Notes
1 Introduction
1. Notable exceptions are David Matless, ‘Moral Geography in Broadland’, Cultural Geographies, 1.2 (1994), 127–55, and Karen Welberry, ‘Arthur Ransome and the Conservation of the English Lakes’, in Wild Things: Children’s Culture and Eco-Criticism, ed. by Sidney Dobrin and Kenneth. B. Kidd (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004), pp. 82–100, both of which are discussed in Chapter 4. Alex Potts’s observation that ‘it would be quite possible to explore the cultural politics of countryside imagery by looking at its use in fiction, poetry and children’s books’ is representative of the acknowledged potential of examining this subject through children’s literature. Alex Potts, ‘Constable Country between the Wars’, in Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, Vol. III: National Fictions, ed. by Raphael Samuel (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 160–68 (165). 2. Victor Watson, ‘Camping and Tramping Fiction’, in The Cambridge Guide to Children’s Books in English, ed. by Victor Watson (Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 124–5. 3. Victor Watson, ‘Camping and Tramping Fiction, 1920–1960’, in Reading Series Fiction: from Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 73–83 (79, 82). 4. Humphrey Carpenter, Secret Gardens: A Study of the Golden Age of Children’s Literature (London: Unwin, 1987), p. 210; Owen Dudley Edwards, British Children’s Fiction in the Second World War (Edinburgh University Press, 2007), p. 44. 5. Carpenter, Secret Gardens, p. 1. 6. Peter Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 99. 7. Marcus Crouch, Treasure Seekers and Borrowers (1962; London: The Library Association, 1963), p. 38. 8. The significance and implications of the summer of 1914 have been widely discussed by many critics of both the First World War and the interwar period. Some, such as Paul Fussell draw upon the image of the summer – ‘all agree’ that it was ‘the most idyllic for many years’. See Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (1975; Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 24. It is, however, also possible to consider this golden summer as part of the constructed mythology surrounding the First World War and consequently it should not be considered unproblematically. What is accepted, though, is the cultural significance of the idea of this lost golden summer. See Dan Todman, The Great War, Myth and Memory (London and New York: Hambledon and London, 2005).
156 Notes 157
9. Roland Chambers, The Last Englishman: The Double Life of Arthur Ransome (London: Faber and Faber, 2009), p. 7. 10. According to the Library Association Review, children’s book publishing in the 1930s was characterised by a ‘few good books’ in an ‘ocean of trash’. Quoted in Peter Hunt, An Introduction to Children’s Literature (Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 107. 11. Darton’s comments appeared in a letter he wrote to W. C. Berwick Sayers, quoted in, W. C. Berwick Sayers, ‘An Appreciation’, The Junior Bookshelf, 1.2 (1937), p. 4. 12. On the ‘Age of Brass’ in children’s literature, see Hunt, An Introduction to Children’s Literature, p. 31, and idem, Approaching Arthur Ransome, p. 15. 13. On radical uses of nostalgia, see Alastair Bonnett, Left in the Past: Radicalism and the Politics of Nostalgia (New York: Continuum, 2010). 14. William Ready, The Tolkien Relation. A Personal Inquiry (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1968), pp. 81–2; Rosemary Jackson, Fantasy (London: Methuen, 1981), pp. 91, 1. 15. J. R. R. Tolkien, ‘On Fairy Stories’, in Tree and Leaf (London: Allen and Unwin, 1964), pp. 56–7. 16. Ibid., p. 56. 17. For a development of the connection between Tolkien’s The Hobbit and camping and tramping fiction see, Hazel Sheeky Bird, ‘The Pastoral Impulse and the Turn to the Future in The Hobbit and Interwar Children’s Fiction’, in Tolkien Casebook, ed. by Peter Hunt (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 48–61. 18. Dudley Edwards, British Children’s Fiction in the Second World War, p. 470. 19. Dudley Edwards singles out Malcolm Saville’s Mystery at Witchend (1943) for particular praise, describing it as ‘unflinchingly, a war book’. This may well be true, but the inclusion of a plot by spies to blow up a local reser- voir perhaps challenges the idea that it is any more realistic than any of Ransome’s stories. Dudley Edwards, British Children’s Fiction in the Second World War, p. 470. 20. Letter to Charles Reynold, 19 February 1941, quoted in Hugh Brogan, The Life of Arthur Ransome (London: Jonathan Cape, 1984), p. 379. 21. Valerie Holman, Print for Victory Book Publishing in England 1939–1945 (London: The British Library, 2008), p. 27. The period in-between September 1939, when Britain and France declared war on Germany, and May 1940, is often referred to as the Phoney War as it was marked by general inactivity. 22. Sue Malvern, Modern Art, Britain and the Great War (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 5–6. 23. Raphael Samuel, ‘Introduction: The Figures of National Myth’, in Patriotism. The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, ed. by Raphael Samuel (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. xi–xxxvi (xix). 24. Patrick Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain (1985: London: Verso; repr., Oxford University Press, 2009) pp. 77–83; Alun Howkins, ‘The Discovery of Rural England’, in 158 Notes
Englishness: Politics and Culture 1880–1920, ed. by Robert Colls and Philip Dodds (London: Routledge, 1987), pp. 61–89 (78). 25. Andrew Causey, ‘English Art and “The National Character”, 1933–34’, in The Geographies of Englishness: Landscape and the National Past 1880–1940, ed. by David Peters Corbett, Ysanne Holt and Fiona Russell (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 275–302 (296). 26. Raphael Samuel, Island Stories. Unravelling Britain, Theatres of Memory, Vol. II, ed. by Alison Light (London: Verso, 1998), p. 48. 27. Andrew. S. Thompson, Imperial Britain: The Empire in British Politics, c. 1880–1932 (Essex: Pearson, 2000), and The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh: Pearson, 2005). 28. On the subject of Englishness, see Judy Giles and Tim Middleton, Writing Englishness 1900–1950: An Introductory Source Book on National Identity (London: Routledge, 1995); David Gervais, Literary Englands. Versions of ‘Englishness’ in Modern Writing (Cambridge University Press, 1993); Roger Ebbatson, An Imaginary England. Nation, Landscape and Literature, 1840–1920 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005). 29. Peter Mandler, ‘“Against Englishness”: English Culture and the Limits to Rural Nostalgia, 1850–1940’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 7 (1997), 155–75. 30. Ralph Harrington rightly notes that seemingly seminal works on this sub- ject such as John MacKenzie’s Propaganda and Empire (1984) barely refer to the Royal Navy. I would extend this comment and argue that British mari- time island nationalism on the whole has been under-examined in cul- tural studies of British national identity. Ralph Harrington, ‘“The Mighty Hood”: Navy, Empire, War at Sea and the British National Imagination, 1920–60’, Journal of Contemporary History, 38 (2003), 171–85 (172). 31. See Glen O’Hara, ‘“The Sea Is Swinging into View”: Modern British Maritime History in a Globalised World’, English Historical Review, 124 (October 2006), 1109–34. 32. Alex Law, ‘Of Navies and Navels: Britain as a Mental Island’, Geografiska Annaler. Series B. Human Geography, 87.4 (2005), 267–77 (267). 33. Hunt, An Introduction to Children’s Literature, pp. 180, 182 (emphasis in original). 34. Joanna Cannan’s We Met Our Cousins (1937) sees two sets of cousins (one Scottish and one English) learn to get along after initial hostilities. 35. On the timing and emergence of four-nations history see Raphael Samuel, ‘British Dimensions: “Four Nations History”’, History Workshop Journal, 40 (Autumn 1995), iii–xxii; Raphael Samuel, ‘Four Nations History’, in Island Stories, pp. 21–40. Rebecca Knuth’s recent book covers a far wider time span and so she overtly addresses British national identity. See Rebecca Knuth, Children’s Literature and British Identity: Imagining a People and a Nation (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2012). 36. See Siân Nicholas, ‘Being British: Creeds and Cultures’, in The British Isles, 1901–1951, ed. by Keith Robbins (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 103–36. Notes 159
37. Geoffrey Trease, Walking in England (Wisbech, UK: The Fenland Press, 1935), p. 11. 38. Law, ‘Of Navies and Navels’, p. 267. 39. David Mayall, Gypsy-Travellers in Nineteenth-Century Society (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 3. 40. Deborah Epstein Nord, Gypsies and the British Imagination (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), pp. 6, 4. 41. Mayall, Gypsy-Travellers in Nineteenth-Century Society, p. 1131. 42. Amit Yadav-Brown, ‘Gypsies, Nomadism, and the Limits of Realism’, MLN, 121 (2006), 1124–47 (1130). 43. Epstein Nord, Gypsies and the British Imagination, p. 18. Ian Hancock makes the same decision while also noting that it is a problematic term. Ian Hancock, ‘The Origin and Function of the Gypsy Image in Children’s Literature’, The Lion and the Unicorn, 11.1 (1987), 47–59. 44. Hancock, ‘The Origin and Function of the Gypsy Image in Children’s Literature’, p. 47. 45. See Peter Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome, p. 164; Murray Knowles and Kirsten Malmkjær, Language and Control in Children’s Literature (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 22. 46. Dulcie Pettigrew, ‘Swallows and Amazons Explored: A Reassessment of Arthur Ransome’s Books for Children’, New Review of Children’s Literature and Librarianship, 15.1 (2009), 1–20 (17). 47. Hugh Shelley, Arthur Ransome: A Bodley Head Monograph (London: The Bodley Head, 1960), p. 59. 48. Quoted in Pettigrew, ‘Swallows and Amazons Explored’, p. 17. 49. David Cannadine, The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), pp. 142–3. 50. Quoted in Arthur Ransome and Hugh Brogan, Signalling from Mars. The Letters of Arthur Ransome (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997), p. 303. 51. Ransome and Brogan, Signalling from Mars, p. 303. 52. In the summer of 2013 I was invited to speak to the Arthur Ransome Literary Society at York and it was apparent that a large proportion of its membership either identified themselves as being working class or had been born working class. Strikingly, many members were keen to talk about the subject of class in the ‘Swallows and Amazons’ books, as they felt that it was the great unspoken topic where Ransome is concerned. The development of my argument in Chapters 5 and 6 of this book benefited greatly from the discussion and comments that I received from TARS at this time, though many of its members do not agree with my reading. 53. Jonathan Rose, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001). 54. Cannadine, The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain, p. xi. 55. Ian Wojcik-Andrews, ‘Introduction: Notes toward a Theory of Class in Children’s Literature’, The Lion and the Unicorn, 17.2 (1993), 113–23 (114). 56. Valerie Krips, ‘A Notable Irrelevance: Class and Children’s Fiction’, The Lion and the Unicorn, 17.2 (1993), 195–209 (195); Fred Inglis, The Promise 160 Notes
of Happiness: Value and Meaning in Children’s Literature (Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 50. 57. Krips, ‘A Notable Irrelevance: Class and Children’s Fiction’, p. 196. 58. Cannadine, The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain, p. xii. 59. Wojcik-Andrews, ‘Introduction: Notes toward a Theory of Class in Children’s Literature’, p. 114. 60. Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures. England 1918–1951 (Oxford University Press, 1998); Simon Stewart, Culture and the Middle Classes (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010); Cannadine, The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain. 61. Stewart, Culture and the Middle Classes, p. 1; McKibbin, Classes and Cultures, p. 49. 62. Cannadine, The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain, p. 112. 63. McKibbin, Classes and Cultures, p. 49. 64. Stewart, Culture and the Middle Classes, p. 5. 65. Lawrence James, The Middle Class. A History (London: Little, Brown, 2006; repr., London: Abacus, 2008), p. 1. 66. McKibbin, Classes and Cultures, p. 92. 67. Some genres, such as fantasy have received a degree of attention, though this is often limited to specific chapters within more general work. See for example, Colin Manlove, From Alice to Harry Potter: Children’s Fantasy in England (Christchurch: Cybereditions, 2003). 68. ‘What Do We Represent?’, The Junior Bookshelf, 1.3 (1937), 22. 69. The following sources have been particularly useful; namely, W. C. Berwick Sayers, A Manual of Children’s Libraries (London: George Allen and Unwin and the Library Association, 1932); J.G. Faraday, Twelve Years of Children’s Books. A Selection of the Best Books for Children Published during the Years 1926–1937 (Birmingham: Combridge, 1939); W. C. Berwick Sayers, ed., Books for Youth. A Classified and Annotated Guide for Young Readers (1930; London: The Library Association, 1936); and Nerina Shute, Favourite Books for Boys and Girls. A Book Guide for Parents, Teachers and Children (London: Jarrolds, 1955). 70. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 6. 71. Ibid., p. 6.
