50 | 1967 2017 Gang rapeanddeathofamedicalstudent 2012 Ethnic clashesinAssamkill77. 2012 LeT bombingsinMumbaikill200. 2006 Hindu pilgrims. Muslim militantssetfiretotraincarrying More than1,000dieinGujaratriotsafter 2002 organize massmarchacrossIndia. BJP andotherHindunationalistparties Nine hundredMuslimskilledinBiharas 1990 anti-Sikh riots. by Sikhbodyguards.Atleast3,000killedin Prime MinisterIndiraGandhiassassinated complex leadstoatleast1,000deaths. insurgents inthereveredGoldenTemple Government operationagainstSikh 1984 fight forKashmir’sindependence. KashmirLiberationFrontformedto 1977 2014. Naxal guerillasarepresentin20statesby Naxal/Maoist movementinWestBengal. Violent peasantuprisinggivesbirthto 1967 kill 19onIndianarmybase. Unrest flaresagaininKashmiras militants 2016 lower houseelections. Attacks againstMuslimskill43during 2014 demonstrations acrossIndia. on aNewDelhipublicbustriggers

elections. after perceivedirregularitiesinstate Militant groupsinKashmirgainground 1987 immigrants therighttovote. afterIndiraGhandigivesBengali Nellie massacrekillsover2,000Bengali 1983 militancy inNortheastIndia. Refugees fromBangladeshstiranti-Muslim 1971 consent fromLandAcquisitionAct. protest asgovernmentremovesclauseon Seven thousandpeoplefrom15states 2013 are nowcrimes. sexual harassment,voyeurism,andstalking Indian penalcodeamended:acidattacks, 2013 LeT bombingsinMumbaikill195. 2008 52 inMumbaibombing. -backed Laskar-e-Taiba(LeT)kills 2003 Revenge bombingskill350. Babri MasjidmosqueinUttarPradesh. Hindu nationalistsdemolish500-year-old More than900die,mainlyMuslims,as 1993

* Rankingsarebasedonthelast15yearsandrelativetootherAsiancountries. India omnipresent. and ethnic diversity, concerns over communal violence and religious intolerance remain religious country’s the Given uproar. international and domestic generated have rapes violence and crimes against women are a serious concern, and a number of high-profile localized conflicts over natural resourcessparked such ashas land,decade water, andpast forests.the Gender-based over economy the of development rapid The . transnational about concerns increasing are There regions. certain in violence and conflict armed to movements ethnic and secessionist subnational from range conflicts These levels. subnational and national the at conflicts of set complex increasingly an and state levels. In the decades since independence, the Indian state has grappled with national the at elections peaceful largely and regular with stable a is India At a glance a At Overview to mediumhigh Decreasing from high andautonomy Medium Transnational terrorism Low National politicalconflict Absent National civilwar Urban crimeandviolence High Local resource conflict Medium Local politicalandelectoralconflict High Communal/ideological conflict Low

