Femto Cell: History, Technical Issues and Challenges
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University of Patras
UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING & INFORMATICS P R O J E C T S EMESTER COURSE PUBLIC NETWORKS AND INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS LTE-A NETWORKS & FEMTOCELLS GKANTZOS PANAGIOTIS A.M 1051309 PROFESSOR: BOURAS CHRISTOS PATRA 2017 i C ONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1 LTE networks 2 1.1 Overview 2 1.2 Architecture 3 1.2.1 The evolved Packet Core (EPC) 1.2.2 The UTRAN (The access nerwok) 2 Femtocell 7 2.1 Overview 7 2.2 Operating Mode 9 2.3 Benefits for Users 10 2.4 Air interfaces 10 2.5 Issues 11 3 LTE-A networks 12 3.1 Overview 12 3.2 Architecture 13 3.3 MIMO Techniques 15 3.4 LTE-A Planning 16 ii 3.5 Indoor network planning 19 3.6 Outdoor network planning 21 4 Security 22 4.1 Lte security architecture 22 4.2 E-UTRAN security 23 4.3 Threats 24 4.4 Rogue base stations 25 4.5 Conclusions 27 5 Conclutions 29 6 References 30 iii iv I NTRODUCTION We definitely live in LTE era. Everyone use LTE or LTE-a (advance) networks daily by having a simple phone call to browsing the internet in a mountain with their mobile phone. But no one seems to know how it works or why it’s such a big deal. LTE is termed as ‘Long Term Evolution,’ which has taken the mobile network standard to a whole new level. LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA 2000. LTE made the big jump by bringing up to 50 times performance improvement and much better spectral efficiency to cellular networks. -
Femtocells and Health This Brochure Has Been Designed to Answer Questions You May Have About Femtocells
Femtocells and Health This brochure has been designed to answer questions you may have about femtocells. We have all read or heard about concerns raised from time to time regarding the safe use of radio waves and wireless communications equipment. The wireless industry takes these concerns seriously and welcomes ongoing research. The consensus of international health authorities today is that there are no established health effects from low power wireless communications devices such as femtocells. What are Femtocells? Femtocells are low-power access points that can combine mobile and Internet technologies within the home. The femtocell unit generates a personal mobile phone signal in the home and connects this to the operator’s network through the Internet. This will allow improved coverage and capacity for each user within their home. Femtocells have an output power less than 0.1 Watt, similar to other What research has wireless home network equipment, been undertaken? and will typically allow up to about 4 simultaneous calls/data sessions Femtocells emit very low at any time. Mobile phones levels of radio waves (also connected to a femtocell will known as radiofrequency (RF) typically operate at levels similar electromagnetic fields) when to other wireless phones used being used. The safety of radio in the home. waves has been extensively studied for more than 50 years. Numerous independent scientific expert panels, health agencies and standard-setting organisations around the world regularly review limits have been established by this large and growing body of the International Commission on research. These organisations Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection have all reached the same general (ICNIRP). -
Femtocell Network Synchronization
180 Chapter 10 Femtocell Network Synchronization Mohammad Hasan International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Rashid A. Saeed International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Aisha A. Hassan International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia ABSTRACT Presently, femtocell technology is emerging for cellular wireless networks, which have rapidly en- grossed the cellular industry. The main advantage of femtocell to the mobile operators is a reduction of cost and an improvement of the signal quality in indoor coverage, which is also considered a possible path to the Fixed–Mobile Convergence (FMC) goal. Femtocell extends network coverage and delivers high-quality mobile services inside residential and business buildings through broadband networks (i.e. ADSL). Femtocell Access Points (FAP) or Home Base Stations (HBS) are intended to serve small number of users (i.e. 4 users) and cover about 30-square meters, similar to existing WiFi access points. However, femtocell introduces new challenges to the telecom industries in terms of handoff between femto and microcells, interference management, localization, and synchronization. Among all of these challenges, synchronization is considered as the cornerstone for the femtocells to function properly. The problematic issue in femtocell synchronization is that all the data and control traffic travels through an IP broadband network. The IP broadband network is usually owned and managed by a third party and not by the mobile operator which can complicate the synchronization. Unsynchronized FAPs may cause harmful interference and wrong handover dictions. In this chapter, the authors investigate and overview the current femtocell synchronization techniques and make comparisons between them. Possible improvements and recommendations for each method have been identified. -
Dynamic SLA Negotiation Using Bandwidth Broker for Femtocell Networks
