Bigger Than Hip Hop Storie Della Nuova Resistenza Afroamericana

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Bigger Than Hip Hop Storie Della Nuova Resistenza Afroamericana u.net book bigger than hip hop storie della nuova resistenza afroamericana 2006, Agenzia X, Cox18 Books, Giuseppe “u.net” Pipitone Copertina e progetto grafico: Antonio Boni Foto interne e di copertina: Henry Chalfant Illustrazioni: Paper Resistance Elaborazione grafica di copertina: Jack Lamotta Contatti: Agenzia X, via Pietro Custodi 12, 20136 Milano tel. + fax 02/89401966 www.agenziax.it e-mail: [email protected] Cox18 Books, via Conchetta 18, 20136 Milano tel. + fax 02/58105688 www.cox18.org [email protected] Stampa: Bianca e Volta, Truccazzano (MI) ISBN 88-95029-02-X u.net book bigger than hip hop storie della nuova resistenza afroamericana bigger than hip hop Rap is something you do Hip hop something you live Krs One Introduzione 7 Roots Back in the Dayz Hip hop e contesto urbano postindustriale – u.net 21 Across the Bridge – Intervista a Jeff Chang 33 Graffiti Rock – Intervista a Michael Holman 39 Subway Art – Intervista a Henry Chalfant 45 Flash is Cool, Flash is Fast – Intervista a Raheim (The Furious 5) 51 Streets Tha Street is Political Gangster: Real and Unreal – u.net 57 Party Music – Intervista a Boots Riley 71 We Got Issues – Intervista a Rha Goddess 78 Islam in the Mix – Intervista a Adisa Banjoko 87 Hip Hop is Political – Intervista a Davey D 93 God’s Hop – Intervista a Felicia Miyakawa 100 Culture How Ya Like Me Now? Sul gap generazionale – u.net 105 Post Soul – Intervista a Mark Anthony Neal 119 Check It While I Wreck It – Intervista a Gwendolyn D. Pough 125 Knowledge is Power – Intervista a Marcyliena Morgan 130 Black Joy – Intervista a Greg Tate 135 Community Back on the Block Hip hop e nuova chiesa nera – u.net 143 Hip Hop Generation – Intervista a Bakari Kitwana 153 Looking to Get Paid – Intervista a Robin D.G. Kelley 161 Human Warehouses – Intervista a Bonnie Kerness 169 Black Cinema, Inner Cities and Hip Hop – Intervista a Craig Watkins 176 Outro Still Bigger Than... – Intervista a M1 181 Bibliografia 185 Introduzione Knowledge, Culture and Overstanding, the 5th element of Hip Hop Culture. Afrika Bambaataa It Takes a Nation of Million to Hold Us Back – l’album dei Public Enemy che Stefano Marini, il mio migliore amico dell’epoca, mi regalò nella lontana estate del 1988 – ha segnato in maniera prepotente le esperien- ze che avrei vissuto negli anni a venire. Nessuno mi aveva preparato a quello che avrei sentito, alla voce profonda e penetrante di Chuck D, al rumore, alla cacofonia apparentemente disorganizzata di quella musica che mi ha folgorato nel momento stesso in cui la puntina del giradischi ha iniziato percorrere i solchi di quel prezioso, storico vinile. Il viaggio tutto personale che proprio allora intrapresi non mi avrebbe portato semplicemente a modificare il mio look quanto piuttosto a scoprire una passione bruciante per la musica rap, la cultura hip hop e la storia afro- americana. Non che all’epoca fossi minimamente cosciente di tutto ciò... Pre- sentarsi all’Einstein, liceo scientifico milanese icona del conservatori- smo scolastico, trascinando le mie preziosissime Adidas senza stringhe per i corridoi e le aule dell’istituto – stile Run Dmc mentre scendono le 7 scale nel video di Walk This Way – con una catena d’oro da bigiotteria – come Ll Cool J nel video di I Need Love – felpe con cappuccio e giacche militari – come nel video di Don’t Believe The Hype dei Public Enemy – non rese facile la mia permanenza nella scuola ma si sa... di necessità virtù. Trovai rapidamente miei simili con i quali condividere la passione irrefrenabile per questa nuova musica, per gli strani giochi con la punti- na sul vinile e le rime ipnotiche che ti spediscono verso territori inesplo- rati, distanti anni luce dalle esperienze di un giovane della periferia mila- nese negli anni Ottanta aka era pre Internet. Intendiamoci! Niente cel- lulari, niente personal computer o altre forme di comunicazione/infor- mazione istantanea. Sottolineo questo elemento poiché la quasi totale mancanza di fonti di informazione su quella musica e sui suoi protagonisti mi ha costretto a rivolgermi direttamente agli unici testi a disposizione: le parole dei pezzi rap. Leggevo con attenzione, canzone dopo canzone, cercando di com- prendere e interpretare quelle rime, creandomi un immaginario univer- so nero nel quale i rapper mi avevano condotto e che non vedevo l’ora di conoscere di persona. Album dopo album, la complessità dell’esperien- za dei neri in America ha iniziato a rivelarsi ai miei occhi: da quel mo- mento ho cercato in maniera quasi maniacale di saperne sempre di più. Capire i testi però non era abbastanza, volevo riuscire a cogliere ap- pieno il significato di quelle immagini che giochi sapienti di parole sape- vano creare, scomporre e riproporre in varianti tanto diverse quanto le esperienze individuali dalle quali le canzoni nascevano. La