51 | India 52 | India Pakistan created and assisted independence, several armed ’s groups for from 1989 fight on that to had 1977 a differentin goal:formed to join movement armed an JKLF, sideline To Kashmir. outside and inside militants to training and arms provide to began Pakistan agency, (ISI) Intelligence Inter-Services its Through insurgents. Kashmiri the to mujahedeen Afghan the to giving been had it support the divert to intelligence Pakistani allowed This 1989. in war groups such as the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) and Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM). transformed into mass mobilizations against India, and many young protesters joined insurgent election irregularities and perceived illegitimate government led to unrest across Kashmir, which to free J&K from India gained ground after the 1987 state assembly election. Dissatisfaction over India The rise of militarism in Kashmir in the late 1980s coincided with the end of the Soviet-Afghan facilitated facilitated by Kashmir-based groups and Pakistani intelligence. Militant movements or coordinated often are J&K outside incidents Even (J&K). Kashmir and Jammu over Pakistan with conflict its to relates India in terrorism transnational Most Transnational terrorism rarely involvemassviolence. these but demonstrations, through expressed occasionally is government towards discontent Public India. in competition political for arena main the are Elections National politicalconflict Not presentinIndiasinceindependence. National civilwar National level records records show that since 2000, most terrorist attacks outside J&K with a known perpetrator have groups such as the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) and India Mujahideen (IM). SATP extremist groupsinJ&K. terrorist/ inactive 19 and active 17 least at are there (SATP), Portal Terrorist Asia South the to According al-Qaeda. with links have to believed are LeO, and HuM, LeT, as such Some, (LeO). Lashkar-e-Omar and (HuJI), Harkat-ul-Jehad-i-Islami (JeM), Jaish-e-Mohammed (HuM), Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HM), Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (LeT), Lashkar-e-Taiba including groups, crime transnational and organizations jihadi international with ties have also they other; each with coordinate and Pakistan in bases have J&K in operating groups Many Pakistan. with J&K further. TensionsintheValleyarestillsimmering. relations India-Pakistan straining Kashmir, Pakistan-administered in base terrorist a against 2016, killing 19 officers. had theireyeshitbypelletgunsusedauthorities. protesters and security forces claimed at least 94 lives. More than 13,000 were injured, and 1,100 the first month, telephone and Internet services were suspended in the Valley. Clashes between In months. five for lasting turmoil the with times, several imposed was curfew A Kashmir. out killing of militant leader Burhan Wani of HM. Unrest instigated by separatists broke out through Valley Kashmir the in situation security below) contributedtotheemergenceandgrowthofSIMIIM. take part in some of SIMI and IM’s operations. Communal violence against Muslims (discussed also (JMB) Mujahideen Jama’atul and (ARCF) Force Commando Reza Asif the as dead. 195 left 2008 in attacks multiple and respectively, civilians, 200 and 52 killed 2006 and 2003 in blasts serial where , in including been attributed to SIMI (15 incidents) and IM (10 incidents). At least nine incidents involved LeT, Amid the turmoil, unknown militants attacked an base in Uri on September 18, Outside Jammu and Kashmir, LeT, JeM, and HuJI have collaborated with India-based jihadi The number of incidents and deaths has significantly declined since 2006. However, the However, 2006. since declined significantly has deaths and incidents of number The 2008 2009 2006 Total 2005 2007 2010 2014 2016 2012 2013 Year 2015 2011 Source: Table 1. 5 The government suspected JeM, and on September 29 launched a raid MinistryofHomeAffairs, 1 Number of incidents 7,926 1,990 1,092 1,667 208 488 220 340 708 499 222 322 170 TrendsinterroristviolenceJammuandKashmir Security forces 4 experienced a setback in late July 2016 following the following 2016 July late in setback a experienced killed 965 189 110 151 82 38 69 39 33 53 79 47 75 Annual Report2013–14 2 Bangladesh-based jihadi groups such groups jihadi Bangladesh-based Civilians killed 1,430 389 557 158 28 47 91 31 15 15 17 71 11 and 3 2016–17 Terrorists killed 3,375 239 339 232 100 108 472 150 591 917 110 50 67 6 -

