Introducing Microcells Into Macrocellular Networks: a Case Study
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University of Patras
UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING & INFORMATICS P R O J E C T S EMESTER COURSE PUBLIC NETWORKS AND INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS LTE-A NETWORKS & FEMTOCELLS GKANTZOS PANAGIOTIS A.M 1051309 PROFESSOR: BOURAS CHRISTOS PATRA 2017 i C ONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1 LTE networks 2 1.1 Overview 2 1.2 Architecture 3 1.2.1 The evolved Packet Core (EPC) 1.2.2 The UTRAN (The access nerwok) 2 Femtocell 7 2.1 Overview 7 2.2 Operating Mode 9 2.3 Benefits for Users 10 2.4 Air interfaces 10 2.5 Issues 11 3 LTE-A networks 12 3.1 Overview 12 3.2 Architecture 13 3.3 MIMO Techniques 15 3.4 LTE-A Planning 16 ii 3.5 Indoor network planning 19 3.6 Outdoor network planning 21 4 Security 22 4.1 Lte security architecture 22 4.2 E-UTRAN security 23 4.3 Threats 24 4.4 Rogue base stations 25 4.5 Conclusions 27 5 Conclutions 29 6 References 30 iii iv I NTRODUCTION We definitely live in LTE era. Everyone use LTE or LTE-a (advance) networks daily by having a simple phone call to browsing the internet in a mountain with their mobile phone. But no one seems to know how it works or why it’s such a big deal. LTE is termed as ‘Long Term Evolution,’ which has taken the mobile network standard to a whole new level. LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA 2000. LTE made the big jump by bringing up to 50 times performance improvement and much better spectral efficiency to cellular networks. -
Tutorial on Small Cell/Hetnet Deployment Part 1: Evolutions
Tutorial on Small Cell/HetNet Deployment Part 1: Evolutions towards small cell and HetNet Jie Zhang1, 2 1RANPLAN Wireless Network Design Ltd., UK Web: www.ranplan.co.uk 2Dept. of EEE, University of Sheffield, UK Globecom’12 Industry Forum, 03/12/2012 Outline 1. An overview of the tutorial 2. Evolutions towards small cell/HetNet 3. Challenges of small cell/HetNet deployment 4. Some of our publications on small cell/HetNet deployment 1. An overview of the tutorial • Part 1: Evolutions towards small cell and HetNet • Part 2: Interference in small cell and HetNet • Part 3: SON for small cell and HetNet • Part 4: Small cell backhaul • Part 5: Tools for small cell and HetNet deployment 2. Evolutions towards small cell/HetNet What is a small cell? • Small cells are low-power wireless access points that operate in licensed spectrum. • Small cells provide improved cellular coverage, capacity and applications for homes and enterprises as well as metropolitan and rural public spaces. Source: www.smallcellforum.org What is a small cell? • Types of small cells include femtocells, picocells, metrocells and microcells – broadly increasing in size from femtocells (the smallest) to microcells (the largest). • Small-cell networks can also be realized by means of distributed radio technology consisting of centralised baseband units and remote radio heads. Source: www.smallcellforum.org What is HetNet? • HetNet could mean a network comprising of different RATs (WiFi, GSM, UMTS/HSPA, LTE/LTE-A) – Multi-RATs from multi-vendors will co-exist in the next decades • A HetNet also means a network consisting different access nodes such as macrocell, microcell, picocells, femtocells, RRHs (Remote Radio Heads), as well as relay stations. -
Wireless Communications Methods and Services Have Been Enthusiastically Adopted by People Throughout the World
CHAPTER 1 Introductionto Wireless Communication Systems he ability to communicate with people on the move has evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radio's ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English chan- nel. That wis in 1897, and since then new wireless communications methods and services have been enthusiastically adopted by people throughout the world. Particularly during the past ten years, the mobile radio communications indus- try has grown by orders of magnitude, fueled by digital and RF circuit fabrica- tionimprovements,new large-scalecircuitintegration,andother miniaturization technologies which make portable radio equipment smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Digital switching techniques have facilitated the large scale deployment of affordable, easy-to-use radio communication networks. These trends will continue at an even greater pace during the next decade. 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications Abrief history of the evolution of mobile communications throughout the world is useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that cellular radio and personal communication services (PCS) will have on all of us over the next several decades. It is also useful for a newcomer to the cellular radio field to understand the tremendous impact that government regulatory agencies and service competitors wield in the evolution of new wireless systems, services, and technologies. While it is not the intent of this text to deal with the techno-politi- cal aspects of cellular radio and personal communications, techno-politicsare a fimdamental driver in the evolution of new technology and services, since radio spectrum usage is controlled by governments, not by service providers, equip- ment manufacturers, entrepreneurs, or researchers. -
