SEPTEMBER

20 IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin JUNE 2011

the Vega 5 on December 27th, 2010 Foreign Ministry Erik Lahnstein an- Mozambique: – helped raise national awareness nounced in Maputo his country’s in- about such a potential menace, which terest in patrolling the coast of Mo- leaning on a could not be ignored for much longer. zambique to help fight piracy. More Disruption of seaborne trade, unse- importantly, Lahnstein disclosed external defense cured international communication that in the next Fall, a maritime sta- lines – 30% of the world’s oil supply tion would be set up in an East Afri- umbrella goes through the Mozambique Chan- can country yet to be defined – with nel and around the Cape – and a Mozambique ranking high as a likely PEDRO SEABRA general feeling of unchecked may- choice – that will act as a base for Researcher, IPRIS hem are serious issues to take into sea and air patrols, scouring the In- consideration. dian Ocean for signs of pirate activity Nevertheless, Mozambique’s response and providing increased patrol ca- was contingent on its own logistical pabilities to the Mozambican coast. As the world’s 35th largest country, shortcomings as investment on the This is in addition to the US$5.6 mil- Mozambique possesses vast natural country’s naval assets over the years lion that Norway already allocates to and porous borders with all of its six has been scarce, to say the least. In the United Nations for international territorial neighbors, which in turn fact, in an initial stage, Mozambique combined efforts in the nearby area. inevitably reflects upon the country’s could only go so far as to request Soon afterwards, on June 2nd, Mo- own defense predicaments. Still, South Africa’s assistance. Operation zambican Defense Minister Filipe none is harder to secure or more Hopper was then initiated in mid-Feb- Nyussi traveled to Pretoria where, challenging than its inescapable ruary and South African Navy frigate alongside South African counterpart eastern limits, i.e. the Indian Ocean. SAS Mendi – meanwhile replaced by Lindiwe Sisulu, he signed a Memo- More so, if one takes into account SAS Amatola – was deployed to oper- randum of Understanding (MoU) to the latest security developments ate outside of the northern Mozambi- fight piracy bilaterally, with a main that emerged in this particular re- can city of Pemba. focus on joint patrols along their re- gion throughout the first months of If at first, such inclination towards ex- spective coasts, in broader Southern 2011 and more precisely, the appar- ternal support could have appeared African Development Community ent spread of acts of piracy from the overly dismissive of its own internal (SADC) waters and more specifically, Horn of Africa down below to the Mo- responsibilities, it soon became clear in the Mozambique Channel. Joint zambican Channel’s immediate sur- that Mozambique’s best chances of training, sharing of information, in- roundings. providing a coherent and preemptive telligence and ongoing support in Although at first resistance among approach to this matter relied pre- military developments was also in- Mozambican governing officials to cisely on including third interested cluded. For all purposes, Sisulu’s formally recognize the brewing prob- parties in any joint response. words at the time could not have lem looming on their 2.470 km coast- Further examples of these intended been more explicit: “what touches line was clear, a series of successive designs soon followed. On May 30th, Mozambique touches South Africa”. attacks on passing vessels – such as Norway’s State Secretary in the However, there was still another IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 2

partner whose efforts needed to be pirate activity emerging in its vicinity. included in this overall cooperation. The final piece of this strategy is up to By all accounts, India holds several the SADC’s own long awaited Maritime strategic interests in the surrounding Safety Strategy, whose future approval oceanic area and its focus on Africa will certainly reinforce the multilateral has steadily increased over the years. efforts and commitments that Mo- It was therefore only to be expected zambique so actively desires. that the country assume a significant Naturally, such a cooperative frame- role in addressing existing security work is only possible due to a notori- issues in the area. Indeed, it was an ous convergence of interests between Indian anti-pirate patrol who engaged all parts and, as such, questions re- the Vega 5 in a gun battle on March garding the sustainability of these ar- 12th, overwhelming the pirates and rangements in the long run are bound setting free 13 of the original crew, 12 to arise. Moreover, such formal part- of which were Mozambicans citizens. nerships will be rendered meaning- That much explains Filipe Nyussi’s less if they do not produce serious five-day visit on June 28th to New Delhi cooperation among members, and and the contacts with Indian officials. perhaps more importantly with other For his part, India’s Defense Minister international forces already present A. K. Antony promptly expressed his up north, patrolling the Horn of Africa. country’s willingness to work more Be it as it may, for the time being Mo- closely on anti-piracy fighting while zambique appears perfectly comfort- building on previous commitments. able with these arrangements, as they As it happens, in 2006 India had al- not only present a dynamic and engag- ready signed a comprehensive MoU ing approach before a greater demand- on defense cooperation – the first ing international community, but are ever with a major African nation – also a consistent response to fledgling with Mozambique, which comprised piracy activities. In that sense, as the mutual training in military institutes, boldness and length of piracy acts in- supply of defense equipment and creases, Mozambique is likely to lean services, establishment of partner- more and more on outside assistance ships, transfer of knowhow and tech- and collaboration to respond to this nology for assembling and repairing pressing security issue. vehicles, aircraft and ships, and re- habilitation of military infrastructure. Periodical maritime patrolling of the Mozambique coast was also included. It is therefore presumed that such collaboration will increase and inten- sify under this setting. All in all, the path chosen by Mozam- bican authorities has become per- fectly clear. Fully aware of constraints in terms of actual military manpower and means, as well as the fragili- ties in projecting its influence on the country’s shorelines, Mozambique has sought to involve several external partners in creating a diffused secu- rity architecture with enough respon- sibilities and capabilities to effectively guard and protect the targeted area. In sum, Mozambique appears to be keen on developing a defensive umbrella around its waters that could preemp- tively tackle the disrupting effects of IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 3

