simon Burrows, ‘Britain and the Black Legend: the genesis of the anti- Napoleonic myth’, in Philp (ed.), Resisting Napoleon, 143. 76. Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 83. 77. Ibid., 20. The proclamation, though cynical and opportunistic, had referred to the French as ‘muslims’ with a small ‘m’, meaning the French believed in only one God, as deist Unitarians, unlike Christians who believed in the Trinity. In Arabic the word ‘muslim’ could be used for anybody who had submitted to the one God, and non-Muslims are represented in the Qur’an as calling themselves ‘muslim’. Napoleon’s assertion was ‘absurd, but not as absurd as the English rendering makes it appear.’ Juan Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East (New York: Palgrave, 2008), 31. 78. Nap Reviewing the Grand Army or the Conquest of Russia Anticipated [BMC 12035] (Williams?, April 1813), Review of the French Troops on Their Returning March through Smolensko [BMC 12051] (George Cruikshank, 27 May 1813), Boney Receiving an Account of the Battle of Vittoria – or, The Little Emperor in a Great Passion [BMC 12069] (George Cruikshank, 8 July 1813), Preparing John Bull for General Congress [BMC 12077] (1 August 1813), Comparative Anatomy or Bone-ys New Conscripts Filling Up the Skeletons of the Old Regiments [BMC 12087] (George Cruikshank, 1 November 1813), Nap Dreading His Doleful Doom or His Grand Entry in the Isle of Elba [BMC 12232] (Rowlandson, 25 April 1814). 79. Introduction of Citizen Volpone & His Suite, at Paris [BMC 9892] (Gillray, 15 November 1802), The Hero’s Return [BMC 12012] (George Cruikshank, 22 February 1813), The Parting of Hector-Nap and Andromache or Russia Threatened [BMC 12034] (Williams?, April 1813), Gasconading – alias – The Runaway Emperor Humbuging the Senate [BMC 12111] (Williams?, 1 December 1813). 80. Nabil Matar, ‘Islam in Britain, 1689–1750’, Journal of British Studies 47 (2008), 284, 286. 81. Ibid., 285. 82. The Life of Mahomet, the Imposter; with the pretended miracles said to be wrought by him and his disciples; his wonderful ascent to heaven, description of paradise, and a relation of his death (1784), 3. 83. Ibid., 53, 74. 84. The Life of Mahomet; or, the History of that Imposture, which was begun, carried on, and finally established by him in Arabia; and which has subjugated a larger proportion of the globe, than the Religion of Jesus has yet set at Liberty. To which is added, an account of Egypt (1799), 26. 85. Ibid., 46. Notes 227

86. A King or a Consul? A New Song to the Tune of Derry Down (1799?). 87. The Near in Blood, the Nearer Bloody [BMC 8292] (26 January 1793). 88. A Second Jean D’Arc or the Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Cordé of Caen in Normandy on Sunday July 14 1793 [BMC 8335] (Isaac Cruikshank, 26 July 1793). The Heroic Charlotte la Cordé, upon Her Trial, at the Bar of the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris, July 17th 1793 … [BMC 8336] (Gillray, 29 July 1793). 89. Citizen Coupe Tête in His Misery [BMC 8293] (T. Ovenden, 1793). 90. [BMC 8449, 8451, 8453, 8456, 8452] (12 May 1794). 91. Cottrell, ‘Devil on Two Sticks’, 265. 92. Ibid., 267. 93. ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 26 August 1789’, http:// chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/295 [30 August 2013]. 94. ‘The advent of Bonaparte failed to alter the general picture of the new France except to provide the desperadoes with a bandit chief, but it gave the caricaturists the chance to personalise hostility to France.’ Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 38. 95. ‘Napoleon comes first to epitomize and increasingly to displace France, becoming the most consistent object of fascination, fear and fun’. Mark Philp, ‘Introduction: The British Response to the Threat of Invasion, 1797–1815’, in Philp (ed.), Resisting Napoleon, 8. 96. The Death of Madame Republique [BMC 10285] (14 December 1804) 97. Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 47. 98. Ibid., 110. 99. Ellis, Napoleon, 29. 100. Alan Forrest, Napoleon’s Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire (London: Hambledon and London, 2002), 122. 101. Ibid., 123–4. 102. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 280. 103. Stuart Semmel, ‘British Uses for Napoleon’, MLN 120 (2005), 741. 104. Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 118, 120, 146. 105. The Progress of the Emperor Napoleon [BMC 11053] (Rowlandson, 19 November 1808), The Grand Emperor’s Grand Campaign Dedicated to the Russian Cossacks [BMC 12036] (William Heath, 18 April 1813), Buonaparte! Ambition and Death!! [BMC 12171] (George Cruikshank, 1 January 1814). Cruikshank also produced highly detailed single-page illustrations to The Life of Napoleon, a Hudibrastic Poem in Fifteen Cantos, by Doctor Syntax, Embellished with Thirty Engravings, by G. Cruikshank, published by Thomas Tegg in 1815. 106. Napoleon, the Corsican Phoenix [BMC 12535] (1815?). 107. The Corsican Spider in His Web! [BMC 10999] (Rowlandson, 12 July 1808). 108. French balloonist and parachutist André-Jacques Garnerin (1769–1823). 109. Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings, 15. 110. Mark Bryant, Napoleonic Wars in Cartoons (London: Grub Street, 2009), 9. 111. Quoted in George, Catalogue [10119]. 112. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (London: Penguin, 2003), 112. 113. James Baker, ‘Locating Gulliver: unstable loyalism in James Gillray’s The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver’, Image & Narrative 14 (2013), 137. 114. Ibid., 139. 228 Notes

115. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 87. 116. Quoted in Christopher Fox, ‘Introduction: Biographical and Historical Contexts’, in Christopher Fox (ed.), Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 1995), 21. 117. For example in Rowlandson’s Boney the Second or The Little Babboon Created to Devour French Monkies [BMC 11719] (9 April 1811). 118. Philp, ‘Introduction’, 8. 119. Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and the Invasion of England, 282–3. 120. ‘Talleyrand or Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de’, The Columbia Encyclopedia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), http://www. credoreference.com/entry/columency/talleyrand_or_talleyrand_p%C3% A9rigord_charles_maurice_de’ [7 September 2010]. 121. Bryant, Napoleonic Wars, 134. 122. D.M.G. Sutherland, France 1789–1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution (London: Fontana, 1985), 429. 123. Quoted in Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 157. 124. George, Catalogue [10119]. 125. Boney and His New Subjects at Elba [BMC 12286] ( J. Lewis Marks, c.June 1814). 126. Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 149. 127. Ibid., 149–51. 128. Gillray was such a hero to Cruikshank that when Gillray died in June 1815, Cruikshank bought Gillray’s work table from Hannah Humphrey and used it until his own health declined. Robert L. Patten, George Cruikshank’s Life, Times, and Art, Volume 1: 1792–1835 (Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 1992), 120. 129. Escape of Buonaparte from Elba [BMC 12518] (March 1815), The Phenix of Elba Resuscitated by Treason [BMC 12537] (1 May, 1815), John Bull in Alarm; or, Boney’s Escape, and a Second Deliverence of Europe. A New Song to an Old Tune [BMC 12534] (April? 1815), Boneys Return from Elba – or The Devil among the Tailors – [BMC 12509] (21 March 1815) (Fig. 3.11), The Congress Disolved before the Cake was Cut Up [BMC 12525] (6 April 1815). 130. Patten, Cruikshank’s, 41, 45. 131. Gatrell, Hanging Tree, 50. 132. Semmel, ‘British Uses for Napoleon’, 742. 133. Wilson, Laughter, 132, 145. 134. Rowlandson’s The Rogues March [BMC 12222] (15 April 1814) and Blucher the Brave Extracting the Groan of Abdication from the Corsican Blood Hound [BMC 12216] (9 April 1814). 135. Holger Hoock, Empires of the Imagination: Politics, War, and the Arts in the British World, 1750–1850 (London: Profile, 2010), 179–82. 136. George, Catalogue [12613]. 137. Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 203. 138. Ibid., 208. 139. Stuart Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past: British tourism, collecting, and memory after Waterloo’, Representations 69 (2000), 12. 140. Exhibition at Bullock’s Museum of Bonapartes Carriage Taken at Waterloo [BMC 12702] (Rowlandson, 10 January 1816), A Scene at the London Museum Piccadilly, – or – A Peep at the Spoils of Ambition, Taken at the Battle of Waterloo – Being a New Tax on John Bull for 1816 &c &c. [BMC 12703] (George Cruikshank. January 1816). Notes 229

141. The Genius of France Expounding Her Laws to the Sublime People [BMC 12524] (George Cruikshank, 4 April 1815). 142. George, Catalogue [15861]. 143. Embarkation of French Cargo in an English Bottom [Bmc 15852] (1829), A Courier from France [BMC 15854] (1829), The Frog and The Bull [BMC 15861] (1829). 144. A Vision [BMC 16030] (William Heath, 9 February 1830). 145. Coronation of the King of Frogs, or Mummery Francois! [BMC 14782] (Thomas Howell Jones?, June 1825); George, Catalogue [14782]. 146. The Curse of Spain [BMC 13009] (George Cruikshank, c.December 1818). 147. For example, Washing the Blackamoore [BMC 8667] (Isaac Cruikshank, 24 July 1795), Labour in Vain _ or Old Women Trying to Wash a Blackamore White [BMC 11272] (Isaac Cruikshank, 27 March 1809), The Attempt to Wash the Blackamoor White. In the White-Hall. City of Laputa: [BMC 12833] (Rowlandson, 13 March 1816). 148. William Godwin had found recent success with his versions of Aesop’s (and others’) fables under the pseudonym Edward Baldwin, for ‘Washing the Blackamoor White’ see Baldwin, Fables Ancient and Modern. Adapted for the Use of Children. Tenth Edition (London: M J Godwin & Co., 1824), 145–8. The first edition was published in 1805. 149. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ingrain?rskey=bVDbzp&result= 1#m_en_gb0411070 [18 February 2011]. 150. Fast Colours – [BMC 12618] (c.October 1815). 151. Wilson, Laughter, 142–3. 152. Probably a copy of a French original. George, Catalogue [13008]. 153. Christopher Plumb, ‘“Strange and Wonderful”: encountering the elephant in Britain, 1675–1830’, Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 33 (2010), 525–43. 154. Old Bumblehead the 18th Trying on the Napoleon Boots – or, Preparing for the Spanish Campaign [BMC 14502] (George Cruikshank, 17 February 1823). 155. France, (The Great Nation) Driven by the North into the South!!! [BMC 14503] (George Cruikshank, 18 February 1823), The Three Gentlemen of Verona on a Legitimate Crusade [BMC 14509] (J. Lewis Marks, 4 March 1823). 156. Iohn Bull Flourishing in a Dignified Attitude of Strict Neutrality!!! [Robert Cruikshank, May 1823]. 157. Colley, Britons, 209–10; Marilyn Morris, The British Monarchy and the French Revolution (London: Yale University Press, 1998), 176–8, 191–2. 158. Colley, Britons, 210. 159. Ibid., 33–4, 89, 211, 305. 160. Ibid., 210. 161. Morris, British Monarchy, 178. 162. For example, see Jeff Percels and Russell Ganim (eds), Fecal Matters in Early Modern Literature and Art: Studies in Scatology (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004).