Microcell™ Informational Document for Technical, Operational, and Troubleshooting Issues V1.8 by Otto Pylot
MicroCell™ Informational Document for Technical, Operational, and Troubleshooting Issues v1.8 by Otto Pylot Introduction 2 VoIP Basics 2-5 Requirements 5 Nominal Setup 6 Alternate Setup 6 Router Requirements 7 U-verse Basics 7-8 Wireless Home Phone (WHP) 9 Ethernet Conditions 9 GPS Lock 10 Initial Activation 11-12 Handing over 12 Technical Information 13-14 IMSI/IMEI 14-15 Connection Issues 15-20 Blinking light patterns Phone not connecting Dropped calls and/or call quality Vonage VoIP Miscellaneous 21-24 Purchasing a used unit Testing signal strength Disclaimer 25 Additions/Changes 25-26 Page 1 of 26 MicroCell™ Informational Document for Technical, Operational, and Troubleshooting Issues v1.8 by Otto Pylot The AT&T MicroCell is a very useful device when in-home cellular coverage is lacking or non-existent. However, it has developed a love/hate relationship with some customers. The purpose of this document is to hopefully explain some the technical workings of the MicroCell, which may help to explain why some customers have problems with their MicroCell’s or their phones when attempting to connect. There is a new version of the MicroCell, the DPH-154, and is the black model displayed above. It has a smaller footprint, but without the Computer and external antenna ports. Otherwise, as of this writing, the new model functions the same as the older, white model. The MicroCell is a totally closed system so there is no access to modify or change settings like you can with a router. Only AT&T can modify the system and does so on occasion with updates automatically pushed to the unit (usually in the middle of the night). -
High-Capacity Indoor Wireless Solutions: Picocell Or Femtocell?
High-Capacity Indoor Wireless Solutions: Picocell or Femtocell? shaping tomorrow with you High-Capacity Indoor Wireless Solutions: Picocell or Femtocell? Picocells and femtocells are small cells belonging to the family of The situation for in-building deployments is often at the opposite Low-Power Nodes (LPNs). Depending on the environment, the quality extreme. Generally, buildings are three-dimensional hot spots, and type of communication service, one may be a better candidate particularly in the case of data traffic. Research studies have forecast than the other. This paper gives an overview of high-capacity wireless exponential growth in data traffic, as shown in Figure 1, and these deployment considerations and concludes that the femtocell is studies estimate that approximately 80% of data traffic will come from generally a better candidate for high-capacity in-building solutions, indoor locations [1]. Some types of buildings (e.g. football stadiums) while the picocell is a better candidate for serving outdoor hotspots. are extreme forms of hotspots; it is very challenging to provide sufficient indoor capacity for the in-building wireless data users in such Introduction situations. In this case, the cell radii need to be as small as possible Wireless cells can be categorized as macrocells, microcells, picocells [2]. and femtocells, with decreasing cell radii and decreasing Tx power levels. The femtocell is the smallest, and the picocell is the second- smallest. Table 1 shows typical cell radii and Tx power levels for each cell type. Cell Type Typical Cell Radius PA Power: Range & (Typical Value) Macro >1 km 20 W~ 160 W (40 W) Micro 250 m ~ 1 km 2 W ~ 20 W (5 W) Pico 100 m ~ 300 m 250 mW ~ >2 W Femto 10 m ~ 50 m 10 mW~200 mW Figure 1: Market forecasts show exponential growth of data traffic, Table 1: Different cell radii and Tx power levels most of it from indoor users. -
Introduction
Introduction 1 Reference [1] Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures,Yi-Bing Lin and Imrich Chlamtac,Wiley Computer Publishing。 [2] Introduction to GSM,陳俊宏,遠傳教育訓練 中心。 [3] GPRS and 3G Wireless Applications, Christoffer Andersson,Wiley Computer Publishing。 2 Outline ¾ Introduction ¾ PCS Architecture ¾ Cellular Telephony ¾ Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS ¾ Third-Generation Wireless Systems ¾ Summary 3 Introduction 4 PCS ¾ Personal Communications Services (PCS) refers to a wide variety of wireless access and personal mobility services. ¾ PCS systems can connected to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). ¾ Goal of PCS:enabling communications with a person at anytime, at any place and in any terminal form. 5 PCS Revolution First Generation Second Generation Third Generation JTACS Mobile Satellite JDC High-tier TACS Digit GSM GSM+,++ Cellar NMT Systems IMT-2000 AMPS NADC PCS Low-tier PHS Telecommunication PACS Systems CT0/1 CT2 DECT 6 Examples of Wireless Communications Systems (1/4) ¾ High-tier digital cellular systems ¾ For vehicular and pedestrian services • Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Digital Communication System-1800 (DCS1800) • IS-136 TDMA based Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (DAMPS) • Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) • IS-95 CDMA-based cdmaOne System 7 Examples of Wireless Communications Systems (2/4) ¾ Low-tier telecommunication systems ¾ For residential, business, and public cordless access applications • Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2) • Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) • Personal Access Communications -