Dynamic SLA Negotiation using Bandwidth Broker for Femtocell Networks Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury*, Sunwoong Choi*, Yeong Min Jang*, Kap-Suk Park**, and Geun Il Yoo** *Kookmin University, Korea **Korea Telecom (KT), Korea *{mzceee, schoi, yjang}@kookmin.ac.k Abstract— Satisfaction level of femtocell users’ depends on the bandwidth. Most of the non-femtocell services are not delay availability of requested bandwidth. But the xDSL line that can sensitive and can be assumed as background traffic whereas be used for the backhauling of femtocell traffic cannot always most of the femtocell services like voice and video calls are provide sufficient bandwidth due to the inequality between the delay sensitive. Thus, the quality of voice and other real- xDSL capacity and demanded bandwidth of home applications time calls degrade significantly as well as users’ satisfaction like, IPTV, PC, Wi-Fi, and others. A Service Level Agreement level also decreases. Limitation of xDSL backhaul capacity (SLA) between xDSL and femtocell operator (mobile operator) can degrade the QoS in terms of packet loss, jitter, delay, to reserve some bandwidth for the upcoming femtocell calls can and throughput. increase the satisfaction level for femtocell users. In this paper we propose a SLA negotiation procedure for femtocell networks. The Bandwidth Broker controls the allocated bandwidth for femtocell users. Then we propose the dynamically reserve bandwidth scheme to increase the femtocell user’s satisfaction level. Finally, we present our simulation results to validate the proposed scheme. Keywords— xDSL, FAP, femtocell, QoS, Bandwidth Broker, SLA, and bandwidth. I. Introduction Home based wireless networks will be the key element to support large demand of multimedia traffics for IMT- Advanced networks. -
3GPP Standards Update for Femtozone During MWC 2011
THE Mobile Broadband Standard 3GPP Standards Update Adrian Scrase Head of 3GPP Mobile Competence Centre FemtoZone Presentation, Mobile World Congress, 16 th February 2011 1 Content THE Mobile Broadband Standard The Role of 3GPP The 3GPP population Spanning the generations Building on Releases Home eNodeB and femtocell work HNB/HeNB Specifications listing Interoperability Testing What is next for 3GPP LTE FemtoZone Presentation, Mobile World Congress, 16 th February 2011 2 The Role of 3GPP THE Mobile Broadband Standard Maintenance and evolution of Radio Technologies: GSM, GPRS, W-CDMA, UMTS, EDGE, HSPA and LTE Maintenance and evolution of the related Core Network and Systems Architecture Partnership Consists of • Regional standards organizations (Asia, Europe & North America): • and Market Partners representing broader industry: concerns: FemtoZone Presentation, Mobile World Congress, 16 th February 2011 3 3GPP Population THE Mobile Broadband Standard Over 350 Companies participate through their membership of one of the 6 Partners Plenary meetings each quarter (Next time is TSG#51, Kansas City, March 2011) Over 150 meetings (including Working Groups) in 2010 FemtoZone Presentation, Mobile World Congress, 16 th February 2011 4 Spanning the Generations... THEGSM Mobile 1G Broadband Standard 3GPP Specified Radio Interfaces Analog technology. Deployed in the 1980s. • 2G radio: GSM, GPRS, EDGE GSM 2G • 3G radio: WCDMA, HSPA, LTE Digital Technology. First digital systems. • 4G radio: LTE Advanced Deployed in the 1990s. New services such as SMS and low-rate data. 3GPP Core Network Primary technologies include IS-95 CDMA and • 2G/3G: GSM core network GSM. • 3G/4G: Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 3G ITU’s IMT -2000 required 144 kbps mobile, 384 kbps pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors Primary technologies 3GPP Service Layer include CDMA2000 1X/EVDO, WiMAX, and UMTS-HSPA. -
Study Report on Regulatory Issues in Femtocell (Indoor) Deployment Strategy
Study Report on Regulatory Issues in Femtocell (Indoor) Deployment Strategy Policy & Research Strategy & Development Division Pakistan Telecommunication Authority 2012 Page 1 of 33 INTRODUCTION Demand for high speed, innovative and up‐to‐date technologies is always on the rise. Every passing day promises a new possibility and opportunity for the consumers to have access to high quality, highly efficient yet effective and real time services and applications, at the comfort of their homes, workplaces or on the move. With the developments in wireless and fixed line technologies in recent times, we have seen a shift from legacy computers to personal tabs and Smartphones, which are more than just phones. Web browsing, email, messaging, video sharing, networking, location based services, etc are just a few names from this wide range of gadgets which we see every day. All such services and obviously future services are bandwidth hungry and wireless is the preferred choice for users, we want higher data rates, lower spectrum usage, a lot of applications and at the same time at a cheaper rate, to handle all this, without a liberal wireless spectrum and strong radio engineering, these ambitions cannot be fully realized or implemented.1 The world has now moved to or is planning to shift to high end mobile technologies such as 3G, 4G, LTE and most of the developed economies have deployed a good functional fixed broadband network across the board. The case of Pakistan is a little different, 3G cellular services are expected to be started in 2013, whereas the spectrum is limited as always the case. -
