DOCSLIB.ORG

Cold Firn in the Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa Areas, European Alps: Spatial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cold Firn in the Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa Areas, European Alps: Spatial Annals of Glaciology 35 2002 # InternationalGlaciological Society Cold firn in theMont Blanc and MonteRosa areas,European Alps: spatial distribution and statisticalmodels Stephan SUTER,* Martin HOELZLEÀ Versuchsanstalt fu rWasserbau,Hydrologie und Glaziologie,Eidgeno ssischeTechnische Hochschule,ETH-Zentrum,CH-8092 Zu rich,Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT.Near-surface firntemperatures weremeasured in22steam-drilled bore- holesin the summit regionof Mont Blanc(F ranceand I taly)at 3800^4800 m a.s.l.in June 1998and in 3 1boreholesin the Monte Rosaarea (Italy and Switzerland )at3900 ^ 4500m a.s.l.in May^July1 999.Borehole temperatures were loggedto 22 m depth.The temperatures at1 8mdepthranged between temperate conditionsand approximately ^15³C. In a small altitudeband, the observeddistribution pattern suggests astronginflu- ence ofshortwaveradiation and turbulent heatexchange (being generally more effective atwind-exposed sites) .Thesetwo energy fluxes mainly determine the melt-energy input intothe snowand firn during summer and,thereby ,the measured near-surfacetempera- tures. Astatistical analysisof the measured firntemperatures revealedaltitude-dependent firntemperature gradientsof ^1.48and of ^2.36³ C (100m) ^1 forthe Mont Blancand Monte Rosaareas, respectively .Thehigh lapse rates, ascomparedto the air-temperature lapserate, arethe result ofenglaciallatent-heat contribution.The parameters elevation, potentialdirect solarradiation, slope and accumulation explain 480%of the variation ofthe meanannual firn temperatures. Aspect-dependent lowerboundaries for the cold- firnoccurrence inthe twoareas ranged between 3500 and 4 100ma.s.l. INTRODUCTION observedsurface and air temperatures dueto release oflatent heatwithin the uppersnow and firn layers from penetrating Coldglaciers are a uniquearchive for climate andenviron- andrefreezing surface meltwater . mentalstudies. Near-absence ofmelt guaranteesa continuous The MAFT is mainlya result ofthe energyand mass recordof the climate andenvironmental history in the firn balanceat the glaciersurface. Important parameters affect- andice. Incontrast tothe polarregions of Greenland and ing the MAFT aremean annual air temperature (MAAT), Antarctica,relatively little is knownabout the spatialdistri- radiationflux, volume and seasonality of accumulation/ butionof negative firn temperatures inthe EuropeanAlps ablation,volume of penetrating and refreezing meltwater , andmany other mountain ranges. Knowledge of the relevant topographiclocation (hollow or ridge) and wind effects atmosphericand englacial processes leadingto the formation (Aleanand others, 1984;Suter andothers, 2001).Someof ofcoldfirn is crucialfor finding representative Alpinecore- these parameters areclosely linked to each other (e.g .topog- drillingsites andfor assessing possiblethermal consequences raphy,windeffects andvolume of snow deposition) .Other forthese sites inview of a potentialclimate change. parameters that mayinfluence the near-surfacethermal Inorder to quantify firn and ice temperatures amean regime areglacier flow velocity ,extensionand characteris- annualfirn temperature (MAFT)can be defined. Seasonal tics ofthe catchment basin(e.g. snow avalanches) ,firnand surface temperature fluctuationsare normally reflected ice deformation,ground heat flux and occurrence of withinthe uppermost10^20m ofthe firn.The MAFT is found crevassed zones(Suter andothers, 2001). ata depthwhere seasonal temperature fluctuationsvanish or , Fora longtime it wasassumed that glaciersin the Alps inpractice, where they are within the accuracyrange of the weregenerally temperate, althoughV allot( 1893,1913) measurement. Inthe recrystallizationzone (Shumskii, 1 964), reported coldfirn in the MontBlanc massif asearlyas the the MAFT is veryclose to the observedsurface or air tem- turn ofthe 20thcentury .Discussion ofcold firn and ice in perature.In the recrystallization-infiltrationand cold-firn the Alpswas reanimated by investigations in the MonteR osa zones(Shumskii, 1 964),the MAFT isnormallyhigher than area(Fisher ,1953,1954,1 955,1963)andin the Jungfrauarea (Haeberli andBrentani, 