4 War (and Peace)

1. Matthew Craske, ‘Making National Heroes? A survey of the social and political functions and meanings of major British funeral monuments to naval 230 Notes

and military figures, 1730–70’, in Bonehill and Quilley (eds), Conflicting Visions, 41; H.V. Bowen, War and British Society, 1688–1815 (Cambridge University Press, 1998). 2. Craske, ‘Making National Heroes?’, 41–2. 3. George, Catalogue [8085]. 4. Donald, Age of Caricature, 145–6. 5. David A. Bell, ‘Jumonville’s Death: war propaganda and national identity in eighteenth-century France’, in Colin Jones and Dror Wahrman (eds), The Age of Cultural Revolutions: Britain and France, 1750–1820 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 33–61; David A. Bell, The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Modern Warfare (London: Bloomsbury, 2007); Cottrell, ‘The Devil on Two Sticks’, 259–74. 6. The latter print was designed by one ‘JB Vandrülle’, probably a pseudonym. 7. Atherton, Political Prints, 101. 8. The key was printed on a separate broadside and may have been issued at a later date than the original image. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/ search_the_collection_database/search_object_detail [5 June 2008]. 9. Michael Duffy, ‘The Noisie, Empty, Fluttering French’, 22. 10. Atherton, Political Prints, 102. 11. For example: Tempora mutantur, et Nos Mutamur in illis; Britannia’s Revival, or The Rousing of the British Lyon [BMC 3377] (1756); A View of the Assassination of the Lady of John Bull Esqr Who was Barbarously Butcher’d Anno 1756 & 57 &c.; The English Lion Dismember’d [BMC 5649] (12 March 1780). 12. Alan W. Bower and Robert A Erickson, ‘Introduction’, in John Arbuthnot, A History of John Bull (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976), lxvi. 13. Atherton, Political Prints, 87. 14. Eagles, Francophilia, 31. 15. Atherton, Political Prints, 87. 16. [BMC 2578, 2583, 2584, 2589, 2605]. 17. See Chapter 3. 18. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 138. 19. Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (London: Faber and Faber, 2001), 507. 20. Atherton, Political Prints, 209. 21. Stephens, Catalogue [3887]. 22. Karl W Schweizer, ‘Introduction: Lord Bute: interpreted in history’, in Karl W Schweizer (ed.), Lord Bute: Essays in Re-interpretation (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1988), 1. 23. Atherton, Political Prints, 185. 24. George, Catalogue [8829]. 25. Donald, Age of Caricature, 170. 26. Glorious Reception of the Ambassador of Peace, on His Entry into Paris [BMC 8828] (Gillray, 28 October 1796). Lord Mum Overwhelmed with Parisian Embraces [BMC 8830] (Isaac Cruikshank, 7 November 1796). 27. The Republican-Attack (1 November 1795). 28. George, Catalogue [8828, 8829]. 29. Hill, Gillray, 104–5. 30. George, Catalogue [9726]. Notes 231

31. ‘Lords, Lawyers, Statesmen, Squires of low degree,/ Men known, and men unknown, Sick, Lame, and Blind,/ Post forward all like Creatures of one kind,/ With first-fruit offerings crowd to bend the knee/ In France, before the new-born Majesty.’ William Wordsworth, ‘Calais, August, 1802’, in William Wordsworth, The Major Works (Oxford University Press, 2000), 280. 32. Quoted in Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and the Invasion of England, 215. 33. Ibid., 215–16. 34. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 231–2. 35. Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and the Invasion of England, 212–14. 36. Old Friends with New Faces, or Welcome Visitors to John Bull [BMC 9731] (Piercy Roberts, c.October 1801); Iohn Bull Visited with the Blessings of Peace [BMC 9732] (Williams?, 21 October 1801); Iohn Bull and His Friends Commemorating the Peace [BMC 9850] (Piercy Roberts, c.March 1802); John Bull and His Friends Welcoming Home the Definitive Treaty [BMC 9851] (c.April 1802). 37. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 280. 38. Quoted in George, Catalogue [9735]. 39. Banerji and Donald (eds), Gillray Observed, 116–18. 40. Ibid., 118. 41. Hill, Gillray, 126. 42. Ibid., 126. 43. George, Catalogue, xix. 44. Bell, First Total War, 233. 45. Hill, Gillray, 104. 46. Newman, English Nationalism, 221, 230. 47. Langford, Englishness Identified: Manners and Character 1650–1850 (Oxford University Press), 155. 48. George Cruikshank, A Pop-Gun Fired Off by George Cruikshank, in Defence of the British Volunteers of 1803 (London: W. Kent, 1860), 14. 49. Alexandra Franklin, ‘John Bull in a Dream: fear and fantasy in the visual satires of 1803’, in Philp (ed.), Resisting Napoleon, 126. 50. George, Catalogue [12503]. 51. Jeremy Black, The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth-Century (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1992), 163–4. 52. Ibid., 165. 53. In Constantia Maxwell, The English Traveller in France, 1698–1815 (London: Routledge, 1932), 74. 54. Ibid., 84. 55. [Playstowe], Gentleman’s Guide, 8–9. 56. Black, British Abroad, 167. 57. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 232, 310–11. 58. L.G. Mitchell, ‘Fox, Charles James (1749–1806)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004), http://www.oxforddnb.com. ezproxy.york.ac.uk/view/article/10024 [6 June 2011]. 59. Taking Leave [BMC 9891] (12 November 1802), Introduction of Citizen Volpone & His Suite, at Paris [BMC 9892] (Gillray, 15 November 1802), 60. Elizabeth Armistead (1750–1842), whom Fox had married in 1795, the marriage kept secret until 1802. George, Catalogue [9892]. 61. See Chapter 3. 232 Notes

62. Dror Wahrman, The Making of the Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth Century England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006). 63. Amelia Rauser, Caricature Unmasked: Irony, Authenticity, and Individualism in Eighteenth-Century English Prints (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2010). 64. Bunkers Hill, or the Blessed Effects of Family Quarrels [BMC 5289] (c.1775). 65. The European Diligence [BMC 5557] (5 October 1779). 66. By His Majestys Royal Letters Patent. The New Invented Method of Punishing State Criminals [BMC 5580] (1779?). 67. Britania’s Assassination or – The Republicans Amusement [BMC 5987] (10 May 1782). 68. The Horse America, Throwing His Master [BMC 5549] (1 August 1779). 69. The Family Compact [BMC 5567] (1 November 1779); Lewis Baboon about to Teach Nic Frog the Louvre [BMC 5664] (1780). 70. These American painters working in Britain maintained ‘a business-like political neutrality’, Hoock, Empires, 46–7, 91, 95. 71. George, Catalogue [5626]. 72. St. George & the Dragon [BMC 6001] (Gillray, 13 June 1782). 73. The Ville de Paris, Sailing for Jamaica, or Rodney Triumphant [BMC 5993] (1 June 1782). 74. George, Catalogue [5993]. 75. Ibid. [5992]. 76. Rodney Introducing de Grasse [BMC 5997] (Gillray, 7 June 1782). 77. Michael John Kooy, ‘Coleridge’s Francophobia’, Modern Language Review 95 (2000), 924–41. 78. See Chapter 5. 79. See Chapter 3. 80. [BMC 8136, 8313, 8318, 8321, 8322]. 81. [BMC 8997, 9005, 9172, 9268]. 82. See Chapter 3. 83. Simon Burrows, ‘Britain and the Black Legend: the genesis of anti-Napoleonic myth’, in Philp (ed.), Resisting Napoleon, 144–5. 84. ‘A survey of 250 pieces of British patriotic literature from 1803 to 1815 found that 177 mentioned French atrocities, and 162 featured events in Egypt and Syria.’ Ibid., 144. 85. Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and the Invasion of England, 389–91. 86. An advertisement listing caricatures published by Fores, including the title ‘Coffin Expedition’, in The Morning Post (7 April 1804) appears to confirm that it was published before the Boulogne incident. 87. Manchester Art Gallery, http://www.manchestergalleries.org/the-collections/ search-the-collection [2 November 2011]. 88. Sutherland, France, 420–1. 89. Murat Reviewing the Grand Army!!!!!! [BMC 12002] ( January 1813). 90. Albert Howard Carter, ‘On the Imagery in the Characterization of Falstaff in 1 Henry IV, IV.II’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire 38 (1960), 835, 839. 91. Comparative Anatomy or Bone-ys New Conscripts Filling Up the Skeletons of the Old Regiments [BMC 12087] (1 November 1813). 92. Cruikshank, Pop-Gun, 13–14. 93. Patten, Cruikshank’s, 114. 94. Cruikshank, Pop-Gun, 10. 95. Patten, Cruikshank’s, 67. Notes 233