53 | India 54 | India Some Tamils in supported the LTTE. Groups based in the state who had advocated (LTTE). Sri LankanLiberation TigersofTamilEelam the governmentandthe war between the keeping Force was sent to after the 1987 Indo-Lanka Accord. The accord aimed to end omy. Tamil Nadu also saw many separatist groups from the late 1980s, when the Indian Peace pose amajorthreatareshownin to considers Affairs Home of Ministry the that groups militant The ATTF). PREPAK, , in Front Liberal United People , in Tigers Liberation United Muslim and Forces Cobra Adivasi (e.g., communities ethnic and religious of identities and rights the of protection and Convention–Democracy), People’s Hmar early HNLC, (e.g., autonomy tribal Assam), in Tiger Liberation People’s Karbi KLO, (e.g., states ethnic separate GNLA), KCP, NLFT, ULFA, NDFB, NSCN, (e.g., include and vary, objectives Their Manipur. and Assam in operate and states. seven its in groups insurgent inactive and active 149 riots thatkilledatleast3,000. anti-Sikh to led Sikh her of two by Gandhi Indira Minister Prime of assassination insurgents inside the revered complex in 1984 led to at least 1,000 deaths. against operation bloody A 1980s. the in militant turned , Sikh of independence the for aimed which movement, Khalistan The mid-. the in inactive became Troops, Retrieval National Tamil the and Army Liberation Nadu Tamil the like Nadu, Tamil independent an for Manipur Assam There are multiple demands for independence and autonomy in the Northeast. SATP lists SATP Northeast. the in autonomy and independence for demands multiple are There Several armed and unarmed movements have demanded independence and auton histories, such as tribal regions in the Northeast and more than 500 princely states. Independent India combines regions with different cultural identities and political Separatism andautonomy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Manipur People’sLiberationFront(MPLF) Kanglei YawolKannaLup(KYKL) Kangleipak CommunistParty(KCP) People’s RevolutionaryPartyofKangleipak(PREPAK) United NationalLiberationFront(UNLF) People’s LiberationArmy(PLA) Kamtapur LiberationOrganisation(KLO) National DemocraticFrontofBodoland(NDFB) United LiberationFrontofAssam(ULFA) National SocialistCouncilofNagaland–Khole-Kitovi (NSCN–KK) National SocialistCouncilofNagaland–Khaplang (NSCN–K) National SocialistCouncilofNagaland–Isak-Muivah (NSCN–IM) National LiberationFrontofTripura(NLFT) All TripuraTigerForce(ATTF) Garo NationalLiberationArmy(GNLA). Hynniewtrep NationalLiberationCouncil(HNLC) Coordination Committee(CorCom)(conglomerateofsixValley-based undergroundoutfits) Revolutionary People’sFront(RPF) Source: MinistryofHomeAffairs, 8 Table 2. table 2 . InsurgentgroupsinIndia 10 Annual Report2014–15 9 More than two-thirds are based are two-thirds than More Subnational level 7 The - - communities. between the NDFB and the Bodo Liberation Tigers Force, the groups represent different religious ests of their , as in the case of the Nagas’ NSCN. In other cases, such as the conflict inter the represent to competing are tribes particular by dominated factions cases, several In through extortion. Peace talks have caused new factions to emerge over internal disagreements. administration, armed government groups fightof to establishabsence parallelan states thatto impose lawsDue andAssam. raise money in Bengali Muslim and Kamtapur, Adivasi, the vs. Bodo the and Manipur, in Kukis the vs. Nagas the include conflicts intertribal These munities. and resources encourages other groups to take up arms to protect their interests and their com protection oftheirlandsandresourcesfromoutsiders. for tribes dominant of demands the to respond to divisions autonomous these of failure the reflects generally militancy continued This Meghalaya. and Assam in divisions some in persist tensions in Assam, Meghalaya, , and Tripura. However, militant secessionist movements in every state in the Northeast. Sixteen autonomous administrative divisions were created to ease has led to the emergence of many armed groups and movements for ethnic unity and autonomy This power. in groups or tribes predominant the by ignored are claims territorial and interests their feel states these within minorities religious and ethnic and tribes Smaller unattainable. Nagalim Greater united a of goal the makes which Myanmar, western of parts and Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, across spread are example, for tribes, Naga tribes. by demanded territories the to correspond not do demarcations State region. the in complexity ethnic to due however, success, limited only yielded have approaches These areas. autonomous and territory, union Rivalry within and among tribal or ethnic armed groups competing for control of territory of control for competing groups armed ethnic or tribal among and within Rivalry Along with , the central government has responded by granting statehood, - -

55 | India 56 | India for fatal attacks against Adivasis, Bihari migrants, and Bengali Muslim immigrants. Muslim Bengali and migrants, Bihari Adivasis, against attacks fatal for responsible been have NDFB the of factions Different power. political and land ancestral their just 29 percent of the district, and they are hostile to other communities because they fear losing Bodoland Territorial Area District, which borders Bangladesh. The Bodo population accounts for Gandhi’s decision to give 4 million Bengali immigrants the right to vote. Tensions are high in the common since the late 1970s. The 1983 Nellie massacre become in central have Assam migrants was triggered Muslim by against Indira riots and protests Assam, In identification. fraudulent securing by services public receive to and vote to right the acquire often immigrants Muslim during the arrived Bangladesh war who of refugees independence in of 1971 and influx subsequent the illegal immigration. by Bengali threatened are livelihoods and land, identity, their feel parties organized a march across India in protest. There were riots along the path of the march, old mosque. From September to October 1990, the BJP and other Hindu nationalist rebuild Ramjanmabhoomi temple in Ayodhaya, Uttar Pradesh, on the site of the nearly 500-year- to campaign the was flashpoint A Empire. Mughal the during destroyed sites Hindu rebuilding Party (BJP) tried to consolidate its support by using a Hindu nationalist discourse. It focused on fatalities. 2,000 than and otherillicitactivities. abduction, extortion, in engage that gangs terrorist and criminal into degenerated have groups insurgent Many arms. smuggle and train, hide, to militants for harder it made has Myanmar and Bangladesh with cooperation counterinsurgency in improvement Significant groups. tant mili minor and major several with talks peace conducted has government Indian The factors. formation of Muslim militant groups. Transnational jihadi groups are also present in the region. was opposition to unrestricted migration from Bangladesh. This violence has led, in turn, to the attacks against Muslim immigrants in May 2014. In Tripura, one of the causes of the dead, people 77 left which 2012, in clashes ethnic the behind were fears 2009 2010 2014 2016 2012 2013 Year 2015 2011 Overall, insurgent activities in the Northeast have declined in recent years. There are several Ethnic militancy in the Northeast also targets Bengali Muslim immigrants. Indigenous groups Table 3. Arunachal Source: nities were generally the trigger. Casualties per incident varied from none to more with a large Muslim population. Local political-economic rivalries between commu Before the 1990s, communal Hindu-Muslim riots occurred locally, mostly in towns Large-scale communalandideologicalconflicts 22 27 10 19 13 11 9 9 Numbersofmilitants,securityforces,andcivilianskilledininsurgenciestheNortheast PreparedbasedonMinistryofHomeAffairs, 14 Communal conflicts worsened in the 1990s when the Bharatiya Janata Bharatiya the when 1990s the in worsened conflicts Communal Assam 368 274 174 84 58 92 78 91 Manipur 436 147 80 94 64 58 47 31 Meghalaya 44 58 23 65 53 18 31 9 Annual Report2014–15 Mizoram 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 12 Nagaland and and a series of NDFB of series a and 42 47 74 13 31 15 5 5 2016–17 13 Tripura 11 10 These 0 0 4 2 3 1 1 - - GUJARAT JAMMU & KASHMIR KARNATAKA MADHYA PRADESH UTTAR PRADESH MEGHALAYA TRIPURA ASSAM MANIPUR NAGALAND