(DAS) and Small Cell Technologies Distiguished Hetnet Forum Febuary
Febuary 2013 HetNet Forum Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) and Small Cell Technologies Distiguished © 2013 HetNet Forum Page 1 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 DAS Networks Defined ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Distinguishing DAS Networks from Small Cells ..................................................................................................... 4 Use Cases ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Characteristics of DAS Networks ................................................................................................................................. 7 Limitations............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Microcell Solutions .................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Use Cases ............................................................................................................................................................................... -
A Study on Femtocell and Macrocell Network Deployment
Asian J. Con. Sci. Technol., Vol. 01, No. 01, pp. 1-4 1 A Study on Femtocell and Macrocell Network Deployment Sadman Saffaf Ahmed in a mobile phone that provides radio coverage served by a Abstract— Next generation wireless communication needs high power cellular base station [2]. The antennas for seamless connectivity with high level of quality of service (QoS), macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops, and high data rate services, favorable price, and multimedia other existing structures, at a height that provides a clear view applications among different access networks. The ubiquitous services of wireless communication networks are growing rapidly over the surrounding buildings and terrain. Fig. 1 shows the by the development of wireless communication technologies. basic architecture of macrocellular network (4G). With the development of communication technology, the services of wireless networks are upgrading fast. Different wireless networks, i.e., macrocellular, microcellular, picocellular, femtocellular networks can be deployed. In this paper, we have reviewed the deployment of femtocell and Macrocell which covers a very significant terminology of communication. Index Terms— Picocellular network, femtocellular network, macrocellular networks, quality of service. I. INTRODUCTION ODERN wireless communication systems aim to M provide users with the convenience of seamless connection to access various wireless technologies and try to support ubiquitous services among the users. The wireless networks use multiple technologies that offer unrestricted user access to different services [1]. With the development of Fig. 1. Macrocellular network deployment (4G). communication technology, the services of wireless networks In communications, a femtocell is a small, low-power are upgrading fast. There are many wireless networks like cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or macrocellular, microcellular, picocellular, femtocellular small business. -
LTE to 5G: Cellular and Broadband Innovation
LTE to 5G: Cellular and Broadband Innovation Mobile Broadband Transformation, Rysavy Research/5G Americas, August 2017 Page 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 5 BROADBAND TRANSFORMATION .............................................................................. 8 EXPLODING DEMAND ............................................................................................. 12 Application Innovation ............................................................................................ 12 Internet of Things .................................................................................................. 13 Video Streaming .................................................................................................... 13 Cloud Computing ................................................................................................... 14 5G Data Drivers ..................................................................................................... 14 Global Mobile Adoption ........................................................................................... 15 ALMOST AT 5G ........................................................................................................ 19 Expanding Use Cases ............................................................................................. 19 1G to 5G Evolution ................................................................................................. 21 4G -