Timor Leste’s bet on Lusophone peer-to-peer cooperation

VASCO MARTINS Researcher, IPRIS

Small countries with few comparative trade advan- approaches to some of the specific problems of its tages, generally the consequence of small territories member-states.1 and little overall natural resources, tend to apply other Finding rooted support in some Lusophone states, variables to their political and economic foreign policy especially in Brazil and Portugal at the time of its when attempting to craft deals regarding coopera- independence, Timor Leste has not felt the depressive tion with larger, wealthier states. In the special case drag of the creation of a properly functioning multilateral of Timor Leste this is even truer. Timor Leste is one organization to besiege its aim of enhancing Lusophone of the world’s youngest states, its independence dat- cooperation. On the contrary, it has carried on its pro- ing back to May 2002, even though small pockets of Lusophone objectives while taking into account its own internal political violence and occasional skirmishes needs and interests. In an era when economic development have scarred the country’s short independent history. has ambushed classic notions of state prowess and With little infrastructure to speak of, wide ranging even diplomacy, Timor Leste’s young statehood, its poverty, political conflict and low capacity to explore scarce resources and damaged infrastructure have whatever natural resources it possesses, Timor Leste transformed its foreign policy into an apparatus of trade was obliged to look into its friends in order to jump- and cooperation on economic investments. start its development. A clear Lusophone component emerged, characterized by a great dedication to all Lusophone cooperation countries with Portuguese as their official language, a The Lusophone space appears to be making its way into a component which should not be disregarded in favor of booming market of natural resources and raw materials, simplified, one sided, purely realpolitik examinations. particularly due to Angola and Brazil’s late exponential Combining a joint sphere of economic interest and op- economic development, circumstances which have not left portunities with a strong Lusophone inclination for co- Timor Leste’s leaders idle, on the contrary. In the first half operation, Timor Leste has over the years remained a of 2011, Timorese Prime Minister José Alexandre ‘Xanana’ notable state in the region it is inserted, in the sense Gusmão and President José Ramos-Horta have already that it does not look solely for regional support to solve visited Brazil and Angola, on March 3rd and June 27th, its issues, but rather complements this geographical respectively. In the past few years, there has already been concept with a cultural and historical component, the substantial interaction between Timor Leste and these two Portuguese language. countries. In 2008, President Ramos-Horta visited Brazil Countries with Portuguese as an official language, and former President Luiz Inácio ‘Lula’ da Silva visited besides demonstrating heavily marked differences Timor Leste, meetings heavily influenced by the attempt between them, as of yet do not possess an organi- on President Ramos-Horta’s life. In 2009, Prime Minister zation with comprehensive mechanisms and instru- Xanana Gusmão went to Luanda, where a meeting was ments to ensure the integrity and unity of these states held with President José Eduardo dos Santos in order to as a community. The Community of Portuguese- discuss details for cooperation, with a particular focus on speaking Countries (CPLP), although strong in the the energy sectors, specifically oil and gas. education and cultural domains, has so far been de- The high frequency of these visits is not arbitrary. void of decision-making and interaction capabilities, Diplomatic relations between countries are often slowed consequently excluding any multilateral Lusophone or enhanced depending on the cultural, historical, approach, pushing these countries to have to inter- act on bilateral platforms. Nevertheless, Timor Leste 1   Timorese President José Ramos-Horta suggested that Angola, Brazil and has proven its commitment to these kinds of rela- Timor Leste could help Portugal by buying parts of its foreign debt, in order to tionships, even suggesting multilateral Lusophone restore market confidence in that country. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 4

geographical and even religious heritage of each of energy exploration, since the former already possesses them, not simply because of economic or political extraction facilities in its maritime territory – believed to motivations alone. The European Union was formed due be underproductive – accounting for the greatest source to political and economic reasons. Yet, its historical, of the country’s revenue, much like Angola. cultural and religious underpinnings cannot be ignored To be sure, Angola and Timor Leste have more similarities in any serious analysis. The same rationale applies to than what appears at glance. Besides sharing a parallel the CPLP, the UK’s relationship with the US, Greece and yet close history, a common language and similar Turkey’s animosity toward each other or India’s troubled pacification dates, both countries’ economic and social relationship with Pakistan. In the case of Timor Leste, its needs tend to form a perfect match, factors which foreign policy vectors are certainly geographical – with highlight the potential for growth and collaboration great emphasis on the ASEAN community – perhaps by in their relationship. The Lusophone link was also choice or even out of necessity, yet its practical foreign central during the meeting. Both countries’ leaders policy endeavors are filed with historical and cultural manifested a willingness to include their relationship – linguistic – segments. In sharing a common history in the broader Lusophone cooperation framework and with distant peoples and more importantly a common contribute to its continued evolution. Currently holding language, Timor Leste – like many other Lusophone the Presidency of the CPLP, President José Eduardo countries – benefits from a comfortable and progressive dos Santos stated that the consolidation of past events business environment amid these cultural similarities. between CPLP member states constitutes one of the When such a modus operandi is joined by potentially pillars of mutually advantageous cooperation between fruitful trade relations and collaborations, Timor Leste all members, signaling the opening of new economic found in the Lusophone world – mainly in Angola, Brazil yet culturally oriented development perspectives and Portugal – the perfect opportunity to kick start its within the Community.3 Understanding that this fruitful economic development, rebuild its social fabric and relationship would develop even further on a multilateral infrastructure after decades of stagnation. framework, both Ramos-Horta and José Eduardo dos Angola is already an energy export superpower to be Santos’ statements seemed to approve and attempt reckoned with on the global scale. Petroleum products and to platform the contents of their relationship and diamonds account for 80% of the country’s exports, which cooperation into the broader Lusophone community, have increased threefold between 2006 and 2009. With thus underpinning the productive yet limited potential this reasoning in mind, on June 27th Timorese President of simple bilateral relations. Ramos-Horta visited Luanda, where a meeting was held Shifting its foreign policy focus across the Atlantic to with Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos. The Latin America, Timor Leste has always found in Brazil a agenda included the attribution of the ‘Grande Colar da faithful ally, understanding and supportive of its causes. Ordem’ of Timor Leste’ to José Eduardo dos Santos – an Brazil was a keen supporter of Timor Leste’s 1999 award dedicated to all Angolans by the President – an referendum for independence and a strong backer of the invitation for the Angolan President to visit Timor Leste – country’s 2002 independence, having had a fundamental which was promptly accepted – and an analysis of several role in its self-determination. Following the outbreak domains of cooperation. At the end of the meeting, of violence in Timor Leste after the referendum, Brazil both Presidents signed two cooperation agreements, was one of the few countries to send troops to integrate relating to the petroleum and defense domains. Luanda the UNMISET, the United Nations Mission of Support advanced the possibility of cooperating with Díli in sector in East Timor. Politically, there were several meetings specific areas, especially in petroleum exploration2 – an between Xanana Gusmão and former Brazilian President area where Angola is gaining experience and know- Fernando Henrique Cardoso, resulting in the opening how at a fast pace – basic infrastructure, roads and of a Brazilian office of representation in Díli in June communications, all sectors Angola has been revitalizing 2000.4 Already in 2001, one year before Timor Leste’s with great success since the end of the civil war. Since de jure independence, Fernando Henrique Cardoso the date of pacification for both countries is coincidental visited the country in order to reaffirm Brazil’s interest – both achieved an acceptable degree of peace in 2002 – in cooperating with an independent Timor Leste, thus their reconstruction needs became remarkably similar, working to guarantee its right to self-determination. although Angola is much further ahead in its national Brazil was also one of the first countries to recognize reconstruction program. Furthermore, besides the Timor Leste’s ambition to become independent, and building of infrastructure and communications, Timor since then has been an avid supporter of the country’s Leste will also be able to draw on Angola’s know-how on