2 A Very Fuzzy Set-Defining Camping and Tramping Fiction
1. On the usefulness of fuzzy sets, see Brian Attebery, Strategies of Fantasy (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 12–13; M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms (1941; Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1993), p. 77. 2. Geoffrey Trease, Tales Out of School, 2nd edn (1949; London: Heinemann Educational, 1964), p. 141, and Frank Eyre, 20th Century Children’s Books (London: The British Council, 1952), p. 56. These are by no means the only writers to attribute this position to Arthur Ransome. See also Sheila Notes 161
G. Ray, Children’s Fiction. A Handbook for Librarians (1970; Leicester: Brockhampton Press, 1972), p. 57. 3. Peter Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 13. 4. Roger Lancelyn Green, Tellers of Tales. Children’s Books and Their Authors from 1800 to 1964 (1946; London: Edmund Ward, 1965), p. 262. 5. Brian Doyle, The Who’s Who of Children’s Literature (London: Hugh Evelyn, 1968), p. 229. 6. Eyre, 20th Century Children’s Books, p. 57. 7. Marcus Crouch, Treasure Seekers and Borrowers (1962; London: The Library Association, 1963), p. 72. 8. Crouch complains that ‘the Locketts’ endless search for adventure became tedious’. Crouch, Treasure Seekers and Borrowers, p. 72. 9. Other series include books about the Buckinghams, the Jillies, the Nettlefords and the Marston Baines. The last is for a young adult audience. 10. Lancelyn Green, Tellers of Tales, p. 265. 11. See Malcolm Saville, The Secret of the Gorge (London: George Newnes, 1958), Lone Pine London (London: George Newnes, 1957), The Elusive Grasshopper (London: George Newnes, 1951), Mystery Mine (London: George Newnes, 1959) and The Gay Dolphin Adventure (London: George Newnes, 1943). Victor Watson demonstrates how Saville develops the sexual relationships of his older protagonists in his analysis of the edit- ing of Saville’s books for publication in paperback. See Victor Watson, ‘Malcolm Saville: The Price Paid’, in Reading Series Fiction: From Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 101–16. 12. See Saville, The Secret of the Gorge, Wings over Witchend (London: George Newnes, 1956) and Saucers over the Moon, illus. by Bertram Prance (London: George Newnes, 1955). 13. Trease, Tales Out of School, p. 140. 14. Mary Cadogan and Patricia Craig, You’re a Brick, Angela. A New Look at Girl’s Fiction from 1839–1975 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1976), p. 351. 15. Humphrey Carpenter and Mari Pritchard, The Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 7. 16. Carpenter and Pritchard, The Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature, p. 7. 17. Watson, Reading Series Fiction, p. 103. 18. Ibid., p. 103. 19. Crouch, Treasure Seekers and Borrowers, p. 72. 20. Doyle, The Who’s Who of Children’s Literature, p. 146. According to Marcus Crouch, Hogg was concerned with the accuracy of these novels and as a result took steps such as testing them himself ‘by walking and cycling over the ground’ that he describes. See, Crouch, Treasure Seekers and Borrowers, p. 72. Arthur Ransome also tested the accuracy of We Didn’t Mean to Go to Sea (1937) by sailing across the North Sea to Holland. Arthur Ransome, ‘A Letter to the Editor’, The Junior Bookshelf, 1.4 (1937), 4. 21. Anonymous review, ‘Garry Hogg, Explorers on the Wall’, The Junior Bookshelf, 3.3 (1939), 158. 162 Notes
22. Anonymous review, ‘Garry Hogg, House Boat Holiday’, The Junior Bookshelf, 9.1 (1945), 28. 23. Anonymous review, ‘Anne Barrett, The Dark Island’, The Junior Bookshelf, 17.1 (1953), 14. 24. Anonymous review, ‘Agnes Booth, The Secret of the Harvest Camp’, The Junior Bookshelf, 12.4 (1948), 189. 25. Anonymous review, ‘Ruth How, Adventures at Friendly Farm’, The Junior Bookshelf, 13.1 (1949), 51. 26. Anonymous review, ‘Garry Hogg, Norwegian Holiday’, The Junior Bookshelf, 16 (March 1952), 49. 27. Watson, Reading Series Fiction, p. 79. 28. See, Sarah Spooner, ‘Landscapes: “Going Foreign” in Arthur Ransome’s Peter Duck’, in Children’s Literature, New Approaches, ed. by Karin Lesnik- Oberstein (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2004), pp. 206–28. 29. Eyre, 20th Century Children’s Books, p. 58. 30. Carpenter and Pritchard, The Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature, p. 7. 31. Lancelyn Green, Tellers of Tales, p. 201. 32. See Brian Morris, ‘Ernest Thompson Seton and the Origins of the Woodcraft Movement’, Journal of Contemporary History, 5.2 (1970), 183–94. 33. Prior to the First World War, Arthur Ransome was good friends with Edward Thomas, who is considered to have written in the tradition of Jefferies. 34. On the development of the rural tradition, see W. J. Keith, The Rural Tradition. A Study of the Non-Fiction Prose Writers of the English Countryside (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1974). Raymond Williams notes that there is a history of such moments of crises, when the countryside has appeared to be undergoing changes that are viewed as threatening a Golden Age or idyll. See ‘A Problem of Perspective’, in Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (London: Chatto and Windus, 1973; repr., London: The Hogarth Press, 1993), pp. 9–12. 35. Crouch, Treasure Seekers and Borrowers, p. 77. 36. ‘BB’, The Little Grey Men (Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1942; repr., Reading: Magnet Classics, 1988), pp. 40–50. 37. G. Bramwell Evens, Out with Romany. Adventures with Birds and Animals (London: University of London Press, 1937), p. 45; G. Bramwell Evens, Out with Romany Again (London: University of London Press, 1938), p. 41. 38. Doyle, The Who’s Who of Children’s Literature, p. 89. According to Humphrey Carpenter and Mari Pritchard, the BBC were initially reluctant to broadcast Bramwell Evens’s show in the south of England because they were too far from ‘BBC English’. Carpenter and Pritchard, The Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature, p. 113. 39. F. Fraser Darling, The Seasons and the Farmer. A Book for Children, illus. by C. F. Tunnicliffe (Cambridge University Press, 1939), note, unpaginated. 40. Trease, Tales Out of School, p. 56. 41. Anonymous review of ‘Eleanor Helme’s Furlong Farm’, The Junior Bookshelf, 3.2 (1938), 112. Notes 163
42. Anonymous review of ‘Hilary Fitzgerald’s The Home Farm’, The Junior Bookshelf, 16 (July 1952), 113. 43. Jan Marsh, Back to the Land. The Pastoral Impulse in Victorian England from 1880 to 1914 (London: Quarter Books, 1982), p. 112. 44. Monica Edwards, Black Hunting Whip (Collins, 1950; repr., Bath: Girls Gone By, 2011), p. 78. 45. Marjorie Lloyd, The Farm at Mallerstang, illus. by Astrid Walford (London: Methuen, 1956), p. 27. 46. Lloyd, The Farm at Mallerstang, p. 132. 47. Ibid., p. 104. 48. Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Week-End. A Social History of Great Britain 1918–1939 (London: Faber and Faber, 1950), p. 276. 49. Raphael Samuel, ‘Country Visiting: A Memoir’, in Island Stories. Unravelling Britain. Theatres of Memory, Volume II, ed. by Alison Light (London: Verso, 1998), pp. 132–52 (133). 50. Trease, Tales Out of School, p. 140. 51. It is well known that Hull and Whitlock wrote their novel while still at school, sending their manuscript to Arthur Ransome, who championed their work with his own publisher, Jonathan Cape. For a full account of this see Ransome’s own introduction to the novel. Katherine Hull and Pamela Whitlock, The Far Distant Oxus, illus. by Pamela Whitlock (1937; Edinburgh: Fidra, 2008), pp. i–x. 52. Monica Edwards, No Mistaking Corker, illus. by Anne Bullen (1947; London: May Fair Books, 1965), pp. 18, 11, 18. 53. In the main, criticism has largely focused on the insistence that the Lockett children always encounter adventures, which for some critics, such as Marcus Crouch, led to rather ‘tiresome’ and ‘manufactured’ plots. See Marcus Crouch, The Nesbit Tradition. The Children’s Novel 1945–1970 (London: Ernest Benn, 1972), p. 144. Owen Dudley Edwards finds no merit in Atkinson’s work whatsoever and argues that her books are ‘openly anti-lower class’. See Owen Dudley Edwards, British Children’s Fiction in the Second World War (Edinburgh University Press, 2007), p. 471. 54. M. E. Atkinson, The Compass Points North (London: The Bodley Head, 1938), p. 28. 55. Henry Durant, The Problem of Leisure (London: Routledge, 1938), p. 204. 56. On anti-militarism and children’s culture post-1918, see Graves and Hodge, The Long Week-End, p. 269. On the link between scouting and militarism, see John Springhall, Youth, Empire and Society. British Youth Movements, 1883–1940 (London: Croom Helm, 1977), p. 64. 57. Trease, Tales Out of School, p. 146. 58. Watson, Reading Series Fiction, p. 19. On the subject of play and the rehearsal of adult roles, see Margaret Lowenfeld, Play in Childhood (London: Victor Gollancz, 1965), p. 208. 59. W. C. Berwick Sayers, ‘Swallows and Amazons For Ever!’, The Junior Bookshelf, 1.4 (1937), 6–8 (7). 60. Carol Forrest, Caravan School (London: Arthur Pearson, 1946), p. 71. 164 Notes
61. Edwards, No Mistaking Corker, p. 22. 62. Ross McKibbin makes this distinction between traditional and non- traditional working classes, the latter of which, he argues, were somewhat resented by the former. See Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures. England 1918–1951 (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 92. 63. Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh: Pearson Education, 2005), p. 18. 64. Forrest, Caravan School, p. 13. 65. It is widely thought that Captain Flint is a self-portrait of Ransome. Peter Hunt, for example, observes that ‘The element of self-portrait here is surprisingly astringent.’ Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome, p. 72. 66. Watson, ‘Camping and Tramping Fiction’, in The Cambridge Guide to Children’s Books in English, p. 124. 67. Victor Watson has written two pieces of criticism on camping and tramp- ing fiction, which appear to slightly contradict each other. In Reading Series Fiction: From Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp, Watson includes a specific chapter on camping and tramping fiction, which encompasses the dates 1920–60. His later entry on the genre, in The Cambridge Guide to Children’s Books in English, modifies this to 1930–60. The latter is the more accurate as Watson does not include any examples of camping and tramping fiction that precede Swallows and Amazons. See Victor Watson, ‘Camping and Tramping Fiction, 1920–1960’, in Reading Series Fiction, pp. 73–83, and ‘Camping and Tramping Fiction’, in The Cambridge Guide to Children’s Books in English, pp. 124–5.