1955).Haeberli( 1976)andLliboutry andothers (1976)wereamong the first tosystematically assess the distributionof cold firn and ice inthe Alps.Inthe past, * extensivefirn- andice-temperature measurements werepre- Present address: MeteoSwiss, P.O.Box5 14,CH-8044 dominantlycarried out at locations of specific practicalor Zu« rich, Switzerland. scientific interest inconnection with construction work (e.g . À Present address: GeographischesInstitut, Universita « t Haefeliand Brentani, 1955;Haeberliand others, 1979),glacier Zu« rich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190,CH-805 7Zu « rich, risk prevention(Lu « thi andF unk,1 997)andhigh-alpine core Switzerland. drillings(e.g .Oeschger andothers, 1978;Alean and others, 9 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 03 Oct 2021 at 03:19:01, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. Suterand Hoelzle:Coldfirn in Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa areas inthe Mont Blancarea, W estern Alps(F ranceand I taly), andin the Monte Rosaarea, Southern Alps (I talyand Switzerland).Englacialtemperature measurements were therefore madeso as to 1.measure ameanannual firn temperature; 2.coveran altitudeband as largeas possible; 3.choosesites withvarying climatic andtopographic con- ditions; 4.detect analtitude-dependent boundary between cold andtemperate firn,and 5.comparethe present-dayfirn temperatures andcold-firn occurrence withearlier observationsand models. FIELD OBSERVATIONS Fig.1.Locationof the Mont Blancand Monte Rosa studyareas. Study areas TheM ontBlanc study area ( 45³50 ’30’’ N, 6³51’00’’ E; Figs 1 1984;Haeberli and F unk,1 991;Vincent andothers, 1997).A and2 )coversabout 3 km 2 andis locatedto the northof the scheme forthe spatialdistribution of cold firn and ice wasout- MontBlanc summit. Itextendsfrom about 3800 to 4800 m linedby Hooke and others (1983)includingnear -surface tem- a.s.l.and comprises the accumulationareas of Glaciers de peratures ofalpine and polar regions, and by Haeberli and Bionnassay,deTaconnazand des Bossons,as wellas the sum- Alean( 1985)focusingon firn and ice temperatures fromthe mits ofM ontBlanc ( 4807m a.s.l.)andDo ªme duGou ªter Alps.Alean and others (1984)investigatedinteractions (4304m a.s.l.).Theclimate ofthe investigatedarea is charac- betweensnow deposition, firn temperature andsolar radi- terized byalmost constantly negative air temperatures and ationin the ColleGnifetti (MonteR osa)area. An altitude- veryhigh wind speeds since the massif isfullyexposed to the andaspect-dependent statistical modelof the distributionof (north)westerlies and,therefore, highprecipitation rates. coldfirn and ice inaccumulation areas of the Alpswas devel- Due togenerally high wind speeds, accumulationshows a opedby Suter andothers (2001). largespatial variability from 0. 2ma ^1 w.e.at very wind- Thegoal of the present studywas to systematically exposedsites (personalcommunication from S. Preunkert, investigatethe present-dayspatial distribution of coldfirn 2001) to 4 m a^1 w.e.at wind-protected sites (Vincent and andits dependenceon climatic andtopographic variables others, 1997).Observed firnand ice depths rangefrom afew Fig.2.Boreholelocationsandobserved18mtemperatures (³C) in the Mont Blancarea,1998,showinggrid-interpolated values using aspline interpolation algorithm. ** denotes alocation with avalue measured at 8m,and *** with avalue measured at 12mdepth. 10 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 03 Oct 2021 at 03:19:01, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. Suter and Hoelzle:Coldfirn in Mont Blanc andMonte Rosa areas metres toabout 40 matexposed crests anddomes, and from thermistor chaintogether with the loggingunit was carefully 120 to 4200m atsaddles and basins (Vincent andothers, calibratedat several temperatures between0³ and ^1 8³C 1997;unpublisheddata) . usinga coldbath and a temperature-measuring devicecali- TheMonte Rosastudy area ( 45³55 ’20’’ N, 7³52’00’’ E; bratedat the Swiss FederalOffice ofMetrology .Theaccuracy Figs1 and3 )is about4 km 2 andcovers the accumulation ofthe calibrationis givenby the stabilityof the coldbath, the areasof the eastern partof Ghiacciaiodel L ysand of Grenz- resolutionand accuracy of the data-loggingunit, the charac- gletscher aboveapproximately 3900 m a.s.l.The climate in teristics ofthe thermistors andthe cableand the absolute the studyarea is characterizedby