96. Simon Dickie, ‘Hilarity and Pitilessness in the Mid-Eighteenth Century: English jestbook humor’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 37 (2003), 1–22. 97. Jonathan Lamb, The Evolution of Sympathy in the Long Eighteenth Century (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009), 69. 98. David Turner, Disability in Eighteenth-Century England: Imagining Physical Impairment (London: Routledge, 2012), 63–4. 99. Ibid., 106–11. See also Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies Special Issue: Animals in the Eighteenth Century 33 (December 2010), particularly Jane Spencer’s contribution, ‘Creating Animal Experience in Late-Eighteenth Century Narrative’, 469–86. 100. Laurence Sterne, A Sentimental Journey (London: Penguin, 2005). 101. In Maxwell, The English Traveller, 93–4. 102. See Chapter 5. 103. George, Catalogue [9389]. 104. Old Blucher Beating the Corsican Big Drum [BMC 12214] (George Cruikshank, 8 April 1814). 105. The Corsican Whipping Top in Full Spin!!! [BMC 12218] (George Cruikshank, 11 April 1814). 106. Although in one of the British Museum’s copies the crocodiles are just green. 107. George, Catalogue [9250]; Ian Germani, ‘Combat and Culture: Imagining the Battle of the Nile’, Northern Mariner 10 (2000), 66–7. 108. Germani, ‘Combat and Culture’, 69. 109. Forrest, Napoleon’s Men, 122–6; Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 280–1. 110. Hoock, Empires, 179–82. 111. Cottrell, ‘Devil on Two Sticks’, 268–9. 112. Hoock, Empires, 178. 113. Donald, Age of Caricature, 162. 114. Iohn Bull Taking a Lunch – or Johnny’s Purveyors Pampering His Appetite with Dainties from All Parts of the World. 115. Williams (ed.), The Enlightenment, 41. 116. Alan Forrest, ‘La patrie en danger: the French Revolution and the first levée en masse’, in Daniel Moren and Arthur Waldron (eds), The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 23–4. 117. Alan Forrest, Napoleon (London: Quercus, 2011), 159, 201–2. 118. Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 200–2. 119. Langford, Englishness Identified, 5. 120. ‘Caricature’, The Sheffield and Rotherham Independent (8 Feb, 1896); William Frith Powell, John Leech: His Life and Work Vol. 2 (London: Richard Bentley and son, 1891), 22. 121. Semmel, Napoleon and the British, 71. 122. Colley, Britons, 283. 123. Ibid., 283.

5 Revolution

1. Brewer, ‘This Monstrous Tragi-Comic Scene’, 13–14. 2. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 184. 234 Notes

3. The Commercial Treaty; or, John Bull Changing Beef and Pudding for Frogs and Soup Maigre! [BMC 6995] (25 November 1786), The Treaty of Commerce or New Coalition. 4. The Chamber of Commerce, or L’Assemblée des Not-ables Anglois [BMC 7140] (James Sayers, 14 February 1787), Anticipation, or The Approaching Fate of the French Commercial Treaty [BMC 7128] (Gillray, 16 January 1787), The Opening of St. Stephen’s Chapel for the Present Season [BMC 7130] (William Dent, 20 January 1787). 5. Brewer, ‘This Monstrous Tragi-Comic Scene’, 14. 6. A New French Bussing Match or More Cursing & Swearing for the Assembly [BMC 7661] (16 July 1790). 7. James Cuno (ed.), French Caricature and the French Revolution, 1789–1799 (Los Angeles: Gunwald Centre for Graphic Arts, 1988), pl. 33, 159–60. 8. Bindman, Shadow of the Guillotine, 90. 9. Revolution [BMC 7665] (Isaac Cruikshank, 3 August 1790), Assassination [BMC 7668] (Isaac Cruikshank, 19 August 1790), Sergent Recruteur [BMC 7559] (Rowlandson, 24 October 1789). 10. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 95. 11. Schama, Citizens, 381–6. 12. George Armstrong Kelly, ‘The Machine of the Duc D’Orléans and the New Politics’, Journal of Modern History 51 (1979), 668. The Frolick or a New-market, Race [BMC 7338] (10 July 1788), A New Way to Pay the National-Debt [6945] (Gillray, 21 April 1786). 13. George, Catalogue … Vol. VI, xxi. 14. Gregory Claeys, ‘The Reflections Refracted: the critical reception of Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France during the early 1790s’, in John Whale (ed.), Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France: New Interdisciplinary Essays (Manchester University Press, 2000), 41. 15. Ibid., 40–60. 16. The Knight of the Woeful Countenance Going to Extirpate the Assembly [BMC 7678] (Byron, 15 November 1790). 17. Don Dismallo among the Grasshoppers in France [BMC 7688] (10 December 1790). 18. Don Dismallo Running the Literary Gantlet [BMC 7685] (1 December 1790). 19. Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings, 100. 20. Maria Jesus Lorenzo-Modia, ‘Cogitations on the French Revolution: “The History of Sir George Warrington; or The Political Quixote”’, in Cristina Mourón Figueroa and Teresa Morale Gárate (eds), Studies in Contrastive Linguistics: Proceedings of the 4th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (Santiago: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2006), 544. 21. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London: Penguin, 2004), 169–70. 22. Quoted in Claeys, ‘The Reflections Refracted’, 43. 23. The Aristocratic Crusade, Chivalry Revived by Don Quixote de St Omer and His Friend Sancho [BMC 7824] (Isaac Cruikshank, 31 January 1791). 24. Don Dismallo Running the Literary Gantlet; Hunt, Defining John Bull, 99. 25. Hill, Gillray, 43–4; Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 38; Bindman, Shadow of the Guillotine, 27; Brewer, ‘This Monstrous Tragi-Comic Scene’, 17–18. 26. Donald, Age of Caricature, 145. Notes 235

27. Ibid., 145–6. Donald concedes that ‘an image of this deliberate crude power cannot be dismissed as mere spoof. It must be indeed have bloodied the imagination of the team of loyalist writers who were soon to depict the horrors of the Revolution as a cautionary lesson to the English labouring classes’, 146. 28. Paulson, Representations, 200. 29. Hill, Gillray, 67, 104. 30. Gillray ‘hated Jacobins and was no friend of democracy’. Gatrell City of Laughter, 269; Nicholson, English Political Print, 311. 31. Donald, Age of Caricature, 170. 32. Marcus Wood, Radical Satire and Print Culture: 1790–1822 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 61. 33. Hill, Gillray, 43. 34. French Democrats Surprizing the Royal Runaways, The Grand Monarck Discovered in a Pot de Chambre. Or, The Royal Fugitives Turning Tail [BMC 7884] (Rowlandson, 28 June 1791), Le Gourmand, Heavy Birds Fly Slow. Delay Breeds Danger. A Scene at Varenne June 21 1791 [BM Reg. 1948,0214.491] (Isaac Cruikshank after John Nixon, c.June 1791). 35. John Barrell, ‘Sad Stories: Louis XVI, George III, and the language of sentiment’, in Kevin Sharpe and Steven N. Zwicker (eds), Refiguring Revolutions: Aesthetics and Politics from the English Revolution to the Romantic Revolution (London: University of California Press, 1998), 79; Brewer, ‘This Monstrous Tragi-Comic Scene’, 23–4. 36. Colley, Britons, chapter 5; Barrell, ‘Sad Stories’, 78–9; Morris, British Monarchy, 73. 37. Bindman, Shadow of the Guillotine, 132. 38. Ibid., 135. 39. Ibid., 135. 40. The ‘voice of thy brother’s blood crieth unto me from the ground. And now art thou cursed from the earth … Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold.’ Ibid., 139. 41. Hill, Gillray, 44. 42. Barrell, ‘Sad Stories’, 94. 43. Ibid., 94. 44. Bindman, Shadow of the Guillotine, 135–7, 140–1. 45. Quoted in Donald, Age of Caricature, 151. 46. Quoted in Schama, Citizens, 543. 47. Sans-Culottes, Feeding Europe with the Bread of Liberty [BMC 8290] (Gillray, 12 January 1793); Philosophy Run Mad or A Stupendous Monument of Human Wisdom [BMC 8150] (Rowlandson, c.December 1792). 48. George, Catalogue … Vol. VII, xi. 49. Emma Macleod, ‘British Spectators of the French Revolution: the view from across the Channel’, Groniek 197 (2013), 379. 50. Wood, Radical Satire, 61. 51. Brewer, ‘This Monstrous Tragi-Comic Scene’, 14. 52. Cottrell, ‘Devil on Two Sticks’, 267. 53. Newman, English Nationalism, 230. 54. Bindman, Shadow of the Guillotine, 27. 55. Ibid., 27. 236 Notes

56. Dumourier Dining in State at St. James’s, on the 15th of May, 1793 [BMC 8318] (Gillray, 30 March 1793). 57. A Peace Offering to the Genius of Liberty and Equality. Dedicated to Those Lovers of French Freedom Who Would Thus Debase Their Country [BMC 8426] (Isaac Cruikshank, 10 February 1794), The Genius of France Triumphant, – or – Britannia Petitioning for Peace. – Vide, the Proposals of Opposition [BMC 8614] (Gillray, 2 February 1795). 58. George, Catalogue [8310]. 59. Caricaturists ‘tended to emphasize the idea that … working-class threats in England were the result of plebeians being led astray by demagogic political or religious leaders’. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 116. 60. [Simond] Journal, 202. 61. Colley, Britons, 305–8. 62. Rogers, ‘The Sea Fencibles’, 41–59; Navickas, ‘The Defence of Manchester and Liverpool’, 61–73. 63. Hill, Gillray, 55. 64. Ibid., 55. 65. ‘Ah, grant a me von letel Bite’ [BMC 5790] (Gillray?, 1 December 1780). 66. Barrell, Spirit of Despotism, 162. 67. The Morning Post (7 August 1830). 68. There followed An Hierglyphic for 1830 [BMC 16300] (Henry Heath, c.November 1830), ‘a naïve survey of the situation at home and abroad’, George, Catalogue of Prints in the British Museum [16300], and A Bait for John Bull [BMC 16317] (Charles Jameson Grant?, 11 November 1830). 69. Pamela M. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France (London: Macmillan, 1991), 60–1. 70. Ordnance againt [sic] the Liberty of the Press [BMC 16208] (William Heath, 2 August 1830). 71. French Mode of Proceeding Ex-officio [BMC 16213] (Charles Jameson Grant, 6 August 1830). 72. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 39. 73. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution, 61. 74. Ibid., 62, 64. 75. Morning Post (6 August 1830). 76. L. Perry Curtis, Apes and Angels: The Irishman in Victorian Caricature (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1997). 77. George, Catalogue [16532]. 78. Liverpool Mercury (6 August 1830). 79. Hampshire Advertiser: Royal Yacht Club Gazette, Southampton Town & Country Herald, Isle of Wight Journal, Winchester Chronicle, & General Reporter (7 August 1830). 80. G.F.R. Barker, Rev., Elisabeth A. Cawthon, ‘Scarlett, James, First Baron Abinger (1769–1844)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004), http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24783 [28 February 2011]. 81. For example, A Relative Position in 1830 versus 1792; or, Policy to a Letter [BMC 16218] (9 August 1830) and The Bourbons Fall or Priestcraft and Despotism Rewarded [BMC 16263] (September 1830). 82. See Chapter 6. Notes 237