57 | India 58 | India Violence lasted for three months. Narendra Modi, then BJP chief minister of the state (and now Ayodhaya to Godhra. Fifty-eight were killed, triggering revenge killings of Muslims in Gujarat. coordinated bombingsinMarch,killing350andinjuring1,200oneday. with retaliated Ibrahim Dawood don underworld Muslim The Muslims. mostly people, 900 lim-Hindu violence in Mumbai. Clashes lasteduntil the end of January 1993, killing more than Mus instigated demolition The BJP. the and Party, Sena Shiv the organization), religious a of Babri Masjid and other mosques in Ayodhaya by supporters of Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, demolition the with 1992 of end the at culminated campaign The Bihar. in violence related the in killed were Muslims 900 Almost alone. Gujarat in incidents 1,400 approximately including Bihar with71,Rajasthan65,andGujarat55. (155) in 2015, followed by Maharashtra with 105, Karnataka with 105, Madhya Pradesh with 92, incidents of number largest the experiencing Pradesh Uttar with states, northern the in occurs 2016. in 703 and 2015, in 751 2014, in 644 2013, in 823 2012, in recently beensmall-scale,Hindu-Christianclashescausedbyforcedconversions. around 2,500 people had been injured, and at killed, least been 223 were had reported missing. 254 and Muslims 790 that revealed inquiry government A massacre. India’s president), was believed by many to be complicit, as security forces did little to curb the Total Others West Bengal Uttar Pradesh Telengana Maharash-tra Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand Chhattis-garh Bihar Incidents Incidents of communal violence fluctuate,with official records showing 580 riots in 2011,668 The were sparked by the burning of a train carrying Hindu pilgrims from State *All numbersaretakenfromthe Ministry report.Erroneoustotalsarecorrectedinbrackets. 1,760 465 109 192 316 517 NA 92 54 8 6 1

Incidents 2011 Source: 204 611 182 NA 63 45 54 53 0 0 9 1

Deaths Table 4. MinistryofHomeAffairs, 1,415 480 370 166 134 NA 171 67 11 8 6 2

Incidents 2012 Naxalviolence,bystate(2011–2016) 415 109 163 NA 44 45 41 13 0 0 0 0 Deaths 1,136 387 355 101 NA 177 36 71 0 7 1 1

Incidents 2013 [401]* 397 Annual Report2016–17 152 111 69 35 19 11 0 0 0 0 4

Deaths 19 1,090 384 328 103 163 70 18 14 0 0 3 7

Incidents 2014 309 103 111 28 26 32 18 0 0 0 0 4 5

Deaths mostly violence Communal 1,089

466 310 110 92 35 55 10 11 0 0 0

Incidents 2015 15 230 101 17 28 56 18 17 0 0 0 0 8 2 Deaths There have also 1,048 323 395 129 86 73 12 17 0 0 6 7