Wireless Communications Methods and Services Have Been Enthusiastically Adopted by People Throughout the World
CHAPTER 1 Introductionto Wireless Communication Systems he ability to communicate with people on the move has evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radio's ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English chan- nel. That wis in 1897, and since then new wireless communications methods and services have been enthusiastically adopted by people throughout the world. Particularly during the past ten years, the mobile radio communications indus- try has grown by orders of magnitude, fueled by digital and RF circuit fabrica- tionimprovements,new large-scalecircuitintegration,andother miniaturization technologies which make portable radio equipment smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Digital switching techniques have facilitated the large scale deployment of affordable, easy-to-use radio communication networks. These trends will continue at an even greater pace during the next decade. 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications Abrief history of the evolution of mobile communications throughout the world is useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that cellular radio and personal communication services (PCS) will have on all of us over the next several decades. It is also useful for a newcomer to the cellular radio field to understand the tremendous impact that government regulatory agencies and service competitors wield in the evolution of new wireless systems, services, and technologies. While it is not the intent of this text to deal with the techno-politi- cal aspects of cellular radio and personal communications, techno-politicsare a fimdamental driver in the evolution of new technology and services, since radio spectrum usage is controlled by governments, not by service providers, equip- ment manufacturers, entrepreneurs, or researchers. -
Integrating Wi-Fi and Femtocells a Feasibility Study Based on a Techno Economic Comparison of the Two Technologies
Integrating Wi-Fi and Femtocells A feasibility study based on a techno economic comparison of the two technologies RAZVAN POPESCU Master of Science Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2013 Integrating Wi-Fi and Femtocells A feasibility study based on a techno economic comparison of the two technologies Student Razvan Popescu Supervisor Ashraf Awadelakrim Widaa Ahmed Examiner Jan I Markendahl Wireless@KTH School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden June 2013 Abstract At the end of 2009 mobile industry reached an inevitable milestone; the aggregated mobile data traffic exceeded voice traffic in the mobile networks. Starting with this point, data consumption has been continuously increasing and there are no signs that this behaviour will change in the future. For this reason mobile operators face nowadays a new paradox: they have to invest massively in their networks in order to sustain the increasing traffic while revenues are not expected to rise. This means that in order to survive, operators have to add extra capacity in a cost-efficient way. Using indoor solutions and mobile data offloading has been considered one right approach for solving this issue. While indoor solutions like Distributed Antenna Systems and repeaters have been used in the mobile networks for some time now, data offloading represents a relatively newcomer in the mobile industry. Using this concept, data traffic generated by mobile devices is moved towards alternative networks releasing the congestion in the operators’ macrocell layers. Among indoor solutions, two technologies stepped forward, Wi-Fi and Femtocells. This MSc thesis studies these two technologies, making a techno- economic comparison between them with respect on QoS level, interference, security and capacity-cost ratio. -
Leveraging CDMA2000 Small Cells with LTE to Increase Overall Network Capacity and User Experience
CDG Technology Forum Las Vegas, November 15th, 2011 Leveraging CDMA2000 Small Cells with LTE to Increase Overall Network Capacity and User Experience Andy Germano - Vice Chairman Femto Forum © Femto Forum Ltd. 2011 1 Contents • Industry and Market Overview • Femto technology • Frequency and access mode considerations • Operator Best Practices Guide • Innovative New Services • Summary Aims The Femto Forum • Promoting & enabling femtocells • Not-for-profit, founded in 2007 • Independent, Inclusive, International Partners Operators Technology providers 66 operators covering 1.99 billion mobile 71 providers of femtocell technology subscribers – 34% of global total © Femto Forum Ltd. 2011 3 Femto Forum Vision “Delivering a great mobile experience to one billion users via femto technology” Femto Forum Scope We support the whole range of small cell applications enabled by femto technology. Femto Technology = chipsets + standards + know-how and other technology elements delivering scalable licensed-spectrum access points for mobile services This technology has been created via the advent of residential femtocells, but enables a much broader range of small cell applications 4 112% Growth in Deployments in the Last Year Eight of the top ten operator groups by revenue now offer femtocell services 5 3G Femtocells Now Outnumber 3G Macrocells Globally! Global 3G Cells 6 So what is femto technology? • Standards, chipsets, know-how and other technology Femto elements delivering scalable licensed-spectrum access Technology points for mobile services -
