Sources of Korean Tradition

VOLUME I

From Early Times Through

the Sixteenth Century

Edited by Peter H. and Wm. Theodore de Bary

with Yongho Ch'oe and Hugh H. W. Kang

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Preface xvii Explanatory Note xxi

Contributors XXV

PART ONE Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla 1

CHAPTER ONE • ORIGINS OF KOREAN CULTURE 3 The Foundation Myth 4 Tangurt 5 in the Chinese Dynastic Histories ^ 6 Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians 7 Puy8 7 KoguryS 9 Eastern Okch8 io Ye ii The Han 12 Founders of Tribal Federations 13 King Suro 14 vi CONTENTS

CHAPTER TWO • THE RISE OF THE THREE KINGDOMS 18 King Chinhung's Monument at Maun Pass 19 Development of Agriculture 20 Record of Repair of Luxuriant Dike in YQngch'on 20 Political Thought 21 Ch'ang Chori 22 Tribal Councils 22 Four Sacred Places (Silla) 23 King Kwanggaet'o Stele 23 The Kwanggaet'o Inscription 24 Social Structure 26 King Hungddk's Edict on Clothing, Carts, and Housing 27 SOl Kyedu 27 Ancient Customs 27 King Sansang: The Levirate Custom 30 Kim Yusin: Worship of the Three Guardian Spirits 32

CHAPTER THREE «• THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM 34 Koguryo Buddhism 36 Uiydn's Research into a History of Buddhism 36 Paekche Buddhism 38 Kydmik and the Disciplinary School 39 Hydngwang and the Lotus Scripture 39 Silla Buddhism 41 Pdpkong Declares Buddhism the National Faith 41 WSngwang Goes to China for Study 44 Chajang Establishes the Monk's Discipline 46 Maitreya and Esoteric Buddhism 48 Maitreya's Incarnation as a Hwarang 49 Rapprochement Between Buddhism and Shamanism 51 Holy Mother of Mount Fairy Peach 51 The Bodhisattva Who Observes the Sounds of the World on Mount Nak 53 The Hwarang 54 Origins of the Hwarang 55 Kwanch'ang 55

CHAPTER FOUR • CONSOLIDATION OF THE STATE 57 Unification of the Three Kingdoms 57 Account of the Silla-Tang War 58 Contents VII

The Life of Kim Yusin 59 The Three Prophecies of Queen Sdndok 61 Confucian Political Thought 63 Posthumous Epithet for King Muyol 63 King Sinmun's Proclamation of His Accession 64 Confucian Learning 65 The Royal Confucian Academy 65 Chinese Learning and the Growth of the Educated Class 66 Kangsu 67 Nokchin 69 Ch'oe Ch'iwon 71 Preface to the Kyewon p'ilgyong chip 72 Record of the ManjusrT Stupa at Haein Monastery 73 73 Yon Kaesomun (Koguryo) 75 Poddk (Koguryo) 75 Inscription on an Image at Kamsan Monastery (Silla) 76

CHAPTER FIVE O THE RISE OF BUDDHISM 78 Wonhyo's Buddhist 80 Introduction to Exposition of the "Adamantine Absorption Scripture" 82 Narration of Its Principal Ideas 82 Analysis of the Theme 83 Arouse Your Mind and Practice! 87 Commentary on the Awakening of Faith 89 On Revealing the Essence of the Doctrine 89 Uisang and the Flower Garland School 90 Diagram of the Dharmadhdtu According to the One Vehicle 91 Wonch'uk and the Consciousness-Only School 93 Sung Fu: Memorial Inscription to Wonch'uk 93 Wonch'uk: Commentary on the Explanation of Profound Mysteries Scripture 94 The Promotion of the Various Teachings of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Title of This Scripture 95 The Life of Sungydng 96 The Life ofT'aehyon 98 T'aehydn: Study Notes to the Treatise on the Completion of Consciousness-Only 98 Belief in the Pure Land 101 Ungmyon 103 Kwangdok 104 Vlll CONTENTS