3   “Distinção abrange todo o povo Angolano – Presidente da República” (Angop, 2   The exchange of experience and know-how concerning petroleum exploration 27 June 2011). had already been discussed during Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão’s visit to 4   “Escritório de Representação do Brasil no Timor Oriental” (Ministério das Luanda in 2009, although no concrete agreements were reached at the time. Relações Exteriores, Press Briefing, Note No. 30, 4 February 2000). IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 5

independence, democracy and overall development. these recent meetings between leaders begin to lay a Cooperation between these two states currently ranges pattern that would suggest the degree of cooperation from a variety of domains, including critical areas such and development opportunities is evolving within the as defense, security, justice and fisheries, aquaculture, Lusophone world, pushing it to become an emerging infrastructure projects, social inclusion and with a space of economic development based specifically on special focus on education. Timorese Prime Minister language, with Timor Leste at the forefront of bilateral Xanana Gusmão’s visit to Brazil on March 2nd and meeting negotiations, consequently broadening and making with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff bore fruit on way to other projects and institutional developments. several levels. Besides strengthening institutional bonds Nevertheless, frameworks of cooperation in the CPLP and the affirmation of Lusophone dedication in terms of already exist, although this organization has not yet been recognition and assistance, both leaders signed accords able to absorb these bilateral developments. There is targeting Brazilian assistance in the Timorese justice a window of opportunity for the CPLP to begin folding sector, social inclusion with the implementation of the these bilateral deals into its own institutional framework. “Casa Brasil-Timor Leste”, the enhancement of the Representing the Portuguese speaking community at technical capacity of the Timorese national police and the institutional level, the development of multilateral a complementary assistance on the implementation of cooperation might reside on this organization’s ability a framework of qualification and education of teachers to pick up where Timor Leste left off and continue of Portuguese language.5 From the list of collaborations developing the Lusophone space by providing it with announced at the joint declaration by both leaders, it is working multilateral components. The political will of clear that the cooperation assumes a rather intense focus Lusophone leaders to embrace the notion of cooperation on security and education, refraining from positioning through a strong language basis has been constantly the relationship on purely economic terms. present at each of their meetings. Yet, post-Cold War It is however noteworthy that all visits where made globalization is beginning to show the products of South- at the highest political level possible, which reveals South development. Emerging economies like Brazil – a truths about the dedication these countries have to the member of the BRICS – and Angola must be the target of Lusophone concept. Although President Dilma Rousseff a special devotion by the CPLP, as the number of state can be seen visiting old partners and friends of Brazil connections these countries have is rapidly growing, while opening new diplomatic channels with other threatening to shift the focus and inclination of their states, it is true that Angolan President José Eduardo foreign policy from the Lusophone world to a more dos Santos rarely leaves the country, usually sending realistic approach based on economic reasoning. top diplomatic officials instead and receiving state leaders in Luanda whenever possible. Yet, the prompt Practical approaches to development acceptance of President Ramos-Horta’s invitation to in the Lusophone space visit Timor Leste represents a clear sign that Lusophony Exchanging know-how to develop natural resource is and will remain a strong pillar in Angola’s rapidly exploration capabilities in conjunction with the provision diversifying foreign policy. of other services available within the Lusophone world Both Brazil and Angola have much to offer Timor Leste would allow smaller states like Timor Leste to hasten if relations continue at this steady pace. With the help the pace of their development through either bilateral of Angola, Timor Leste is beginning to acquire important or preferably multilateral cooperation, increasing the know-how on how to develop its meager, yet proportionally prowess, importance, capacity and well-being of the adequate, resources in terms of population, while in Brazil community and its populations. Due to discrepancies it appears to search for the technical know-how to mount in wealth and GDP, mainly between Angola, Brazil, a properly functioning, socially oriented, state apparatus, Portugal and Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé supplied by fully operational and progressive education, and Príncipe and Timor Leste, there is room to justice and security sectors. The rationale behind Timor enhance trade between these countries in order to Leste’s Lusophone foreign policy inclination with Angola craft profitable deals for all. Brazil, Angola and Timor and Brazil seems to be based on a very straightforward Leste’s energies could become available to Lusophone solution: find assistance to explore its natural resources consumers requiring such energy supplies, in exchange with Angola and learn how to set up a socially oriented for other comparative advantages in communications, state system with Brazil. Obviously, Angola and Brazil electric grids, education, infrastructure, industry, are not the only states with whom Timor Leste is agriculture and fisheries all in the spirit of using holding talks in order to favor cooperation. However, cultural and historical advantages to promote healthy and prosperous business environments. The exchange

