Hardware Technology of the Earth Simulator 1
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User's Manual
Management Number:OUCMC-super-技術-007-06 National University Corporation Osaka University Cybermedia Center User's manual NEC First Government & Public Solutions Division Summary 1. System Overview ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Overall System View ....................................................................................... 1 1.2. Thress types of Computiong Environments ........................................................ 2 1.2.1. General-purpose CPU environment .............................................................. 2 1.2.2. Vector computing environment ................................................................... 3 1.2.3. GPGPU computing environment .................................................................. 5 1.3. Three types of Storage Areas ........................................................................... 6 1.3.1. Features.................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2. Various Data Access Methods ..................................................................... 6 1.4. Three types of Front-end nodes ....................................................................... 7 1.4.1. Features.................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2. HPC Front-end ......................................................................................... 7 1.4.1. HPDA Front-end ...................................................................................... -
NVIDIA Tesla Personal Supercomputer, Please Visit
NVIDIA TESLA PERSONAL SUPERCOMPUTER TESLA DATASHEET Get your own supercomputer. Experience cluster level computing performance—up to 250 times faster than standard PCs and workstations—right at your desk. The NVIDIA® Tesla™ Personal Supercomputer AccessiBLE to Everyone TESLA C1060 COMPUTING ™ PROCESSORS ARE THE CORE is based on the revolutionary NVIDIA CUDA Available from OEMs and resellers parallel computing architecture and powered OF THE TESLA PERSONAL worldwide, the Tesla Personal Supercomputer SUPERCOMPUTER by up to 960 parallel processing cores. operates quietly and plugs into a standard power strip so you can take advantage YOUR OWN SUPERCOMPUTER of cluster level performance anytime Get nearly 4 teraflops of compute capability you want, right from your desk. and the ability to perform computations 250 times faster than a multi-CPU core PC or workstation. NVIDIA CUDA UnlocKS THE POWER OF GPU parallel COMPUTING The CUDA™ parallel computing architecture enables developers to utilize C programming with NVIDIA GPUs to run the most complex computationally-intensive applications. CUDA is easy to learn and has become widely adopted by thousands of application developers worldwide to accelerate the most performance demanding applications. TESLA PERSONAL SUPERCOMPUTER | DATASHEET | MAR09 | FINAL FEATURES AND BENEFITS Your own Supercomputer Dedicated computing resource for every computational researcher and technical professional. Cluster Performance The performance of a cluster in a desktop system. Four Tesla computing on your DesKtop processors deliver nearly 4 teraflops of performance. DESIGNED for OFFICE USE Plugs into a standard office power socket and quiet enough for use at your desk. Massively Parallel Many Core 240 parallel processor cores per GPU that can execute thousands of GPU Architecture concurrent threads. -
DMI-HIRLAM on the NEC SX-6
DMI-HIRLAM on the NEC SX-6 Maryanne Kmit Meteorological Research Division Danish Meteorological Institute Lyngbyvej 100 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark 11th Workshop on the Use of High Performance Computing in Meteorology 25-29 October 2004 Outline • Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) • Applications run on NEC SX-6 cluster • The NEC SX-6 cluster and access to it • DMI-HIRLAM - geographic areas, versions, and improvements • Strategy for utilization and operation of the system DMI - the Danish Meteorological Institute DMI’s mission: • Making observations • Communicating them to the general public • Developing scientific meteorology DMI’s responsibilities: • Serving the meteorological needs of the kingdom of Denmark • Denmark, the Faroes and Greenland, including territorial waters and airspace • Predicting and monitoring weather, climate and environmental conditions, on land and at sea Applications running on the NEC SX-6 cluster Operational usage: • Long DMI-HIRLAM forecasts 4 times a day • Wave model forecasts for the North Atlantic, the Danish waters, and for the Mediterranean Sea 4 times a day • Trajectory particle model and ozone forecasts for air quality Research usage: • Global climate simulations • Regional climate simulations • Research and development of operational and climate codes Cluster interconnect GE−int Completely closed Connection to GE−ext Switch internal network institute network Switch GE GE nec1 nec2 nec3 nec4 nec5 nec6 nec7 nec8 GE GE neci1 neci2 FC 4*1Gbit/s FC links per node azusa1 asama1 FC McData FC 4*1Gbit/s FC links per azusa fiber channel switch 8*1Gbit/s FC links per asama azusa2 asama2 FC 2*1Gbit/s FC links per lun Disk#0 Disk#1 Disk#2 Disk#3 Cluster specifications • NEC SX-6 (nec[12345678]) : 64M8 (8 vector nodes with 8 CPU each) – Desc. -
Performance Modeling the Earth Simulator and ASCI Q
