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The Appearance of Human Skin: a Survey Full Text Available At Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 The Appearance of Human Skin: A Survey Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 The Appearance of Human Skin: A Survey Takanori Igarashi Kao Corporation Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Ko Nishino Drexel University Philadelphia, PA [email protected] Shree K. Nayar Columbia University New York, NY [email protected] Boston – Delft Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 Foundations and Trends R in Computer Graphics and Vision Published, sold and distributed by: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 1024 Hanover, MA 02339 USA Tel. +1-781-985-4510 www.nowpublishers.com [email protected] Outside North America: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 179 2600 AD Delft The Netherlands Tel. +31-6-51115274 The preferred citation for this publication is T. Igarashi, K. Nishino and S. K. Nayar, The Appearance of Human Skin: A Survey, Foundations and Trends R in Computer Graphics and Vision, vol 3, no 1, pp 1–95, 2007 ISBN: 978-1-60198-086-1 c 2007 T. Igarashi, K. Nishino and S. K. Nayar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Photocopying. In the USA: This journal is registered at the Copyright Clearance Cen- ter, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by now Publishers Inc for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). The ‘services’ for users can be found on the internet at: www.copyright.com For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Authorization does not extend to other kinds of copy- ing, such as that for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. In the rest of the world: Permission to pho- tocopy must be obtained from the copyright owner. Please apply to now Publishers Inc., PO Box 1024, Hanover, MA 02339, USA; Tel. +1-781-871-0245; www.nowpublishers.com; [email protected] now Publishers Inc. has an exclusive license to publish this material worldwide. Permission to use this content must be obtained from the copyright license holder. Please apply to now Publishers, PO Box 179, 2600 AD Delft, The Netherlands, www.nowpublishers.com; e-mail: [email protected] Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 Foundations and Trends R in Computer Graphics and Vision Volume 3 Issue 1, 2007 Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief: Brian Curless University of Washington Luc Van Gool KU Leuven/ETH Zurich Richard Szeliski Microsoft Research Editors Marc Alexa (TU Berlin) Jitendra Malik (UC. Berkeley) Ronen Basri (Weizmann Inst) Steve Marschner (Cornell U.) Peter Belhumeur (Columbia) Shree Nayar (Columbia) Andrew Blake (Microsoft Research) James O’Brien (UC. Berkeley) Chris Bregler (NYU) Tomas Pajdla (Czech Tech U) Joachim Buhmann (ETH Zurich) Pietro Perona (Caltech) Michael Cohen (Microsoft Research) Marc Pollefeys (U. North Carolina) Paul Debevec (USC, ICT) Jean Ponce (UIUC) Julie Dorsey (Yale) Long Quan (HKUST) Fredo Durand (MIT) Cordelia Schmid (INRIA) Olivier Faugeras (INRIA) Steve Seitz (U. Washington) Mike Gleicher (U. of Wisconsin) Amnon Shashua (Hebrew Univ) William Freeman (MIT) Peter Shirley (U. of Utah) Richard Hartley (ANU) Stefano Soatto (UCLA) Aaron Hertzmann (U. of Toronto) Joachim Weickert (U. Saarland) Hugues Hoppe (Microsoft Research) Song Chun Zhu (UCLA) David Lowe (U. British Columbia) Andrew Zisserman (Oxford Univ) Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 Editorial Scope Foundations and Trends R in Computer Graphics and Vision will publish survey and tutorial articles in the following topics: • Rendering: Lighting models; • Shape Representation Forward rendering; Inverse • Tracking rendering; Image-based rendering; • Calibration Non-photorealistic rendering; Graphics hardware; Visibility • Structure from motion computation • Motion estimation and registration • Shape: Surface reconstruction; • Stereo matching and Range imaging; Geometric reconstruction modelling; Parameterization; • 3D reconstruction and • Mesh simplification image-based modeling • Animation: Motion capture and • Learning and statistical methods processing; Physics-based • Appearance-based matching modelling; Character animation • Object and scene recognition • Sensors and sensing • Face detection and recognition • Image restoration and • Activity and gesture recognition enhancement • Image and Video Retrieval • Segmentation and grouping • Video analysis and event • Feature detection and selection recognition • Color processing • Medical Image Analysis • Texture analysis and synthesis • Robot Localization and Navigation • Illumination and reflectance modeling Information for Librarians Foundations and Trends R in Computer Graphics and Vision, 2007, Volume 3, 4 issues. ISSN paper version 1572-2740. ISSN online version 1572-2759. Also available as a combined paper and online subscription. Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 Foundations and Trends R in Computer Graphics and Vision Vol. 3, No. 1 (2007) 1–95 c 2007 T. Igarashi, K. Nishino and S. K. Nayar DOI: 10.1561/0600000013 The Appearance of Human Skin: A Survey Takanori Igarashi1, Ko Nishino2 and Shree K. Nayar3 1 Skin Care Research Laboratory, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, [email protected] 2 Department of Computer Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, [email protected] 3 Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, [email protected] Abstract Skin is the outer-most tissue of the human body. As a result, peo- ple are very aware of, and very sensitive to, the appearance of their skin. Consequently, skin appearance has been a subject of great inter- est in various fields of science and technology. In particular, research on skin appearance has been intensely pursued in the fields of com- puter graphics, computer vision, cosmetology, and medicine. In this survey, we review the most prominent results related to skin in these fields and show how these seemingly disconnected studies are related to one another. In each of the fields, the optical behaviors of specific skin components have been studied from the viewpoint of the specific objectives of the field. However, the different components of skin pro- duce different types of optical phenomena that are determined by their physio-anatomical characteristics (sizes, shapes, and functions of the Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 components). The final appearance of skin has contributions from com- plex optical interactions of many different skin components with light. In order to view these interactions in a unified manner, we describe and categorize past works based on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of the various skin components. Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 Contents 1 Why is Skin Appearance Important? 1 1.1 What is Skin? 4 1.2 Taxonomy of Human Skin Appearance 6 2 Physiology and Anatomy of Human Skin 11 2.1 Level 1: Cellular-Level Elements 12 2.2 Level 2: Skin Layers 17 2.3 Level 3: Skin 20 2.4 Level 4: Skin Features 25 2.5 Level 5: Body Regions 28 3 Models for Human Skin Appearance 33 3.1 Cellular Optics 34 3.2 Cutaneous Optics 37 3.3 BRDF and BSSRDF 52 3.4 BTF 70 3.5 Appearance of Body Regions and Body Parts 75 4 Summary 79 Acknowledgments 81 References 83 ix Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 1 Why is Skin Appearance Important? Skin is the outermost tissue of the human body. As a result, people are very aware of, and very sensitive to, the appearance of their skin. Conse- quently, skin appearance has been a subject of great interest in several fields of science and technology. As shown in Figure 1.1, research on skin appearance has been intensely pursued in the fields of medicine, cos- metology, computer graphics, and computer vision. Since the goals of these fields are very different, each field has tended to focus on specific aspects of the appearance of skin. The goal of this study is to present a comprehensive survey that includes the most prominent results related to skin in these different fields and show how these seemingly discon- nected studies are closely related. In the field of computer graphics, computational modeling of the appearance of skin is today considered to be a very important topic. Such skin appearance models are widely used to render fictional human characters in movies, commercials, and video games. For these “virtual actors” to appear realistic and be seamlessly integrated into a scene, it is crucial that their skin appearance accurately captures all the sub- tleties of actual human skin under various viewing and lighting condi- tions. Although great progress has been made in making rendered skin 1 Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0600000013 2 Why is Skin Appearance Important? Fig. 1.1 Many different research fields have conducted extensive research on the appearance of skin. The fields of medicine, cosmetology, computer graphics, and computer vision have been most active in the study of skin appearance. Studies in each of these fields provide us knowledge and insights regarding different aspects of skin appearance. appear realistic, it is still far from perfect and is easily recognized as being rendered rather than real. In short, a computationally efficient and yet realistic skin model remains an open problem in computer graphics. In computer vision, a detailed and accurate model of skin appear- ance is of great value in identifying individuals. For instance, human identification based on fingerprints has made substantial progress and is now a widely used biometric technology. It is now widely acknowl- edged that accurate models of the appearance of skin in other parts of the body could be useful for human identification as well.
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