3 The Delights of the Open Road, Footloose and Fancy Free
1. See the Introduction for a discussion of the difficulties inherent in using the word Gypsy to refer to travelling people and the rationale for using it in this book. 2. Definition of ‘tramp’, Oxford English Dictionary, online edn
9. Ransome essentially repeats this opening depiction of camping prepara- tions at the start of his second novel, Swallowdale (1931), and Secret Water (1939), both of which feature the extended camping of the Walker family. 10. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 17. 11. Ibid., p. 180. This final point is particularly important in both Peter Duck and Great Northern?, where Susan’s domestic management allows them to go in search of Peter Duck’s treasure and protect the Great Northern Divers from Mr Jemmerling. 12. Margaret Lowenfeld, Play in Childhood (London: Victor Gollancz, 1935), p. 188. 13. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, pp. 33, 56. 14. Garry Hogg, Explorers Awheel (1938; London: Thomas Nelson, 1946), p. 31. 15. See Marjorie Lloyd, ‘Preparation’ and ‘Pitching Camp’, in Fell Farm Holiday (1951; Harmondsworth: Puffin, 1976), pp. 77–96 (80). 16. Marjorie Lloyd, Fell Farm Campers (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960), pp. 32, 39. 17. M. E. Atkinson, August Adventure, illus. by Harold Jones (1936; London: Jonathan Cape, 1946), pp. 70, 67. 18. E. H. Young, Caravan Island, illus. by J. J. Haley (1940; London: Adam and Charles Black, 1942), p. 31. 19. Ibid., p. 49. 20. This is also evident in the Aunt’s physically active character shown through her rock climbing and the role reversal between the elder cousins Stephen and Cicely. 21. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 198. 22. Ibid., p. 33; subsequent quotations from, pp. 199, 200, 263. 23. Paul Zweig, The Adventurer (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1974), p. 106. 24. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 43. 25. Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. Second Series (1932; London: The Hogarth Press, 1986), p. 54. 26. Ibid., p. 58. 27. W. C. Berwick Sayers, ‘Swallows and Amazons For Ever!’, The Junior Bookshelf, 1.4 (1937), 6–8 (7). 28. Victor Watson, Reading Series Fiction: From Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 17. 29. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 36. 30. See Jay Mechling, ‘The Magic of the Boy Scout Campfire’, The Journal of American Folklore, 93 (1980), 35–56 (38–9). Mechling’s essay is based on a study of American Boy Scout troupes. However, as the Scouts were an international organisation, and indeed Baden-Powell was heavily influ- enced by Ernest Thompson Seton when setting up the scouts in Britain, the analysis of American campfires is relevant to that of British campfires. 31. Arthur Ransome, Swallowdale (1931; London: Jonathan Cape, 1944), pp. 28–9. 32. All references are to Frazer’s 1922 abridged version of the 12 volumes which comprise The Golden Bough, first published in 1890. Sir James Frazer, 166 Notes
The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion (London: Macmillan, 1922; repr., Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1993), p. 642. 33. Ransome, Swallowdale, p. 453. 34. Frazer, The Golden Bough, p. 642. 35. Ransome, Swallowdale, p. 82. 36. Ibid., p. 103. The Juan Fernandez archipelago is in the South Pacific and is well known as the site of Alexander Selkirk’s real and Robinson Crusoe’s literary marooning. Two of the three islands that make up the archipelago are named after Robinson Crusoe and Alexander Selkirk. 37. Ransome, Swallowdale, pp. 131, 130, 120. 38. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 118. 39. Mechling, ‘The Magic of the Boy Scout Campfire’, p. 38. 40. David Severn, A Cabin for Crusoe, illus. by J. Kiddell-Monroe (London: John Lane, 1943), pp. 139–40. 41. Ibid., pp. 141, 142. 42. Amit Yadav-Brown, ‘Gypsies, Nomadism, and the Limits of Realism’, MLN, 121 (2006), 1124–47 (1124). 43. Ian Hancock, ‘The Origin and Function of the Gypsy Image in Children’s Literature’, The Lion and the Unicorn, 11.1 (1987), 47–59 (49). 44. Ibid. 45. E. V. Lucas, The Slowcoach: A Story of Roadside Adventure (London: Wells Gardner Dartons, 1910), p. 30; subsequent quotations from, pp. 18, 15, 27, 207, 218. 46. Monica Edwards, No Mistaking Corker, illus. by Anne Bullen (1947; London: May Fair Books, 1965), p. 41. 47. Lucas, The Slowcoach, pp. 211, 213. 48. Malcolm Saville, Seven White Gates (London: George Newnes, 1944), pp. 25–6. 49. Malcolm Saville, Spring Comes to Nettleford (London: George Newnes, 1954). 50. Ruth Howe, The Friendly Farm, illus. by Joan Kiddell Monroe (London: Hollis and Carter, 1947), p. 40; Adventures at Friendly Farm, illus. by Joan Kiddell Monroe (London: Hollis and Carter, 1948), p. 47. 51. Anonymous review, ‘Ruth How, Adventures at Friendly Farm’, The Junior Bookshelf, 13.1 (1949), 51. 52. Severn, A Cabin for Crusoe, p. 131. 53. ‘Argument’, in The Open Road. A Little Book for Wayfarers, ed. by E. V. Lucas (1899; London: Methuen & Co, 1937), p. ix. 54. Jan Marsh, Back to the Land. The Pastoral Impulse in Victorian England from 1880 to 1914 (London: Quarter Books, 1982), p. 33. 55. Bliss Corman, ‘The Joys of the Road’, in The Open Road, ed. by Lucas, pp. 19–22 (22). 56. Lucas, The Open Road, p. v. 57. W. J. Keith, The Rural Tradition. A Study of the Non-Fiction Prose Writers of the English Countryside (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1974), p. 108. Notes 167
58. Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows (1908; London: Methuen, 1933), p. 19. 59. Stables was an ex-Naval officer who also wrote many works of children’s historical fiction that were initially serialised in the Boys’ Own Paper in the 1890s and published in book form in the 1930s by Dean & Son. He was also a popular caravanning figure who was elected vice president of the Caravan Club on its formation in 1907. See G. S. Woods, ‘Stables, William Gordon (1837x40–1910)’, rev. Guy Arnold, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn
84. Yadav-Brown, ‘Gypsies, Nomadism, and the Limits of Realism’, p. 1227. 85. So many other members of the Unwin family, besides David Severn, attended Abbotsholme, to the extent that they were known by number rather than name. Stanley Unwin for example was known as Unwin 6. Stanley’s brother Sidney was Unwin 3 and worked at Abbotsholme as a master. See Stanley Unwin, The Truth about a Publisher. An Autobiographical Record (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1960), p. 47. David Severn was Unwin 9. Severn, Fifty Years with Father, pp. 33–7. 86. Bevir, ‘British Socialism and American Romanticism’, p. 882. 87. Marsh, Back to the Land, p. 212. 88. Bevir, ‘British Socialism and American Romanticism’, p. 890. 89. Severn, A Cabin for Crusoe, p. 172. 90. Whitman, ‘Song of the Open Road’, p. 33. 91. Severn, A Cabin for Crusoe, pp. 176–7. 92. According to Ian Hancock, Gypsy cultures are historically non-literate due to their exclusion from attending school. See Hancock, ‘The Origin and Function of the Gypsy Image in Children’s Literature’, p. 48.
4 Landscape and Tourism in the Camping and Tramping Countryside
1. Peter Hunt, An Introduction to Children’s Literature (Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 122. 2. Raphael Samuel, ‘Country Visiting: A Memoir’, in Island Stories. Unravelling Britain. Theatres of Memory, Volume II, ed. by Alison Light (London: Verso. 1998), pp. 132–52 (143). 3. Ysanne Holt, ‘An Ideal Modernity: Spencer Gore at Letchworth’, in The Geographies of Englishness: Landscape and the National Past 1880–1940, ed. by David Peters, Ysanne Holt and Fiona Russell (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 91–113 (110, 107). 4. Alex Potts, ‘Constable Country between the Wars’, in Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, Vol. III: National Fictions, ed. by Raphael Samuel (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 160–8 (164). 5. Holt, ‘An Ideal Modernity’, p. 98. 6. Malcolm Saville, Country Scrap-Book for Boys and Girls, 3rd edn (1944; London: Gramol, 1946), blurb on the front inside sleeve of the dust jacket. 7. Garry Hogg, Explorers on the Wall (1939; London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1948), pp. 35, 250, 251. 8. Gordon Stables, Leaves from the Log of a Gentleman Gypsy: In Wayside Camp and Caravan (1891; London: Jarrold & Sons, 1931), p. 80. 9. M. E. Atkinson, The Compass Points North (London: The Bodley head, 1938), p. 38. 10. While imagery of South Country may have dominated British inter- war landscape taste, it did not go entirely unchallenged. Other more Notes 169
‘masculine’ landscape tastes, centred for example on the Peak District, offered some resistance to the cultural hegemony of the southern coun- try. On South Country, see Sue Malvern, Modern Art, Britain and the Great War (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004), and Potts, ‘Constable Country’, p. 167. On the masculine aesthetics of the Peaks, see Raphael Samuel, ‘Country Visiting’, p. 133, and Melanie Tebbutt, ‘Rambling and Manly Identity in Derbyshire’s Dark Peak, 1880–1920s’, The Historical Journal, 49.4 (2006), 1125–53. 11. Norman Ellison, Adventuring with Nomad, illus. by C. F. Tunnicliffe (London: University of London Press, 1950), p. 44. 12. See Martin Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1980 (Cambridge University Press, 2004). 13. Alun Howkins, ‘The Discovery of Rural England’, in Englishness: Politics and Culture 1880–1920, ed. by Robert Colls and Philip Dodd (London: Croom Helm, 1986), pp. 62–89 (68); Potts, ‘Constable Country’, p. 173, and David Matless, Landscapes and Englishness (London: Reaktion Books, 1998), p. 16. 14. Stefan Szczelkun has challenged how progressive Clough Williams-Ellis was and argues that he belittled working-class taste and culture. See Stefan Szczelkun, The Conspiracy of Good Taste. William Morris, Cecil Sharp, Clough Williams-Ellis and the Repression of Working-Class Culture in the 20th Century (London: Working Press, 1993). 15. Thomas Sharp, Town and Countryside (1932), quoted in Matless, Landscape and Englishness, p. 33. 16. J. B. Priestley, Our Nation’s Heritage (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1939), p. 166. 17. H. H. Symonds, Walking in the Lake District (London: Alexander Maclehose, 1935), p. viii. 18. Carol Forrest, Caravan School (London: Arthur Pearson, 1946), pp. 134, 28–9, 192. 19. H. V. Morton, In Search of England (1927; London: Methuen, 1954), p. 9. 20. Forrest, Caravan School, pp. 28, 192. 21. See George Sturt, Change in the Village (1912; London; Duckworth, 1920), and F. R. Leavis and Denys Thompson, Culture and the Environment: The Training of Critical Awareness (London: Chatto and Windus, 1934). 22. They are in fact coming to England for the first time, from India, in order to go to school. 23. Potts, ‘Constable Country’, p. 176. 24. Jan Marsh, Back to the Land. The Pastoral Impulse in Victorian England from 1880 to 1914 (London: Quarter Books, 1982). 25. Marsh, Back to the Land, pp. 210–12. At the time of writing, Kimberley Reynolds’s monograph on progressive and modernist children’s litera- ture has not been available publicly. The recognition of the progressive elements in children’s books referred to here owes much to the discus- sions that I have had with her on this subject. See Kimberley Reynolds, Modernism, the Left and Progressive Publishing for Children, 1910–1949 (Oxford University Press, forthcoming). 170 Notes