Divination Ceremonies 105 Chinp'yo 105 Copying Scriptures 107 Postface to the Flower Garland Scripture 107

CHAPTER SIX • POETRY AND SONG 109 Master Gh'ungdam: "Statesmanship" and "Ode to the Knight Kip'a" 110 Master Wolmydng: "Song ofTusita Heaven" and "Requiem" 112 Ch'dyong: "Song of Ch'dyong" 113 Great Master Kyunyd: Eleven Poems on the Ten Vows of the Universally Worthy Bodhisattva 114 Worshiping and Honoring the Buddhas 115 Rejoicing in the Merit of Others 115 Constant Harmony with the Living 116 Transfer of Merit 116

CHAPTER SEVEN • LOCAL CLANS AND THE RISE OF THE MEDITATION SCHOOL 117 The Rise of Local Chiefs 118 Chang Pogo 120 Establishment of the Meditation School 120 The Life of Musang 120 The Life ofToui 122 Toui: Questions and Answers with Chief of Clerics Chiwon 124 The Life of Sunji 125 Summary of Sunji's Teachings 126 Eight Symbols in Four Sets to Explain the Noumenon 126 Three Levels of the Attainment of Buddhahood 127 Three Types of Attainment of the Reality Limit 129 Geomancy 131 Ch'oe Yuch'dng: Stele Inscription at Jade Dragon Monastery 132

PART TWO Koryo 137 Introduction 139 CHAPTER EIGHT « EARLY KORYO POLITICAL STRUCTURE 143 Founding of the Later Three Kingdoms 144 Yi Kydnhwdn 145 Kim Kungye 147 Contents

Founding of Kory6 Wang K6n: Enthronement Proclamation Formation of Government Wang Kon: Edict at Yesan-jin Wang Kon: Ten Injunctions Development of Confucian Polity I Ch'oe Sungno: On the First Five Reigns Ch'oe Sungno: On Current Affairs Ch'oe Sungno: On Buddhism Development of Confucian Polity II Yi Chehyon: The Etiquette of Privy Council Meetings King Hydnjong: Six Instructions to Magistrates Koryo's Foreign Relations So Hui: Arguments on War v Kim Puui: Relations with Chin Memorial on Relations with Sung

CHAPTER NINE • KORYO SOCIETY The Confucian Scholar Ch'oe Ch'ung's Academy Ch'oe Cha: Teachers and Disciples Life of the Aristocrat The Splendors of the Yi Clan of Kydngwon The Scholar and Buddhism Kim Puch'dl: The Disciplined Life ofYi Chahydn The Family King Sdngjong: Rescript on Filial Piety Ch'oe Nubaek: Tomb Inscription ofYdm Kyongae Social Status The Career of An Hyang The Career of Chdng Kasin Hsu Ching: The Life of the People Peasants and Slaves The Burden of Corvee Labor Inheritance of Slave Status Social Mobility of Slaves

CHAPTER TEN • MILITARY RULE AND LATE KORYO REFORM Establishment of Military Rule CONTENTS