high-altitude conditions, accuracyof the temperature-measuring device.The absolute i.e.practically persistent sub-zero airtemperatures through- accuracyof a thermistor measurement is 0.03³C at0³ to § outthe year,relativelyhigh precipitation rates andhigh ^10³C and 0.04³C at^1 2.5³to ^20³ C. Therelative accuracy § windspeeds. Snowaccumulation is stronglyvariable, betweenthe thermistors orof one and the same thermistor rangingfrom 0.3ma ^1 w.e.at wind-exposed saddles and usingthe same measuringbridge is evenbetter , 0.02³ and ^1 § ridgesto 2^3 ma w.e.at wind-protected sites (Ga « ggeler 0.01³C, respectively . § andothers, 1983;Haeberli and others, 1983;Alean and After the steam-drillingoperation, which lasted typically others, 1984;Eichler andothers, 2000).Observed ice depths 60^90min toa depthof 22 m ,the thermistor chainwas inthe studyarea range from 40 to 1 20m atwind-exposed installedfrom 12hoursto several days after drilling.Normally, crests andsaddles and from 80 to 4200m inthe central part noliquid water was found in the boreholes,and if it occurred, ofthe firnbasins (Haeberli
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE NORDEND of MONTE ROSA. T. Graham Brown
    THE • VOL. LIII NOVEMBER I 942 NO. 265 THE NORDEND OF MONTE ROSA BY T. GRAHAM BROWN Substance of a lecture delivered before the Alpine Club, December g, 1941. T is curious to reflect that the ascent of the N ordend might have been one of the most popular in the Alps had the Dufourspitze been but 83 ft. lower. As things are, the mountain is relatively neglected. The usual route to its graceful summit lies off the beaten track, and more .often than not the N ordend is omitted during traverses of the Monte Rosa peaks ; parties from the Marinelli hut seem almost invariably to take the easier but more dangerous route to the Dufour­ spitze in preference to the more difficult ascent of the N ordend by its stupendous Macugnaga face ; the sensational Frontier arete, 1 which plunges to the Jagerjoch in vertical steps, has rarely been visited ; and (to the best of my knowledge) the wide and steep Weisstor (or N.E.) face of the N ordend has so far received attention from but a single climbing party. To these striking neglects may be added a fifth: on only one former occasion, and that was nearly thirty years ago, has the Nordend been the subject of a paper read before the Club.2 The event deserves to be recalled, because it was then that E. A. Broome described his expedition of 191 I, when, in the course of the day, he ascended the Macugnaga face from the Marinelli hut and descended by the ordinary route to the Riffelhaus the memorable achievement of a great climber who was in his sixty-seventh year at the time of the ascent.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Monte Rosa Hut
    Beautifully efficient: the New Monte Rosa Hut The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) and the Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) are intending to set a new milestone in Alpine building with the New Monte Rosa Hut. The foundation stone was laid in August 2008. The mountain hut is one of many projects initiated to mark the 150th anniversary of the ETH Zurich. It is an ambitious building project for a forward-looking SAC hut on 2883 metres above sea level, sustainable in terms of energy and ecology. The SAC was quick to agree to the project. The internationally known Monte Rosa area in the Swiss Canton of Valais, framed by the Matterhorn and the Dufourspitze, was chosen for the planned hut. The existing hut there is in need of refurbishment, and so the project partners decided to replace it with the New Monte Rosa Hut. In the winter term 2003/2004, the Studio Monte Rosa at the ETH Zurich’s architecture and construction department was set up. Working over four terms, a total of over thirty students devised a design for the New Monte Rosa Hut. The student’s ideas developed into a feasible project with the support of professors and experts from various disciplines. So now a five-storey timber construction is to be built on stainless steel foundations thrusting down into the rock. Its metallically shimmering aluminium outer covering and unusual polygonal shape make it look like a rock crystal. The guest rooms can accommodate a total of 120 people, and the enchanting surroundings are effectively invited in as well, by a cascade of steps and a wide window facade.