26. Potts, ‘Constable Country’, p. 177. 27. David Gervais, Literary Englands. Versions of ‘Englishness’ in Modern Writing (Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 174. 28. Andrew Thompson has argued that despite wage rises in real terms, working-class purchases were usually determined by price and afford- ability more than anything else, and certainly more than ideological or political considerations. Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh: Pearson Education, 2005), p. 25. 29. Howkins, ‘The Discovery of Rural England’, p. 66. 30. Arthur Ransome, The Big Six (1940; London: Jonathan Cape, 2008), p. 50. 31. Ibid., p. 49. 32. Ibid., p. 53. 33. Arthur Ransome, Swallows and Amazons (1930; London: Jonathan Cape, 2007), p. 150; subsequent quotations from pp. 148, 153, 372. 34. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, pp. 144, 149. 35. John Lowerson, ‘Battles for the Countryside’, in Class, Culture and Social Change. A New View of the 1930s, ed. by F. Glover Smith (Brighton: The Harvester Press, 1980), p. 269. 36. M. E. Atkinson, Unexpected Adventure (London: The Children’s Book Club, n.d.), p. 19. 37. Quoted in Judy Giles and Tim Middleton, Writing Englishness 1900–1950: An Introductory Source Book on National Identity (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 85. 38. Ian Jeffrey, The British Landscape, 1920–1950 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1984), p. 10. 39. Owen Dudley Edwards, British Children’s Fiction in the Second World War (Edinburgh University Press, 2007), pp. 470–1. 40. Katherine Hull and Pamela Whitlock, Escape to Persia (London: Jonathan Cape, 1938), p. 208. 41. Ibid., p. 221. 42. Ibid., p. 222. 43. Elinor Lyon, ‘Island Adventures’, c.1939, handwritten manuscript, in Elinor Lyon Archive, Seven Stories, the Centre for Children’s Books, EL/01/01/04, f54v. 44. M. E. Atkinson, August Adventure (1936; London: Jonathan Cape, 1946), p. 260. 45. Ibid., p. 260. 46. Ibid., p. 261. 47. Ibid., pp. 261–2. 48. Quoted in Giles and Middleton, Writing Englishness, 1900–1950, p. 100. 49. Patricia Rae, ‘Double Sorrow: Proleptic Elegy and the End of Arcadianism in 1930s Britain’, Twentieth Century Literature, 49.2 (2003), 246–75 (247). 50. David Severn, Waggon for Five (London: The Bodley Head, 1944), p. 93. 51. J. R. R. Tolkien, ‘On Fairy Stories’, in Tree and Leaf (London: Allen and Unwin, 1964), pp. 9–73 (62). Notes 171
52. David Severn, Hermit in the Hills, illus. by J. Kiddell-Monroe (London: John Lane, 1945), pp. 195–6. 53. Quoted in Malvern, Modern Art, Britain and the Great War, p. 28. 54. Malvern, Modern Art, Britain and the Great War, p. 28. 55. John Baxendale, ‘“I had Seen a Lot of Englands”: J. B. Priestley, Englishness and the People’, History Workshop Journal, 51 (Spring, 2001), 87–111 (94). 56. David Matless, ‘Moral Geography in Broadland’, Cultural Geographies, 1.2 (1994), 127–55 (127). 57. Ibid., p. 47. 58. Ibid., p. 131. 59. Szczelkun, The Conspiracy of Good Taste, p. 83. 60. See Simon Stewart, Culture and the Middle Classes (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), p. 27; Pierre Bourdieu, ‘Social Space and Symbolic Power’, Sociological Theory, 7.2 (1989), 14–25 (23). 61. Matless, ‘Moral Geography in Broadland’, pp. 127–31. 62. John Baxendale begins his working paper ‘Re-narrating the Thirties: English Journey Revisited’ by pointing to the way that historiography on the 1930s has changed over the last twenty or so years, resulting in dif- ferent constructions of the period, beyond the idea of Depression and the Slump. John Baxendale, ‘Re-narrating the Thirties: English Journey Revisited’, Sheffield Hallam University, Working Papers on the Web
76. Quoted in Fussell, Abroad, p. 40. 77. Stuart Chase, Men and Machines (1929; New York: Macmillan, 1930); both quotations from p. 257. 78. Arthur Ransome, The Picts and the Martyrs: or Not Welcome at All (1943; London: Jonathan Cape, 1951), pp. 145, 153. 79. Ibid., p. 109. 80. The four characters only appear in this novel and are barely developed. Their names are Don, nicknamed, the Mastodon, Daisy and her iden- tical twin brothers, who are invariably known as Tweedle Dum and Tweedle Dee. All four form the Eel tribe. 81. Arthur Ransome, Secret Water (1939; London: Jonathan Cape, 1942), pp. 282–3. 82. Dean MacCannell, The Tourist. A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Schocken Books, 1976; repr. Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1999), p. 10. 83. Karen Welberry, ‘Arthur Ransome and the Conservation of the English Lakes’, in Wild Things: Children’s Culture and Eco-Criticism, ed. by Sidney Dobrin and Kenneth. B. Kidd (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004), pp. 82–100 (89, 93). 84. Welberry, ‘Arthur Ransome and the Conservation of the English Lakes’, p. 93. 85. Arthur Ransome, Signalling from Mars. The Letters of Arthur Ransome, ed. by Hugh Brogan (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997), p. 163. 86. Malcolm Saville, Mystery at Witchend (London: George Newnes, 1943), p. 44. 87. Malcolm Saville, Lone Pine Five (London: George Newnes, 1949), p. 9. 88. Matless, Landscape and Englishness, p. 87. 89. Saville, Lone Pine Five, p. 80. 90. Ibid., p. 142. 91. J. B. Priestley, English Journey (1934; London: Heinemann, 1949), p. 401. 92. Matless, ‘Moral Geography in Broadland’, p. 132. 93. Arthur Ransome, Coot Club (1934; London: Jonathan Cape, 2007), pp. 65, 91. 94. Ibid., p. 91. 95. Matless, ‘Moral Geography in Broadland’, p. 132. 96. On the relative positions of boating and sailing in terms of moral geog- raphy, see Matless, ‘Moral Geography in Broadland’, p. 134. 97. Ransome, Coot Club, p. 106. 98. Lloyd, Fell Farm Campers, p. 132. 99. Ibid., p. 90. 100. Ibid., pp. 90, 91, 93, 169. 101. Ibid., p. 220. 102. Matless, Landscape and Englishness, p 251. 103. Curry, Countryside Recreation, Access and Land Use Planning, p. 8. 104. John Sheail, Rural Conservation in Inter-War Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 181. Notes 173
105. Sheail, Rural Conservation in Inter-War Britain, p. 195. 106. Geoffrey Trease, Mystery on the Moor (London: A & C Black, 1937), pp. 192, 193 (emphasis in original). 107. Geoffrey Trease, Walking in England (1935; Wisbech, UK: The Fenland Press, 1936), p. 11. 108. Priestley, English Journey, pp. 174, 175. 109. Norman Ellison, Northwards with Nomad, illus. by C. F. Tunnicliffe (London University Press, 1951), pp. 81, 82. 110. Quoted in Curry, Countryside Recreation, Access and Land Use Planning, pp. 12, 13. 111. Gervais, Literary Englands, p. 15.
5 Mapping the Geographical Imagination
1. David Matless, ‘Regional Surveys and Local Knowledges: The Geographical Imagination in Britain, 1918–39’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17 (1992), 464–80 (468); Matless, ‘The Uses of Cartographic Literacy: Mapping, Survey and Citizenship in Twentieth Century Britain’, in Mappings, ed. by Denis Cosgrove (London: Reaktion Books, 1999), pp. 193–212 (98) and Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 60. 2. Matless, ‘The Uses of Cartographic Literacy’, p. 193. 3. From H. C. Barnard, Principles and Practice of Geography Teaching (1948), quoted in Matless, ‘Regional Surveys’, 477. 4. For David Matless, Ellis Martin’s ‘outlook’ illustrations for Ordnance Survey maps are ‘key images of twentieth century British Geography’. See Matless, ‘Regional Surveys’, 476. 5. Pratt, Imperial Eyes, p. 60. 6. For a typical interwar example, see Leonard Outhwaite, Unrolling the Map: The Story of Exploration (London: Constable, 1935), p. 77. 7. Brian Harley, ‘Victims of a Map: New England Cartography and the Native American’, quoted in Denis Wood, The Power of Maps (London and New York: The Guildford Press, 1992), p. 45. 8. Brian Harley, ‘Maps, Knowledge and Power’, in The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography, ed. by Paul Laxton, introduction by J. H. Andrews (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), pp. 51–83 (57); Christian Jacob, ‘Towards a Cultural History of Cartography’, Imago Mundi, 48 (1996), 191–98 (193). 9. See for example Barbara Mundy, ‘Mapping the Aztec Capital: The 1524 Nuremberg Map of Tenochtitlan, It’s Sources and Meanings’, Imago Mundi, 50 (1998), 11–33. 10. There is a substantial body of criticism examining the persuasive nature of exploratory maps. For indicative readings, see J. B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps. Essays in the History of Cartography, ed. by Paul Laxton (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001); J. S. Keates, Understanding Maps (1982; Harlow: Longman, 1996). For an example of 174 Notes
the historical use of maps for persuasive purposes, see Barbara Mundy, ‘Mapping the Aztec Capital’, pp. 11–33. 11. Jacob, ‘Toward a Cultural History of Cartography’, p. 192. 12. Clare Ranson, ‘Cartography and Children’s Literature’, in Sustaining the Vision: 24th Annual Conference, International Association of School Librarianship, Selected Papers (Seattle: International Association of School Librarianship, 1996), pp. 164–66 (164). 13. Anthony Pavlik, ‘A Special Kind of Reading Game: Maps in Children’s Literature’, International Research in Children’s Literature, 3.1 (2010), 28–43 (28). There are signs that this is changing. See for example Julia Pond, ‘The Rub between Fact and Fiction: Ideology in Lois Lenski’s Regional Maps’, Children’s Literature in Education, 43 (2011), 44–55. 14. Quoted in Matless, ‘The Uses of Cartographic Literacy’, pp. 197–8. 15. John Sheail, Rural Conservation in Inter-War Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 142. 16. Sheail, Rural Conservation in Inter-War Britain, p. 144. 17. M. E. Atkinson, August Adventure, illus. by Harold Jones (1936; London: The Bodley Head, 1946), pp. 165, 115, 236. 18. Matless, ‘The Uses of Cartographic Literacy’, p. 200. 19. E. V. Lucas, The Slowcoach: A Story of Roadside Adventure, illus. by M. V. Wheelhouse (London: Wells Gardner Dartons, 1910), p. 2. 20. Ibid., p. 50. 21. The later school edition of The Slowcoach, published in 1955 by Edward Arnold, completely removes the entire incident with the map. In the original version the book is illustrated with what appears to be a facsimile of a county map from 1753, and specific reference is made to it by the narrator. It is, however, not possible to say why this change was made. 22. James Fairgrieve, Geography in School (London University Press, 1926), pp. 110, 113, 118. 23. There has been significant scholarship undertaken on this subject in the last 20 years. For a representative sample, see John Pickles, History of Spaces: Mapping Cartographic Reason, and the Over Coded World (London: Routledge, 2003); Jeremy Black, Maps and Politics (University of Chicago Press, 1997). 24. This is evident when Oliver realises that they have been travelling for two-and-a-half days and, according to the map, they do not appear to have gone very far. Atkinson, August Adventure, p. 157. 25. H. J. Deverson and Ronald Lampitt, The Map That Came to Life (1948; Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 3. 26. An excellent resource for Lampitt’s and other’s work is Chris Mullen’s online project, The Visual Telling of Stories. See Chris Mullen, ‘The Visual Telling of Stories’