5   “Visita do Primeiro-Ministro da República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Xanana of know-how is a good start to publicly or privately Gusmão, ao Brasil - 2 a 5 de Março de 2011 - declaração conjunta” (Ministério project the idea of multilateral interaction in the das Relações Exteriores, Press Briefing, Note No. 86, 3 March 2011). Lusophone space. The alternative energy sectors in IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 6

Brazil and Portugal are a good example of extending phone concept. Furthermore, Timor Leste also falls into this know-how to countries with sufficient alternative the South-South cooperation category, an element with energy resources lacking the capacity for exploration. strong presence in Brazilian foreign policy. The sheer fact The handful of examples provided above are but a few that all Lusophone countries apart from Portugal can be of the possible cases where Lusophone cooperation inserted in this South-South dichotomy represents an targeting economic or social development could added gateway for collaboration, a concept easily found produce win-win situations for all sides. Politically, in most southern countries’ foreign policy goals. This there already exists a strong union between Portuguese said, crafting deals in the energy, justice, education and speaking countries. There have been several occasions security sectors – to name but a few – could eventually when these countries have counted on each other’s create a contagious domino effect, influencing other Lu- support, be it Brazil’s project of reforming the United sophone countries to find economic, political and social Nations Security Council, Portugal’s election to that development not in other organizations and countries, same body, Angola’s presidency of the CPLP, Cape but in the Portuguese speaking world. For now, Timor Verde’s economic approach to the European Union and Leste’s young statehood is the revolving component ultimately the entire process of Timorese referendum spurring new forms of collaboration based on culture in and posterior independence and pacification. the Lusophone space. There is enough political and economic will to realize these expectations. Although some areas remain brutally underdeveloped – especially concerning immigration issues – there appear to exist many segments to be explored. If the necessary institutional input were to be provided by the CPLP and each member-state, the Timorese path to Lusophone cooperation would indeed become a textbook example of inter-state development based not on classical notions of international trade, but rather on the political will invested into similar concepts of culture, in this case language.

Conclusion Timor Leste is currently opening new paths of inter-state interaction, supported not purely by economic and political reasons but rather by changing the traditional scope of economic trade imported from the latter part of the 20th century, into a culture-based approach to international trade and cooperation. Seizing the opportunity of having an established community of Lusophone countries, supported by all its state leaders, Timor Leste appears to want to capitalize on this notion of friendship and solidarity to find assistance in wealthier Lusophone countries, in order to continue its own reconstruction and development, latently pushing forward the very idea of economic cooperation in the Lusophone world, a cultural and political space with proved potential and a willingness to collaborate. The wealth and resource discrepancies that draw dividing lines between the countries of the Lusophone community can also be beneficial to smaller states like Timor Leste, Cape Verde, or São Tomé and Príncipe. The Brazilian economy alone, one of the largest in the world still showing signs of continued growth, possesses enough maneuvering space to create beneficial win-win situations in its interaction with these smaller countries. Timor Leste leaders have been visiting both Brasília and Luanda intermittently. Having been continuously well re- ceived at the highest political level is in itself a cultural manifestation of dedication and respect to the Luso- IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 7

