IJRBAT, Special Issue (2), Vol-V, July 2017 ISSN No. 2347-517X (Online)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN BIOSCIENCES, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY © VISHWASHANTI MULTIPURPOSE SOCIETY (Global Peace Multipurpose Society) R. No. MH-659/13(N)

www.vmsindia.org punctata (Bloch, 1793) As A Model For Toxicological Studies K. T. Waghmare* and V. V. Baile Dept. of Zoology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur (M.S.) . *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Co-Author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Environmental pollution due to widespread usage of pe sticides, without appropriate manage ment, results in survival threat to aquatic , especially fish. Some of them may cause physiological damage. Channa punctata is used as a model in seve ral pollution studies because of its availability and suitability. In present investigation an attempt is made to evaluate the toxicity of a pesticide Applaud which is an insect growth regulator used in agricultural practices for the biological control of insect. Keywords: , pesticide, insect growth regulator, lethal concentration and toxicity.

Introduction: for about nine species of Channa. and Freshwater aquaculture is important in phylogeny of these species has been studied many aspects like food, employment, economy (Lakra et al. 2010). Eight species belonging to and living standard of the people associated with genus Channa (C. striata, C. punctata, C. it. India is second-largest contributor to global marulius, C. gachua, C. stewartii, C. aquaculture production. Freshwater aquaculture urantimaculata, C. barcaand and C. bleheri ) a re has important role in Indian economy as it help found all over India. All these species are to improve the nutritional le ve l of rural people. economically as well as medicinally important Murrels (snakehead) and catfishes are and available in ample amount in the freshwater economically important species having great resources of India (Jayaram 1999), including potential for aquaculture and capture fisheries ponds, lakes, reservoirs canals and dams throughout southern and southeastern Asia (Nguye n et al. 2008). C. striata, C. punctatus, C. (Haniffa 2009). The Asian genus Channa , has 26 marulius and C. gachua are found in freshwater valid species, is distributed in Iran and southern resources of eastern Vidarbha abundantly of Asia (the Indian subcontinent), South Eastern these , C. punctata is selected for present study. It Asia (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, is least concern as per IUCN red list of threatened Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines) China, species database (IUCN 2014). Taiwan, Korea and Southern Russia (Li et al. 2006; Nguyen et al. 2008; Vishwanath and Materials : Geetakumari 2009) , , India, Applaud: , , , and Pesticide Applaud, an insect growth (IUCN 2014). regulator used in the present study has a major The spotted snakehead is common constituent Buprofezin. This product is sold by throughout the plains of India and Pakistan. various national companies with different names. Snake heads or murrels are we ll known air It is manufactured by Tata Rallies Industries Pvt. brething freshwater fishes, family Channidae. Ltd., India. It is not highly toxic he nce it is The Asian genus Channa , has near about 26 suitable for experimental set up. species. They are widely distributed in Iran and Insecticide Applaud comes unde r the southern Asia (the Indian subcontine nt), South inhibitors of chitin biosynthe sis type III (WHO Eastern Asia (Laos, Malaysia, Cambodia, 2010), slightly hazardous (The Globally Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines) Harmonized System of Classification and and the far East (Korea, China, Taiwan, and Labelling of Chemicals, GHS Category-5) with Southern Russia) (Li et al. 2006; Vishwanath and CAS no 69327-76-0, and LD 50 2200 mg/kg body Geetakumari 2009). weight (GHS 2009). Channa gachua can be used for the Its mode of action is quite different as it biological control of mosquito in larval stage does not kill the insect pest. It is used for ultimately he lps to control the diseases spread by integrated and biological pest management in mosquitos (Phukon and Biswas 2011). Recently agriculture. Acute toxicity of Applaud is Vishwanath and Gee takumari (2009) reported calculated by probit analysis with software SPSS that North Eastern India is an important denizen after exposure.

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Properties of pesticide Applaud: Result and Discussion:

