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Dowiarz-Mastersthesis-2021 Comparing the Hickory Shad (Alosa mediocris) and American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) Sport Fishery Using Age and Spawning Composition and Social Media. By: Samantha Ann Dowiarz May 2021 Director of Thesis: Dr. Roger A. Rulifson Major Department: Biology Abstract The goal of this study was to compare aspects of Hickory Shad (Alosa mediocris) (Mitchell 1814) and American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) (Wilson 1811) life history while also providing supplemental information on their age and spawning composition, recreational catch and effort, and geographical distribution for future stock assessments. Hickory and American shads are anadromous fish species native to the East Coast of North America that ascend freshwater watersheds to spawn in the spring. Exactly how similar these two species are in life history is unknown, but the two species are co-managed federally by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Based on the 2020 stock assessment, American Shad are in a state of decline in multiple watershed along the spawning range, but it is unknown whether Hickory Shad are experiencing the same decline because the lack of scientific literature makes a benchmark coastwide stock assessment impossible to complete. The first objective of this study was to compare the age and spawning composition of Hickory Shad captured from different river systems across the range. Since aging protocols for Hickory Shad scales and sagittal otoliths were never published in the primary literature, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries American Shad Ageing Protocol was used in its place. A subsample of transversely sectioned otoliths was aged, coupled with otolith microchemistry, and compared to whole otolith ages. The results determined that Hickory Shad otoliths should be aged slightly differently than American Shad, an aspect of its life history that disagrees with the current co-management. Otoliths were the more precise aging structure, so a sex-specific age-length key for North Carolina was created from 240 Hickory Shad otoliths aged from the Rulifson Lab. The keys were then used to assign ages to length data provided by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) and North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (NCDMF) to create a length-at-age distribution. Fish used in this study were primarily grab samples from agency spring monitoring and so results may not accurately extrapolate to the entire spawning population; however, with the exception of Georgia the results here suggest a latitudinal repeat spawning gradient of increased iteroparity from south to north, a trend also observed for the American Shad. Both species comprise important recreational fisheries throughout their ranges, so much so that a Facebook group named “NC-Shad” was created in 2013 by shad anglers to post about their fishing trips, successful or otherwise. From 2013-2020, a total of 1,790 posts were analyzed to determine angler demographics, lure characteristics, and catch information. From all posts, 78% (n=1,398) included location information, so Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was employed to examine spatiotemporal patterns in fishing location and Hickory Shad and American Shad Catch Per Post (CPP). Catch Per Post(or per interview in the case of a creel survey) was used in place of Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) because not every post indicated the number of anglers present, so effort could not be assessed based on this data collection method. Although significant spatiotemporal trends were not found based on both Hickory and American shad CPP, an overall positive trend in Hickory Shad CPP and negative trend in American Shad CPP are apparent throughout the study period. These opposing CPP trends suggests that something, whether it is anthropogenic or naturally occurring, is affecting American Shad more drastically than Hickory Shad. The “NC-Shad” CPP was also compared to the CSMA anadromous creel survey CPP obtained annually by the NCWRC, and multiple years within multiple watersheds were found to have significant differences in CPP for both Hickory and American shads. One caveat in this comparison is that creel surveys do not collect information from bank anglers, but many posts from “NC-Shad” were from bank anglers, which may explain some of the CPP differences. Results of my social media study demonstrated that social media is a technological adaption with potential to form a recreational angler citizen science network based on Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK). Social media data mining could be a cost- effective alternative to obtain supplementary information on recreationally important fish species, and viable technique for the future of fisheries management. Comparing the Hickory Shad (Alosa mediocris) and American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) Sport Fishery Using Age and Spawning Composition and Social Media. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Biology East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree M.S. Biology By Samantha Ann Dowiarz May 2021 © Samantha Ann Dowiarz, 2021 Comparing the Hickory Shad (Alosa mediocris) and American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) Sport Fishery Using Age and Spawning Composition and Social Media. By Samantha Ann Dowiarz APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: _______________________________________________ (Roger A. Rulifson, PhD) COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ (Yoo Min Park, PhD) COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ (Michael McCoy, PhD) COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ (Patrick Harris, PhD) COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ (Norman Halden, PhD) CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF (Biology): ________________________________________ (David Chalcraft, PhD) DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: _______________________________________________ (Paul J. Gemperline, PhD) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. Roger Rulifson for his guidance and patience throughout my time at East Carolina University. I also thank the members of my thesis committee including Dr. Yoo Min Park, Dr. Michael McCoy, Dr. Norman Halden, and Dr. Patrick Harris for their feedback and advice. I thank my lab colleague C. Ryan Hill for his support, input, and help troubleshooting with R Studio. I also thank the undergraduates from the Rulifson Lab that aided in the completion on my thesis: Mackenzie Fain, Lacey Hall, Hannah Vernon, Haley Fulghum, Luis Oliveria, Candice Killian, Brittany Wiley, Mattie High, and Reece McArthur. I thank the Sport Fish Restoration Act and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Division of Inland Fisheries for funding. I thank Jeremy McCargo, Daniel Zapf, Julienne Harris, Holly White, and Andrew Cathey for providing feedback and historical data. I thank all the fisheries biologists and state agency personnel from Maryland to Florida that provided Hickory Shad for this study: Johnny Moore, Charles Stence, Robert Aguilar, Joseph Swann, Alan Weaver, Michael Odom, Eric Brittle, Katy Potoka, Daniel Zapf, Beth Egbert, Kyle Rachels, Ben Ricks, Chris Stewart, Bill Post, Chris Harper, Bryant Bowen, and Reid Hyle. Without their contributions this study would not have been possible. I am greatly appreciative to my mother, Joyce Dowiarz, for her support, and my father, Daniel Dowiarz for watching over me. I am proud as the first member of my family to not only obtain a Bachelors degree, but also a Masters; they both made my education possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES, AND LITERATURE REVIEW.......... 1 Diadromy .................................................................................................... 1 Hickory Shad (Alosa mediocris) and American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) ............ 2 Management .................................................................................................... 6 Commercial and Recreational Fishery ...................................................... 8 The Role of Social Media in Management ................................................ 10 Goals and Objectives .......................................................................................... 11 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: AGEING AND SPAWNING MARKS OF HICKORY SHAD .................. 26 Abstract .................................................................................................... 26 Introduction .................................................................................................... 27 Methods .................................................................................................... 29 Sample Collection and Processing............................................................ 29 Ageing Scales and Otoliths ...................................................................... 31 Spawning Marks ...................................................................................... 35 Length-at-age Distribution ....................................................................... 36 Results .................................................................................................... 37 Ageing Scales and Otoliths .....................................................................
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