Microcell™ Informational Document for Technical, Operational, and Troubleshooting Issues V1.8 by Otto Pylot
MicroCell™ Informational Document for Technical, Operational, and Troubleshooting Issues v1.8 by Otto Pylot Introduction 2 VoIP Basics 2-5 Requirements 5 Nominal Setup 6 Alternate Setup 6 Router Requirements 7 U-verse Basics 7-8 Wireless Home Phone (WHP) 9 Ethernet Conditions 9 GPS Lock 10 Initial Activation 11-12 Handing over 12 Technical Information 13-14 IMSI/IMEI 14-15 Connection Issues 15-20 Blinking light patterns Phone not connecting Dropped calls and/or call quality Vonage VoIP Miscellaneous 21-24 Purchasing a used unit Testing signal strength Disclaimer 25 Additions/Changes 25-26 Page 1 of 26 MicroCell™ Informational Document for Technical, Operational, and Troubleshooting Issues v1.8 by Otto Pylot The AT&T MicroCell is a very useful device when in-home cellular coverage is lacking or non-existent. However, it has developed a love/hate relationship with some customers. The purpose of this document is to hopefully explain some the technical workings of the MicroCell, which may help to explain why some customers have problems with their MicroCell’s or their phones when attempting to connect. There is a new version of the MicroCell, the DPH-154, and is the black model displayed above. It has a smaller footprint, but without the Computer and external antenna ports. Otherwise, as of this writing, the new model functions the same as the older, white model. The MicroCell is a totally closed system so there is no access to modify or change settings like you can with a router. Only AT&T can modify the system and does so on occasion with updates automatically pushed to the unit (usually in the middle of the night). -
A Femtocell Location Strategy for Improving Adaptive Traffic Sharing in Heterogeneous LTE Networks José María Ruiz Avilés*†, Matías Toril† and Salvador Luna-Ramírez†
Ruiz Avilés et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2015) 2015:38 DOI 10.1186/s13638-015-0246-0 RESEARCH Open Access A femtocell location strategy for improving adaptive traffic sharing in heterogeneous LTE networks José María Ruiz Avilés*†, Matías Toril† and Salvador Luna-Ramírez† Abstract Femtocells have been suggested as a promising solution for the provision of indoor coverage and capacity. In this paper, a new planning strategy for placing femtocell access points so as to make the most of automatic traffic sharing algorithms is proposed for a long-term evolution (LTE) heterogeneous network. The aim of the proposed method is to increase overlapping between femtocells by increasing the percentage of area with low dominance of the serving femtocell. Method assessment is carried out by simulating classical traffic sharing algorithms in a three-dimensional office scenario with femtocell location plans designed based on different network performance criteria. Results show that location plans with a larger low dominance ratio achieve better network performance after sharing traffic than plans designed for maximum coverage or connection quality. Keywords: Femtocell; Antenna; Placement; Overlapping 1 Introduction also a potential source of problems, namely, poor cover- Recent advances in radio access technologies have paved age, poor signal quality, or traffic congestion [3,4]. In such the way for mobile broadband services. In parallel, oper- a complex heterogeneous structure, self-organizing net- ator revenues keep decreasing as a result of flat rate work (SON) [5] techniques must be used to solve these subscriptions. Thus, the success of future mobile com- problems without human intervention. -
Femtocell - a Small Cell
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Femtocell - A Small Cell Thara Elizaba Thomas1 1M.tech Student, Department of Communication Engineering, Mount Zion College of Engineering, Kadammanitta, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India Abstract: Femtocell is a small cellular base station it is to boost service quality and provide value added services within a home or a small business and it connects to the service provider’s network via broadband (such as DSL or cable). Its typically support 2 to 5 mobile phones. It is essentially routes mobile calls over the internet. A Femtocell increases its coverage, especially at indoors; it is true in many homes where wireless signal cannot reach inside or poor signal strength due to security. Femtocells are considered an important element of Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC). Traditional FMC requires use of dual mode (WiFi) handsets but ordinary cellphones can be used for FMC. One of the most significant advantages of Femtocell wireless is that by directing home mobile calls on the internet, operators can free up the wireless network. In emerging markets, wireless network congestion rates point to the idea that Femtocells would be a boon in such locations. Keywords: Closed subscriber group, digital subsciber line, femtocell, system description document, self organizing network. 1. Introduction 3. Proposed System In telecommunication, a femtocell is a small cellular base Since mid-1990s, the mobile cellular communication station and is typically designed for use in home or small industry has been enjoying its fastest growth. Today’s business and is connects to the service provider’s network wireless communication technology is the refined and via broadband.