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Kalanchoe Laciniata and Bryophyllum Pinnatum: an Updated Review Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 29 (2019) 529–558 ww w.elsevier.com/locate/bjp Review Kalanchoe laciniata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: an updated review about ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology a a c a Júlia M. Fernandes , Lorena M. Cunha , Eduardo Pereira Azevedo , Estela M.G. Lourenc¸ o , b a,∗ Matheus F. Fernandes-Pedrosa , Silvana M. Zucolotto a Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil b Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil c Laboratório de Farmacotécnica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: The species Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Pers. are native from Brazil and Received 19 September 2018 Madagascar, respectively. Both belonging to the Crassulaceae family and being widely used by popu- Accepted 30 January 2019 lation as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. These species have similar leaf morphology and for this Available online 7 June 2019 reason, they are known by the same popular name as “saião” or “coirama”. Several studies have been published involving different parts and preparations of these species. Therefore, this review aims to pro- Keywords: vide an update overview about the traditional uses, chemical constitution, pharmacology and toxicology Comparison of K. laciniata and B. pinnatum species. An extensive literature review was conducted in different sci- Flavonoid entific databases. Various chemical constituents have been identified in extracts from different parts of Traditional use Phytochemical K. laciniata and B. pinnatum, being flavonoids the major compounds. They have been traditionally used Pharmacology to treat inflammation, microbial infection, pain, respiratory diseases, gastritis, ulcers, diabetes and can- Toxicology cer tumors. Non-clinical in vitro assays evaluated mainly the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, while in vivo assays evaluated the leishmanicide, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Regarding toxicity, few studies have been conducted for the two species. The information reported in this work might contribute to the recognition of the importance of K. laciniata and B. pinnatum species, as well as to direct further studies. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/). Introduction laciniata (L.) DC. is native from Brazil and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Pers. from Madagascar (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996; Gehrig et al., The Crassulaceae family comprises approximately 33 genera 2001). Even though these plants are naturalized in Brazil, they are and 1500 species distributed worldwide, except for Australia and not endemic (Zappi, 2015). the Pacific Islands (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996). This family presents Kalanchoe laciniata and B. pinnatum are both popularly known xeromorphic characteristics that allows its species to adapt to as “saião” or “coirama” and have been used to treat inflammatory bright light and water scarcity (Herrera, 2008). It has an important disorders (Amaral et al., 2005). Due to the various ethnopharmaco- role on the research of biochemical, ecophysiological and phyloge- logical reports attributed to these species, several research groups netic aspects related to the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), have conducted studies to prove their pharmacological or biological which is an evolutive adaptation of the pathway of photosynthetic properties. In addition, some researchers have carried out phyto- carbon assimilation (Osmond, 1978). Among species, Kalanchoe chemical studies resulting in the identification of different classes of secondary metabolites, as well as the isolation of various con- stituents, specially from their leaves and aerial parts. Therefore, this review aims to provide an updated overview about the tradi- ∗ Corresponding author. tional uses, chemical constitution as well as pharmacological and E-mail: [email protected] (S.M. Zucolotto). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2019.01.012 0102-695X/© 2019 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 530 J.M. Fernandes et al. / Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 29 (2019) 529–558 Fig. 1. Leaves (A) and inflorescences (B) of Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. toxicological aspects of K. laciniata and B. pinnatum species. This Kalanchoe laciniata constitutes a subligneous and perennial veg- study might be used as a guide to further investigations involving etable with 30–100 cm in height. Its leaves are succulent, oval these species. or obval, opposites, shortly petiolate and crenate (Corrêa, 1984; Barroso, 1991; Amaral et al., 2005). The flowers are yellow-orange Material and methods in collor, small, abundant, arranged in composite summits of stamps or paniculate, hermaphrodites, gamopetalas with corolla An extensive literature review was conducted in different scien- longer than the cup, with the presence of scaly carpels that become tific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, The polispermos follicles. Their fruit is a follicle with 6 cm long that con- Cochrane Library. The study covered several aspects of the vegetal tains brown oblong seeds (Lorenzi and Matos, 2000; Amaral et al., species like botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacol- 2005). ogy and toxicology. In addition, the scientific names, synonyms The Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Pers. species (Fig. 2) is and popular names of major species identified by the botanical popularly known as “saião” and “coirama” throughout Brazil; databases “Flora do Brasil”, Tropicos, International Plant Names “folha-de-pirarucu”, in Pará State; “fortuna” and “roda-da-fortuna” Index and The Plant List were included. The common names found in Minas Gerais; “zakham-hayat” in Asia and Africa; life-plant in in the book “Coletânea científica de plantas de uso medicinal” Mexico; love-plant, canterburry, bells and cathedral bells in the (Amaral et al., 2005) were also used. The data were updated in April United States of America and Europe (Amaral et al., 2005; Joseph 2018. et al., 2011). This species is found in Brazil, China, India and Africa and in all tropical countries. In Brazil, it is found in Northeast (Bahia, Botanical information Ceará and Paraíba), North (Acre), Southeast (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo), Midwest (Distrito Fed- Kalanchoe laciniata and Bryophyllum pinnatum exhibit similari- eral, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso) and South (Paraná, Rio ties concerning their leaf morphologies, which include decussate, Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina) regions, mainly in the coastal succulent, glabrous, oval to elliptical leaves with crenate border and Caatinga zones (Amaral et al., 2005; Zappi, 2015). B. pinnatum (Hyakutake and Grotta, 1972; Anjoo and Saluja, 2010; Moreira (Lam) Pers. is the accepted name and B. calycinum and Kalanchoe et al., 2012). Due to such similarities, these species are known by pinnata are its botanic synonyms (The Plant List, 2010; Zappi, 2015; the same popular name (Moreira et al., 2012). The knowledge of Tropicos, 2019). leaf anatomy is important for registration purpose and for quality Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial, succulent and corpulent control of herbal medicines (Moreira et al., 2012; Anvisa, 2014). vegetable with glabrous and tuberous stem. This species can reach The K. laciniata (L.) DC. specie (Fig. 1) is popularly known up to 150 cm in height. The oldest stalks have a light color while as “saião”, “corama-branca”, “folha-da-fortuna”, “para-tudo”, the youngest ones are reddish with defilements. Its leaves are vari- “fortuna-de-flores-amarelas”, “folha-da-costa”, “folha-grossa” in able and decussates, being the lowest ones generally simple or Alagoas, “coerana” in Pernambuco, and “erva-da-costa” in Bahia. sometimes imparinates. The leaves are 30 cm long, the upper are This species is found in almost all states of the Northeast region (Rio 3-5-7 foliated, long petiolate, thick, fleshy and dark with crenate Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Bahia and Sergipe), borders. The inflorescences are hermaphrodites, tubular, pendu- Southeast (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São lous, monopetalas, pale green or yellow-red, with cup swollen and Paulo), South (Paraná and Santa Catarina), Midwest (Federal Dis- corolla longer than the cup. The fruit are in the form of hoods trict and Mato Grosso do Sul) and North (Acre) regions, mainly in which become scaly polispermos follicles that are housed within the coastal zone (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996; Amaral et al., 2005; Zappi, the hoods (Amaral et al., 2005; Jessica, 2008; Joseph et al., 2011; 2015). The accepted name for this specie is K. laciniata (L.) DC. Moreira et al., 2012). and others botanics synonyms are Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalan- The main characteristic that differentiates K. laciniata and B. pin- choe crenata (The Plant List, 2010; Zappi, 2015; Tropicos, 2019). natum species is the leaf aspect as K. laciniata has a corrugated or Although K. laciniata is the accepted name, most of the works found subcrenated border (Fig. 3), whereas B. pinnatum leaf is significantly
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