Major Composition: Buprofezin LC 50 of Applaud for 24h, 48h, 72h and Pronunciation: bū-prō-fē -zǐn 96h exposure is found to be 459.29, 326.12, Chemical name: 2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5- 253.30 and 198.84 ppm respective ly (Table 1). Its phenyl-1, 3, 5-thiadiazinan-4-one comparative toxicity representation is shown in Empirical formula: C 16 H23 N3OS Figure 1. This has been calculated on the basis of Molecular we ight: 305.4 mortality of fishes in respective time duration in Solubility: Buprofezin has a solubility of 0.38 each group. LC 50 for 24h was highest 459.29 ppm mg/l. while LC 50 for 96h is lowest at 198.84 ppm. No Experimental Fish: mortality is recorded in control groups. Pesticide Present study was carried out with toxicity variant level in C. punctata has been freshwater fish C. punctata (Bloch, 1793). It is reported at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h (Table 2). Toxicity se lected for the present study due to its of pesticide is highe r in short exposure time and availability and air breathing ability. Adult fishes lowers as exposure time increases. Fe nvalerate (weight, 124 ± 2.11 and length 21 ± 0.16 cm) were anothe r pesticide is very toxic to freshwater fishes collected from the local freshwater resources. when dissolved in water as compared to Applaud. Its toxicity is eve n seen in hardy air breathing Method: fishes for long duration (Datta and Kaviraj 2003). Fishes we re brought from local In othe r practices piscicides Oleandrin is used for freshwater resources and maintained at the removal of unwanted fishe s from the ponds. Its laboratory conditions for a week. Experime nt was toxicity has been studied by using C. punctata carried out by following guidelines of Institutional (Tiwari and Singh 2004). Cype rme thrin and λ- Ethical Committee in agreement of cyhalothrin toxicity is also studied with C. Committee for the purpose of control and punctata as a model (Kumar et al. 2007). In a supervision of experiment on animals (CPCSEA), study it is found that Endosulfan is highly toxic Ministry of Environment and Forests and APHA than Malathion and Carbaryl (Naosekpam and (APHA 2005). Gupta 2013). (Tripathi et al. 2003). Experimental Design Chlorantraniliprole has 14.424mg/L LC 50 for 96h Fishes were sorted on the basis of (Bantu and Vakita, 2013). Tripathi et al. reported morphological obse rvations to check whether 17.92 mg/L LC 50 for 24h for Dimethoate. they are infected or diseased. Healthy fishes were Similarly LC 50 for 96h of Monocrotophos is 18.6 se lected. mg/L (Agrahari et al. 2007) and Endosulfan has Two fish groups (control and 24.3 µg/L (Sarma et al. 2010). Chlorpyrifos is experimental) each with ten fishes we re used in highly toxic to fish (LC 50 for 24h 5.38 µl/L) and analysis of toxicity for a period of 24 h, 48 h, 72 affects the ir survival (Mishra and Devi 2014). At h and 96 h. Fishes were kept in tanks with we ll very lower concentration Cype rmethrin (LC 50 for ae rated and filtered de -chlorinated fresh water 96 h is 0.00078 µl/L) could affect the physiology with a static condition and natural photoperiod. of fish (Tantarpale and Rathod 2014). They were fed twice daily with commercial fish Mortality of embryo and larvae is pe llets containing rice bran, mustard cake, fish increases with the increases in concentration of meal, groundnut cake and soybean meal as major Buprofezin has been studied in African Catfish, ingredients. Pesticide solution was replaced Clarias gariepinus (Bloch). The 24 h and 48 h LC 50 regularly after 24 h (in case of 48 h, 72 h and 96 values (with 95% confide nce limits) for its larvae h LC 50 calculation) with the freshly prepared were assessed to be 5.71 mg/L and 4.64 mg/L solution of pesticide with respective respectively (Marimuthu et al. 2013). concentration of toxicant. Table 1: Median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of Calculation of LC 50 LC 50 was calculated by following Applaud at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h with 95% guidelines of APHA (APHA 2005). After confide nce limits Expos ure Chi square a acclimatization, fishes we re divided into groups LC 50 Sig b containing 8 fishes in each group. These groups period (h) 24 459.29 2.43 0.93 we re the n exposed to pesticide Applaud at 48 326.12 2.82 0.90 different concentrations simultaneously with one 72 253.30 3.27 0.86 group as a control group. LC 50 was calculated 96 198.84 2.35 0. 94 with probit analysis (Finney and Stevens 1948) by a Pe arson Goodness-of-Fit Test, b Since the significance using SPSS software. level is greater than .150, hence no heterogeneity factor is use d in the calculation of confidence limits.

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Table 2: Toxicity of different pesticide in fish C. punctata Toxicity Pesticide Reference 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 5.71 (3.198 - 4.64 (3.264 - (Marimuthu et al. Buprofezin -- -- 8.898) mg/L 6.287) mg/L 2013) 2.93 3.50 µg/L 3.33 µg/L 3.12 µg/L (Datta and Kaviraj Fenvalerate µg/L (3.14–4.21) (2.8–3.9) (2.72–3.57) 2003) (2.45 –3.49) (Tiwari and Singh Oleandrin 2.64 mg/L 2.51 mg/L 2.65 mg/L 2.38 mg/L 2004) Cype rme thrin ------0.4 mg/L (Kumar et al. 2007) λ-cyhalothrin ------7.92 µg/L Endosulfan 18.2 µg/L 2.5 µg/L 1.1 µg/L 0.7 µg/L (Naosekpam and Malathion 5.5 mg/L 2.3 mg/L 1.6 mg/L 0.9 mg/L Gupta 2013) Carbaryl 10.9 mg/L 8.3 mg/L 8 mg/L 7.5 mg/L (Bantu and Vakita Chlorantraniliprole ------14.424mg/L 2013) Dime thoate 17.92 mg/L ------(Tripathi et al. 2003) (Agrahari et al. Monocrotophos ------18.6 mg/L 2007) Endosulfan ------24.3 µg/L (Sarma et al. 2010) (Mishra and Devi Chlorpyrifos 5.38 µl/L ------2014) (Tantarpale and Cype rme thrin ------0.00078 µl/L Rathod 2014)

12

10

8 24 h 6 48 h

4 72 h Fish Mortality Fish 96 h 2

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Concentration of Buprofezin (ppm) Figure 1: Comparative toxicity representation of Applaud at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h.

Conclusion: Acknowledgment: The toxicity level of pesticide Applaud The authors would like to express their decreases with exposure period . It can be used since re gratitude and obligation to the Head, for toxicological study in C. punctata for longe r Department of Zoology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji duration so as to make assumptions, exploration Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur for providing and sustainable management strategy related to necessary facilities for present work. othe r ichthyofaunal diversity. Present study Conflict of Interests: represents the baseline data for toxicity of The authors declare that there is no conflict of Applaud to C. punctata. It is less toxic as interests regarding the publication of this work. compared to previously recorded data of different pesticides. Applaud can therefore be preferred for References: integrated and biological pest management Agrahari, S., Pandey, K.C. and Gopal, K. (2007) practices in agriculture. Biochemical alteration induced by monocrotophos in the blood plasma of fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 88 , 268–272.

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