Timeline of Events

Verde and Guinea-Bissau. The content of the of bilateral relations and regional issues. Angola messages was not made public. Namibia is currently the head of SADC and will be substituted by Angola in August. 1 June (Luanda): 7 June (Vienna): US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus visited Angola, Ahead of the OPEC meeting, Angolan Oil 20-22 June (Luanda): where he was received by Defense Minister Minister José Maria Botelho de Vasconcelos A Russian parliamentary delegation, headed Cândido Pereira Van-Dúnem and Angolan Navy said that the Organization could supply more by Vice-Speaker of the Duma, Nadiejda Vas- Chief of Staff Admiral Gaspar Rufino. Mabus oil to the world market if needed. silieva Guerassimova, visited Angola with the seized the occasion to reaffirm what had aim of strengthening bilateral relations. A already been said by State Secretary Hillary 8 June (Luanda): parliamentary protocol was signed, aimed at Clinton in Luanda in 2010: Angola is one of the The IMF concluded a visit it started on May sharing legislative and juridical experiences. three strategic US partners in the continent. 25th to review the US$1.4 billion loan it granted Angola. 21 June (Lusaka): 2 June (Luanda): Foreign Affairs Minister George Chicoty According to the IMF’s World Economic Out- 8 June (Kinshasa): traveled to Zambia where he participated in look, Angola will register one of the world’s Angola and the DRC signed an agreement SADC’s Ministerial Commission of the Organ fastest economic growth rates in 2012, esti- over the repatriation of some 40.000 Angolan of Political, Defense and Security Cooperation. mated at 10,5%. nationals still living as refugees in the DRC. The main topics on the agenda were the This agreement was mediated by the UN High situations in Zimbabwe and Madagascar. 2 June (Luanda): Commissioner for Refugees, who determined President José Eduardo dos Santos appointed that at the end of the year Angolan nationals 21 June (Nairobi): 32 new ambassadors. This quasi-revolution would no longer have access to the refugee Kenyan Foreign Affairs Minister George Saitoti is framed in a broader effort by Foreign status. informed that his country would open an Affairs Minister George Chicoty to reform the Embassy in Luanda. Foreign Affairs Ministry. José Eduardo dos 11-12 June (Sandton): Santos appointed new ambassadors to Cape Foreign Affairs Minister George Chicoty 23 June (Luanda): Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe represented President José Eduardo dos Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic and Brazil, as well as the US, Canada, China, Santos in the Southern Africa Development of the Congo Adolphe Muzito met with Vice- Italy, and South Africa. A new Embassy will be Community (SADC) Summit in South Africa. President Fernando da Piedade Dias dos opened in the United Arab Emirates. The main topics discussed were the political Santos ‘Nandó’. The two officials discussed situation in Zimbabwe and Madagascar, as current bilateral relations, including difficult 2-3 June (Brazzaville): well as economic prospects for the region, issues like Congolese illegal immigration and Vice-President Fernando da Piedade Dias including the creation of a trade zone its forced eviction from Angola, the status of dos Santos ‘Nandó’ represented President between SADC, the Common Market of East Angolan refuges in DRC and the delimitation José Eduardo dos Santos in the Summit and Southern Africa and the Eastern African of the maritime border between the two on the Three Rainforest Basins (Amazon, Community. nations. Muzito denied the existence of any Congo, and Borneo-Mekong). Foreign Affairs conflict with Angola related to this issue. Minister George Chicoty was also present at 15 June (Luanda): the Summit. The Mayombe Forest (a historical Chinese ambassador to Angola Zhang Bolun 25-27 June (Luanda): MPLA base against the Portuguese) is part of presented his regards to President José President of Timor Leste José Ramos-Horta the Congo Basin and is situated in the Cabinda Eduardo dos Santos as he ended his three- paid an official visit to Angola. Ramos-Horta enclave, which explains the high-level Angolan year mission in the country. Bolun stated to was honored with an extraordinary solemn representation at this Summit. the press that the last years have witnessed session of the National Assembly and was the strengthening of economic and political received by his counterpart José Eduardo dos 3-7 June (Luanda): relations between the two nations. Santos. The visit aimed to strengthen bilateral Mozambican National Assembly speaker cooperation, especially in the area of oil Verónica Macamo traveled to Angola accom- 19-20 June (Luanda): exploration. Accords were also signed in the panied by a parliamentary delegation. She met Namibian President Hifikepunye Pohamba fields of defense and social communication. with her Angolan counterpart Paulo Kassoma, paid an official two-day visit to Angola. and both decided to reinforce parliamentary Pohamba held meetings with National 26-27 June (Malabo): cooperation initiatives. Assembly Speaker Paulo Kassoma and with Foreign Affairs Minister George Chicoty Vice-President Fernando da Piedade Dias attended the ordinary session of the executive 7 June (Luanda): dos Santos ‘Nandó’. He was also received council for the preparation of the 17th ordinary President José Eduardo dos Santos received in by President José Eduardo dos Santos, conference of the African Union. separate audiences special envoys from Cape with whom he discussed the current status IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 8