voglia di di- vertirsi, di trovare luoghi dove poter stare liberamente con altri giovani, il desiderio di dimostrare la superiorità del proprio stile, di un flow e/o un beat unico, la necessità di trovare ambiti d’espressione nei quali inca- nalare le proprie frustrazioni individuali hanno gettato le basi per il mio viaggio all’interno della cultura hip hop che, con mia grande sorpresa, mi ha condotto alla conoscenza e comprensione di una serie di proble- mi politici e sociali che hanno caratterizzato l’evoluzione della comu- nità afro-americana nel corso degli ultimi trent’anni, con particolare at- tenzione alla storia dei movimenti politici radicali neri che hanno scon- volto l’America degli anni Sessanta e Settanta. Chi erano i vari Malcolm X, Huey P. Newton e Elijah Muhammad citati da Chuck D o che cosa cercavano nel South Bronx quei temuti e odiati Five O di cui parlava Krs One e a quale leader carismatico capa- ce di galvanizzare le masse faceva riferimento Rakim? Dalla lettura os- sessiva dei testi rap al recupero di qualsiasi rivista, libro e disco dei miei supereroi, questa passione si è trasformata in una ricerca sempre più 8 cosciente che ha segnato importanti momenti della mia vita, prima tra tutte la tesi di laurea. Dalle parole di Chuck D, leader dei Public Enemy, alle stimolanti riflessioni e testimonianze di Bruno Cartosio e di Paolo Bartella Farnetti, per arrivare alla scoperta delle Pantere nere, la formazione politica nera che più di ogni altra colpì l’immaginario popolare negli Stati uniti e quello di molti giovani come me in giro per il mondo. Le mie esperienze si alternavano tra l’immersione nelle storie di quei giovani militanti neri e il mio quotidiano che andava radicalizzandosi progressivamente; passavo dall’Italia degli anni Novanta all’America dei tumultuosi anni Sessanta, dal movimento dei centri sociali milanesi al Movimento per i diritti civili/Black Power, dagli sgomberi e dagli scontri di piazza alla violenza dello stato nei confronti di tutti coloro che osavano protestare contro l’ordine costituito. In tutto ciò, la musica e i testi delle canzoni rap sono stati un elemento prezioso e determinante per la comprensione non solo della cultura hip hop ma anche, e soprat- tutto, delle condizioni storiche, politiche, sociali e culturali che caratte- rizzano la comunità e le persone dalle quali essa è nata. Le rime dei rap- per italiani quali O Zulu (99 Posse) o Militant A (Assalti Frontali) così come quelle degli americani Paris, 2Pac e Dre condizionavano il mio vissuto nello stesso modo in cui i saggi storici mi fornivano gli strumenti per ricostruire le dinamiche di cambiamento che attraversarono l’Ame- rica nera degli anni Sessanta e Settanta. Le grandi manifestazioni pacifiche così come i violenti riot che pun- teggiarono l’America durante gli anni Sessanta affondano le radici nella metà degli anni Cinquanta, quando una sentenza della Corte suprema del 1954 dichiarò incostituzionale la segregazione scolastica dei neri aprendo una crepa nella dottrina razzista vigente che considerava la po- polazione nera “separata ma eguale” e fornendo un modello d’azione e un banco di prova a tutti i movimenti degli anni Sessanta. L’importanza della seppur limitata concessione del tribunale, nel caso Brown contro il consiglio scolastico di Topeka, permise la nascita di un Movimento per i diritti civili deciso a lottare con la disubbidienza civile e la non violenza contro il sistema di leggi razziste degli stati del “Vecchio Sud”. In que- sta fase, Martin Luther King, presidente della Southern Christian Lea- dership Conference (Sclc), un’organizzazione guidata da vari ministri religiosi, si rivelò il più autorevole portavoce del movimento. Passando attraverso il grande raduno di Washington del 1963 per arrivare fino alla marcia di Selma del 1965, il Movimento per i diritti ci- vili si sviluppò con vigore e riuscì a tenere insieme un composito fronte 9 di organizzazioni vecchie e nuove, con l’appoggio prudente ma efficace del governo federale e una certa simpatia dell’opinione pubblica mode- rata, soprattutto nel Nord degli Stati uniti. È innegabile che il movi- mento non solo innescò una stagione d’impegno politico generale ma contribuì anche a fare uscire la popolazione nera dalla sua lunga sotto- missione materiale e psicologica. L’obiettivo di Martin Luther King era l’integrazione dei neri a pieno titolo nella società americana. Il dottor King credeva nel “sogno ameri- cano”, nella vocazione democratica e nella tradizione protestante del paese. Attraverso la disubbidienza civile non violenta e la sua superio- rità morale di fronte all’ingiustizia che combatteva, il pastore di Atlanta pensava di “costringere” il governo federale, i moderati del Sud, i pro- gressisti del Nord e la comunità bianca che faceva capo alle varie chiese a estendere il “sogno” alla comunità nera, prevalendo sulla parte reazio- naria e razzista degli americani che voleva impedirlo.
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