    [Show full text]
  • A Combination of PROBA-V/MODIS-Based Products with Sentinel-1 SAR Data for Detecting Wet and Dry Snow Cover in Mountainous Areas
    remote sensing Article A Combination of PROBA-V/MODIS-Based Products with Sentinel-1 SAR Data for Detecting Wet and Dry Snow Cover in Mountainous Areas Ya-Lun S. Tsai 1,* , Andreas Dietz 1, Natascha Oppelt 2 and Claudia Kuenzer 1 1 German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, D-82234 Wessling, Germany 2 Department of Geography, Earth Observation and Modelling, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 June 2019; Accepted: 13 August 2019; Published: 14 August 2019 Abstract: In the present study, we explore the value of employing both vegetation indexes as well as land surface temperature derived from Project for On-Board Autonomy—Vegetation (PROBA-V) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors, respectively, to support the detection of total (wet + dry) snow cover extent (SCE) based on a simple tuning machine learning approach and provide reliability maps for further analysis. We utilize Sentinel-1-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations, including backscatter coefficient, interferometric coherence, and polarimetric parameters, and four topographical factors as well as vegetation and temperature information to detect the total SCE with a land cover-dependent random forest-based approach. Our results show that the overall accuracy and F-measure are over 90% with an ’Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (ROC)’ (AUC) score of approximately 80% over five study areas located in different mountain ranges, continents, and hemispheres. These accuracies are also confirmed by a comprehensive validation approach with different data sources, attesting the robustness and global transferability.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Debris Flow Occurrences Associated with Glaciers in the Alps ⁎ Marta Chiarle A, , Sara Iannotti A, Giovanni Mortara A, Philip Deline B
    Global and Planetary Change 56 (2007) 123–136 www.elsevier.com/locate/gloplacha Recent debris flow occurrences associated with glaciers in the Alps ⁎ Marta Chiarle a, , Sara Iannotti a, Giovanni Mortara a, Philip Deline b a CNR‐IRPI, Strada delle Cacce, 73–10135 Torino, Italy b Laboratoire EDYTEM, CNRS‐Université de Savoie, 73376 Le Bouget‐du‐Lac, France Received 12 August 2005; accepted 21 July 2006 Available online 9 January 2007 Abstract Debris flows from glacier forefields, triggered by heavy rain or glacial outbursts, or damming of streams by ice avalanches, pose hazards in Alpine valleys (e.g. the south side of Mount Blanc). Glacier‐related debris flows are, in part, a consequence of general glacier retreat and the corresponding exposure of large quantities of unconsolidated, unvegetated, and sometimes ice‐cored glacial sediments. This paper documents glacier‐related debris flows at 17 sites in the Italian, French, and Swiss Alps, with a focus on the Italian northwest sector. For each case data are provided which describe the glacier and the instability. Three types of events have been recognized, based on antecedent meteorological conditions. Type 1 (9 documented debris flows) is triggered by intense and prolonged rainfall, causing water saturation of sediments and consequent failure of large sediment volumes (up to 800000 m3). Type 2 (2 debris flows) is triggered by short rainstorms which may destabilize the glacier drainage system, with debris flow volumes up to 100000 m3. Type 3 (6 debris flows) occurs during dry weather by glacial lake outbursts or ground/buried ice melting, with debris flow volumes up to 150000 m3.