83. Old Bumblehead the 18th Trying on the Napoleon Boots – or, Preparing for the Spanish Campaign [BMC 14502] (George Cruikshank, 17 February 1823), A Hint to the Blind & Foolish – or The Bourbon Dynasty in Danger!! [BMC 14510] (George Cruikshank, 10 March 1823), King Gourmand XVIII and Prince Posterior in Fright! [BMC 14512] (Robert Cruikshank, 14 March 1823). 84. Derek Jarrett, The Begetters of Revolution: England’s Involvement with France, 1759–1789 (London: Longman, 1973), 24. 85. Quoted in David McCracken, ‘Introduction’, in William Godwin, Caleb Williams (Oxford University Press, 1998), ix. 86. The Arms of France [BMC 10090] (Gillray, 6 September 1803), Buonaparte! Ambition and Death!! [BMC 12171] (George Cruikshank, 1 January 1814). 87. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, 21; Gatrell, City of Laughter, 143–56; Goode, ‘The Public and the Limits of Persuasion’, in Todd Porterfield (ed.), Efflorescence of Caricature, 1759–1838 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), 117–36. 88. See Chapter 3.

6 Women and Other ‘Others’

1. Roy Porter, ‘Review Article: Seeing the Past’, Past and Present 118 (1988), 204–5. 2. McCreery, Satirical Gaze; Frank O’Gorman, ‘Review of The Satirical Gaze: Prints of Women in Late Eighteenth Century England by Cindy McCreery’, English Historical Review 484 (2004), 1430–1. 3. Porter, ‘Seeing the Past’, 204–5. 4. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 121–5. 5. Colley, Britons, 251. 6. Ibid., 251. 7. Andrews, Comparative View, 84–5. 8. Andrews, Remarks, 162, 345. 9. Ibid., 160. 10. Ibid., 184–5. 11. See Chapter 2. 12. The Grand Fair at Versaile, or France in a Consternation!. Pompadour also appears in The French King in a Sweat or the Paris Coiners, operating the bel- lows for the furnace on which Louis melts down his valuables following the French disasters of 1759. 13. The Commercial Treaty; or, John Bull Changing Beef and Pudding for Frogs and Soup Maigre! 14. In Colley, Britons, 251. 15. Andrews, Comparative View, 85. 16. Andrews, Remarks, 260–1. 17. McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 190. 18. For example The Devonshire, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes [BMC 6520] (Rowlandson, 12 April, 1784), The Poll [BMC 6526] (Rowlandson, 12 April 1784), The Dutchess Canvassing for Her Favourite Member [BMC 6527] (William Dent, 13 April 1784). 19. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 125–41. 238 Notes

20. Jane Kromm, ‘Representations of Revolutionary Women in Political Caricature’, in Lisa Plummer Crafton (ed.), The French Revolution Debate in English Literature and Culture (Connecticut: Greenwood, 1997), 124. 21. Burke, Reflections, 165. 22. Kromm, ‘Representations’, 124–5. 23. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 94. 24. Ci-devant Occupations – or – Madame Talian and the Empress Josephine Dancing Naked before Barrass in the Winter of 1797. – A Fact! – [BMC 10369] (Gillray, 20 February 1805). 25. The Progress of the Empress Josephine [BMC 10981] (Williams & Woodward, 20 April 1808), Democracy; – or – A Sketch of the Life of Buonaparte [BMC 9534] (Gillray, 12 May 1800). 26. George, Catalogue [10981]. 27. The Hibernia Magazine, and Dublin Monthly Panorama ( January 1810), 52–3. 28. George, Catalogue [11529]. 29. The Hero’s Return [BMC 12012] (George Cruikshank, 22 February 1813). 30. Nap’s Glorious Return or the Conclusion of the Russian Campaign [BMC 12059] (Williams?, June 1813). 31. Nap Dreading His Doleful Doom or His Grand Entry in the Isle of Elba. 32. McCreery, Satirical Gaze, 153–67. 33. Andrews, Remarks, 2–7, 219, 240. 34. [Playstowe], Gentleman’s Guide, 40. 35. Ibid., 50–1. 36. Madamoiselle Parisot; A Peep at the Parisot! With Q in the Corner! 37. Atherton, Political Prints, 90–1. 38. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 121. 39. Britannia’s Revival, or The Rousing of the British Lyon [BMC 3377] (1756). 40. Hunt, Defining John Bull, 122. 41. The Triple Compact or Brittannia’s Ruin [BMC 3889] (August 1762). 42. The Plagues of England or the Jacobites Folly; The Consequences of Naturalizing Foreigners, The Dreadful Consequences of a General Naturalization, to the Natives of Great Britain and Ireland; England Made Odious or The French Dressers [BMC 3543] (1756). 43. The Genius of France Triumphant, – or – Britannia Petitioning for Peace [BMC 8614] (Gillray, 2 February 1795). 44. Madge Dresser, ‘Britannia’, in Samuel (ed.), Patriotism, Volume 2, 36. 45. Amelia Rauser, ‘Death or Liberty: British political prints and the struggle for symbols in the American Revolution’, Oxford Art Journal 21 (1998), 165. 46. The European Diligence; By His Majestys Royal Letters Patent. The New Invented Method of Punishing State Criminals; Britania’s Assassination. or – The Republicans Amusement. 47. Dresser, ‘Britannia’, 30–1. 48. Rauser, ‘Death or Liberty’, 156. 49. Ibid., 163–8. 50. Ibid., 170. 51. The Offering to Liberty [BMC 7548] (Gillray, 3 August 1789), Liberty in Utopia/ Liberty in France [BM Reg. 1987,0516.4] (Byron?, 12 May 1792). 52. Kromm, ‘Representations’, 126. 53. French Liberty [BMC 8334] (1793). Notes 239

54. Opening the Sluces or Hollands Last Shift [Bmc 8493] (Isaac Cruikshank, 24 October 1794), Dutch Steamers on the Frozen Zuyder Zee [BM Reg. 1931,1114.329] (William Heath, c.1822–1840). 55. Eagles, Francophilia, 22. 56. Saint David for Wales [BMC 5943] (2 January 1781), A Welsh Feast on St. David’s Day [BMC 7798] (1 March 1790), The Welch Parson [BMC 7781] (1 December 1790), The Parsons Hobby, or Comfort for a Welsh Curate [BMC 13413] (Williams, 1819). 57. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 18. 58. Clayton, Caricatures, 9. 59. Payne, Rowlandson, 190–2. 60. The Irish Howl or the Catholics in Fitz! [BMC 8632] (20 March 1795), March of the Liberator [BMC 15551] (William Heath, c.1829), The Catholic Association or Paddy Coming It Strong [BMC 14766] (Robert Cruikshank, February 1825). 61. John Bulls Belly and Its Members [BMC 15657] (1829), The True Holy Alliance Storming the Fortress of Superstition [BMC 15713] (Robert Seymour, 1829), The Absentee [BMC 16206] (Robert Seymour, 1 August 1830), Ireland [BMC 16726] (Robert Seymour, 1 July 1831). 62. United Irishmen upon Duty [BMC 9228] (Gillray, 12 June 1798), United Irishmen in Training [BMC 9229] (Gillray, 13 June 1798). 63. Hill, Gillray, 73–80. 64. Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and the Invasion of England, 126–30. 65. Curtis, Apes and Angels. Other scholars put Irish religious or class status above racial identity as an explanation for English attitudes. For example, Sheridan Gilley, ‘English Attitudes to the Irish Minority in England, 1789–1900’, in Colin Holmes (ed.), Immigrants and Minorities in British Society (London: Allen & Unwin, 1978), 81–110. 66. Curtis, Apes and Angels, 29. 67. Ibid., 153–4. 68. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 22; Clayton, Caricatures, 10. 69. Clayton, Caricatures, 9. 70. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 20. 71. Colley, Britons, 77–8. 72. Ibid., 77–8. 73. A Flight of Scotchmen! [BM Reg. 2001,0520.22] (Newton, 3 September 1796). Gordon Pentland, ‘“We Speak for the Ready”: images of Scots in political prints, 1707–1832’, Scottish Historical Review 90 (2011), 78. 74. Sawney in the Bog-house [BMC 2678] (Charles Mosley, 17 June 1745), Sawney in the Bog-house [BMC 5539] (4 June 1779). 75. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 20. 76. Bunkers Hill, or The Blessed Effects of Family Quarrels [BMC 5289] (c.1775), Secret Influence Directing the New P__R______T [BMC 6587] (Rowlandson, 18 May 1784). 77. Pentland, ‘Images of Scots’, 84, 86. 78. The Congress; or, A Device to Lower the Land-tax. To the Tune of, Doodle, Doodle, Do, &c. [BMC 3887] (1762). 79. Pentland, ‘Images of Scots’, 65–6, 80. 80. Finlay, ‘Keeping the Covenant’, 123–4. 81. Colley, Britons, 103, 120. 240 Notes