Incidents 2016 278 107 28 85 23 27 0 0 0 0 6 2 Deaths 16 -

is tight. competition political where violence more is there Generally officials. election and candidates, between supporters of competing parties, intimidation, threats, and assault or killing of voters, also reportedtohavestolenexplosivesfromminesand extortedminingcompanies. support for the Maoists’ anticapitalist and anti-foreign-investment discourse. The insurgents are increasing by conflict the fueling is Mining land. and forests, water, to rights communities’ tect violence. Naxal by affected severely states in are line poverty the below living Indians million 400 than literacy rates. low and poverty high with districts in present is insurgency The caste. low or tribal mostly are ticularly mining, help the Naxal movement recruit and secure community support. Naxal cadres Pradesh, andHaryana. have the highest numbers of Naxal incidents. The movement recently expanded to Assam, Uttar Bihar and Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, states. 20 in present was it that 2014 in reported Affairs Home of Ministry the states, eight in districts 55 only in active was 2003 in movement concern for policymakers than the in J&K and the Northeast. security greater a became threat Naxal the and increased, significantly Violence (MCCI). India of Centre Communist Maoist the with forces (PWG)—joined Group War People’s the as known War—commonly People’s (Marxist-Leninist) India of Party Communist the when 2004 in er the masses. overthrow what it perceives to be a semicolonial, semifeudal system that oppresses and exploits to forces security against warfare guerrilla uses It Bengal. West in village Naxalbari in reforms Weak state presence, poverty, and grievances related to natural resource management, par land over uprising peasant violent a in 1967 in originated movement Naxal/Maoist The 23 have exploited local anger at underdevelopment and offered to help pro help to offered and underdevelopment at anger local exploited have Naxalites 20 days, and afterwards, there are sporadic incidents of communal violence, clashes violence, communal of incidents sporadic are there afterwards, and days, support and votes along ethnic, religious, or caste lines. During campaigns, polling Violence is a regular feature of Indian elections and local . Politicians mobilize Local politicalconflictandelectoralviolence The insurgency ebbed and flowed during the 1970s and 1980s, but became strong 22 According to Oxford University’s Multidimensional Poverty Index (2010), more 21 Whereas the Naxal Local level - - -

59 | India 60 | India more than USD 6.25 billion per year. or laundering, money 1990s, the During extortion. and killing, contract declined from4.5intheyear2000. The homicide rate has fluctuated over the last ten years and was 3.2 per 100,000 in 2014, having respectively. cases, 6,766 and 1,893, 464, robbery: and rape, murder, as such crimes major of number highest the had Delhi megacities, the Among nationally. 100,000 per 234.2 to pared com megacities, in people 100,000 per crimes 420.7 were there 2015, In people). million one than more with cities as India of Government the by (defined megacities in higher significantly clashes withstatesecurityforcesandarrestsofactivists. to lead generally enterprises private or public against protests Local 2015. March in Delhi New in demonstrated from 15states more than 7,000people assessment, impact and social consent 2014. for theNaxalitemovement. Meghalaya, and Assam where Adivasis live. Jharkhand, Pradesh, Andhra Orissa, of areas forested and mineral-rich in place take conflicts land Most land. their to access on depends livelihood their because affected, particularly are Adivasi as known communities tribal aboriginal The compensation. for waiting still are placed infrastructure as part of public-private partnerships. The majority of people who have been other dis and zones, economic mines, projects, power for entities private to transferred been has ercively acquired land for roads, dams, and industry. Since liberalization in the late 1980s, land Indians. Prior to the 1980s, when economic development was still state led, the government co many displaced have initiatives development independence, Since displacement. large-scale in result often use land in changes kilometer, square per people 329 With scarce. is land India, In Local conflictover resources andcommunityrights the April2015KolkataMunicipalCorporationelection. are also violent. There were 70 poll-related clashes reported to the Election Commission during the country during the 1980s and remotely coordinated operations such as the 1993 Mumbai 1993 the as such operations coordinated remotely and 1980s the during country the fled Ibrahim Dawood as such figures Major 1990s. and 1980s the during common were groups criminal by killings targeted where Mumbai, in especially groups, criminal on down cracked rebel ambushes in Kashmir and Jharkhand that killed four paramilitary soldiers and three elec included election national 2014 April–May the during violence Other periods. electoral during common are violence of reports Yet incidents. election on statistics official available publicly election killed43people. house lower 2014 the during Muslims against attacks of series a example, For 2014. and 1996, 1983, in elections during place took also groups Adivasi tribal other and Muslims Bengali ing contest thestate‘s legitimacy. Communal violence causedby Bodo ethnic armed groups attack to booths polling and officials election target groups rebel antigovernment other and Maoist tion officials, tion Criminal gangs are active in smuggling, money laundering, illegal gambling, counterfeiting, A recent survey recorded 252 conflicts over land, in 165 of India’s 664 districts, in 2013– in districts, 664 India’s of 165 in land, over conflicts 252 recorded survey recent A no are there and monitoring, no is there as is, violence prevalent how know to difficult is It example, For elections. around intensify often discussed already violence of forms Other 29 When the government amended the Land Acquisition Act of 2013 to remove a clause on 100,000 people. When nonviolent crimes are included, average crime rates are rates crime average included, are crimes nonviolent When people. 100,000 and women) slightly increased from 2009 to 2015. safety, public property, body, the against (crimes crimes violent of number The Urban crimeandviolence 25 and Maoist attacks in Chhattisgarh that killed 14 officers. 14 killed that Chhattisgarh in attacks Maoist and 24 32 Since the 1970s, the Indian government has periodically 28 These conflicts significantly contribute to support 27 30 The rate in 2015 was 26.7 per hawala, 26 Municipal elections Municipal accounted for accounted 31 - - - - -