    [Show full text]
  • Brochure on How to Act in Alpine Terrain
    FORS MONTENEGRO FORSMONTENEGRO Foundation for the Development Fondacija za razvoj sjevera of Northern Montenegro Crne Gore Foundation for the Development of Northern Montenegro The project is funded by the European Union DIRECT BROCHURE ON HOW TO ACT IN ALPINE TERRAIN From a geographical standpoint, mountains are natural THE MOUNTAINS OF MONTENEGRO We hope that this brochure will be useful, that it will elevations of the earth’s surface attaining an altitude contribute to greater safety during stay in Montenegrin greater than 500 m. Mountains are formed and shaped by mountains, and that the tourists-hikers who visit our tectonic processes that could be classified as endogenic Montenegro is a South European and a Mediterranean mountains will carry away with them a most pleasant or internal (seismic an volcanic activity) or exogenic or country, mountainous and coastal at the same time, impression of their wild and breathtaking beauty. external (fluvial erosion – wearing away of soil by moving unique for its beauty, and one of the richest countries water, denudation – wearing down and stripping of the in Europe in terms of natural resources. e mountains rocks due to temperature swings, atmospheric influences, of Montenegro belong to the Dinaric Mountain Range. and expansion of plant roots, erosion – mechanical e prominent massifs are Orjen, Lovćen and Rumija disintegration of rocks, etc.). in the south, and Maglić, Durmitor, Vojnik, Morača Mountains, Komovi, Prokletije in the continental region, The tallest mountain ranges in the world are: The with an average elevation of the mountain peaks of over Himalayas with the highest peak in the world Mount 2,000 above sea level.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles, Only Recently
    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2085–2106, 2016 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/16/2085/2016/ doi:10.5194/nhess-16-2085-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Climate anomalies associated with the occurrence of rockfalls at high-elevation in the Italian Alps Roberta Paranunzio1, Francesco Laio1, Marta Chiarle2, Guido Nigrelli2, and Fausto Guzzetti3 1Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy 2Research Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection, National Research Council (CNR IRPI), Torino, Italy 3Research Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection, National Research Council (CNR IRPI), Perugia, Italy Correspondence to: Roberta Paranunzio ([email protected]) Received: 29 March 2016 – Published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 4 April 2016 Revised: 13 July 2016 – Accepted: 22 August 2016 – Published: 12 September 2016 Abstract. Climate change is seriously affecting the 1 Introduction cryosphere in terms, for example, of permafrost thaw, al- teration of rain=snow ratio, and glacier shrinkage. There is concern about the increasing number of rockfalls at high el- The recent decades have seen a pronounced warming in evation in the last decades. Nevertheless, the exact role of global climate, primarily at high elevations and high latitudes climate parameters in slope instability at high elevation has (Schär et al., 2004). Temperature across European Alps has ◦ not been fully explored yet. In this paper, we investigate 41 increased of about 1.4 K per century over the period 1906– rockfalls listed in different sources (newspapers, technical re- 2005, which is more than double the global average (Brunetti ports, and CNR IRPI archive) in the elevation range 1500– et al., 2009) and further increases are expected according to 4200 m a.s.l.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Permafrost and Recent Alpine Rock-Fall Events: a GIS-Based Approach to Determine Critical Factors
    Permafrost, Phillips, Springman & Arenson (eds) © 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 582 7 Mountain permafrost and recent Alpine rock-fall events: a GIS-based approach to determine critical factors J. Noetzli, M. Hoelzle & W. Haeberli Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Group, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland ABSTRACT: Glacier retreat and permafrost changes, as related to climate change, are supposed to affect sta- bility conditions of steep rock walls in cold mountain ranges. Several rock-fall events, which have occurred in the European Alps during the 20th century, are possibly related to warm permafrost. This study undertakes a system- atic parameterization of rock-fall events in order to increase information about thermal and topographic condi- tions under which rock instabilities develop in areas of mountain permafrost. Thermal conditions of historically documented starting zones are parameterized by applying either empirical rules or GIS-based spatial models; slope is derived from DTMs. Despite the relatively small number of events documented so far (around 20), the first results presented clearly indicate that the factor permafrost must be considered in connection with rock-falls from high mountain slopes. 