82. George, Catalogue [5579]. 83. Patten, Cruikshank’s, 19. 84. Hill, Gillray, 7. 85. David Alexander, Richard Newton and English Caricature in the 1790s (Manchester: Whitworth Gallery/Manchester University Press, 1998), 42. 86. Stephen Conway, ‘War and National Identity in the Mid-Eighteenth- Century British Isles’, English Historical Review 116 (2001), 875. 87. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 26. 88. Conway, ‘War and National Identity’, 884–5. 89. England France and Spain [BMC 5556] (c.September 1779). 90. Britannia Protected from the Terrors of an Invasion [BMC 5629] (26 January 1780). 91. King Joey Taking Leave of His Capital ie Madrid Relieved from Robbers [BMC 11901] (Williams?, September 1812). 92. Forrest, Napoleon’s Men, 122–6; Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 280–1. 93. George, Catalogue [11025]. 94. The Privy Council of a King [BMC 12510] (Rowlandson, 28 March 1815), The Curse of Spain [BMC 13009] (George Cruikshank. November 1818). 95. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 27. 96. Ibid., 28. 97. A Picturesque View of the State of the Nation for February 1778 [BMC 5472] (1 March 1778). 98. George, Catalogue, [5664]. 99. R.E. Graves, ‘Ramberg, Johann Heinrich (1763–1840)’, rev. Annette Peach, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004), http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23068 [28 July 2011]. 100. Rehearsal in Holland 1787 [BMC 7176] (Ramberg, 18 October 1787), Performance in Holland in Septr. & Octr. 1787 [BMC 7177] (Ramberg, 18 October 1787). 101. George, Catalogue [7178]. 102. Politics inside-out – A Farce [BMC 7178] (Ramberg, 21 October 1787), Military Recreation in Holland [BMC 7179] (Ramberg, 24 October 1787). 103. George, Catalogue [8299]. 104. John Bull in a Rage Forcing Nic Frog to Fight against His Will [BMC 8299] (Isaac Cruikshank, 9 February 1793). 105. The First Articles in Requisition at Amsterdam or The Sans Culotts Become Touts Culotts [BMC 8613] (Isaac Cruikshank, 29 January 1795). 106. George, Catalogue [8299]. 107. Sans Culottes Fundamentally Supplied in Dutch-bottoms [BMC 8630] (10 March 1795). 108. Sans-Culottes, Feeding Europe with the Bread of Liberty [BMC 8290] (Gillray, 12 January 1793). Buonaparte at Rome Giving Audience in State [BMC 8997] (Isaac Cruikshank, 12 March 1797). The Cambridge Musical Squeeze!! or Double-bass Entré to the Orchestra [BMC 14707] (Robert Cruikshank. July 1824). An Italian Singer, Cut Out for English Amusement, or, Signor Veluti Displaying His Great Parts [BMC 14880] (J. Lewis Marks, 1825). 109. For example the caricatures of General Blücher mentioned in Chapter 4. 110. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 40–2. 111. See Chapter 3. Notes 241

112. Buonaparte Massacring Three Thousand Eight Hundred Men at Jaffa [BMC 10062] (Robert Ker Porter, 12 August 1803), Massacre in Egypt [BMC 12463] (George Cruikshank, 2 December 1814). 113. Jarrett, Begetters, 3–4. 114. Ibid., 24. 115. Duffy, Englishman and the Foreigner, 40–2. 116. See Chapter 1. 117. Finlay, ‘Keeping the Covenant’, 121–33. 118. John Moores, ‘A Rousseauian Reading of Gillray’s National Conveniences’, European Comic Art 6 ( July 2013).

Conclusion

1. Colley, Britons, 210. 2. Paulson, Representations, 200. 3. Donald, Age of Caricature, 2; Banerji and Donald (eds), Gillray Observed, 203 n. 1. 4. Gatrell, City of Laughter, 136–56. 5. Christina Oberstebrink, ‘James Gillray, Caricaturist and Modern Artist avant la lettre’, in Porterfield (ed.), Efflorescence, 159–74. 6. Reva Wolf, ‘John Bull, Liberty, and Wit: how England became caricature’, in Porterfield (ed.), Efflorescence, 49–60. 7. This is particularly true, I argue, of Gillray, see Moores, ‘A Rousseauian Reading’. 8. David Hume, Of the Origin of Government (1777). 9. David Hume, That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science (1741), in Williams (ed.), The Enlightenment, 225. 10. David Low, Low’s Autobiography (London: Michael Joseph, 1956), 192. 11. Ibid., 194. Select Bibliography

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Act of Settlement (1701), 89 Barrington, Shute, 43 Acts of Union (1707), 194 Bastille, 152–4, 155–6, 174, 179 Act of Union (1801), 22 Baudelaire, Charles, 212 Addington, Henry, 125, 129 Bedford, Francis Russell, Duke of, 43, Aesop, 110 159 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), beef, see food 56–7, 119, 120, 131 Belcher, ( James or William?), 7, 18 Alexander, David, 198 Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste, Marshal, 98 Alexander I, 98, 105, 110 Bindman, David, 162 American Revolution, 6, 31, 133–5, Bismarck, Otto von, 13 155, 157, 177, 187–90, 191, 197 Black Dwarf, 7 Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 13, 124–9, Blücher, Gebhard von, Marshal, 103, 131, 132, 150 104, 107, 110, 144 Anderson, Benedict, 20–1 Boitard, Louis Philippe, 28 Andrews, John, 27, 68, 177–8, 180, The Imports of Great Britain from 186, 192 France (1757), 42, 44 Angelico, Fra, 180 Bonaparte, Jerome, 183 Anson, George, Lord, 55 Bonaparte, Joseph, 200 Antoinette, Marie, 32, 61, 151, 157, Bonaparte, Josephine, 181–3, 186, 160, 162, 178 191 execution, 160 Brissot, Jacques Pierre, 86 Arbuthnot, John, 119, 201 Britannia, 7, 54, 71, 75, 77, 119, 122, Argenson, Marc-Pierre de Voyer de 125, 127, 133, 149, 177, 179, Paulmy, Comte d’, 63 186–90, 191 Assembly of Notables, 151 British Lion, 7, 57, 58, 63, 118–19, Association for the Protection of 120, 121, 133, 149, 170, 187, 190, Liberty and Property against 198 Republicans and Levellers, 19, British Museum print collection, xii, 190 8–9, 10, 20, 43, 55, 67, 145, 169 Atherton, Herbert, 20, 28 Brocas, Henry Atlas, 173 The Imperial Divorce (1810), 181 Austria/Austrians, 115, 118, 143, 146, Brougham, Henry, 173 204 Bullock, William, 105 Burke, Edmund, 34, 43, 58, 117, Baker, James, 15, 93 122–3, 127, 143, 154, 156–7, 158, Ballinamuck, Battle of (1798), 193 159–60, 162, 164, 174, 176, 179, Banks, Sarah Sophia, 16 186, 210 Barère, Bertrand, 86 Letters on a Regicide Peace, 122, 128, Barlow, John 159 An Amphitheatrical Attack of the Reflections on the Revolution Bastille (1789), 154 in France, 156–7 Barras, Paul, 181 ‘swinish multitude’, 58, 166, 175 Barrell, John, 11 butchers, see food

250 Index 251

Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, 121, 126, Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 35, 36, 44, 187, 189, 196 136 Butler, Samuel, 13 Collett, John Byng, John, Admiral, 55, 63–6, 121 The Frenchman in London (1770), Byron, Frederick George 45, 46 Don Dismallo, After an Absence Colley, Linda, 21, 22, 23, 55, 69, 70, of Sixteen Years, Embracing His 74, 75, 112, 129, 166, 196, 197, Beautiful Vision (1790), 157 213 Frontispiece to Reflections on the commercial treaty (1786), 37, 151–2 French Revolution (1790), 157, 158 Committee of Public Safety, 75, 85, 86 Concordat (1801), 79 cannibalism, see food constitution, British, 27, 53, 54–5, 58, Canning, George, 15, 125, 193, 205 62, 71, 75, 78, 121, 149 Cardwell, M. John, 42 Conway, Stephen, 198 caricature (technique), 1, 2, 3, 13, 61, Cookson, J.E., 22 112, 133, 136, 179–80, 202 Copley, John Singleton, 134 Carracci, Annibale, 2, 13 Corn Law (1815), 130 Carter, Albert Howard, 140 Cornwallis, Charles, 13, 126, 129, Cathcart, Charles, Lord, 56 133, 149 Catherine the Great, 60–1 Corry, John, 7 Catholicism, 21, 25–7, 30, 37, 52–5, Cottrell, Stella, 86, 147 65, 68–85, 89, 105, 109, 113, 157, Coupe, W.A., 7, 13 174, 183, 193, 194–6, 198, 199, Cribb, Tom, 104 200, 202 Cromwell, Oliver, 57, 62, 89 censorship, see prints and print Cruikshank, George, 11, 18, 90, 97, culture 100–2, 105, 109, 129, 140–2, 198, Charles, William, 8 214 Charles I, 89, 105, 149 The Afterpiece of the Tragedy of Charles III of Spain, 60 Waterloo – or – Madame Françoise & Charles X, 96, 107, 109, 168–70, 172, Her Managers!!! (1815), 107, 110 173, 191 Bank Restriction Note (1819), 4 Charlotte, Princess, 93 The Battle of Vittoria (1813), 145, Charlotte, Queen Consort to George 147 III, 61, 93, 151, 159, 160 The Blessings of Peace or the Curse of Chauvelin, François Bernard, 86 the Corn Bill (1815), 130–1 Cheyne, George, 36 Boney Hatching a Bulletin or Snug Civil Constitution of the Clergy Winter Quarters!!! (1812), 138, (1790), 78, 164 139 Civil War, English, 53, 164 Boneys Return from Elba – or The Clark, J.C.D., 73 Devil among the Tailors – (1815), Clay, Richard, 6, 13, 16–17 101, 228n. Cloots, Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce, Buonaparte! Ambition and Death!! Baron de, 86 (1814), 79, 227n. 237n. Clouet, Pierre, 65, 66 Escape of Buonaparte from Elba Cobbett, William, 90, 150 (1815), 80, 101, 228n. cock, French, 57, 119, 120, 133, Fast Colours – (1815), 109–11 149 First Interview with Maria Louisa Cockburn, Henry, 175 (1814), 183 Cohen, Michelle, 38–9, 40 A French Elephant (1818), 111 252 Index