years ofgender-violenceactivism. following crimes reporting are women more or effective, not are women protect to measures 2012 through 2016 show an increase in these crimes. This can be interpreted in two ways: either for statistics Official rape. and harassment, physical abduction, by frequency in followed cent), Between 2009and2013,therewereanaverageof8,342 dowrydeathsperyear. 914 girls per 1,000 boys, infanticide, and feticide of rates low show statistics official While dowry). higher a extort to attempt the in suicide to driven or murdered (women deaths dowry and infanticide, female feticide, female to leads dowry a paying family bride’s the of tradition The continue. first, the especially practices, party, AkhilBharatiyaSena,andwaselectedtothestatelegislaturein2004. tions. elec in better perform background criminal a with candidates that shows study One extortion. national election had criminal charges pending, including serious crimes like murder, rape, and terrorist andinsurgentgroups. bai’s real estate sector. Those with an international network often cooperate with transnational criminal groups continue to carry out illicit activities and extort businesses, especially in Mum drove bombings discussed above. Maharashtra state’s Control of Organised Crime Act, issued in 1999, The most common crime against women is by a husband or his relatives (38.4 per (38.4 relatives his or husband a by torture is women against crime common most The Criminal gangs have close ties with politicians. Seventeen percent of candidates in the 2014 33

most most organized crime groups in Mumbai underground. While gang violence has subsided, The best-known gangster-turned-politician is Arun Gawli, who formed his own political 34 these crimes are likely underreported. The 2011 census revealed a child sex ratio of social practices and the low status of women. Child marriage and (widowed sati and marriage Child women. of status low the and practices social traditional to due India in prevalent are violence gender-based and Domestic Domestic andgender-based violence women committing suicide on their husband’s funeral pyre) are illegal, but both but illegal, are pyre) funeral husband’s their on suicide committing women 35 in marked contrast to the global ratio of 1,300 girls per 1,000 boys. 37 36 - - -

61 | India 62 | India 10. 14. 12. 13. 11. A. B. 8. 4. 9. 6. 2. 3. 5. 7. 1. 2002 Gujaratriotsandthe2013Muzaffarnagarriots. or the village committee. raped as punishment for their family’s wrongdoing by order of the community’s senior members gang been have women several areas, rural traditional In violence. sexual breed that practices demonstrations across India and international outrage at the low statusof women and cultural the genitals, anus, or breasts against another person’s will and includes same-sex crimes. The crimes. same-sex includes and will person’s another against breasts or anus, genitals, the are now criminal offences stalking and voyeurism, behavior), sexual nonverbal or verbal, physical, (unwelcome assment crimes againstwomen Total SpecialandLocalLaw Domestic ViolenceAct Protection ofWomenfrom 1961 The DowryProhibitionAct, 1986 Women (Prohibition)Act, Indecent Representationof (Prevention) Act,1956 Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,1987 Commission ofSati crimes againstwomen Total IndianPenalCode suicide Abetment ofawoman’s foreign country Importation ofagirlfrom Insult toawoman’smodesty modesty intent tooutrageher Assault onawomanwith relatives Cruelty byhusbandorhis of women Kidnapping andabduction Attempt tocommitrape Rape Activists secured an amendment to the Indian penal code in 2013. Acid attacks, sexual har The gang rape and death of a young medical student in December 2012 in triggered Type ofcrime Total (A+B) *All numbersarefromtheNCRB.Erroneoustotalscorrectedin brackets. Source: Table 5. 39 . Rapes have also occurred during communal riots, for example in the Rape is defined as sexual assault, which covers physical contact with GovernmentofIndia,NationalCrimeRecordsBureau Crimesagainstwomen,bytypeofcrime(2011–2015) 228,650 219,142 24,206 42,968 35,565 9,508 99,135 2,436 8,570 8,618 6,619 2011 453 80 0 - - - 244,270 232,528 106,527 11,742 38,262 24,923 45,351 9,038 8,233 2,563 2012 9,173 141 59 0 - - - 309,546 295,896 118,866 13,650 70,739 10,709 33,707 12,589 51,881 8,083 2013 2,579 Year 362 31 0 - - - [337,920]* 337,922 325,327 122,877 12,593 10,050 82,235 36,735 57,311 2,070 4,232 8,455 2014 3,734 9,735 426 47 13 0 38