27 June (Washington): with Rome. For its part, Italy immediately 20 June (Brasília): The IMF released some preliminary con- denounced the ruling with a cabinet minister UN General Assembly President Joseph Deiss clusions of its mission to Angola. The Fund calling it “the umpteenth humiliation” of traveled to Brazil where he met with Foreign stated that Angola’s economic perspectives the victims of Cesare Battisti, who has been Minister Antônio Patriota. International secu- are positive thanks to high oil prices and that sentenced to life for the murders of four rity issues, human rights, the UN reform and “the authorities are also committed to further persons in the 1970s. preparations for the Rio+20 CBD Conference strengthen foreign reserves as a buffer against were high on the agenda. oil revenue volatility, a key program objective”. 8-10 June (New York): Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota accompa- 21-22 June (Brasília): 29-31 June (Malabo): nied by Health Minister Alexandre Padilha British Vice-Prime Minister Nick Clegg paid an Vice-President Fernando da Piedade Dias took part in the General Assembly High-level official visit to Brazil where he met with Vice- dos Santos ‘Nandó’, accompanied by Foreign Meeting on HIV/AIDS. President Michel Temer and Foreign Minister Affairs Minister George Chicoty, represented Antônio Patriota. Greater cultural cooperation President José Eduardo dos Santos in the 17th 9 June (Brasília): and a partnership for global development ordinary conference of the African Union. Peru’s President-elect Ollanta Humala met were high on the agenda. with President Dilma Rousseff as part of his 30 June (Soyo): South American tour visiting several heads 22 June (Brasília): Oil Minister José Maria Botelho de Vasconcelos of state to foster regional unity. For her part, Brazil became the latest target of internation- stated that Angola and the DRC initiated talks Rousseff confirmed that she would attend al cyber attacks as the federal government, to jointly explore an oil field. Negotiations Humala’s inauguration on July 28th. presidency, and tax collection agency’s web- should be concluded by 2013. sites were shutdown due to an attack claimed 13 June (Panama City): by Lulz Security group of hackers. In his first visit to a Central American country, Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota traveled to 24 June (Bogota): Panama where he met with President Ricardo Brazilian Defense Minister Nelson Jobim met Martinelli and with local Foreign Minister and with his Colombian counterpart Rodrigo Rive- Brazil Vice-President Juan Carlos Varela Rodríguez, ra, in order to start negotiations on a bilateral aiming to enhance bilateral relations. agreement on border security and the protec- 1 June (Washington): tion of natural resources in the Amazon region. Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota met with US 14 June (São Paulo): Afterwards, Jobim also took the opportunity to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton under the According to figures published by Brazil’s De- meet with President Juan Manuel dos Santos. 2nd Brazil–United States Global Partnership velopment, Industry and Foreign Trade Min- Dialogue. The follow-up of President Barack istry, trade between Brazil and Portuguese- 26 June (Rome): Obama’s visit to Brazil, the situation in the speaking African countries (PALOP) fell sharply The United Nations Food Agency Organization Middle East and Northern Africa, as well in May. Brazilian exports to Angola fell 15.2% (FAO) elected Brazilian José Graziano da Silva as cooperation on trade and investment, to US$69.7 million against the previous month. as its director-general. education, science, technology and innovation, Moreover, sales to Mozambique fell 62.5% to energy, environment were high on the agenda. US$4.1 million in May, to Cape Verde they fell 28 June (Asunción): 26.7% to US$2.9 million, to Guinea Bissau they Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota took part in 2 June (Rome): fell 59.5% to US$382.000, and to São Tomé and the ordinary meeting of the Mercosul. Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota represented Príncipe they fell 2.3% to US$124.000. the Brazilian government during the 150th 29 June (Asunción): anniversary celebration of Italy’s unification. 16-17 June (Brasília): President Dilma Rousseff traveled to Para- UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon traveled guay where she met with President Fernando 6 June (Brasília): to Brazil where he met with President Dilma Lugo. Remuneration for the Itaipu hydropower Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez traveled Rousseff, Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota, and implementation of a new joint electric dis- to Brazil where he met with his counterpart President of the Senate José Sarney and tribution system were high on the agenda. En- Dilma Rousseff, with new initiatives for President of the Chamber of Deputies Marco hanced border cooperation as well as greater regional cooperation high on the agenda. Maia. Global governance reform, preparations economic ties were also addressed. for the Rio+20 CBD Conference in 2012, 7 June (Brasília): Brazil’s role in Haiti and pressing international 29 June (Asunción): After weeks of battling the opposition’s demands issues were high on the agenda. President Dilma Rousseff attended the for a full parliamentary and judicial investigation, Mercosul Heads of State and Government Dilma Rousseff’s Chief of Staff António Palocci 17 June (Brasília): Summit. A plan for social action, the new rules resigned due to corruption charges. Mozambique’s Foreign Minister Oldemiro on the full resumption of duty of the Mercosul Balói met with his Brazilian counterpart Parliament and joint projects among member 8 June (Brasília): Antônio Patriota, seeking to enhance bilateral countries on research, education, health Brazil’s Supreme Court rejected the extradition relations and deepen the ongoing projects of and biotechnology were high on the agenda. to Italy of former far-left militant Cesare cooperation on education, health, agriculture, Afterwards, Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota Battisti and ordered his immediate release food safety and energy. announced that Bolivia and Ecuador would be in a move that will likely heighten tensions invited to join the organization. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 9

30 June (Brasília): and the Secretary for the Economy and 8-11 June (Bissau): After attending the Mercosul Summit, Finance of the Macau Special Administrative An IMF assessment team led by Paulo Drum- Japan’s Foreign Minister Takeaki Matsumoto Region, Francis Tam Pak Yuen – visited Cape mond, visited Guinea-Bissau and met with visited Brazil where he met with his local Verde as part of the economic and technical Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior and counterpart Antônio Patriota. Matsumoto cooperation between the two countries and to other officials. The team analyzed the prog- took the opportunity to witness the signing meet with Prime Minister José Maria Neves. ress made in the fiscal sector and structural of a new financing agreement by the Japan Education, renewable energy, water and health reforms. International Cooperation Agency regarding and well as bilateral trade opportunities were cooperation projects on hydro resources and high on the agenda. 9 June (Lisbon): urban transportation. Economy Minister Helena Embaló declared in the African Development Bank’s Annual Assembly that Guinea-Bissau could regress to “situations no one desires” if the EU budget support is not resumed, although Guinea-Bissau she recognized the EU maintains some Cape Verde development support. Embaló defended that 2 June (Bissau): her country needs “consistent help”. 6 June (Lisbon): The World Bank signed-off some US$2.2 mil- According to the report “Economic Outlooks lion to support Guinea-Bissau’s water and 15 June (Bissau): in Africa 2011” published by the Africa energy sectors. Economy Minister Helena CPLP Executive Secretary Domingos Simões Development Bank (AfDB), Cape Verde was Embaló reiterated her appeal for the interna- Pereira met President Malam Bacai Sanhá. one of the ten sub-Saharan countries of the 30 tional donors to continue supporting the coun- After the meeting, Pereira declared that African nations that “most improved” in terms try in this area, which still needs some US$10 Guinea-Bissau had finally reached some of economic governance in 2010. million in emergency interventions. stability and that the bases for a solid consensus between the country’s population 8 June (Praia): 2 June (Washington): and institutions were being created. Former PAICV militant Joaquim Jaime The World Bank agreed to grant US$7 million Monteiro formalized his candidacy for the to support the country’s rice production, 15 June (Bissau): th August 7 presidential elections in Cape crucial to feed Guinea-Bissau’s population. The UN Secretary-General’s Special Repre- Verde. He will then run against Aristides This grant is part of a larger financing program sentative to Guinea-Bissau Joseph Mutabo- Lima, MpD-backed Jorge Carlos Fon- to the ECOWAS members. ba was received by President Malam Bacai seca and PAICV official candidate Manuel Sanhá with whom he discussed the Prior- Inocêncio de Sousa. 3 June (Bissau): ity Plan for Peace Consolidation in Guinea- President Malam Bacai Sanhá received the Bissau for 2011-2013. Mutaboba stated 15 June (Rhode Island): Secretary-General of the Organization of the afterwards that even if Guinea-Bissau has President Pedro Pires met with the Cape Islamic Conference, Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. avoided a crisis during the last year, it could Verdean emigrant community in the US and still “behave” better and that the country’s well as Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee. 3 June (Bissau): situation can improve. The AFP reported that the judicial case 20 June (Praia): related to a coup attempt in June 2009, when 16 June (Bissau): According to Cape Verdean Director-General presidential candidate Baciro Dabó and After two rounds of failed negotiations, the EU for Global Affairs, Carlos Semedo, Cape Verde former Defense Minister Hélder Proença were and Guinea-Bissau reached an agreement to and five other African countries are due to assassinated by a soldier, has been dropped renew its Fisheries Agreement for a year. This start gathering seismic and hydrographical by the Courts. General Attorney Amine Saad will allow 60 EU vessels, mostly from Spain, data in October as part of a project to extend stated that “nothing new” was found from to continue their activities in Guinea-Bissau’s their continental shelves beyond 200 nautical the beginning of the investigation two years waters. Bissau requested some €11 million miles. Norway will provide technical and ago. This decision adds to a general feeling per year, instead of the current €9 million, but financial assistance. that the Armed Forces have total impunity in the final value was not made public. the country, something the EU has noted on 22-23 June (Lisbon): several occasions. 16 June (Bissau): President Pedro Pires paid his last official foreign Guinea-Bissau’s National Assembly approved visit to Portugal, where he met with President 7 June (Lisbon): the Convention to Avoid Double Taxation Aníbal Cavaco Silva and received a honoris causa At the margins of the African Development with Portugal, which was signed in 2008, degree from the Lusófona University. Pires also Bank’s Annual Assembly, Sunita Pitamber, after several months delaying it for political took the opportunity to meet with the Cape who heads the Bank’s Fragile States Unit, reasons. Verdean community in Portugal. stated that international donor cooperation is needed to support Guinea-Bissau because 17 June (New York): 23-24 June (Praia): it will be impossible to make any difference The UN Secretary-General’s Special Repre- A delegation from China including officials and there by acting alone. sentative to Guinea-Bissau Joseph Mutaboba businesspeople from Macau – headed by the presented the Priority Plan for Peace Consoli- Chinese Deputy Trade minister, Jiang Yaoping IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 10

