THE SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Editor

ROBERT S. COHEN,

Editorial Advisory Board

THOMAS F. GLICK, Boston University ADOLF GRUNBAUM, University of Pittsburgh SAHOTRA SARKAR, Boston University SYLVAN S. SCHWEBER, Brandeis University JOHN J. STACHEL, Boston University MARX W. WARTOFSKY, Baruch College of the City University ofNew York

VOLUME 146 THE SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE

The Bar-Hillel Colloquium: Studies in History, Philosophy, and Sociology ofScience

Volume 4

Edited by

EDNA ULLMANN-MARGALIT

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Sclentlflc enterprise I edlted by Edna Ullmann-Margallt. p. CI. -- (The Bar-Hl11el colloqulum ; v. 4) (Boston studles In the phl1osophy of science ; v- 146) ISBN 978-94-010-5190-3 ISBN 978-94-011-2688-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2688-5 1. Sclence--Hlstory--Congresses. 2. Sclence--Phl1osophy• -Congresses. 3. Sclence--Soclal aspects--Congresses. 1. Ul1lann -Margallt. Edna. II. Serles. III. Serles; Boston studles in the phl1osophy of sclence ; v- 146. a124.6.S394 1992 509--dc20 92-31007

ISBN 978-94-010-5190-3

Prepared in cooperation with Mrs. Esther Shashar, executive editor. The Van Leer Institute.

AII Rights Reserved © 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 18t edition 1992 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. THE BAR-HILLEL COLLOQUIUM: STUDIES IN HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, AND SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE

The Governing Board The Advisory Committee Yehuda Elkana Aryeh Dworetzky Michael Heyd Jacob Eckstein Asa Kasher Yaron Ezrahi Michael Feldman Coordinator Seymour Fox Edna Ullmann-Margalit Saul Friedlander Amos Funkenstein Advisory Editorial Board Max Jammer Robert S. Cohen Shneior Lifson Boston University Yuval Ne'eman Shlomo Pines Yehuda Elkana Shmuel Sambursky University and David Samuel The Van Leer Jerusalem Ben-Ami Scharfstein Institute Ozer Schild Mark Steiner Gerald Holton Ezra Talmor Zvi Yavetz

The Colloquium for the History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science was established in the academic year 1981-82. It offers, annually, a series of public lectures, alternately in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. It is sponsored and directed jointly by three bodies: The Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; The Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas of ; and The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute. The advisory committee of the Israel Colloquium represents all the institutions of higher learning in Israel. In 1988 the Colloquium was renamed "The Bar-Hillel Colloquium." Contents

Preface lX

ISAAC KRAMNICK, Cornell University Eighteenth-Century Science and Radical Social Theory: The Case of Joseph Priestley's Scientific Liberalism

JOSEPH MALI, Tel Aviv University Science, Politics, and the New Science of Politics: A Comment 33

BRIAN VICKERS, Center for Renaissance Studies, Zurich Critical Reactions to the Occult Sciences During the Renaissance 43

RIVKA FELDHAY, Tel Aviv University Critical Reactions to the Occult: A Comment 93

MARTIN WARNKE, University of Hamburg Works ofthe Imagination 10 1

MOSHE BARASCH, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Works of the Imagination: A Comment 117

J. J. C. SMART, The Australian National University Wittgenstein, Following a Rule, and Scientific Psychology 123

A VISHAI MARGALIT, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem How to Outsmart the Rules: A Comment 139

JEAN-MARC LEVY-LEBLOND, University of Nice Why Does Need Mathematics? 145

ITAMAR PITOWSKY, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Why Does Physics Need Mathematics? A Comment 163

FELICIA ACKERMAN, Brown University Analysis and Its Paradoxes 169 viii

CHARLES TAYLOR, McGill University Explanation and Practical Reason 179

SYMPOSIUM: "THE OTHER NEWTON" - THE THEOLOGICAL AND ALCHEMICAL WRITINGS 203

B. J. T. DOBBS, Northwestern University Gravity and Alchemy 205

RICHARD S. WESTFALL, Indiana University Isaac Newton: Theologian 223

RICHARD H. POPKIN, Washington University Newton and the Origins of Fundamentalism 241

SYMPOSIUM: NIELS BOHR CENTENNIAL 261

SHMUEL SAMBURSKY, The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Man as Spectator and Actor in the Drama of Existence 263

DAVID Z. ALBERT, Bohr's Response to Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen 269

MARA BELLER, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Genesis of Bohr's Complementarity Principle and the Bohr-Heisenberg Dialogue 273 Preface

The volume before us is the fourth in the series of proceedings of what used to be the Israel Colloquium for the History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science. This Colloquium has in the meantime been renamed. It now bears the name of Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1915-1975). Bar-Hillel was an eminent philosopher of science, language, and cognition, as well as a fearless fighter for enlightenment and a passionate teacher who had a durable influence on Israeli philosophical life. The essays collected in this volume have of course this much in common, that they are all in, of, and pertaining to science. They also share the property of having all been delivered before live, and often lively, audiences in Jerusalem and in Tel Aviv, in the years 1984-1986. As is customary in the volumes of this series, the essays and commentaries presented here are intended to strike a rather special balance between the disciplines to which the Colloquium is dedicated. The historical and sociological vantage point is addressed in Kramnick's and Mali's treatment of Priestley, in Vickers' and Feldhay's studies of the Renaissance occult, and in Warnke's and Barasch's work on the imagination. From a philosophical angle several concepts, all material to the methodology of science, are taken up: rule following, by Smart and Margalit; analysis, by Ackerman; explanation, by Taylor; and the role of mathematics in physics, by Levy-Leblond and Pitowsky. In addition, the volume contains the proceedings of two symposia dedicated to two towering scientific figures: one celebrates Bohr's centennial, and the other examines "the other Newton." I would like to note here, with sadness, the deaths of Shmuel Sambursky (1900-1990), and Shlomo Pines (1908-1990), who were both among the founding members of the Israel Colloquium. Both brought together in a splendid union the two worlds of science and humanities, Sambursky in his work on the science of Antiquity, and Pines in his contribution to Medieval scholarship as well as that of late Antiquity. With their deaths the world of learning lost two great scholars. Edna Ullmann-Margalit

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