PAL CCS-3 Performance Modeling the Earth Simulator and ASCI Q Darren J. Kerbyson Adolfy Hoisie, Harvey J. Wasserman Performance and Architectures Laboratory (PAL) Los Alamos National Laboratory April 2003 Los Alamos PAL CCS-3 “26.58Tflops on AFES … 64.9% of peak (640nodes)” “14.9Tflops on Impact-3D …. 45% of peak (512nodes)” “10.5Tflops on PFES … 44% of peak (376nodes)” 40Tflops 20Tflops Los Alamos PAL Talk Overview CCS-3 G Overview of the Earth Simulator – A (quick) view of the architecture of the Earth Simulator (and Q) – A look at its performance characteristics G Application Centric Performance Models – Method of comparing performance is to use trusted models of applications that we are interested in, e.g. SAGE and Sweep3D. – Analytical / Parameterized in system & application characteristics G Models can be used to provide: – Predicted performance prior to availability (hardware or software) – Insight into performance – Performance Comparison (which is better?) G System Performance Comparison (Earth Simulator vs ASCI Q) Los Alamos PAL Earth Simulator: Overview CCS-3 ... ... RCU RCU . RCU AP AP AP Memory Memory Memory 0-7 0-7 0-7 ... Node0 Node1 Node639 640x640 ... crossbar G 640 Nodes (Vector Processors) G interconnected by a single stage cross-bar – Copper interconnect (~3,000Km wire) G NEC markets a product – SX-6 – Not the same as an Earth Simulator Node - similar but different memory sub-system Los Alamos PAL Earth Simulator Node CCS-3 Crossbar LAN network Disks AP AP AP AP AP AP AP AP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RCU IOP Node contains: 8 vector processors (AP) 16GByte memory Remote Control Unit (RCU) I/O Processor (IOP) 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 31 M M M M M M M . -
Project Aurora 2017 Vector Inheritance
Vector Coding a simple user’s perspective Rudolf Fischer NEC Deutschland GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany SIMD vs. vector Input Pipeline Result Scalar SIMD people call it “vector”! Vector SX 2 © NEC Corporation 2017 Data Parallelism ▌‘Vector Loop’, data parallel do i = 1, n Real, dimension(n): a,b,c a(i) = b(i) + c(i) … end do a = b + c ▌‘Scalar Loop’, not data parallel, ex. linear recursion do i = 2, n a(i) = a(i-1) + b(i) end do ▌Reduction? do i = 1, n, VL do i_ = i, min(n,i+VL-1) do i = 1, n s_(i_) = s_(i_) + v(i_)* w(i_) s = s + v(i)* w(i) end do end do end do s = reduction(s_) (hardware!) 3 © NEC Corporation 2017 Vector Coding Paradigm ▌‘Scalar’ thinking / coding: There is a (grid-point,particle,equation,element), what am I going to do with it? ▌‘Vector’ thinking / coding: There is a certain action or operation, to which (grid-points,particles,equations,elements) am I going to apply it simultaneously? 4 © NEC Corporation 2017 Identifying the data-parallel structure ▌ Very simple case: do j = 2, m-1 do i = 2, n-1 rho_new(i,j) = rho_old(i,j) + dt * something_with_fluxes(i+/-1,j+/-1) end do end do ▌ Does it tell us something? Partial differential equations Local theories Vectorization is very “natural” 5 © NEC Corporation 2017 Identifying the data-parallel subset ▌ Simple case: V------> do j = 1, m |+-----> do i = 2, n || a(i,j) = a(i-1,j) + b(i,j) |+----- end do V------ end do ▌ The compiler will vectorise along j ▌ non-unit-stride access, suboptimal ▌ Results for a certain case: Totally scalar (directives): 25.516ms Avoid outer vector loop: -
The Sunway Taihulight Supercomputer: System and Applications
SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences . RESEARCH PAPER . July 2016, Vol. 59 072001:1–072001:16 doi: 10.1007/s11432-016-5588-7 The Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer: system and applications Haohuan FU1,3 , Junfeng LIAO1,2,3 , Jinzhe YANG2, Lanning WANG4 , Zhenya SONG6 , Xiaomeng HUANG1,3 , Chao YANG5, Wei XUE1,2,3 , Fangfang LIU5 , Fangli QIAO6 , Wei ZHAO6 , Xunqiang YIN6 , Chaofeng HOU7 , Chenglong ZHANG7, Wei GE7 , Jian ZHANG8, Yangang WANG8, Chunbo ZHOU8 & Guangwen YANG1,2,3* 1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, and Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 2Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 3National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214072, China; 4College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 5Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 6First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; 7Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 8Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Received May 27, 2016; accepted June 11, 2016; published online June 21, 2016 Abstract The Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer is the world’s first system with a peak performance greater than 100 PFlops. In this paper, we provide a detailed introduction to the TaihuLight system. In contrast with other existing heterogeneous supercomputers, which include both CPU processors and PCIe-connected many-core accelerators (NVIDIA GPU or Intel Xeon Phi), the computing power of TaihuLight is provided by a homegrown many-core SW26010 CPU that includes both the management processing elements (MPEs) and computing processing elements (CPEs) in one chip. -
Scheduling Many-Task Workloads on Supercomputers: Dealing with Trailing Tasks