dation in Guinea-Bissau for 2011-2013 to the priority areas such as the Administrative as well as of Libya’s Contact Group, were UN Peacebuilding Fund. Courts and Mozambique’s Tributary Authority, high on the agenda. which will receive €1.7 million. 17 June (Bissau): 5 June (Lisbon): According to the Economy Ministry, Guinea- 1 June (Pretoria): Portugal’s center-right party PSD and its Bissau’s economy is projected to grow 4.3% Mozambican Defense Minister Filipe Nyussi leader Pedro Passos Coelho emerged as in 2011. and his South African counterpart Lindiwe winners of the country’s legislative elections Sisulu signed a memorandum of under- – with nearly 39% of the votes – beating out 28 June (New York): standing that makes provision for joint train- caretaking Prime Minister José Socrates, who The UN Security Council discussed the situ- ing, sharing of information and intelligence, resigned as head of the PS after securing only ation in Guinea-Bissau. The UN Secretary- joint patrols and ongoing support in military 28% of the votes. General’s Special Representative to Guinea- developments, with a particular focus on the Bissau Joseph Mutaboba transmitted to the growing piracy in the Indian Ocean and es- 5-6 June (Budapest): Council what he considers improvements in pecially in the Mozambique Channel and the Caretaking Foreign Minister Luís Amado took the Security Sector in the country, in particu- broader Southern African Development Com- part in the 10th meeting of the Ministers for For- lar efforts to strengthen institutions and signs munity (SADC) waters. eign Affairs of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM). of political dialogue. However, on a negative The official agenda included cyber crime, food note, Mutaboba casted doubts over the politi- 2-7 June (Beijing): security, management and use of water, disas- cal leader’s ability to deal with the country’s Mozambican Foreign Minister Oldemiro Balói ter-preparedness and management, as well as military leadership. Drug trafficking remains paid an official visit to China, seeking to boost threats related to terrorism, non-proliferation a major challenge to Guinea-Bissau’s stabili- bilateral ties in a number of cooperation of weapons of mass destruction and organized zation and further efforts should be made in endeavors. Balói also took the opportunity to crime. Regional issues, like the situation in the justice and defense reforms as a means to un- meet with Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang Middle East, the role of the G8 and G20 in global derpin and support economic growth. The UN and Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi. economic governance, the prospect of the fu- Security Council called for enhanced civilian ture enlargement of ASEM and other initiatives control over Guinea-Bissau’s military. 11-12 June (Johannesburg): to strengthen ASEM’s visibility among citizens, President Armando Guebuza attended the were also addressed. 28 June (New York): SADC Heads of State and Government of the Defense Minister Aristides Ocante da Silva Common Market for Eastern and Southern 7 June (Lisbon): announced to the UN Security Council that Africa (COMESA), the East African Community The Foreign Ministry announced that it would Guinea-Bissau’s government would start (EAC) and the Southern African Development send a mission led by Minister Plenipotentiary paying military pensions next September. To Community (SADC) Tripartite Summit, with the Bernardo Futscher Pereira to Benghazi in finance this program, some US$4.5 million stalemate in Zimbabwe high on the agenda. order to establish contacts with the Libyan will be put forward by Guinea-Bissau while Together with his counterparts from Zambia National Transitional Council leaders. US$13 million will be handed-out by the EU and Namibia, Guebuza took the opportunity to and other donors. The goal will be to cut Army meet personally with Zimbabwean President 8 June (Brussels): numbers from the current 11.000 to 4.000. Robert Mugabe. Caretaking Defense Minister Augusto Santos Silva attended NATO’s Defense Ministers gath- 29 June (Lisbon): 27 June–1 July (New Delhi): ering, where a final decision was made regard- Bissau-Guinean Prime Minister Carlos Mozambique’s Defense Minister Filipe ing the reform of the Organization’s structure. Gomes Júnior met with Portuguese Prime Nyussi visited India where he met with his In that sense, Portugal’s strategic command in Minister Pedro Passos Coelho. Passos Coelho counterpart A. K. Antony, seeking to discuss Oeiras will be downgraded to a maritime op- took the opportunity to reaffirm Portugal’s such issues as piracy in the East African erational command in charge of Strikfornato, commitment to the development, growth and coast, training for its security forces and the Alliance’s rapid response maritime force. stability of Guinea-Bissau. maritime patrolling. Portugal will also receive NATO’s Communica- tion Systems and Information School.