Cruikshank, George – continued The Near in Blood, the Nearer Bloody A Grand Manoeuvre! or, The Rogues (1793), 162, 227n. March to the Island of Elba (1814), A New French Bussing Match or 96, 97 More Cursing & Swearing for the Hell Broke Loose, or the John Bulls Assembly (1790), 154, 234n. Made Jack Asses – (1815), 132 A Peace Offering to the Genius of John Bull in Alarm; or, Boney’s Escape, Liberty and Equality (1794), 170, and a Second Deliverence of Europe. 236n. A New Song to an Old Tune (1815), A Peep at the Parisot! With Q in the 100–1, 228n. Corner! (1796), 43, 44, 166, 186 Massacre at St. Peter’s or ‘Britons Revolution (1790), 112, 155, 156 Strike Home’!!! (1819), 12, 217n. Rights of Man Alias French Liberty Murat Reviewing the Grand Army!!!!!! Alias Entering Volunteers for the (1813), 140–1, 232n. Republic (c.1793), 168 Peace & Plenty or Good News for Thoughts on the Invasion! (1801), John Bull!!! (1815), 130 184 Poisoning the Sick at Jaffa (1814), Cruikshank, Robert, 18, 100, 141, 137 198, 214 The Royal Shambles or the Progress The Catholic Association or Paddy of Legitimacy & Reestablishment Coming It Strong (1825), 193 of Religion & Social Order – !!! – !!! Un Gourmand!! (1818), 112 (1816), 18 Cumberland, Prince William, Duke Return of the Paris Diligence – or – of, 187 Boney Rode Over (1815), 103 Curtis, L.P., 194 State of Politicks at the Close of the Year 1815 (1815), 105–7, 200 Dalrymple, John, 8, 193 Cruikshank, Isaac, 11, 15, 86, 123, dancing, 28, 42, 43–4, 55, 166, 186, 141, 154, 198, 202, 214 192 Buonaparte at Rome Giving Audience Danton, Georges, 85 in State (1797), 79, 240n. Darly, Matthew, 41–2, 66–7 The Empress’s Wish – or Boney David, Jacques-Louis, 122 Puzzled! (1810), 183–4 Declaration of the Rights of Man and The First Articles in Requisition at Citizen (1789), 86, 181 Amsterdam or The Sans Culo tts Dent, William Become Touts Culotts (1795), 203 Female Furies or Extraordinary Galic Perfidy, or the National Troops Revolution (1789), 179 Attachment to Their General after The French Feast of Reason, or The Their Defeat at Tournay (1792), Cloven-foot Triumphant (1793), 77 115–17, 146 Hell Broke Loose, or, The Murder of Genl. Swallow Destroying the French Louis (1793), 160–1 Army (1799), 144, 145, 146, 148 Substance of a Modern Frenchman Le Defecit (1788), 8, 9, 61, 68, 152 (1789), 152 Le Roi Esclave ou Les Sujets Rois/ Devil, the, 54, 55, 66, 79–80, 83, 84, Female Patriotism (1789), 179–80 100, 109, 113, 119, 121, 169, 199, The Martyrdom of Louis XVI, King of 202 France (1793), 160 Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, The Martyr of Equality (1793), 162–3 178–9, 185, 191 The Messenger of Peace (1796), 122, Dickie, Simon, 142 124 Dickinson, H.T., 6, 7, 18 Index 253 diet, see food chefs, 29, 32, 65, 66, 121 Dillon, Theobald, 115–17, 123 dieting, 36 Directory, 79, 90, 96, 122, 124 drink, 36–7, 72, 151, 192 Donald, Diana, 8, 10, 12, 58, 213 famine, 32, 36 Douglas, John, Bishop, 131 fishwomen, 47–9, 50, 64, 86, 123–4, Doyle, John, 107 154–5, 178, 180, 193, 199 The Tricolored Witches (1831), 173 soup, 29, 34, 37, 71, 134–5, 138, Dresser, Madge, 189 139 Duffy, Michael, 20, 21, 22, 27, 87 fops, see macaronis Dumouriez, Charles, 85, 136, 165 Fores, Samuel, 4, 8, 148 Dundas, Henry, 196 Fouché, Joseph, 77 Fournier, Daniel Eagles, Robin, 22, 28–9, 119 The Glory of France (1747), 25–8, 52, Earner, John, 32 53, 59, 87, 152 Eaton, Daniel Isaac, 18, 56 Fox, Adam, 6 Edgeworth, Henry Essex, Abbé, 160 Fox, Charles James, 6, 15, 16, 33, education, 6, 17, 39, 70 43–4, 62, 65, 78, 86, 122, 127, Edward III, 57 132, 135, 148, 152, 159, 163, 165, effeminacy, 37–9, 40, 48, 49, 164, 166, 175, 179, 187, 202, 210 178, 179, 204 Fox, Henry, Baron Holland, 6, 55, 63, Elizabeth I, 200 65–6, 107, 113, 121, 165, 187 Ellis, William, 13 Francis, Philip, 157 Enlightenment, the, 52, 71, 81, 120, Francis I, 98, 105, 110 212, 213 Frederick II, 60 Estates-General, 151 Frederick William III, 98, 105 Etherege, George, 39 French language, 39, 44, 66–8, 70, executions, 62, 101–2, 164–5, 168 132, 212 French Revolution (1789), 6, 33–4, 49, famine, see food 61, 75–8, 109, 117, 122, 127, 132, fashion, 25, 27, 37–41, 74, 131, 166, 143, 147, 148, 150, 186, 187, 190, 175, 176, 178, 179, 193, 199, 204, 191, 193, 210 207, 208, 209, 212 British anxieties projected onto, hair and wigs, 40, 167 163–6, 175 shoes, 25, 27, 29, 55, 64 British early reaction to, 136, 143, trousers, 164, 203 151–7, 174 Ferdinand VII, 105, 109, 111, 173, counterrevolution in France, 165 200 leaders of, 85–6, 136–7, 164, 165, Fête de la Fédération (1790), 154 175–6 Fitzwilliam, William, Earl of, 193 French Revolution (1830), 151, Fog’s Weekly Journal, 54, 55 168–73, 175–6, 190–1, 210 food, 25, 29–37, 65–6, 70–2, 83, 127, Furies, 190 130, 134–5, 138–9, 151, 152–3 Fuseli, Henry beef, 29–36, 48, 71, 74, 127, 134, The Night Mare (1781), 90, 127 151, 152–3 butchers, 32, 37, 40, 45–6, 48, 49, Garrick, David, 39 50, 70, 178 Gatrell, Vic, 1, 4, 9, 11, 12, 14, 212 cannibalism, 32–5, 87, 117, 123, Gay, John, 95 136, 139, 150, 158, 167, 175, 180, George, M. Dorothy, xii, 3, 9, 98, 109, 196, 210 128, 181, 198 254 Index

George I, 55–6, 69, 89 French Democrats Surprizing the Royal George II, 56, 69, 120 Runaways (1791), 61, 235n. George III, 14–15, 18, 55, 56, 58, 60, The French Invasion; – or – John Bull, 61, 62, 73, 90, 91–5, 109, 113, Bombarding the Bum-Boats (1793), 121, 123, 134, 135, 141, 149, 151, 112 159, 160, 163, 196, 202 The Genius of France Triumphant – George IV, 7, 9, 18, 32, 58, 102, or – Britannia Petitioning for Peace 105–7, 109, 110, 113, 114, 130, (1795), 122, 124, 165 149, 155, 163, 167, 174 Glorious Reception of the Ambassador George V, 9 of Peace, on His Entry into Paris Germani, Ian, 146, 148 (1796), 124 Germany, 8, 56, 58, 99, 163 The High German Method of Gillray, James, 4, 5, 8, 11, 15, 16, 19, Destroying Vermin at Rat-stadt 100, 108, 117, 123, 124–5, 128, (1799), 143, 144, 146–7 129, 135, 142, 150, 154, 159, 160, The Hopes of the Party, prior to July 170, 193, 196, 198, 205, 206, 212, 14th (1791), 62, 159 214 John Bull Taking a Luncheon: – or – The Apotheosis of Hoche (1798), 159, British Cooks, Cramming Old 165, 168 Grumble-Gizzard with Bonne Chére, The Blood of the Murdered Crying for 33, 36, 148, 150 Vengeance (1793), 161–2 The King of Brobdingnag, and Gulliver The British-Butcher, Supplying John (1803), 92–3 Bull with a Substitute for Bread The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver. (1795), 32 (Plate 2d.) (1804), 93, 94 Buonaparte, 48 Hours after Landing! Light Expelling Darkness … (1795), (1803), 150 58 Ci-devant Occupations – or – Madame Louis XVI Taking Leave of His Wife & Talian and the Empress Josephine Family (1793), 160, 162 Dancing Naked before Barrass in the National Conveniences (1796), 206 Winter of 1797. – A Fact! – (1805), Un Petit Soupèr, a la Parisiènne; – or – 186, 238n. A Family of Sans Culotts Refreshing Consequences of a Successful French after the Fatigues of the Day (1792), Invasion (1798), 8, 193 33–4, 136, 139, 158–9, 180 Democracy; – or – A Sketch of the Life The Plumb-pudding in Danger (1805), of Buonaparte (1800), 81, 82, 90, 7, 141 238n. Political-Dreamings! – Visions of A Democrat, – or – Reason & Peace! – Perspective-Horrors! (1801), Philosophy (1793), 165 127–8 Destruction of the French Collossus Preliminaries of Peace! – or – John (1798), 77, 159 Bull, and His Little Friends Extirpation of the Plagues of Egypt; – ‘Marching to Paris’ (1801), 125–6 Destruction of Revolutionary Presages of the Millenium ... (1795), Crocodiles; – or The British Hero 58, 59, 166 Cleansing Ye Mouth of Ye Nile Promis’d Horrors of the French (1798), 145–6 Invasion, – or – Forcible Reasons for Fighting for the Dunghill (1798), 48, Negotiating a Regicide Peace (1796), 141 122–3, 159 France. Freedom. Britain. Slavery. A Representation of the Horrid (1789), 153 Barbarities Practised upon the Nuns Index 255