Scheduling Many-Task Workloads on Supercomputers: Dealing with Trailing Tasks Timothy G. Armstrong, Zhao Zhang Daniel S. Katz, Michael Wilde, Ian T. Foster Department of Computer Science Computation Institute University of Chicago University of Chicago & Argonne National Laboratory [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—In order for many-task applications to be attrac- as a worker and allocate one task per node. If tasks are tive candidates for running on high-end supercomputers, they single-threaded, each core or virtual thread can be treated must be able to benefit from the additional compute, I/O, as a worker. and communication performance provided by high-end HPC hardware relative to clusters, grids, or clouds. Typically this The second feature of many-task applications is an empha- means that the application should use the HPC resource in sis on high performance. The many tasks that make up the such a way that it can reduce time to solution beyond what application effectively collaborate to produce some result, is possible otherwise. Furthermore, it is necessary to make and in many cases it is important to get the results quickly. efficient use of the computational resources, achieving high This feature motivates the development of techniques to levels of utilization. Satisfying these twin goals is not trivial, because while the efficiently run many-task applications on HPC hardware. It parallelism in many task computations can vary over time, allows people to design and develop performance-critical on many large machines the allocation policy requires that applications in a many-task style and enables the scaling worker CPUs be provisioned and also relinquished in large up of existing many-task applications to run on much larger blocks rather than individually. -
2020 Global High-Performance Computing Product Leadership Award
2020 GLOBAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING PRODUCT LEADERSHIP AWARD Strategic Imperatives Frost & Sullivan identifies three key strategic imperatives that impact the automation industry: internal challenges, disruptive technologies, and innovative business models. Every company that is competing in the automation space is obligated to address these imperatives proactively; failing to do so will almost certainly lead to stagnation or decline. Successful companies overcome the challenges posed by these imperatives and leverage them to drive innovation and growth. Frost & Sullivan’s recognition of NEC is a reflection of how well it is performing against the backdrop of these imperatives. Best Practices Criteria for World-Class Performance Frost & Sullivan applies a rigorous analytical process to evaluate multiple nominees for each award category before determining the final award recipient. The process involves a detailed evaluation of best practices criteria across two dimensions for each nominated company. NEC excels in many of the criteria in the high-performance computing (HPC) space. About NEC Established in 1899, NEC is a global IT, network, and infrastructure solution provider with a comprehensive product portfolio across computing, data storage, embedded systems, integrated IT infrastructure, network products, software, and unified communications. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, NEC has been at the forefront of accelerating the industrial revolution of the 20th and 21st © Frost & Sullivan 2021 The Growth Pipeline Company™ centuries by leveraging its technical knowhow and product expertise across thirteen different industries1 in industrial and energy markets. Deeply committed to the vision of orchestrating a better world. NEC envisions a future that embodies the values of safety, security, fairness, and efficiency, thus creating long-lasting social value. -
E-Commerce Marketplace
E-COMMERCE MARKETPLACE NIMBIS, AWESIM “Nimbis is providing, essentially, the e-commerce infrastructure that allows suppliers and OEMs DEVELOP COLLABORATIVE together, to connect together in a collaborative HPC ENVIRONMENT form … AweSim represents a big, giant step forward in that direction.” Nimbis, founded in 2008, acts as a clearinghouse for buyers and sellers of technical computing — Bob Graybill, Nimbis president and CEO services and provides pre-negotiated access to high performance computing services, software, and expertise from the leading compute time vendors, independent software vendors, and domain experts. Partnering with the leading computing service companies, Nimbis provides users with a choice growing menu of pre-qualified, pre-negotiated services from HPC cycle providers, independent software vendors, domain experts, and regional solution providers, delivered on a “pay-as-you- go” basis. Nimbis makes it easier and more affordable for desktop users to exploit technical computing for faster results and superior products and solutions. VIRTUAL DESIGNS. REAL BENEFITS. Nimbis Services Inc., a founding associate of the AweSim industrial engagement initiative led by the Ohio Supercomputer Center, has been delving into access complexities and producing, through innovative e-commerce solutions, an easy approach to modeling and simulation resources for small and medium-sized businesses. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2016 THE CHALLENGE Nimbis and the AweSim program, along with its predecessor program Blue Collar Computing, have identified several obstacles that impede widespread adoption of modeling and simulation powered by high performance computing: expensive hardware, complex software and extensive training. In response, the public/private partnership is developing and promoting use of customized applications (apps) linked to OSC’s powerful supercomputer systems. -
Wearable Technology for Enhanced Security