[327,391]* [314,572]* 327,394 314,575 113,403 12,819 82,422 59,277 34,651 4,060 9,894 8,685 2,424 4,434 7,634 2015 461 40 0 6 from 2014 Change to 2015 [-1.6]* -53.8 -10.8 -14.9 -3.3 -3.1 -9.7 -5.7 17.1 -1.5 1.8 0.2 4.8 8.2 3.4 8.7 7.7 % 0 - abducted, molested,andraped. and police bias favoring higher castes. reprisal, of fear shame, to due silent remain generally families their and Victims castes. inant (the lowest untouchable caste), are abducted for sex by men generally of higher and dom ratios. sex child imbalanced most the with states northern in higher are rates marriage; forced and trafficking, sexual rape, involve has declined. rate conviction the although 2013, since increased sharply have particular, in Delhi in rape, of Reports legal. be to continues rape Marital old. years 18 to 16 from changed was consent of age Almost 400,000 women and girls have been abducted in the past decade. Abductions mostly 40 41 42 In rural areas, women and girls of low castes, especially castes, low of girls and women areas, rural In Open defecation increases the risk of poor women being -

63 | India 64 | India 11 10 9 8 7 6 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 5 4 Notes MoHA, asia/4536199.stm 2005, 11, May revealed,” toll death riots “Gujarat Rajeshwari, ton UniversityPress,2001),125. Identity inPostcolonial Mumbai Hansen, Thomas Conflict Studies,2004). ogy (1947–2003) Rajeshwari, B. MoHA, 201281572950685537.html www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/​ India,” across reverberates violence “Assam Bhaumik, Subir in/monograph/IndiasInternalSecuritySituation.html Defence Studies and Analyses, 2013), 23 No. Series Monograph tion: PresentRealitiesandFuturePathways, Goswami, Namrata MoHA, countries/india/terroristoutfits/index.html cessed June 12, 2017, ac website, Portal Terrorist Asia South East,” North groups: extremist and insurgent “India—Terrorist, south_asia/8306420.stm News Rahul Bedi, “’s death remembered,” newsreports/840612_1.html website, GlobeMail, and 2,000,” as high as be may temple Sikh at toll “Death ), Delhi: (New 2014–2015 Report Annual 2013–2014, Report Annual (MoHA), Affairs Home of Ministry succumbs-to-injuries-death-toll-rises-to-19/ india/india-news-india/uri-attack-odia-bsf-jawan- 2016, 25, tember to injuries, death toll rises to 19,” Debabratha Mohanty, “Uri attack: BSF jawan succumb alienated fromtherestofIndia. feel people Kashmiri where region Kashmir the to The Ladakh. dhist-dominant Bud and Jammu, Hindu-dominant Kashmir, nant Muslim-domi regions: three comprises state J&K IndianMujahideenb5a6.html?q=print/8706 February 3, 2009, website, Analyses and Studies Defence for Institute Mujahideen?” Indian the is “Who Goswami, Namrata 11_majorterroristattacks.htm satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/OR_9- Portal website Terrorist Asia South 2000,” since Northeast and jab Pun Kashmir, and Jammu outside attacks “Terrorist satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/index.html 2017, 12, June accessed site, web Portal Terrorist Asia South Kashmir,” & Jammu groups: extremist and insurgent “India—Terrorist, show/51131055.cms com/india/Communal-violence-up-17-in-2015/article 2016, 25, February “Communal violence up 17% in 2015,” , November 1, 2009, Annual Report Annual Report2014–2015 Annual Report2014–2015. http://www.sikhmuseum.com/bluestar/ Communal RiotsinIndia , accessed January 8, 2016, Communal Riots in India:AChronol Riots Communal Al Jazeera http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_ June 12, 1984, SikhMuseum.com 1984, 12, June (New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Peace of Institute Delhi: (New . http://www.idsa.in/backgrounder/ http://indianexpress.com/article/ Wagesof Violence: Naming and . India’s Internal Security Situa Security Internal India’s http://timesofindia.indiatimes. http://mha.nic.in/AnnualRe​ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/ (2011–2016).