29. The Explorers travel to Winchester in Explorers Awheel (1938) and to Northumberland in Explorers on the Wall (1939). 30. Garry Hogg, Explorers Awheel (1938; London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1946), pp. 78–9. 31. Ibid., p. 82. 32. Ibid., p. 40. 33. Fairgrieve, Geography in School, pp. 196–7. 34. Pickles, History of Spaces, p. 37. 35. Kirby Stephen is now considered as part of Cumbria rather than Yorkshire. 36. Hogg, Explorers on the Wall, pp. 40, 47, 46. 37. Lyons’s two subsequent novels, We Daren’t Go A-Hunting (1951) and Run Away Home (1953), both feature Ian and Sovra Kennedy. 38. Elinor Lyon, The House in Hiding (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1950; repr. Edinburgh: Cannongate, 1991), pp. 10, 125, 126. 39. Elinor Lyon, ‘Island Adventures’, c.1939, handwritten manuscript, in Elinor Lyon Archive, Seven Stories, the Centre for Children’s Books, EL/01/01/04, f12v. 40. Ibid., f6r. 41. Ibid., f63. 42. Wood, The Power of Maps, p. 18. 43. Matless, ‘The Uses of Cartographic Literacy’, p. 193. 44. Lyon, ‘Island Adventures’, f88r. 45. Although Jefferies’s book was written slightly earlier than the period focused on in this book, its influence on writers such as Arthur Ransome warrants its inclusion here. 46. Peter Hunt compares the reading material of Bevis and Mark with that of the Walkers, though I would argue that Robinson Crusoe is of equal importance for both groups of children. Peter Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome (London: Cape, 1992), p. 97. 47. Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957; repr. London: Pimlico, 2000), p. 96. This belief is understandable given that Defoe used Alexander Selkirk’s account of his four-year stay on Juan Fernandez as material for his book. 48. Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719; London: The Folio Society, 1972; repr. 2008), pp. 58, 99. 49. Richard Jefferies, Bevis (1882; London: Jonathan Cape, 1932), p. 21. 50. Ibid., p. 260. 51. Ibid., pp. 65, 59. 52. Ibid., p 92. 53. Carter’s argument is that the names Cook chose for Australia were not either arbitrary or a means to court favour with those at home, but rather a record of Cook’s voyage which encapsulates both space and time. See Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Exploration of Landscape and History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988). 176 Notes
54. Thomas de Quincey, ‘Essay on Style, Rhetoric and Language’, in The Collected Writings of Thomas de Quincey, vol. X, Literary Theory and Criticism, ed. by David Masson (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1890), p. 143. 55. Raymond B. Craib, ‘Cartography and Power in the Conquest and Creation of New Spain’, Latin American Research Review, 35 (2000), 7–36 (10). 56. Katharine Hull and Pamela Whitlock, The Far-Distant Oxus (London: Jonathan Cape, 1937; repr. Edinburgh: Fidra, 2008), pp. 216, 201, 221. 57. Katherine Hull and Pamela Whitlock, Oxus in Summer (London and Toronto: Jonathan Cape, 1939), p. 12. 58. Outhwaite, Unrolling the Map, p. 77. 59. Ibid., pp. 67, 329. 60. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (1902; London: Penguin, 1985), p. 33. 61. Not all of Ransome’s novels which engage overtly with exploration are set in the Lake District. The novels which are set outside of the Lakes, in Essex and the Hebrides respectively, and which are also discussed in this chapter, are Secret Water (1939) and Great Northern? (1947). Three subse- quent novels, Winter Holiday (1933), Pigeon Post (1936) and The Picts and the Martyrs (1943), are also set in the Lakes but are less overtly concerned with the issues discussed in this chapter. 62. Arthur Ransome, Swallows and Amazons (1930; London: Jonathan Cape, 2007), pp. 17, 20. 63. Pratt, Imperial Eyes, p. 204. 64. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 15. 65. Peter Whitfield, New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration (London: British Library, 1998), p. 67. 66. M. B. Synge, A Book of Discovery: The History of the World’s Exploration from the Earliest Times to the Finding of the South Pole (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1939), p. 138. 67. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 17. 68. All quotations from Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 33. 69. Keates, Understanding Maps, p. 81. 70. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 118. 71. Julian Lovelock, ‘A Sense of Endings: Arthur Ransome’s East Anglian Novels’ (PhD thesis, University of Buckingham, 2010), p. 40. 72. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 118. 73. Craib, ‘Cartography and Power in the Conquest and Creation of New Spain’, p. 10. 74. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 269. 75. Pratt, Imperial Eyes, p. 204. 76. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 342. 77. Ibid., p. 343. 78. Ransome, Swallowdale (1931; London: Jonathan Cape, 1944), pp. 450, 449. 79. Ibid., p. 157. 80. Harley, ‘Silences and Secrecy. The Hidden Agenda of Cartography in Early Modern Europe’, in The New Nature of Maps, pp. 84–107 (91). Notes 177
81. Ransome, Swallowdale, p. 54. 82. Peter Turchi, Maps of the Imagination: The Writer as Cartographer (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2004), p. 13. 83. Ransome, Swallowdale, pp. 169, 139, 193, 338. 84. I am indebted to Peter Wright for the reminder about the significance of the children’s choice of name. 85. Arthur Ransome, Secret Water (1939; London: Jonathan Cape, 1942), pp. 28, 30. 86. Pickles, History of Spaces, p. 61. 87. Ransome, Secret Water, p. 55. 88. R. A. Skelton, Explorers’ Maps Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958), p. 243. 89. Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome, p. 113. 90. Arthur Ransome, Great Northern? (1947; London: Jonathan Cape, 2009), p. 11. 91. Ransome, Great Northern?, p. 25. 92. Ibid., pp. 69, 67, 199, 71, 73, 75. 93. Ibid., p. 263. 94. It is initially Nancy who calls Dick by these names, and it is she who immediately credits Dick with making the real discoveries of the voyage, an acknowledgement which completely changes Dick’s position within the group. Great Northern?, p. 127; all subsequent quotations from p. 69. 95. Ibid., p. 69. 96. Ibid., pp. 127, 165. 97. Ibid., p. 165. 98. Pratt, Imperial Eyes, p. 56. 99. Ransome, Great Northern?, pp.117, 129. 100. Victor Watson, Reading Series Fiction: From Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 13, 15. 101. While this is not Andrew Thompson’s argument, he presents a useful summary of attitudes to empire after 1918. See Andrew S. Thompson, Imperial Britain: The Empire in British Politics, c. 1880–1932 (Essex: Pearson Education, 2000), pp. 161–77.
6 The Family Sailing Story
1. Glen O’Hara, ‘“The Sea is Swinging into View”: Modern British Maritime History in a Globalised World’, English Historical Review, 124 (October 2006), 1109–43 (1131). 2. Peter Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 8. 3. Frank Eyre, 20th Century Children’s Books (London: The British Council, 1952), p. 56. 4. See H. E. Marshall, Our Island Story: A Child’s History of England … With Pictures by A. S. Forrest (London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1905), chapter 1. 178 Notes
5. Andrew Thompson for example has questioned the difficulty of assess- ing working-class identification with imperialism in relation to national identity. See Andrew S. Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Harlow: Longman, 2005), p. 39. 6. Britain’s reliance on sea trade and imports was a common subject of both pre- and interwar writing about the sea and the Royal Navy. See for example, Percival A. Hislam, The Navy, Shown to the Children (London and Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1917), p. 4. As late as 1950, children’s books still stressed Britain’s reliance on imported foodstuffs and their transportation by sea. See The Golden Picture Book of Ships (London and Melbourne: Ward, Lock & Co., 1950). 7. On the rejection of militarism after 1918, see Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Week-End. A Social History of Great Britain 1918–1939 (London: Faber and Faber, 1950), p. 269. 8. According to Andrew Marr, 840 British Warships had been struck off the Royal Naval register by 1946 and a further 727 were cancelled in construction. Furthermore, ‘Of 880,000 men and women serving in the Royal Navy towards the end of the war, nearly 700,000 had left two years later.’ Andrew Marr, A History of Modern Britain (London: Pan Books, 2008), p. 15. 9. This trend was apparent in books such as Sir George Aston, The Navy of To-day (London: Methuen & Co., 1927), p. 98. On the attempts to pro- mote consciousness of imperial foodstuffs and to promote their purchase, see David Meredith, ‘Imperial Images: The Empire Marketing Board, 1926–32’, History Today, 37 (January 1987), 30–6. 10. Mike Stammers, ‘Shiplovers, a Cultural Phenomenon of the Interwar Years’, in Mariner’s Mirror, 82.2 (1996), 213–16 (214). 11. Roger Ryan, ‘The Emergence of Middle-Class Yachting in the North-West of England from the Later Nineteenth Century’, in Recreation and the Sea, ed. by Stephen Fisher (University of Exeter Press, 1997), pp. 150–81 (176). 12. Roger Lancelyn Green, Tellers of Tales: Children’s Books and Their Authors from 1800 to 1964, 4th edn (London: Edmund Ward, 1965), p. 263. 13. The Walkers are planning to go on an extended sail with their parents at the start of Secret Water when Captain Walker is ordered to return to duty. See Arthur Ransome, Secret Water (1939; London: Jonathan Cape, 1942), chapter 1. 14. Eyre, 20th Century Children’s Books, p. 58. 15. Aubrey de Sélincourt, One More Summer (London: George Routledge, 1944), p. 32. 16. Aubrey de Sélincourt, Kestrel (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949), p. 8. 17. Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures: England, 1918–1951 (Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 53–4. 18. See Janet Cusak, ‘The Rise of Yachting in England and South Devon Revisited, 1640–1827’, in Fisher, Recreation and the Sea, pp. 101–49 (101), and Ryan, ‘The Emergence of Middle-Class Yachting’, p. 176. Notes 179