by the Fish-women, Breaking into An English Essay on the Polignac the Nunneries in France (1792), System!! (1830), 172 180 Heath, William, 90, 172 Sans-Culottes, Feeding Europe with Blowing Up the Fire (1830), 169 the Bread of Liberty (1793), 163, Great Mercy for the Great – Little 235n., 240n. Mercy for the Little (1831), 171 Spanish-patriots Attacking the French- Patriots Who for Sacred Freedom Stood banditti. – Loyal Britons Lending a (1830), 170 Lift – (1808), 77, 199 A Pleasent Draught for Louis or the Very Slippy-weather (1808), 4 Way to Get Rid of a Troublesome A Voluptuary under the Horrors of Fellow (1814/5), 108–9 Digestion (1792), 7, 109 Street Fighting/It’s a Nice Thing to be The Zenith of French Glory: – The a Soldier Now a Days (1830), 171 Pinnacle of Liberty (1793), 75–7 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 20 Gisborne, Thomas, 178 Henry V, 57 Glorious Revolution (1688), 27, 28, Henry VIII, 183 53, 54, 55, 89, 102, 212 Hibernia Magazine, 181 Gombrich, E.H., 13 Hoche, Lazare, 165 Gordon Riots (1780), 74–5 Hogarth, William, 2, 10, 11, 12, 29, Goya, Francisco, 11 31, 71, 74, 113, 198, 212 Grafton, Augustus Henry FitzRoy, The Gate of Calais or O The Roast Duke of, 78, 131 Beef of Old England (1748/9), Grand Tour, 2, 37, 39, 75, 178, 203 29–31, 45, 48, 68, 74, 194 Grasse, François-Joseph Paul, Comte Gin Lane (1751), 37 de, 135 The Invasion (1756), 74 Great Fire of London, 53 Holland, see Netherlands Great Reform Act (1832), 23, 173 Holland, Henry Richard Vassall-Fox, Grey, Charles, 173 Lord, 93 Griffin, Dustin, 12–13, 17 Holland, William, 4, 18 Grimm, Samuel Hieronymus, 39 Holy Alliance, 111 Grose, Francis, 30 Hone, William, 4, 7, 18, 102, 107, Guernon Ranville, Comte de, 172 110, 142 Hornn, Jean, 105 habeas corpus, 104 Huguenots, 28 suspended, 164 Hume, David, 52, 72–3, 213 Hall, Basil, 129 Humbert, Jean, 193 Hallett, Mark, 4 Humphrey, Hannah, 4, 8, 15, 16, 128 Hampshire Advertiser, 172 Humphrey, William, 8 Hanover, 90, 185 The Farmer’s Daughter’s Return from Hanoverian dynasty, 10, 55–8, 61, London (1777), 40 68, 69, 102, 103, 107–9, 113, Hunt, T.L., 6, 7, 10, 16, 19, 21, 154–5, 120–1, 194, 204 177, 178, 179 Hanoverian Horse, 57, 58, 166 Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of, 63 Ireland/the Irish, 8, 22, 29, 165, 171, Hastenbeck, Battle of (1757), 187 193–4, 198, 214 Hawkesbury, Robert Jenkinson, Earl Irish Rebellion (1798), 193 of, 125–6, 127, 129, 149 Islam, 81–5, 113, 204, 209 Haynes, Clare, 71, 75 Italy/Italians, 75, 79, 88, 89 146, 163, Heath, Henry 203–4 256 Index

Jack Tar, 48, 141 Locke, John, 81 Jacobins, 8, 19, 77, 79, 96, 103, 115, London Corresponding Society, 117 125, 136, 139, 147, 151, 159, 163, London und Paris, 8, 128 167, 168, 169, 173, 175, 193, 194, Louis XIII, 40 203, 209, 325n Louis XIV, 40, 52, 91 Jacobitism, 28, 30, 52, 53, 54, 69, 74, Louis XV, 25, 27, 52, 54, 60–1, 63–4, 103, 115, 122, 186, 194–7, 198 107, 111, 121, 178 James I, 186 Louis XVI, 37, 52, 61, 77, 86, 96, 105, James II, 89 107, 111, 112, 134, 151, 155, 159, Jarrett, Derek, 204–5 168, 180 Jena, Battle of (1806), 44 execution of, 105, 117, 160–3, 174 John Bull, 7, 32–4, 36, 46, 71, 87, 90, Louis XVIII, 96, 100–1, 102, 103, 104, 91, 101, 119, 125–6, 127, 128, 105, 107–11, 112, 130, 149, 160, 130–1, 148, 150, 159, 163, 167, 173–4, 200, 208 177, 179, 190, 197, 198, 202, 208, Louis-Philippe, 16, 96, 169, 171 211 Louvre, 31 Johnson, Samuel, 15, 205 Low, David, 214 Joseph II, 60–1 loyalist associations, 158 July Ordinances, 169–70 Lyttelton, Richard, 131 Junot, Laure, 138 macaronis, 37, 39–42, 48, 49–50, 66, Kant, Immanuel, 36 74, 120, 164, 165, 194, 204 Kemnitz, Thomas, 1, 14, 19 Magna Carta, 55, 58, 190 Knox, Vicesimus, 72 magnanimity, 104, 146–8 Keppel, Augustus, 134–5 Malmesbury, James Harris, Earl of, Kooy, Michael John, 136 122–4, 136 Kromm, Jane, 179 Mann, Horace, 13 Mann, James, 7 Lafayette, Marie Joseph Yves Gilbert Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, du Motier, Marquis de, 155, 179 189 Lambton, John, 173 Marat, Jean-Paul, 86 Landor, Walter Savage, 100 Marianne, 165, 170, 191 Lane, William, 162 Marie Auguste, Princess of Saxony, Lansdowne, William Petty, Marquess 183 of, 86 Marie Louise, Empress, 95, 99, 183–4, Langford, Paul, 129, 149 192 Lauderdale, James Maitland, Earl of, Marks, J. Lewis, 98 86 The Devil to Pay or Boney’s Return Lauriston, Jacques, 127 from Hell-bay (1815), 80 Lauzun, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Mary, Virgin, 180 Duc de, 65 Mary II, 89 Leech, John, 1 Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, 54 levée en masse, 148 McCreery, Cindy, 4, 7, 10, 177 Lewis Walpole print collection, xii, McMahon, John, 104 9, 10 Medea, 190 Liberty (symbolic personification), 77, Medusa, 190, 191 152, 177, 189–91 Miller, John, 74 literacy, 2, 6, 212 Minorca, 63–6, 121 Liverpool Mercury, 172 Mohammed, 83 Index 257 monarchy Napoleon II, 95 Bourbon restoration, 97, 103–14, Napoleon III, 129, 140 130, 173, 200 Napoleonic Code (1804), 79 British, 53–4, 55, 112, 89–90, 119, National Assembly, 78, 96 120–1, 211 National Convention, 163 British and French compared, 27–8, National Gallery, 31 59, 61, 62, 64, 107–9, 112–14, nationalism, 20, 21, 66, 69, 70, 74, 149, 155, 159, 160, 163, 172, 174, 112–13, 119, 129, 147, 148, 164, 208 198, 209, 213–14 conceptions of, 53, 59–61 Navickas, Katrina, 22, 166 French, 25–7, 40, 52–5, 63, 111, Necker, Jacques, 61, 153 119, 155, 157, 160, 169–70, 172, Nelson, Horatio, 33, 126, 146, 148, 174, 179 210 monkeys, 39, 49, 67, 119–20 Netherlands/the Dutch, 52–3, 73, 133, Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de 134, 160, 163, 169, 173, 192, 197, Secondat, Baron de, 52 200–3, 204, 206, 208 More, Hannah, 162 Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Morning Journal, 173 Duke of, 32, 48, 55, 63–6, 107, Morning Post, 168, 171 121, 187, 196 Morris, Marilyn, 112 Newman, Gerald, 21, 22, 23, 66, 70, Mosley, Charles, 196 74, 129, 164, 173, 213 Murat, Joachim, 140–1 newspapers, see prints and print Mustafa II, 60–1 culture Newton, Richard, 18, 198, 214 Napoleon I, 8, 13, 15, 31, 48, 51, 74, Mademoiselle Parisot (1796), 43, 186 77, 87, 102–3, 111, 112, 113, 126, Progress of a Scotsman (1794), 194, 127, 128, 129, 132, 136, 141, 142, 195 144, 148, 149, 150, 160, 173, 175, Their New Majesties! (1797), 196 200, 208, 209, 213 Nicholson, E.E.C., 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, in British popular culture, 90–1, 12, 19 96, 137 Nixon, John, 160, 190 ‘Buonaparte’ (spelling), 88, 136 North Briton, 196 domestic policy, 88 North, Frederick, Lord, 189 as Emperor, 87, 90, 95–6 Egyptian Campaign, 81, 87, 90, Obserstebrink, Christina, 212 137, 145–6, 148, 204, 210 O’Connell, Daniel, 193 Elba, exile to, 96–100, 103, 132, 184 October Days, 179 Elba, return from, 80, 100–2, 132 Orléans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph, Duc foreignness, 88–90, 136 d’, 86, 154–5, 162–3, 169, 174 as Gulliver, 92–5, 98, 107 Orvilliers, Louis Guillouet, Comte d’, and Islam, 81–5, 113, 204, 209 134–5 Italian Campaign, 68, 79, 88 Oxford Magazine, 46 marriages, 95, 181–4, 191–2 and religion, 78–85 Paine, Thomas, 7, 18, 35, 86, 91 religious toleration, 84 Common Sense, 60 Russian Campaign, 87, 104, 138–43, Rights of Man, 6, 58, 156, 164 184, 192 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 121, 187 St Helena, exile to, 104–5, 110, 130 Parisot, Rose, 43, 186 Waterloo (aftermath), 103–8, 149 Patten, Robert, 142 258 Index