Femtocell Networks: a Survey
Femtocell Networks: A Survey Vikram Chandrasekhar and Jeffrey G. Andrews, The University of Texas at Austin Alan Gatherer, Texas Instruments June 28, 2008 Contact: [email protected] Abstract The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hotspots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells—also called home base-stations—which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article, we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells, and describe the state-of-the-art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks, and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them. 1 Introduction The demand for higher data rates in wireless networks is unrelenting, and has triggered the design and development of new data-minded cellular standards such as WiMAX (802.16e), 3GPP’s High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and LTE standards, and 3GPP2’s EVDO and UMB standards. In parallel, Wi-Fi mesh networks also are being developed to provide nomadic high- rate data services in a more distributed fashion [1]. Although the Wi-Fi networks will not be able to support the same level of mobility and coverage as the cellular standards, to be competitive for home and office use, cellular data systems will need to provide service roughly comparable to that offered by Wi-Fi networks. -
Radio Network Management in Cognitive LTE-Femtocell Systems
Radio Network Management in Cognitive LTE-Femtocell Systems A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Electronic and Computer Engineering School of Engineering and Design Brunel University United Kingdom By Saba Al-Rubaye January 2013 Abstract There is a strong uptake of femtocell deployment as small cell application platforms in the upcoming LTE networks. In such two-tier networks of LTE- femtocell base stations, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically leading to underutilisation of valuable frequency resources. Novel spectrum access techniques are necessary to solve these current spectrum inefficiency problems. Therefore, spectrum management solutions should have the features to improve spectrum access in both temporal and spatial manner. Cognitive Radio (CR) with the Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is considered to be the key technology in this research in order to increase the spectrum efficiency. This is an effective solution to allow a group of Secondary Users (SUs) to share the radio spectrum initially allocated to the Primary User (PUs) at no interference. The core aim of this thesis is to develop new cognitive LTE-femtocell systems that offer a 4G vision, to facilitate the radio network management in order to increase the network capacity and further improve spectrum access probabilities. In this thesis, a new spectrum management model for cognitive radio networks is considered to enable a seamless integration of multi-access technology with existing networks. This involves the design of efficient resource allocation algorithms that are able to respond to the rapid changes in the dynamic wireless environment and primary users activities. -
5G in Belmont
5G in Belmont Report of the IT Advisory Committee November 25, 2019 ISSUED BY BELMONT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIVE Paul Roberts, Chair Glenn Wong, Vice Chair David Goldberg, Secretary Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 3 Lots of promise 3 A more humble reality 3 5G town-wide: thousands of cells 4 Peer communities: setting rules and filing suit 4 A need for facts...and a vision 5 Introduction & Background 5 About 5G Technology 6 Faster speeds 6 Low latency 6 Greater scale 6 Millimeter wavelength radio (mmWave) 7 Mesh networking 8 Mesh bootstrapping larger cell networks 8 No wired link between towers 9 A difficult task to build 9 Applications of 5G 10 Singapore: smart transportation and government services 10 Chicago’s Array of Things 10 5G Hype vs. Reality 11 ExteNet Proposal 12 Current Proposal’s Utility to Belmont 13 Imagining a Belmont-wide 5G Deployment 13 A matter of conjecture 14 Little data on optimal cell density for 5G 15 30 cells per kilometer² - or 10 times that? 15 This is Belmont, not London! 16 What other Communities are doing 16 Boston, Massachusetts 16 Clearly Articulated Priorities 17 Permitting & licensing 17 1 Design 18 Siting requirements 18 Fees 19 Cambridge, Massachusetts 20 Permitting and licensing 20 Design 20 Siting requirements 21 Fees 21 Watertown, Massachusetts 22 Permitting and licensing 22 Design 23 Siting requirements 23 Fees 23 Burlington, Massachusetts 24 Permitting and licensing 24 Design 25 Siting requirements 25 Fees 26 Lawsuits involving 5G Deployments 26 ExteNet v. Somerville 27 ExteNet v. Cambridge 27 ExteNet v.