19. Cyril Ionides and John Black Atkins, A Floating Home … With Illustrations by Arnold Bennett (London: Chatto & Windus, 1918), p. ix. 20. Aubrey de Sélincourt, Calicut Lends a Hand (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1946), pp. 159, 13, 159. 21. Beverley Skeggs, Class, Self, Culture (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 175. 22. Arthur Ransome, Coot Club (1934; London: Jonathan Cape, 2007), p. 22. 23. Aubrey de Sélincourt, Three Green Bottles, illus. by Guy de Sélincourt (London: George Routledge, 1941), p. 26. 24. Martin Pugh, ‘We Danced All Night’: A Social History of Britain between the Wars (London: The Bodley Head, 2008), p. 34. 25 Arthur Ransome, Great Northern? (1947; London: Jonathan Cape, 2009), p. 11, and Ransome, Coot Club, p. 72. 26. Humphrey Carpenter and Mari Pritchard, The Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 113. 27. De Sélincourt, Kestrel, p. 18. 28. See Gilbert Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors and Blue Water (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1955), pp. 92–115, and Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors, Ahoy!, or, Wanted: A Crew (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1953), p. 21. 29. On the development of the Royal Yacht Squadron at Cowes, see Janet Cusak, ‘The Rise of Yachting in England and South Devon Revisited, 1640–1827’, pp. 101–49. 30. Ryan, ‘The Emergence of Middle-Class Yachting in the North-West of England’, p. 153. 31. Ibid., p. 155. 32. Ibid., p. 154. 33. Andrew Jackson, ‘Labour and Leisure – the Mirror Dinghy and DIY Sailors’, Journal of Design History, 19 (Spring 2006), 57–67 (57). 34. Anonymous, ‘Review of Gilbert-Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors Ahoy!’, The Junior Bookshelf, 18 (December, 1953), 299. 35. Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors, Ahoy!, p. 21. 36. Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors and Blue Water, p. 14. 37. Greg Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language: Passion, Power, and Theatre on the Bounty (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 56. 38. Peter Wright of the Arthur Ransome Society (TARS) rightly made this point to me when reading an earlier version of this chapter. 39. Captain Marryat, Peter Simple (1896; London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1915), p. 32. Michelle Landsberg writes that when she sat at a tiller, thirty years after reading Ransome for the first time, she felt that she had long inhab- ited this nautical world. See Michelle Landsberg, The World of Children’s Books (London and New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), p. 123. 40. Anonymous, ‘Review of Kathleen Mackenzie, Monster Creek’, The Junior Bookshelf, 15 (November 1951), 224. 41. Eyre, 20th Century Children’s Books, p. 58; Lancelyn Green, Tellers of Tales, p. 262. Not all critics have agreed with this view. Geoffrey Trease, for example, argues that Ransome created ‘a fantasy world, disguised under 180 Notes
a wealth of realistic practical detail’. Geoffrey Trease, Tales Out Of School, 2nd edn (1949; London: Heinemann Educational, 1964), p. 139. 42. Acknowledgment for this idea belongs to Peter Wright in his comments on an earlier version of this chapter. 43. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, p. 19. 44. De Sélincourt, Calicut Lends a Hand, p. 18. 45. Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors, Ahoy!, pp. 100, 99. 46. McKibbin, Classes and Cultures, p. 50. 47. De Sélincourt, Three Green Bottles, pp. 30, 43 (emphasis in original). 48. De Sélincourt, One More Summer, p. 30. 49. Hackforth-Jones, ‘A New Angle on Uncle George’, in Green Sailors and Blue Water, pp. 53–91 (88–9, 91; emphasis in original). 50. Sheila G. Ray, Children’s Fiction. A Handbook for Librarians (1970; Leicester: Brockhampton Press, 1972), p. 57. 51. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 94. 52. Lancelyn Green, Tellers of Tales, p. 263. While this division between Ransome’s ‘realistic’ and ‘fantasy’ novels has been challenged recently by Sarah Spooner, it is still a widely accepted idea. See Sarah Spooner, ‘Landscapes: “Going Foreign” in Arthur Ransome’s Peter Duck’, in Children’s Literature, New Approaches, ed. by Karin Lesnik-Oberstein (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2004), pp. 206–28. 53. Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome, p. 80. 54. Arthur Ransome, Peter Duck (1932; London: Jonathan Cape, 2009), p. 18. 55. Ibid., p. 51. 56. Ibid., p. 51. 57. Ibid., p. 157. 58. Ibid., pp. 46, 178. 59. Arthur Ransome, Missee Lee (1941; London: Jonathan Cape, 2008), pp. 162, 61. 60. Victor Watson, Reading Series Fiction: From Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 35.
7 England Expects: The Nelson Tradition and the Politics of Service in Naval Cadet and Family Sailing Stories
1. Michelle Landsberg, The World of Children’s Books (London: Simon and Shuster, 1988), p. 123. 2. Victor Watson, Reading Series Fiction: From Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 14. 3. High navalist discourses were prevalent in the United States, Germany, Italy, Japan, Australia and Canada. 4. Peter Hunt, Approaching Arthur Ransome (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 164. 5. According to Andrew Lambert, it was Laughton’s biography that began the process of rehabilitating Nelson’s character and reputation, which Notes 181
began around 1890. In Laughton’s biography only two pages are given over to the time Nelson spent in Naples and his subsequent relationship with Emma Hamilton, a period of his history that had substantially dam- aged Nelson’s reputation, particularly in light of Robert Southey’s influ- ential Life of Nelson (1810). See Andrew Lambert, The Foundation of Naval History. John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession (London: Chatham, 1998), p. 173. 6. Hazel Sheeky Bird, ‘Naval History and Heroes: The Influence of U.S. and British Navalism on Children’s Writing, 1895–1914’, The International Journal of Naval History ( July 2014). 7. Barry Gough argues that many historians have been daunted by the task of linking the Royal Navy to the Empire. Barry Gough, ‘The Royal Navy and the British Empire’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. 5, Historiography, ed. by Robin W. Winks and Alaine M. Low (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 331. 8. Reprints of the novels were as follows: The Three Midshipmen (1873), reprinted in 1906 and 1923, The Three Commanders (1876), reprinted in 1923, and From Powder Monkey to Admiral (1883), reprinted twice in 1923 and 1934. 9. Frank Eyre, 20th Century Children’s Books (London: The British Council, 1952), p. 17. 10. Joseph A. Kestner, Masculinities in British Adventure Fiction, 1880–1915 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), p. 3. 11. Accordingly to Law, the three leitmotifs of British maritime island nation- alism are Britain as the besieged island, the island as exemplar of civili- sation and the navy as national protector. See Alex Law, ‘Of Navies and Navels: Britain as a Mental Island’, Geografiska Annaler, Series B. Human Geography, 87.4 (2005), 267–77 (268). 12. J. S. Bratton, ‘Of England, Home, and Duty: The Image of England in Victorian and Edwardian Juvenile Fiction’, in Imperialism and Popular Culture, ed. by J. M. Mackenzie (Manchester University Press, 1986), pp. 73–94 (83). 13. Bratton, ‘Of England, Home, and Duty’, p. 76. 14. Other recommended books included Harold F. B. Wheeler’s The Story of Nelson (1913; 1928) and tellingly Sir John Knox Laughton’s Nelson (1895; reprinted 1929). 15. The other portraits in Sabatini’s Heroic Lives were King Richard I, St Francis of Assisi, Joan of Arc, Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson and Florence Nightingale. See Rafael Sabatini, Heroic Lives (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1934). 16. W. C. Berwick Sayers also recommended James Baikie’s Peeps at the Royal Navy (1928), Sir Henry Newbolt’s The Book of the Blue Sea (1914; 1922) and Frank C. Bowen’s The King’s Navy (1925). 17. Faraday’s list included: Charles Boff’s Boy’s Book of the Sea (1937), Frank C. Bowen’s Ships for All (1923), John Irving’s ‘Dick Valliant’ series of naval cadet stories, John Masefield’s The Bird of Dawning; or, The Fortune of the Sea (1933), Ernest Prothero’s The Book of Ships (1929), Stanley Rogers’s 182 Notes
Sea Lore (1929) and Ships and Sailors (1928) and the many novels of Percy Westerman. 18. Mark W. Hamillton, ‘The “New Navalism” and the British Navy League, 1895–1914’, Mariner’s Mirror (1978), 37–43 (42). 19. On the activities of the Navy League see Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh: Pearson Education, 2005), pp. 44–55. 20. Archibald Hurd, ‘Why We Have a Navy’, in The Wonder Book of the Navy for Boys and Girls, ed. by Harry Golding, 4th edn (London and Melbourne: Ward, Lock & Co.,1920), unpaginated. 21. Jan Rüger, The Great Naval Game. Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 257. 22. Sir George Aston, The Navy of To-day (London: Methuen, 1927), p. 98. 23. Percy Westerman, The Keepers of the Narrow Seas A Story of the Great War (1918; London: S. W. Partridge, 1931), p. 14. 24. On the relationship between service and interwar middle-class identity see Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back?, p. 10, and Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures, England 1918–1951 (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 58. 25. Bratton, ‘Of England, Home, and Duty’, pp. 84–5. 26. ‘The Battle of Trafalgar 21st October, 1805’, in Imperial Maritime League, Junior Branch, Newsletter, 20 (October 1910), p. 6, in volume of pamphlets and/or newspaper cuttings: Imperial Maritime League – Junior Branch, 1909–12, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, NMM/HSM/16. 27. See Quintin Colville, ‘Jack Tar and the Gentleman Officer: The Role of Uniform in Shaping the Class and Gender Related Identities of British Naval Personnel, 1930–1939: The Alexander Prize Lecture’, Transaction of the Royal Historical Society, sixth series, 13 (2003), 105–29. 28. The book is recommended in Mrs Charles Bridge, The Catalogue of the Circulating Library (1934). 29. Taffrail, Pincher Martin, O. D. A Story of the Inner Life of the Royal Navy (1916; London and Edinburgh: W. and R. Chambers, 1934), p. 11. 30. Percival A. Hislam, The Navy, Shown to the Children (London and Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1917), p. 35. 31. John Irving, Dick Valliant, Naval Cadet (London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1928), p. 25. 32. Colville, ‘Jack Tar and the Gentleman Officer’, p. 107. 33. Collins writes that in 1914 Royal Naval Dartmouth cadets were sent to finish their training at sea. When the cruiser HMS Aboukir was torpedoed and sunk off the Dutch coast on 22 September 1914, 13 teenage cadets were lost, along with 1500 crew members. L J. Collins, Cadet. The Impact of War on the Cadet Movement (Oldham: Jade, 2001), p. 34. 34. See Bratton, ‘Of England, Home, and Duty’, p. 83. 35. John Irving, Dick Valliant, in the Dardanelles (London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1929), p. 84. 36. Irving, Dick Valliant, in the Dardanelles, p. 65. 37. I am indebted to James Mackenzie for suggesting the ‘Peter Clayton’ stor- ies as a source for this chapter. Notes 183