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ , August 15, 2012, 15, August ,

. (New Delhi: Institute for Institute Delhi: (New . . Valley http://www.satp.org/ (New Jersey: Prince Indian Express and http://www.idsa. generally refers generally . Times of India Times 2016–2017. http://www. BBC News . . . http:// , Sep ports IDSA BBC BBC 08/ ------. . , , . ​ ​ 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 30180327.html news/world-news/14-dead-in-india-election-violence- 2014, 12, April “14 dead in India election violence,” _kill_election_official_in_kashmir.html ​ world/2014/04/24/india_election_suspected_rebels com suspected rebels kill soldiers, election officials,” Aijaz Hussain, “India election: Violence mars voting as india-elections-death-toll-43-attacks-muslims-assam 2014, Assam,” in Muslims on attacks after 43 hits toll death elections: “India France-Press, Agence 2233865912447022. Studies Review India,” in conflict Maoist the of analysis district-level A mines: and “Hearts lamanati, Vad Krishna and Mikilan, Jason Hoelscher, Kristian 2, no.2(2008):333. India,” of Districts the in Activity of Analysis An Vani K. Borooah, “Deprivation, Violence, and Conflict: Ibid., 23. Goswami, in_India_2012-rev.pdf in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Children_ praisal (MoSPI), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation nic.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2013/Home.asp NCRB, tively. respec 100,000, per 82 and 221 were these 2013, In get-the-fact/article5962667.ece 2014, 30, April website, Policy Public and Politics for Centre du Nithya Nagarathinam, works-a-challenge-to-indian-democracy-974.html www.ipcs.org/article/india/organized-criminal-net 2003, 6, March website, Studies Conflict and Challenge toIndianDemocracy Ketkar, Prafulla Ibid. Publications/CII/CII2015/cii2015.asp 2009–2015 in 3 chap. Crimes,” “Violent (NCRB), Bureau Records Crime National local-people/#.WTCz0oWcwTk land-disputes-shows-disturbing-rise-in-conflicts-with- economic-development-agenda-new-map-tracking- en/blog/as-modi-government-in-india-proceeds-with- 2014, 25, November People,” Local with Conflicts of Pattern Disturbing Shows Disputes Land Tracking Map New Agenda, Development nomic Eco with Proceeds India in Government Modi “As 11/26/india-land-rights-idINKCN0JA1RZ20141126 vember 26, 2014, rise in India, angering locals – charities,” the on industry for land over “Disputes Bhalla, Nita story_15593.jsp#.VT85DZOPu2l http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150420/jsp/bengal/ inquiry,” survive complaints 70 but violence major no see ‘eyes’ “Panel , April 24, 2014, 24, April , http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/ International Journal of Conflict and Violence (New Delhi: MoSPI, 2012), MoSPI, Delhi: (New ChildrenIndia2012:in A Statistical Ap India’s InternalSecuritySituation, http://www.thehinducentre.com/verdict/

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​ ​ ​ 39 38 37 36 40 npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/07/15/331347739/ 14-Year-Old,” a Linda Poon, “Why a Village Leader Ordered the Rape of NCRB, S2214-109X(14)70280-3 doi: 523, (2014): 9 no. 2, assessment,” systematic a ratios: outlying with countries of identification and mortality under-5 and child, infant, of ratios sex al glob and regional, “National, al., et Alkema Leontine in apopulationofage0–6years. males thousand per females of number the as defined www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chief-justice-of-in tion rate in rape cases,” convic declining at concerned India of Justice “Chief old-in-india why-a-village-leader-ordered-the-rape-of-a-14-year- NCRB, Crime inIndia, Crime inIndia, . NPR.Org year year 2013. DNA . , July 15, 2014, 15, July , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ The Lancet Global Health

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