Communications on Applied Electronics (CAE) – ISSN : 2394-4714 Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA Volume 5 – No.10, September 2016 – www.caeaccess.org Wearable Technology for Enhanced Security Agbaje M. Olugbenga, PhD Babcock University Department of Computer Science Ogun State, Nigeria ABSTRACT Sproutling. Watches like the Apple Watch, and jewelry such Wearable's comprise of sensors and have computational as Cuff and Ringly. ability. Gadgets such as wristwatches, pens, and glasses with Taking a look at the history of computer generations up to the installed cameras are now available at cheap prices for user to present, we could divide it into three main types: mainframe purchase to monitor or securing themselves. Nigerian faced computing, personal computing, and ubiquitous or pervasive with several kidnapping in schools, homes and abduction for computing[4]. The various divisions is based on the number ransomed collection and other unlawful acts necessitate these of computers per users. The mainframe computing describes reviews. The success of the wearable technology in medical one large computer connected to many users and the second, uses prompted the research into application into security uses. personal computing, as one computer per person while the The method of research is the use of case studies and literature term ubiquitous computing however, was used in 1991 by search. This paper takes a look at the possible applications of Paul Weiser. Weiser depicted a world full of embedded the wearable technology to combat the cases of abduction and sensing technologies to streamline and improve life [5]. kidnapping in Nigeria. Nigeria faced with several kidnapping in schools and homes General Terms are in dire need for solution. -
Defining and Measuring Supercomputer Reliability
Defining and Measuring Supercomputer Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) Jon Stearley <[email protected]> Sandia National Laboratories?? Albuquerque, New Mexico Abstract. The absence of agreed definitions and metrics for supercomputer RAS obscures meaningful discussion of the issues involved and hinders their solution. This paper seeks to foster a common basis for communication about supercom- puter RAS, by proposing a system state model, definitions, and measurements. These are modeled after the SEMI-E10 [1] specification which is widely used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. 1 Impetus The needs for standardized terminology and metrics for supercomputer RAS begins with the procurement process, as the below quotation excellently summarizes: “prevailing procurement practices are ... a lengthy and expensive undertak- ing both for the government and for participating vendors. Thus any technically valid methodologies that can standardize or streamline this process will result in greater value to the federally-funded centers, and greater opportunity to fo- cus on the real problems involved in deploying and utilizing one of these large systems.” [2] Appendix A provides several examples of “numerous general hardware and software specifications” [2] from the procurements of several modern systems. While there are clearly common issues being communicated, the language used is far from consistent. Sites struggle to describe their reliability needs, and vendors strive to translate these descriptions into capabilities they can deliver to multiple customers. Another example is provided by this excerpt: “The system must be reliable... It is important to define what we mean by reliable. We do not mean high availability... Reliability in this context means that a large parallel job running for many hours has a high probability of suc- cessfully completing. -
Supercomputer
Four types of computers INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Since the advent of the first computer different types and sizes of computers are offering different services. Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a laptop or a microcontroller in mobile & embedded systems.The four basic types of computers are. Super computer Mainframe Computer Minicomputer Microcomputer Supercomputer supercomputer - Types of Computer The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are the supercomputers. These are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations. These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space exploration purpose. The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an entire building. In 1964, Seymour cray designed the first supercomptuer CDC 6600. Uses of Supercomputer In Pakistan and other countries Supercomputers are used by Educational Institutes like NUST (Pakistan) for research purposes. Pakistan Atomic Energy commission & Heavy Industry Taxila uses supercomputers for Research purposes. Space Exploration Supercomputers are used to study the origin of the universe, the dark-matters. For these studies scientist use IBM’s powerful supercomputer “Roadrunner” at National Laboratory Los Alamos. Earthquake studies Supercomputers are used to study the Earthquakes phenomenon. Besides that supercomputers are used for natural resources exploration, like natural gas, petroleum, coal, etc. Weather Forecasting Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting, and to study the nature and extent of Hurricanes, Rainfalls, windstorms, etc. Nuclear weapons testing Supercomputers are used to run weapon simulation that can test the Range, accuracy & impact of Nuclear weapons.