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The Role of Bronchoscopic Findings and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Early Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

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The Role of Bronchoscopic Findings and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Early Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia The Role of Bronchoscopic Findings and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Early Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Pavlos Vernikos PhD MD, Christos F Kampolis PhD MD, Konstantinos Konstantopoulos PhD MD, Apostolos Armaganidis PhD MD, and Petros Karakitsos PhD MD BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is necessary to reduce morbidity and improve survival of critically ill patients in the ICU. The purpose of the present study is to examine the performance of macroscopic bronchoscopic findings and cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as an early diagnostic tool for VAP, either alone or in com- bination with clinically oriented scores (modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score [CPIS] or Johanson criteria). METHODS: BAL was performed in 54 consecutive mechanically ventilated subjects. The predictive value of isolated or combined clinical characteristics, BALF, and/or other laboratory measurements in diagnosing VAP was analyzed by logistic regression analysis. A sep- arate diagnostic score was derived from a linear combination of independent variables included in the multivariate model and compared with CPIS, Johanson criteria, and their combinations with BALF cytology (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis). RESULTS: Integrating relative neutrophil cell count in CPIS or Johanson criteria optimized their specificity (>80%) but decreased sensitivity (<70%). Radiographic progression and the presence of distal purulent secretions on bronchoscopy were independently associated with VAP diagnosis. A new score that incorporates clinical, radiographic, and early bronchoscopic findings presented excellent diagnostic accuracy sensitivity 94.3%, specificity 84.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic ,0.96 ؍ area under curve) performance of classical clinical scores for VAP did not improve after combination with BALF cytology. A new composite score proved to be more accurate than previous scores in early VAP diagnosis. Key words: bronchoscopy; bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP); mechanical ventilation; clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS); Johanson criteria. [Respir Care 2016;61(5):658–•. © 2016 Daedalus Enterprises] Introduction lated patients. It accounts for approximately 25% of all ICU-acquired infections and for Ͼ50% of all antibiotic Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a well-known use in ICU patients.1 VAP prolongs ICU stay and mechan- complication affecting up to 27% of mechanically venti- ical ventilation and increases costs of hospitalization. Over- all mortality ranges between 20 and 50% and may reach Drs Vernikos and Kampolis are affiliated with the Intensive Care Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece. Dr Konstantopoulos is affil- iated with the Hematology Department and Bone Marrow Transplanta- The authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest. tion Unit, University of Athens Medical School, Laiko General Hos- pital, Athens, Greece. Dr Armaganidis is affiliated with the Second Correspondence: Christos F Kampolis MD, Intensive Care Unit, Laiko University Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Athens General Hospital, 17 Ag. Thoma str, 11527 Athens, Greece. E-mail: Medical School, Attiko University Hospital, Athens, Greece. Dr Kara- [email protected]. kitsos is affiliated with the Department of Cytopathology, University of Athens Medical School, Attiko University Hospital, Athens, Greece. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.04265 658 RESPIRATORY CARE • MAY 2016 VOL 61 NO 5 BRONCHOSCOPY AND BAL IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF VAP 70% in patients with VAP and immunosuppression and/or multidrug-resistant infections, whereas VAP-attributable QUICK LOOK mortality approximates 30%.2 Besides pathogen virulence Current knowledge and host defense response, inappropriate or delayed initial Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) accounts for antimicrobial therapy are factors associated with increased ϳ25% of all ICU-acquired infections and Ͼ50% of all mortality.3,4 antibiotic use in ICU patients. Early diagnosis of VAP Many clinical entities, such as alveolar hemorrhage, cannot rely on a single clinical symptom or sign, im- drug-induced lung toxicity, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, aging, or microbiological test. The average diagnostic primary or secondary ARDS, collagen vascular diseases, performance of scores based on combinations of clini- and primary or metastatic lung cancer may mimic lower cal and/or radiographic criteria (eg, modified Clinical respiratory tract infections, but they differ from VAP in