Pavlovna, Anna, 183 prices, 4, 116 Peel, Robert, 15 production process, 10, 212, Pentland, Gordon, 196 213–14 Peterloo Massacre, 12, 110 terminology, 1–3 Peyronnet, Pierre-Denis, Comte de, text and titles, xii, 5–7, 8 172 Protestantism, 21, 22, 27, 28, 32, 51, Philipon, Charles, 16 54, 69–85, 113, 187, 194, 198, Phillips, A.A., 31, 36 202, 204 Philips, James dissenters, 78, 200, 210 The Present State of Great Britain Prussia/Prussians, 44, 90, 144, 163, (c.1779), 197–8 173, 202, 204 Pickering, Michael, 53 Punch, 1, 13 Pigot, Hugh, 135 Pitt, William, the Elder, 66, 187, 196 Queensberry, William Douglas, Duke Pitt, William, the Younger, 32, 43–4, of, 43 58, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 141, Quixote, Don, 156–7 152, 153–4, 159, 165, 166–7, 174, 196, 202 Radstadt, Congress of, 143 Playstowe, Philip, 131–2, 186 Ramberg, Johann Heinrich, 202 Polignac, Jules de, 107, 169–72, 173, Rauser, Amelia, 133 191 Raza, Roustam, 81 Politics for the People, 18 reform movement, 7–8, 13, 18, 19, Pompadour, Marquise de, 121, 178 21, 86, 110, 117, 129, 136, 143, popes, 68–9, 75, 79, 80, 83, 183, 203 158, 164, 173, 175, 210, 213 Benedict XIV, 54, 68 Reeves, John, 19, 190 Clement VI, 63 Reformists’ Register, 7 Pius VI, 68, 79 Richelieu, Armand Jean de Plessis, Pius VII, 79, 103, 105, 181, 200 Cardinal, 54 Porter, Robert Ker Richmond, Charles Lennox, Duke Buonaparte Ordering Five Hundred & of, 78 Eighty of His Wounded Soldiers to Roberts, Piercy, 4 be Poisoned at Jaffa (1803), 137 Iohn Bull’s Prayer to Peace, or the Porter, Roy, 177 Flight of Discord (1801), 128 Portugal, 169 Robespierre, Maximilien, 85, 86, 162 Price, Richard, 78, 165 Rockingham, Charles Watson- Priestley, Joseph, 13, 16–17, 78, 159, Wentworth, Marquess of, 135 165 Rodney, George Brydges, 135 Prince Regent, see George IV Rogers, Ben, 30 prints and print culture Rogers, Nicholas, 22, 166 artists, 11, 28, 212 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 213 audience, 4–10, 102, 116, 128, 211, Rowlandson, Thomas, 11, 16, 28, 87, 212, 213 90, 105, 142, 150, 154–5, 160, censorship, 8, 17–19, 56, 115, 211, 190, 193, 214 212 An Artist Travelling in Wales (1799), formats, 4, 5, 162 193 influence, 13–17 The Beast as Described in the newspapers, 3, 6, 14, 15, 34, 40, Revelations, Chap. 13. Resembling 85–6, 172, 214 Napolean Buonaparte (1808), 80 numbers produced, 8–10 Billingsgate (1784), 48 Index 259

Bloody Boney the Carcass Butcher Left Seymour, Robert of Trade and Retiring to Scarecrow France Receiving the Ordinances Island (1814), 184 (1830), 170, 191 The Contrast (1792), 19, 170, 190 Punishment in France for the Murder The Corsican and His Blood Hounds of Thousands (1831), 172 at the Window of the Thuilleries The Zanys (1830), 170 (1815), 80 Scotland/Scots, 21, 22, 30, 45–6, 54, The Corsican Tiger at Bay (1808), 8 56, 121–2, 166, 187, 194–8, 204, Female Politicians (c.1809), 184–5 206, 208 The Hanoverian Horse and the British Scott, John, 98, 100 Lion (1784), 58 Scott, John, (Earl of Eldon), 104 Nap Dreading His Doleful Doom or Shakespeare, William His Grand Entry in the Isle of Elba Hamlet, 99 (1814), 99, 184, 226n. Henry IV, Part I, 140–1 Nap and His Friends in Their Glory Shelburne, William Petty, Lord, 65 (1808), 80 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 35 Political Affection (1784), 179 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 86, 122, The Political Butcher, or Spain Cutting 148, 159, 163 Up Buonaparte, for the Benefit of Sidebotham, J., 110 Her Neighbours (1808), 200 Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbé, 78, 87 Three Weeks After Marriage, or The Simond, Louis, 36, 49, 166, 223n. Great Little Emperor Playing at Smith, Adam (philosopher), 142 Bo-Peep (1810), 183 Smith, Adam (print artist) Transparency (1815), 107 The Frenchman at Market. Intended as Who Kills First for a Crown (1790), a Companion to the Frenchman in 155 London, by Collett (1770), 45–6 Royal Academy, 15, 28, 31, 202, 213 Smollett, Tobias, 131, 143 Russia/Russians, 120, 144, 146, 171, Humphry Clinker, 72 204, 205 Society of the Friends of the People, 117 soldiers, 29, 35, 77, 79, 80, 81, 88, Said, Edward, 20–1 89, 103, 115–17, 126, 127, 131–2, sailors, 4, 35, 137–8, 183, 202 133–4, 137, 138–9, 140–1, 143, Saints, Battle of the, 135 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 170, 171, Sandwich, John Montagu, Earl of, 57, 183–4, 193, 199, 200, 204 121, 126 Spain/Spaniards, 8, 11, 52–3, 69, 77, sans-culottes, 33–4, 86, 122, 123, 147, 89, 105, 109, 111, 114, 118, 122, 159, 163, 164, 165, 171, 175, 180, 133, 134, 146, 169, 173, 174, 187, 191, 203, 210 189, 199–200, 201, 207 Satan, see Devil, the Stanhope, Charles Stanhope, Earl of, satire, 2–3, 12–13, 17, 25, 28–9, 32, 86, 122 59–60, 71, 112, 113, 118, 122, Stanislaus II, 60 142, 149, 171, 209, 211–14 Stephens, Frederick George, 9, 55, 67 Sayers, James, 16, 86 stereotypes, 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36, Thoughts on a Regicide Peace (1796), 37–39, 42, 48, 49–50, 53, 61, 64, 122–3 68, 74, 78, 79, 86, 87, 97, 103, Scarlett, James, 172–3 117, 119–20, 124, 131, 133–4, scatology, 112, 134–5, 196, 206 136, 143, 147, 151, 152, 167, 170, Semmel, Stuart, 149 173, 175, 177–8, 192–6, 207, 208, September Massacres, 34, 117 209, 210, 211 260 Index

Sterne, Laurence, 143 Wahrman, Dror, 133 St George, 135 Wales/the Welsh, 21, 22, 56, 166, 192–3 Streicher, Lawrence, 7, 14 Walker, Anthony Stuart, Charles Edward, 54 The Beaux Disaster (1747), 37, 38, Stuart, James Edward, 69 39, 45, 48 Suffolk, Henry Howard, Earl of, 65, Walpole, Horace, 8, 13, 75 66–8, 70 Walpole, Robert, 121 Sussex, George Augustus Yelverton, wars, 66, 112, 115–17, 120, 146–7, Earl of, 56 148–50, 206, 209 Suvorov, Alexander, 144, 145, 146, American Independence, 42, 131, 148 133–5, 155, 177, 187–90, 191, Swift, Jonathan, 13, 92 197, 199, 201–2 Gulliver’s Travels, 92–5 Anglo–Dutch, 201 sympathy, 27, 49, 80, 84–5, 87, 96, Austrian Succession, 56–7, 118–21, 103, 111, 112, 114, 117, 130, 141, 131 142–3, 147, 149, 151, 152, 159, Crimean, 171 160, 168, 191, 198, 208 Dutch Independence, 200 Franco–Austrian (1859), 141 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 96, Napoleonic, 88–9, 117, 121, 101, 105 124–30, 132, 144–6, 210, see also Tallien, Thérésa, 181 Napoleon I Tenniel, John, 13 Nine Years’, 81 Terror, the, 62, 85, 86, 113, 168, 169 Peninsular, 89, 199–200 Thelwall, John, 18, 159 Revolutionary, 43, 79, 88–9, 117, Thicknesse, Philip, 27, 70 121–4, 132, 136, 147–8, 150, 163, Thompson, E.P., 21 165, 174–5, 202–3, 210, see also Tooke, John Horne, 159 French Revolution (1789) Topham, Edward Seven Years’, 42, 43, 63, 65, 121–2, The Macaroni Print Shop (1772), 41 126, 131, 187, 196, 197 Tory Party, 19, 44, 213 Spanish Succession, 81 Townshend, George, 13 Waterloo, Battle of, 103, 107, 110, Tuileries 129, 149 storming of (1792), 34 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke storming of (1830), 170 of, 32, 103, 104, 107, 110, 114, travel literature, 69, 75 145, 149, 172–3, 200 Turks, 81, 87, 137, 204 Wendeborn, Frederick, 7, 8, 40 Turner, David, 142 West, Benjamin, 134, 166 Weyden, Rogier van der, 180 Ushant, Battle of, 134–5 Whig Party, 19, 44, 58, 62, 86, 123–4, 125, 126, 127, 155, 165–6, 175, Varennes, flight to, 160 179, 213 Vendée, 165, 168 Wigstead, Henry, 193 Versailles, March to, 154, 155, 179 Wilkes, John, 196 Vestris, Gaëtan and Marie-Jean- William II of Germany, 13 Augustin, 43 William III, 89 Vienna, Congress of, 100, 101 Williams, Charles, xii Vinci, Leonardo da, 2 Boney at Elba or a Madman’s Vitry, Jacques de, 38 Amusement (1814), 98 volunteer associations, 22, 141–2, Boney Returning from Russia Covered 150, 163, 166 with Glory – Leaving His Army Index 261

in Comfortable Winter Quarters Wilson, Richard, 192 (1813), 138 Wilson, Robert, 137 Boxiana – or – The Fancy (1815), Windham, William, 127–8 104, 149 women, 177, 191, 192, 213 The Coffin Expedition or Boney’s British, 180, 184–5, 192 Invincible Armada Half Seas Over Dutch, 192, 203 (1804), 137–8 Frenchwomen seducing The Consequence of Invasion or The Englishmen, 186, 192 Hero’s Reward (1803), 150 Frenchwomen’s power over The Evacuation of Hanover or the Frenchmen, 177–8, 191 Prussian Eagle at Feed (1806), 90, Frenchwomen’s influence on 112 Englishwomen, 178 A Game at Chess (1802), xii, 13, 126 in French Revolution, 179–81 Gasconaders or the Grand Army Irish, 193–4 Retreating from Moscow (1813), Woodard, George, 11, 182 139 Iohn Bull’s First Intelligence of Peace!! The Last Harvest or British Threshers (1801), 127 Makeing French Crops (1808), 145, Wooler, Thomas, 7 147 Wordsworth, Dorothy, 100 The Little Princess and Gulliver Wordsworth, William, 126 (1803), 93 Wrigley, Anthony, 8 Lunar Speculations (1803), 91 National Opinions on Bononaparte xenophobia, 20, 22, 38, 53, 56, 88–9, (1808), 87 112, 129, 164, 207 Political Quadrille (1806), 95 Political Quadrille – The Game Up Yarmouth, Francis Charles Seymour- (1808), 95 Conway, Earl of, 104 The Progress of the Empress Josephine Yorktown, Siege of, 134 (1808), 181–2 Yvon, Adolphe, 139–40