1 INTRODUCTION known rock-fall events in the Alps. In a first step, his- torically documented starting zones are investigated. A number of periglacial rock-fall events have occurred in the European Alps during the 20th century such as the Brenva Glacier rock avalanches of 1920 and 1997 2 HISTORICAL ROCK-FALL EVENTS in the Aosta Valley or the recent instability in the Monte Rosa east wall in the Anzasca Valley, both in So far, twenty rock-fall events or slope instabilities the Italian Alps.
    [Show full text]
  • Stability Assessment of Degrading Permafrost Rock Slopes Based on A
    https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-70 Preprint. Discussion started: 28 September 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Stability assessment of degrading permafrost rock slopes based on a coupled thermo-mechanical model Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger, and Michael Krautblatter Chair of Landslide Research, Technical University of Munich, 80333, Germany 5 Correspondence to: Philipp Mamot ([email protected]) Abstract. In the last two decades, permafrost degradation has been observed to be a major driver of enhanced rock slope instability and associated hazards in high mountains. While the thermal regime of permafrost degradation in high mountains has already been intensively investigated, the mechanical consequences on rock slope stability have so far not been reproduced in numerical models. Laboratory studies and conceptual models argue that warming and thawing decrease rock and 10 discontinuity strength and promote deformation. This study presents the first general approach for a temperature-dependent numerical stability model that simulates the mechanical response of a warming and thawing permafrost rock slope. The proposed procedure is applied to a rockslide at the permafrost-affected Zugspitze summit crest. Laboratory tests on frozen and unfrozen rock joint and intact rock properties provide material parameters for the discontinuum model developed with the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). 15 Geophysical and geotechnical field surveys deliver information on the permafrost distribution and fracture network. The model demonstrates that warming decreases rock slope stability to a critical level, while thawing initiates failure. A sensitivity analysis of the model with a simplified geometry and warming trajectory below 0 °C shows that progressive warming close to the melting point initiates instability above a critical slope angle of 50–62°, depending on the orientation of the fracture network.
    [Show full text]
  • Peaks & Glaciers 2019
    JOHN MITCHELL FINE PAINTINGS EST 1931 3 Burger Calame Castan Compton 16, 29 14 6 10, 12, 23, 44, 46, 51 Contencin Crauwels Gay-Couttet Français 17, 18, 20, 22, 28, 46, 50 32 33 39 Gyger Hart-Dyke Loppé Mähly 17, 49, 51 26, 27 30, 34, 40, 43, 52 38 All paintings, drawings and photographs are for sale unless otherwise stated and are available for viewing from Monday to Friday by prior appointment at: John Mitchell Fine Paintings 17 Avery Row Brook Street Mazel Millner Roffiaen Rummelspacher London W1K 4BF 15 45 24 11 Catalogue compiled by William Mitchell Please contact William Mitchell on 020 7493 7567 [email protected] www.johnmitchell.net Schrader Steffan Tairraz Yoshida 9 48 8, 11, 19 47 4 This catalogue has been compiled to accompany our annual selling exhibition of paintings, Club’s annual exhibitions from the late 1860s onwards, there was an active promotion and 5 drawings and vintage photographs of the Alps from the early 1840s to the present day. It is the veneration of the Alps through all mediums of art, as artists tried to conjure up visions of snow firm’s eighteenth winter of Peaks & Glaciers , and, as the leading specialist in Alpine pictures, I am and ice – in Loppé’s words ‘a reality that was more beautiful than in our wildest dreams.’ With an proud to have handled some wonderful examples since our inaugural exhibition in 2001. In keeping increasingly interested audience, it is no surprise that by the end of the nineteenth century, the with every exhibition, the quality, topographical accuracy and diversity of subject matter remain demand for Alpine imagery far outstripped the supply.