Pulmonary Infection Score [CPIS] or Johanson criteria) 5 terms of management and overall prognosis. However, no is moderate and varies among different studies. single clinical symptom or sign, imaging, or microbiolog- ical test can be used for the accurate early diagnosis of What this paper contributes to our knowledge VAP. In addition, histopathology and/or tissue cultures is Integrating relative neutrophil cell count in modified 6 the most accepted, but not uniformly accepted, standard. CPIS or Johanson criteria optimized their specificity Several combinations of criteria related to clinical mani- but decreased sensitivity to poor levels. Radiographic festations, radiology techniques, and/or bacteriological data progression and presence of distal purulent secretions derived from bronchoalveolar specimens have been pro- on bronchoscopy were the only independent early rec- posed for the diagnosis of VAP. The criteria introduced in ognizable factors significantly associated with VAP di- 1972 by Johanson et al7 included clinical and radiographic agnosis. A new diagnostic score, which incorporated variables but had moderate sensitivity, specificity, and ac- clinical (duration of mechanical ventilation, presence of curacy (69, 75, and 72%, respectively) when compared immunosuppression), radiographic, and early broncho- with immediate postmortem lung biopsies.8 More recently, scopic findings (purulence of distal secretions), pre- the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was re- sented excellent diagnostic accuracy for VAP compared ported by Pugin et al9 as a new surrogate clinical marker with either Johanson criteria or modified CPIS. for VAP. Despite the fact that sensitivity and specificity of CPIS for VAP diagnosis were high (93 and 100%, respec- tively) in the original publication, which was based on a small study population (N ϭ 28),9 subsequent studies con- with clinically oriented scores, such as the CPIS or Johan- cluded that the score performed moderately compared with son criteria.7 either pathological diagnosis or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)-established diagnosis.2,10 At present, the most Methods routinely utilized clinical criteria for VAP are those de- veloped and recently updated by the United States Centers Subjects for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).11 Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is a useful, albeit interventional, Bronchoscopy with BAL was performed in consecutive diagnostic modality that offers the potential for direct in- mechanically ventilated subjects admitted to the ICU of spection of bronchial mucosa and respiratory secretions Laiko General Hospital for acute respiratory failure, as in- and for obtaining microbiological samples by using pro- dicated by deteriorating respiratory function (a significant tected specimen brushing and/or bronchoalveolar lavage decrease in P and/or an increase in P ) and new onset aO2 aCO2 (BAL). Microbiological (quantitative and semiquantitative) or worsening pathology of plain chest radiograph and/or analyses of specimens and recovery of a microorganism in computed tomography (consolidation, infiltrates, pleural sufficient quantity from the lower airways outweigh the effusion, or atelectasis). The following variables were re- lack of specificity associated with pure clinical diagnostic corded for each subject: sex, age, comorbidities such as approaches to VAP. On the other hand, VAP diagnosis COPD and immunosuppression, total stay in the ICU, may be delayed for up to 48–72 h pending BALF cultures. APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Eval- In this context, direct (within 2–3 h) cytologic examination uation II) score on ICU admission, length of intubation of BALF may serve as an adjunct to a clinical approach for period, body temperature, presence or absence of shock, early diagnosis of VAP. The aim of the present study is to complete blood count, and treatment with antibiotics and/or examine the performance of macroscopic bronchoscopic antifungal agents at the time of bronchoscopy. The study findings and cytological analysis of BALF as an early received the approval of the Ethics Committee of Laiko diagnostic tool for VAP, either alone or in combination General Hospital. RESPIRATORY CARE • MAY 2016 VOL 61 NO 5 659 BRONCHOSCOPY AND BAL IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF VAP Bronchoscopy and D, respectively) or from the linear combination of various independent variables and covariates included in Intravenous boluses of midazolam or propofol were ad- the multivariate analysis described below in the Statistical ministered to provide sedation during bronchoscopy. The Analysis section (Definition E). BAL procedure was carried out by instillation and recov- ery of 5–7 20-mL aliquots of sterile 0.9% normal saline Statistical Analysis solution. Wedge position was decided on the basis of ra- diology findings (radiograph and/or computed tomograph), Non-parametric methods (Mann-Whitney or Kruskal- whereas right middle lobe or lingula were preferred in Walis) were used for
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