Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition J
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Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition J. Aumunn CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY IN THE CATHOLIC TRADITION Jordan Aumann, O. P. CONTENTS PREFACE 1 SACRED SCRIPTURE AND THE SPIRITUAL LIFE The Old Testament The New Testament 2 SPIRITUALITY OF THE EARLY CHURCH The Apostolic Fathers Christian Life Christian Gnosticism 3 MONASTICISM IN THE EAST Christian Virgins and Ascetics Eremitical and Cenobitical Life The Cappadocian Fathers Evagrius, pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus 4 MONASTICISM IN THE WEST Origins of Western Monasticism John Cassian St. Augustine St. Benedict Irish Monasticism St. Gregory the Great 5 BENEDICTINE SPIRITUALITY Benedict of Aniane Hildemar Cluniac Reform John of Fécamp St. Peter Damian Camaldolese Hermits The Carthusians Cistercian Spirituality St. Bernard William of St. Thierry St. Aelred of Rievaulx Nuns and Lay Brothers -- 1-- Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition J. Aumunn 6 SPIRITUALITY OF THE MIDDLE AGES Medieval Piety Military Orders St. Norbert and Prémontré Canons of St. Victor Scholasticism St. Dominic and the Friars Preachers St. Thomas Aquinas St. Francis and the Friars Minor St. Bonaventure Multiplication of Religious Orders 7 DIONYSIAN SPIRITUALITY AND DEVOTIO MODERNA The Mystics of Helfta Eckhart, Tauler, Suso Ruysbroeck The English Mystics Devotio Moderna John Gerson St. Catherine of Siena Denis the Carthusian 8 POST-TRIDENTINE SPIRITUALITY Spiritual Exercises Christian Humanism St. Ignatius Loyola St. Teresa of Avila St. John of the Cross Spain's Golden Age Italian Spirituality St. Francis de Sales 9 MODERN SPIRITUALITY Sources of French Spirituality Jansenism Quietism Return to Orthodoxy St. Alphonsus Liguori German Rationalism and Mysticism Revival in England 10 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY St. Thérèse of Liseux Elizabeth of the Trinity Charles de Foucauld Liturgical Revival Missionary Expansion and Catholic Action Sanctity among the Laity Systematic Spiritual Theology -- 2-- Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition J. Aumunn PREFACE The present work has been written as a companion volume to a previous book entitled Spiritual Theology and currently published by Sheed & Ward of London. In the first work we offered a comprehensive and systematic study of the theology of Christian perfection. There we established the theological principles that constitute the doctrinal basis of the ascetical and mystical life and then proceeded to the application of those principles to Christian living. In the present volume we move from theory and principles to life and witness. The history of spirituality serves not only to acquaint one with the origins and development of Christian spirituality but, equally important, it projects into our contemporary scene the lives and teachings of men and women who have reached a high degree of sanctity throughout the ages. It likewise demonstrates the marvelous variety among the saints and the fact that the perfection of charity can be attained by any Christian in any state of life. In an age that is unsympathetic to systematic theology but attracted to the experiential approach, perhaps the historical survey will be of great help in discerning what is of perennial value in Christian spirituality. And since there were heterodox tendencies and movements almost from the beginning, one can likewise learn from history the mistakes and errors of the past and thus perhaps avoid repeating them in the present. In a one-volume history of spirituality our goal is necessarily a modest one, namely, to provide a survey of the evolution and adaptation of Christian spirituality through the centuries, with particular emphasis on the spiritual teaching of outstanding individuals. Moreover, as the title of this volume indicates, we are concerned exclusively with the history of Catholic spirituality. Those who are interested in a more detailed and scholarly treatment will find it in the classical Christian Spirituality by P. Pourrat (four volumes), the more recent History of Christian Spirituality by L. Bouyer, J. Leclercq, F. Vandenbroucke and L. Cognet (three volumes), or the as yet unfinished Dictionnaire de Spiritualité, published by Beauchesne in Paris. Finally, we have provided detailed bibliographical references in the footnotes for those who may wish to study an author; movement or historical period in greater depth. Jordan Aumann, O. P. Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition By Aumann, Jordan Copyright©1985 by Aumann, Jordan Reprinted by Wipf and Stock Publishers 150 West Broadway, Eugene OR 97401 Previously published by Ignatius Press/Sheed & Ward, 1985. Copyright © 1985 by Jordan Aumann, O.P. First published in the U.K. 1985, fifth impression 1994; first published in the U.S.A. 1986, fourth impression 1994. ISBN 0 7220 0 7220 1917 3 (U.K.) and 0 89870 068 X (U.S.A). All rights reserved. Nihil obstat Anton Cowan, Censor. Imprimatur John Cowley, Vicar General, Westminster, January 1985. Printed and bound in Great Britain for Sheed & Ward Ltd, 14 Coopers Row, London EC3N 2BH and Ignatius Press, PO Box 18990, San Francisco, California 99118-0390 by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King's Lynn. -- 3-- Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition J. Aumunn CHAPTER I SACRED SCRIPTURE AND THE SPIRITUAL LIFE "Sacred theology relies on the written Word of God, taken together with sacred Tradition, as on a permanent foundation .... Therefore, the 'study of the sacred page' should be the very soul of theology .... In the sacred books the Father who is in heaven comes lovingly to meet his children, and talks with them. And such is the force and power of the Word of God that it can serve the Church as her support and vigor, and the children of the Church-as strength for their faith, food for the soul, and a pure and lasting fount of spiritual life."(1) The Fathers of Vatican Council II have officially recommended a return to Sacred Scripture and Tradition. Yet, it is not without its difficulties, both for Scripture scholars and for theologians, as is pointed out by Yves Congar, a highly respected leader of the movement back to the biblical sources. There is bound to be at times an alarming confusion among theologians in possession of a centuries-old heritage. The unfortunate consequence is not that they are upset; it is the resulting divorce that might be established between the research of biblical scholars and the conclusions of theologians. An unhealthy situation of "double truth" might ensue, which must be avoided at all costs. One group must pay close attention to the work of the other in a common fidelity to the tradition of the Church .... But the problems created for classical theology by exegetes returning to biblical sources must be recognized and faced. For centuries past, especially since the great Scholastics who proposed such a seemingly definitive and perfect elaboration of sacred doctrine, theology has been formulated satisfactorily in ontological terms. Its work was to contemplate and define by means of revelation the en-soi of God and of Christ, that is, what they are in themselves. And now biblical scholars agree more and more in affirming that revelation comes to us essentially in the framework of history and that it is essentially "economic" or "functional": there is no revelation of the mystery of God and Christ except in the testimony handed on about what they did and are doing for us, that is, except in relation to our salvation.(2) The primary witness of Scripture, therefore, is that God has acted in the life of man, so that the Bible is not so much a code of laws or a book of questions and answers as it is "a history of what God has done in the lives of men, for humanity as a whole, in order to fulfill in them the design of grace."(3) One does not go to the Bible to get ideas about God and to talk about God (although it does reveal God to us as he is in himself, e.g., Ex. 3:14.), but to understand what God is to us and to respond to his presence. "Man wants to experience God's presence somehow, through signs that manifest it unambiguously; and he wants to live in communion with God on a quasi- experiential level."(4) The Fathers of Vatican II expressed the same sentiments: It pleased God, in his goodness and wisdom, to reveal himself and to make known the mystery of his will (cf. Eph. 1:9). His will was that men should have access to the Father, through Christ, the Word made flesh, in the Holy Spirit, and thus become -- 4-- Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition J. Aumunn sharers in the divine nature (cf. Eph. 2:18; 2 Pet. 1:4). By this revelation, then, the invisible God (cf. Col. 1:15; I Tim. 1:17), from the fullness of his love, addresses men as his friends (cf. Ex. 33:11; Jn. 15:14-15), and moves among them (cf. Bar. 3:38), in order to invite and receive them into his own company.(5) Since God makes himself known to us by what he does for us, by the extent to which he intervenes in our human history, we must always speak of the mysteries of God, says Congar, "in such a way as to unite a profound perception of what they are in themselves with a vital expression of what they are for us."(6) The new relation ship which results from God's personal intervention in human history causes something unique among the various religions of humanity; it is a relationship in which God approaches man, and man, by a free act of faith, offers himself to whatever God wants to effect in and through him. As Hans Urs von Balthasar puts it: The question of the relationship between God and man . is settled in the Bible from God's point of view .... God chooses, promises, demands, rejects and fulfills ...