38. Dempster Heming, Sub-Lieutenant Peter Clayton (London: The Epworth Press, n.d.), pp. 8–9. 39. Dempster Heming, Peter Clayton, Midshipman (London: The Epworth Press, 1938), p. 37. 40. Aubrey de Sélincourt’s Mr Rutherford and Mr Chale are, respectively, a schoolmaster and a business man. 41 Arthur Ransome, Missee Lee (1941; London: Jonathan Cape, 2008), p. 217. 42. Gilbert Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors Ahoy!, or, Wanted: A Crew (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1953), p. 127. 43. Gilbert Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors and Blue Water (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1955), p. 100. 44. Ransome, Missee Lee, p. 217. 45. The incident referred to involved Churchill’s overturning of the decision to fail three candidates’ entry to Dartmouth ‘on the grounds that one had a slightly Cockney accent and the other two were sons of a chief petty officer and a merchant navy engineer’. Collins, Cadet, p. 81. On this subject see also Brian Lavery, Empire of the Seas (London: Conway, 2009), p. 246. 46. Stephen King-Hall, My Naval Life, 1906–1929 (London: Faber & Faber, 1952), p. 24. Stephen King-Hall came from a long line of naval officers. In his broadcasts for the BBC Children’s Hour as ‘Uncle Steve’, King-Hall sometimes featured conversations with his father, Admiral George King- Hall, talking about naval life at the end of the previous century. See Derek McCulloch, ed., The Children’s Hour Annual (London: Hutchinson, 1936), pp. 33–5, and Commander Stephen King-Hall, Here and There Broadcast Talks for Children (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1932). 47. Hackforth-Jones, Green Sailors Ahoy!, p. 102. 48. Aston, The Navy of To-day, pp. 12–13. 49. Ransome, We Didn’t Mean To Go To Sea (1937; London: Jonathan Cape, 2007), p. 64. 50. Ransome, Secret Water (1939; London: Jonathan Cape, 1942), p. 17. 51. Margery Fisher, Who’s Who in Children’s Books: A Treasury of the Familiar Characters of Childhood (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), p. 159. 52. Harry Golding, ed., The Wonder Book of the Navy for Boys and Girls, p. 142. 53. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons (1930; London: Jonathan Cape, 2007), p. 17. 54. John Rowe Townsend, Written for Children: An Outline of English Children’s Literature (London: Garnet Miller, 1965), p. 109. 55. Arthur Ransome, Swallowdale (1931; London: Jonathan Cape, 1953), p. 73. 56. Brian Doyle, The Who’s Who of Children’s Literature (London: Evelyn, 1968), p. 101. 57. Four cadet editions were published by Michael Joseph between 1954 and 1955, which reflects the demand for originally adult works of fic- tion edited for a juvenile audience. The editions were Hornblower Goes to Sea (1954), Hornblower in Captivity (1955), Hornblower Takes Command (1954) and Hornblower’s Triumph (1955). Although Forester’s novels chart Hornblower’s career, they are not chronological as Hornblower is a captain in the first novel. 184 Notes
58. C. S. Forester, The Happy Return (1937; London: Michael Joseph, 1965), p. 299. 59. Ransome, Swallowdale, p. 74. 60. Forester, The Happy Return, p. 404. 61. Ransome, Swallowdale, p. 109. 62. Ransome, We Didn’t Mean To Go To Sea, pp. 107, 165, 172. 63. Greg Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language. Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 19. 64. Ransome, We Didn’t Mean To Go To Sea, p. 200. 65. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 22. 66. Irving, Dick Valliant, Naval Cadet, pp. 13, 19, 38. 67. Ibid., p. 47. 68. King-Hall, My Naval Life, p. 24. 69. Ransome, Swallows and Amazons, p. 15. 70. Arthur O. Cooke, Ships and Sea-faring Shown to the Children (London: T.C & E.C Jack, 1917), p. 12. 71. Joseph Conrad, The Mirror of the Sea (1906; London: Methuen, 1950), p. 45. 72. Commander Geoffrey Penn, R.N., Snotty. The Story of the Midshipman (London: Hollis & Carter, 1957), p. 54. 73. Ransome, Great Northern? (1947; London: Jonathan Cape, 2009), p. 158. 74. Ransome, Great Northern?, p. 95. 75. Lavery, Empire of the Seas, p. 247. 76. Alan Ereira, The Invergordon Mutiny: A Narrative History of the Last Great Mutiny in the Royal Navy and How It Forced Britain off the Gold Standard in 1931 (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), pp. 16–17. 77. Hislam, The Navy, Shown to the Children, p. 9. 78. Watson, Reading Series Fiction, p. 67. 79. Ransome, Great Northern?, p. 194. 80. McKibbin, Classes and Cultures, p. 58. 81. Hannen Swaffer, What Would Nelson Do? (London: Victor Gollancz, 1946), p. 54.
8 Conclusion: A Disappearing Act
1. Victor Watson, Reading Series Fiction: From Arthur Ransome to Gene Kemp (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 70. 2. Ibid., p. 13. 3. Malcolm Saville, Home to Witchend (London: Armada, 1978). 4. Watson, Reading Series Fiction, p. 70. 5. Geoffrey Trease, Tales Out Of School, 2nd edn (1949; London: Heinemann Educational, 1964), p. 157. 6. Ibid., p. 10. 7. An Aunt, ‘The Child as Judge’, The Junior Bookshelf, 2.2 (1937), 71. 8. This point was raised in many of the conversations that I had with mem- bers of TARS at its 2014 Literary Weekend in York. One member, Peter Wright, recalled that, as a child, the hiking and camping appealed to him as something that he would be able to do himself. Notes 185
9. Nicholas Tucker, ‘Setting the Scene’, in Children’s Book Publishing in Britain since 1945, ed. by Kimberley Reynolds and Nicholas Tucker (Ashgate: Scolar Press, 1998), pp. 1–19 (8). 10. Trease, Tales Out of School, p. 4. 11. Paul Hazard, Books, Children and Men, trans. by M. Mitchell (1944; Boston: Horn Book, 1960), p. 141. 12. This subject is beyond the parameters of this present work but there is a significant amount of journalism available on this subject. See for example Patrick Barkham, ‘No Freedom to Play or Explore Outside for Children’, The Guardian, online, 12 July 2013
Primary Texts
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186 Bibliography 187
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Abbotsholme, 56–7 communalism, 44–6 age of brass, 2–3, 13 symbolism, 42–4, 54 anti-citizens, see tourism transformative power, 44 arcadianism, 2 camping Atkinson, M. E. domestication, 38, 39, 40–1, 53, August Adventure (1936), 33, 40, 54 52, 67, 90 equipment, 38, 39–40 The Compass Points North (1938), gender roles, see also camping and 31, 61 tramping fiction criticism of, 4, 22, 31, 67 camping and tramping fiction Smuggler’s Gap (1939), 119 absent parents, 153 Unexpected Adventure (1955), 66–7 activities, 20, 29–32 antecedents, 22–4 Baden-Powell, 31 appearance of campers and Baldwin, Stanley, 9, 70 trampers, 29, 80 Baxendale, John, 72 appearance of genre, 16 BBC Children’s Hour, 25, 120 critical reception, 2–3, 4, 22 ‘BB’ Watkins-Pitchford, D. J. definitions, 1–2, 25–6 Down the Bright Stream (1948), 23 disappearance of, 15, 152 The Little Grey Men (1942), 23 gender roles, 32–3, 38, 40, 51, 126 Bellhouse, Lucy, W., The Caravan popularity, 34 Children (1935), 51 modern relevance, 153, 155 Berwick Sayers, W. C., 32, 42 outsiders, 28 Bevir, Mark, 55, 57 realism, 17, 18, 20, 38, 42 Bloom, Ursula, Caravan for Three Cannadine, David, 10, 11 (1947), 51–2 caravan stories, 46–7 Blyton, Enid, 17, 19 Carpenter, Humphrey, 2 Borrow, George Lavengro (1851), 49 Carter, Paul, 98 Bourdieu, Pierre, 12, 73 Causey, Andrew, 5 Bradby, Violet, Meadowsweet Farm cartographic literacy, see regional (1934), 27 survey Bradley, A. C., 74 Chambers, Roland, 3 Bramwell Evens, George, 25, 74 Childers, Erskine, The Riddle of the Bratton, J. S., 131, 133, 135 Sands (1903) British maritime island nationalism, children’s publishing see national identity after 1945, 15, 148–9 class, 150 Cannan, Joanna, We Met Our during the Second World War, 4 Cousins (1937) interwar, 2–3, 150 campfires maritime books, 6
202 Index 203
nationalism, 151 Dorling, Taprell, Pincher Martin readership, 149–51 (1916), 134 children’s rural tradition, 22–8 Dower, John, 85–6 Collins, Dale, The Voyage of the Doyle, Brian, 17, 20 Landship (1947), 30 Colville, Quintin, 134–5 Edbrooke, Cathlyn, 56 Conrad, Joseph, 100, 145 Edwards, Monica, 27 consolation, see landscape No Mistaking Corker (1947), 32, contact zones, 98, see also Mary 47, 51 Louise Pratt Edwards, Owen Dudley, 4, 67 Cooke, Arthur O., Ships and Sea-faring Ellison, Norman, 25 Shown to the Children (1917), 145 Down Nature’s Byway. Adventuring countryside with Nomad (1950), 61–2 exclusivity, 59–60, 72 Northwards with Nomad (1951), hierarchy, 9 37, 85 organic community, 64 Englishness, 4–7, 61 national identity, 62 escapism, 2, 3–4, 71, 154 national resource, 72, 74, 84–5, Euphan Todd, Barbara, South Country see also national identity Secrets (1935), 64 class exploration in British culture, 9, 10, 11 changing attitudes, 107 in children’s literature, 8–9, 10–11 influence of reading, 97–9, 101 Craib, Raymond, 98, 103 scientific exploration, 106, 110–11 Crouch, Marcus, 2, 17, 20, 153, 154 terra nullius, 88, 101, 102, 106, see also discovery and mapping Darling, F. Fraser, The Seasons and Eyre, Frank, 17, 114, 115, 155 the Farmer: A Book for Children (1939), 26 families Darton, Harvey, 3 absent parents, 33 Davenport, Arthur, A Country naval families, 115, 120, 137 Holiday (1933), 26 service families, 12, 33, 115, 137 Dening, Greg, 123, 142 substitute parents, 34, 120 Deverson, H. J. and Lampitt, family sailing stories, 30 Ronald, The Map That Came to appropriation of sailing cultures, Life (1948), 91 117–18 discovery authority, 124, 126–8 Age of Discovery, 101 command, 127 books of, 100 community, 117, 118–19 challenges to, 98 criticism, 114, 115 changing attitudes towards, 100 cruising, 119–20 competition, 102–4 democracy, 113, 116–17 the discovered, 102, 104, 108–9 family composition, 115, 120 innocence, 111 family tradition, 116 rediscovery, 105–6 female sailors, 124–8 romance of, 99–100, 101 language, 122–3, 124 secrecy, 96, 104 learning to sail, 116, 117 204 Index