9 June (Lisbon): The Foreign Ministry announced that the country officially supported Ban Ki-moon’s bid Mozambique Portugal for a second term as Secretary-General to the United Nations. 1 June (Maputo): 1 June (Lisbon): According to Mozambican daily newspaper Foreign Minister Luís Amado met with for- 15 June (Lisbon): Notícias, Germany’s development bank KFW mer Libyan Foreign Minister and represen- President Aníbal Cavaco Silva formally will donate €15.5 million in direct budgetary tative at the UN Ambassador Abdel Rah- appointed Pedro Passos Coelho as Portugal’s aid and sector programs to Mozambique under man Shalgam, who is now a member of the new Prime Minister. the terms of a financing contract signed in National Transition Council. The ongoing Maputo with the Bank of Mozambique. Of that operation in Libya, the efforts of the inter- 16 June (Lisbon): amount, €13 million have been earmarked for national community and the role of Portu- Newly appointed Prime Minister Pedro Passos the State Budget and €2.5 million for other gal as head of the UN Sanctions Committee Coelho signed a coalition agreement with CDS IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 11

leader Paulo Portas that will give them abso- 22 June (São Tomé): Tam Pak Yue – Timor Leste’s Economy and lute majority in Parliament. Afterwards, Cabi- The list of official presidential candidates for Planning Minister João Gonçalves announced net names were also disclosed: Paulo Portas São Tomé’s upcoming elections rose to 14, that his country was considering opening an will became Portugal’s new Foreign Minister. now comprising: Aurélio Martins, Evaristo economic cooperation office in Macau to pro- Carvalho, Filinto Costa Alegre, Francisco Rita, mote and coordinate investments not only in 21 June (Lisbon): Jorge Coelho, Maria das Neves, Gilberto Gil, the territory but also in mainland China. After failing to elect PSD’s first choice Fernando Manuel Deus Lima, Carlos Bené, Manuel Pin- Nobre, the Portuguese Parliament chose As- to da Costa, Elsa Pinto, Delfim Neves, Liberato 20 June (Díli): sunção Esteves as its President for the next four Moniz and Helder Barros. During an official visit to the country, China’s years, the first woman to hold such a position. Deputy Trade Minister Jiang Yao Ping signed a 22-24 June (Porto): new agreement with Foreign Minister Zacarias 23-24 June (Brussels): Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada traveled to da Costa that foresees the expansion of Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho the north of Portugal to launch a Luso-Atlantic Chinese aid to Timor Leste’s development and attended the European Council in Brussels Axis Chamber of Commerce focused on São the increase of cooperation in the construction where he sought to reassure his peers of Tomé and Príncipe and other remaining Gulf of local infrastructures. the newly-elected government’s resolve to of Guinea countries. tackle the ongoing crisis. Passos Coelho 26-28 June (Luanda): also announced that new austerity measures 30 June (São Tomé): President José Ramos-Horta visited Angola, would soon be announced in order to calm The Supreme Court excluded four candidates seeking to strengthen cooperation ties in the the markets. from the upcoming presidential elections due energy and defense fields. Ramos-Horta met to irregularities found in their candidacies, with President José Eduardo dos Santos and 29 June (Lisbon): while another excused himself from the race. attended a special session of the country’s Bissau-Guinean Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Consequently, only Manuel Pinto da Costa, National Assembly Júnior met with Portuguese Prime Minister Filinto Costa Alegre, Helder Barros, Aurélio Pedro Passos Coelho. Passos Coelho took the Martins, Evaristo Carvalho, Elsa Pinto, Jorge opportunity to reaffirm Portugal’s commitment Coelho, Maria das Neves and Manuel de Deus to the development, growth and stability of Lima will appear on the ballot. Guinea-Bissau.

São Tomé and Timor Leste 7 June (Díli): Príncipe After a meeting with a Macau business delega- tion – headed by Macau’s former chief execu- 2 June (Brazzaville): tive and current Vice-President of the National President Fradique de Menezes attended Committee of the Chinese People’s Political the Summit on the Three Rainforest Basins Consultative Conference Edmund Ho and by (Amazon, Congo, and Borneo-Mekong). Secretary for Economy and Finance Francis

Editor | Paulo Gorjão assistant editorS | Kai Thaler • Laura Tereno • Pedro Seabra DESIGN | Atelier Teresa Cardoso Bastos PRINTING | Europress

Portuguese Institute of International Relations and Security (IPRIS) Rua Vitorino Nemésio, 5 - 1750-306 Lisboa PORTUGAL http://www.ipris.org email: [email protected]

IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin is a publication of IPRIS. The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IPRIS. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 12