    [Show full text]
  • Fig . I (Top). Monte Rosa. the Black Dot Near the Summit Shows the Position
    Fig. I (top). Monte Rosa. The black dot near the summit shows the position of the tunnel Fig. 2 (bottom left). The tunnel entrance is seen to the right of the large rock near the bottom of the pictllre Fig. 3 (bottom right). Looking out through the tlll/llel entrance Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 30 Sep 2021 at 13:45:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. THE COLD ICE TUNNEL ON THE SILBERSATTEL, MONTE ROSA 195 THE COLD ICE TUNNEL ON THE SILBERSATTEL, MONTE ROSA PRELIMINARY REPORT By JOEL E. FISHER DURING the summer of 1952 a horizontal tunnel at the 4200 m. contour was driven 65 m. into the Monte Rosa Glacier, heading south-east toward the Silbersatte!' (Swiss co-ordinates 632'65,87'70, Landeskarte der Schweiz, Blatt 284, Mischabel.) The tunnel is 2 m. high by 1 m. wide, and its floor is level. The black dot in Fig. 1 (p. 194) shows its location; Fig. 2 (p. 194) shows the portal, as seen from Point 4203 on the Swiss map (Mischabel sheet); Fig. 3 (p. 194) shows a view from within the tunnel, looking north-west, and Figs. 4 and 5 (p. 193) are flashlight photographs taken inside the tunnel. Fig. 6 (below) is a profile of the tunnel and slope. The object of driving this tunnel was to obtain a complete sounding right through to bedrock of a truly cold Arctic-type glacier, including data on density and temperature, as well as on possibly Fig. 6 " " .-' _1..& .. ","1'\.,,,, •• TU"""'I.O ...
    [Show full text]
  • Daring Adventures on the World's Greatest Peaks
    Kilian Jornet Daring Adventures On the World’s Greatest Peaks Copyright © 2018 by VeloPress Translation copyright © 2018 by Nathan Douglas First published by Ara Llibres SCCL, copyright © 2017 Text copyright © 2017 by Kilian Jornet All rights reserved. Printed in China. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or photocopy or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations within critical articles and reviews. 3002 Sterling Circle, Suite 100 Boulder, CO 80301–2338 USA VeloPress is the leading publisher of books on endurance sports. Focused on cycling, triathlon, running, swimming, and nutrition/diet, VeloPress books help athletes achieve their goals of going faster and farther. Preview books and contact us at velopress.com. Distributed in the United States and Canada by Ingram Publisher Services A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-937715-90-8 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Cover design: Ara Llibres Interior design: Nuria Zaragoza Cover and interior photography except where otherwise noted: Sébastien Montaz Rosset Additional photos: pp. 18–19, 46–47, 54–55, 72–73, 90–91, 106–107, 122–123, 138–139: Shutterstock; pp. 94–97: Kilian Jornet Illustrations: Clara Prieto 18 19 20 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS THE PROJECT OF MY LIFE ............................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Paintodayspain
    SPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAIN- TODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- 2009 DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- Spain today 2009 is an up-to-date look at the primary PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- aspects of our nation: its public institutions and political scenario, its foreign relations, the economy and a pano- 2009 DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- ramic view of Spain’s social and cultural life, accompanied by the necessary historical background information for PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- each topic addressed DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- http://www.la-moncloa.es PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- SPAIN TODAY TODAY SPAIN DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAIN- TODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO-
    [Show full text]