family sailing stories – continued Hackforth-Jones, Gilbert, 120, 121, working-class sailors, 117–18, 121, 137 123, 127, see also sailing, the Green Sailors, Ahoy!, or Wanted: Nelson tradition and the Royal Navy A Crew (1953), 120, 122, 124 farm stories, 25–7 Green Sailors and Blue Water Finlay, Winifred, Cotswold Holiday (1955), 125 (1954), 76 Green Sailors on Holiday (1952), 120 First World War, see landscapes Hancock, Ian, 8, 46 Fisher, Margery, Who’s Who of Harley, Brian, 88, 104, see also Children’s Books (1975), 138–9 imperial geographic imagination Forester, C. F., 139–40 and mapping Forrest, Carol, Caravan School Hazard, Paul, 51–2 (1946), 51, 63–4 Heming, Dempster, Peter Clayton, Frazer, James, The Golden Bough Midshipman (1938), 136 (1922), 43 heritage, 65–7 Fussell, Paul, 75 Hislam, Percival A., The Navy, Shown to the Children (1917), gender, see camping, camping and 134, 146 tramping fiction and yachtswomen Hogg, Garry, 32 in sailing critical reception, 20, 22 genre, 16 Explorers Afloat (1940), 20 geography Explorers Awheel (1938), 39, 92 outlook geography, 87–8, 91 Explorers on the Wall (1939), 20, teaching of, 88, 89, 91, see also 60–1, 92–3 landscape and tourism House Boat Holiday (1944), 21 Gervais, David, 64, 86 Norwegian Holiday, 22 Gilcraft, 38 holiday adventure stories, 19, 20–1 Gilead, Sarah, 51 Holt, Ysanne, 59 Graham, Eleanor, 148–9 Howe, Ruth, 26 Grahame, Kenneth, The Wind in the The Friendly Farm (1947), 48 Willows (1908), 49–51 Adventures at Friendly Farm (1948), Green, Roger Lancelyn, 17, 18, 23, 21, 48 115 Howkins, Alun, 68, see also First Gypsies World War in landscape appropriation of culture, 47, 49 Hull, Katherine and Whitlock, attitudes towards, 47–8, 55, 56, 57 Pamela, 25 bohemianism, 7–8 Escape to Persia (1938), 67–8 definitions, 8 The Far Distant Oxus (1937), 99 freedom, 46, 49, 52, 55 Oxus in Summer (1939), 99 in children’s literature, 8 Hunt, Peter, 2, 6, 16, 59, 107, 113, in nineteenth-century literature, 46 127 modernity, 58 nation state, 7, 56 imperial geographic imagination, Romany Rye, 49, 50, 57 14, 88, 97, 100–1, 103 romanticisation, 8, 46–7, see also Imperial Maritime League, 133 caravan stories, George Borrow Ingliss, Fred, 10–11 and Lucas, E. V. Ionides, Cyril, 116 Index 205
Irving R. N., Lieut.-Commander John Lloyd, Marjorie, 25 Dick Valliant in the Dardanelles Fell Farm Campers (1960), 39–40, (1929), 135 76, 82 Dick Valliant Naval Cadet (1928), Fell Farm for Christmas (1954), 75 135, 143–4 Fell Farm Holiday (1951), 39 island nation, see national identity The Farm in Mallerstang (1956), 27 Lowenfeld, Margaret, 39 Jackson, Andrew, 121 Lucas, E. V. Jefferies, Richard, Bevis (1882), 22–3, The Open Road (1899), 48–9 41, 97–9, see also camping and Slowcoach: A Story of Roadside tramping antecedents Adventure (1910), 46–7, 90 Jeffrey Ian, 67, see also First World Lyon, Elinor War in landscape The House in Hiding (1950), 94, 153 Junior Bookshelf, The, 13, 20, 21, ‘Island Adventures’ (c.1939), 68–9, 148–9, 150 94–7, see also First World War in book reviews, 21, 22, 26, 48, 122, landscapes 123 resisting Englishness, 6
Keates, J. S., 102 MacCannell, Dean, 77, 78, see also Keith, W. J., 49 tourism Kester, Joseph, 130 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 130, see also King-Hall, Stephen, 137, 144 navalism and the Nelson tradition Kingston, W. H. G., 130 Maillart, Ella, 125–6 Krips, Valerie, 10 Malvern, Sue, 5 Mandler, Peter, 5 Lake District, see tourism maps and mapping Landsberg, Michelle, 29 children’s mapping, 91, 92, 95, 98 landscape colonialism, 88, 102–3 consolation, 70 in children’s literature, 89 emptiness, 59 influence of Mr Walker, 106 Englishness, 61–2, 69–70 limitations of, 90–1, 92, 103 First World War, 67–71 Ordnance Survey, 89–90, 91 hierarchy of taste, 60, 62 naming of places, 98–9, 102–3 interwar tastes, 61 negotiations, 103 national identity, 5, 56, 61–3 power, 96, 97–8, 99, 102 modernity, 64 resistance, 96 planning, 62, 72 rhetorical cartography, 88, 93 privacy, 60 strip maps, 92, see also discovery, regeneration, 70 exploration and regional survey three Englands, 60–2, 81, 93, Marryat, Captain Frederick, Peter see also countryside and moral Simple (1896), 123 geography Marsh, Jan, 57, 64 Law, Alex, 6 Masefield, John, 37 Leavis, F. R., 76 A Book of Discoveries (1910), 24, leisure, 14, 29 41, see also camping and tramping interwar camping and hiking, antecedents see also sailing and tourism Matless, David, 72, 81, 89 206 Index
McKibbin, Ross, 11–12, 116, 146 open-access movement, 60, 84–6 middle classes open air behaviour, 73, 150 activities, 20, 29 bourgeois, 12 appearance, 28, 80 boys’ careers, 137 bodies, 80 professional middle classes, 11–12, culture, 28 33, 115, 116, 129, 133, 147, see outlook, 88, 91 also David Cannadine, Lawrence open road, the, 13 James, Ross McKibbin and constraints, 51–2 Beverley Skeggs costs, 56, 57 monarch of all I survey, 97, 101, domestication, 51 see also imperial geographic freedom, 46, 55–6 imagination realism, 46, 50–1 Montague, C. M., 71 romanticisation, 47, 48–50, 52 moral geography, 72 Outhwaite, Leonard, Unrolling the Morton, H. V., 63, see also national Map (1935), 99, 100 identity in landscape and tourism Pavlik, Anthony, 89 national identity Pettigrew, Dulcie, 9 Britishness, 5 Pickles, John, 106 British maritime island Potts, Alex, 59, 64 nationalism, 6, 113, 130–1, 152 Pratt, Mary Louise, 14, 88, 110–11 island nation, 6, 114, 131 Priestley, J. B., 7, 60, 85 national fictions, 5, 114 progressives, 55 racial degeneration, 64 crafts, 64 resistance, 6, 7, 8, 95, 96, see also landscape, 62 Englishness, national identity in schools, 56–7 landscape national parks, 75, 85–6 Rae, Patricia, 70, see also consolation navalism, 114, 129–30, 132, 147 and First World War in landscapes naval adventure stories, 130 Ransome, Arthur cadet stories, 135–6 antecedents, 22–4 children’s publishing, 130, 131 attitudes to tourism, 79 Navy League, the, 131–2 The Big Six (1940), 65, 117 cadet officers, 132 Coot Club (1934), 81–2, 116–17, class, 133, 134–5 118, 120 discipline, 143–4 criticism of his books, 2, 3, 4, 16, hierarchies of command, 130, 111, 114, 115, 123, 126, 155 134, 142 democracy, 9–10, 79, 116–17 leadership, 134, 135–6, 141 Great Northern? (1947), 107–12, Nelson tradition, 129–30, 131 120, 145, 146 rebellion, 143–4, 146 Missee Lee (1941), 120, 127–8, 137 responsibility, 136, 138–9, 140–2 Peter Duck (1932), 126 service, 133, 137–8, 144, 147 The Picts and the Martyrs: or Not Nomad the Naturalist, see BBC Welcome at all (1943), 77, 126 Children’s Hour and Norman Ellison readers, 10 nostalgia, 3, 64 realism, 17, 18, 126, 155 Index 207
Second World War, 4 maritime communities, 118–19 Secret Water (1939), 44, 77, 106–7, motor boating, 82 138 racing, 120–1 Swallows and Amazons (1930), sailing ships, 145 38–9, 40–1, 42, 65–6, 100–3, small boat sailing, 121 126, 139, 142–3, 144 space, 123, 134, 142, 145 Swallowdale (1931), 42–4, 104–6, steam ships, 144–5 126, 139–40, 143 yachting, 115, 116, 120, see also We Didn’t Mean to Go to Sea family sailing stories, the Nelson (1937), 120, 138, 140–2 tradition and the Royal Navy Winter Holiday (1933), 107 Samuel, Raphael Ray, Sheila G., 126 hiking, 29 realism in children’s literature, landscape, 59 17–22 national fictions, 5 regional geographic imagination, national identity, 5 14, 87, 95–6 Saville, Malcolm, 148, 149 regional survey, 14, 64–5, 87, 89–91, Country Scrap-Book for Boys and 106 Girls (1944), 60 Robinson Crusoe, Defoe, Daniel criticism of his books, 17–8, 26 (1719), 41 Englishness, 18, 60 Romany of the BBC, see Bramwell Jane’s Country Year (1946), 26 Evens, G. Lone Pine Five (1949), 80–1 Royal Navy Mystery at Witchend (1943), 18, 80 the British Empire, 130–1, 132, Seven White Gates (1944), 48 133, 134 Spring Comes to Nettleford (1954), children’s publishing, 6, 131 33, 48 class, 134, 137, 145 seeing-man, 88, 101 discipline, 135 de Sélincourt, Aubrey, 115 engineers, 144–6 Calicut Lends a Hand (1946), 117, family tradition, 137, 143 124 naval wives, 138 critical reception, 114, 115, 154 role of, 114, 119, 131–2, 136 Family Afloat (1940), 116 service, see Nelson tradition Kestrel (1949), 116 significance of First World War, One More Summer (1944), 117 114, 132 Three Green Bottles (1941), 119, social barriers, 134–5, 146, see also 125 navalism and the Nelson tradition Seton Thompson, Ernest, 23 Rüger, Jan, 132 Severn, David, 48, 153 Ryan, Roger, 121 Abbotsholme, 56 A Cabin for Crusoe (1943), 45–6, sailing 54–6, 57–8 classes, 116, 120, 121 criticism of, 4 costs, 116, 120–1 Fifty Years with Father (1982), cultures, 113, 115, 117 154–5 hierarchies, 123–4, 142–3 freedom, 54, 55 language, 122–3 Hermit in the Hills (1945), 71, 153 leisure demands, 115 motives for writing, 56, 154 208 Index
Severn, David – continued Townsend, John Rowe, 17 Rick Afire (1942), 52–4 tramping, 37, 38 Waggon for Five (1944), 70 Trease, Geoffrey Romanticism, 52, 53–4, 55, 57 criticism of children’s literature, Shelley, Hugh, 9 16, 18, 26, 32, 149, 151 simple lifers, 54–5, 57 Mystery on the Moor (1937), 38, 84 Skeggs, Beverley, 117–18 Walking in England (1935), 7, 85 Skelton, R. A., 106 Tucker, Nicolas, 151 south country, 5, 61, see also landscape Turchi, Peter, 105 Spooner, Sarah, 22 Stables, Gordon, 50, 61, 130 Unwin, Stanley, 4 Stewart, Simon, 12 Symonds, H. H., 63, see also national Watson, Victor, 1–2, 19, 22, 32, 42, identity in landscape 111, 128, 129, 146, 148, 152, Stefan, Szczelkun, 73 155 Stephens, Leslie, 37 Weiner, Martin, 62 Welberry, Karen, 78–9, see also mass taste, 12–14, 73, 150, see also tourism under tourism anti-citizens in tourism, landscape, Westerman, Percy F., The Fritz naming of place under mapping Straffers (1918), 132–3 and Stefan Szczelkun Whitfield, Peter, 101 Tolkien, J. R. R. Whitman, Walt, Leaves of Grass escapism, 3 (1856), 52, 55, 56, 57 eucatastrophe, 71 Williams-Ellis, Clough, 62 Thompson, Andrew, 33 Wojcik-Andrews, Ian, 10 Thompson, B. L., 75 Wonder Book of the Navy for Boys and Thoreau, Henry David, 52, 53–5 Girls, The (1920), 139 tourism Wood, Denis, 95 anti-tourists, 73, 75, 109 Woolf, Virginia, 41–2 cars, 73, 76 working-class readers, 9–10, 151, citizens and anti-citizens, 79–82 see also class, family sailing crowds, 76, 77, 78, 85 stories and tourism hierarchy of behaviour, 72–3, 76, 81–2 Yahav-Brown, Amit, 8, 46, 56 Lake District, 74–5 Young, E. H., Caravan Island (1940), mass tourism, 74–5, 77 40 trippers, 75, 76, 77, 81 working-class tourists, 74–5, 82–4 Zweig, Paul, 41