The njo Military Coup 193 Ch'oe Ch'unghdn: The Ten Injunctions 194 Establishment of the Personnel Authority 197 Private Armies 197 The Estates of Kim Injun 197 Civilians Under Military Rule 198 Yi Chehydn: Education Under Military Rule 198 Peasant and Slave Unrest 199 The Slave Leader Mangi's Protest 199 ManjOk's Slave Rebellion 200 Relations with the Mongols 200 Resistance to the Mongol Invasion 202 Yi Chehydn: Opposition to Yuan Policies 203 Late Koryo Reforms 205 The Reforms of King Kongmin and Sin Ton 206 Yi Chehydn: Reform Proposals 208 Yi Saek: Memorial on Current Affairs 210 Pak Ch'o: Anti-Buddhist Memorial 212 Chdng Tojdn: Discourse on Buddhism and 214 CHAPTER ELEVEN • BUDDHISM: THE CH'ONT'AE AND CHOGYE SCHOOLS 216 Buddhism in Early Koryo 217 The Monk Yi6m and King T'aejo 218 Teachings of Great Master Kyunyd 219 Uich'on: Instruction to the Disciple Ch'isu 220 Buddhism and Koryo Society 221 Ch'oe Chean: On Endowing a Buddhist Monastery 222 Landholdings of T'ongdo Monastery 223 The Monk Irom 223 Resurgence of Buddhism 224 YI Kyubo: On a Trip to Ch'angbok Monastery 225 Chinul: The Compact of the Samddhi and Prajna Community 226 Chinul and the Chogye School 228 Chinul: Excerpts from the Exposition of the Flower Garland Scripture: Preface 231 Chinul: "Straight Talk on the True Mind" 233 Chinul's Preface 233 Right Faith in the True Mind 233 Contents xi

Chinul: "Secrets on Cultivating the Mind" 234 Hyesim: Preface to Collection of the Meditation School's Explanatory Verses 235 Hyesim: "Letter in Reply to Ch'oe Hongyun" 236 Publication of the Tripitaka 237 Oich'dn: Preface to a New Catalog of the Teachings of All the Schools 238 Yi Kyubo: Royal Prayer on the Occasion of the Production of the Tripitaka 239 CHAPTER TWELVE • POPULAR BELIEFS AND CONFUCIANISTS 240 Native Beliefs 241 Yi Chibaek: Memorial on Territorial Integrity 242 King Uijong: Rescript on Native Traditions 242 Geomancy 243 King T'aejo's Reliance on Buddhism 244 King T'aejo and Confucian Advice 245 Kim Wije: On the Selection of a Site for the Capital 245 The Monk Myoch'dng's Use of Ceomancy 246 Im Wan: Memorial on Calamities 247 Taoism and Shamanism 248 Hsti Ching: History of Koryo Taoism 249 The Popularity of Shaman Customs 250 Yi Yong s Corpse 250 Neo-Confucianism 251 An Hyang: The Introduction of Neo-Confucianism 252 The Spread of Neo-Confucianism 253 Chdng Mongju and the Development of Neo-Confucianism 254 Chdng Tojdn: Philosophical Rebuttal of Buddhism and Taoism 254 History 256 Kim Pusik: On Presenting the Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms to the King 257 Paek Munbo: Explanation ofTangun's Significance 258

PART THREE Early Choson 259 Introduction 261 CHAPTER THIRTEEN • FOUNDING THE CHOSON DYNASTY 271 King T'aejo: Founding Edict 272 Admonition to the New King 274 Moving to the New Capital 277 CONTENTS

CHAPTER FOURTEEN » POLITICAL THOUGHT IN EARLY CHOSON 279 Ruling the New Dynasty 280 Kw6n Kun: On Royal Action 280 On Treating Court Officials 280 On Attending Royal Lectures 281 On Rewarding Loyalty 281 New Government 281 Chdng Tojdn: On the Prime Minister 282 v The Kingly Way 283 Yang Sdngji: Discussion on the Kingly Way 283 The Way of Principle 285 Cho Kwangjo: On Problems of the Time 285 Cho Kwangjo: On the Superior Man and the Inferior Man 286 On Sage Learning 286 : Memorial on Six Points 288 Third: By Esteeming Sage Learning, the Basis of Good Rule Is Built 288 : Memorial in Ten Thousand Words 290

CHAPTER FIFTEEN • CULTURE 293 Invention of the Korean Alphabet 294 King Sejong: Preface to Correct Sounds to Instruct the People 295 Ch6ng Inji: Postscript to Correct Sounds to Instruct the People 295 Ch'oe Malli: Opposition to the Korean Alphabet 296 Education and Scholarship 296 Chdng Tojdn: Establishment of Schools 297 Royal Confucian Academy 298 White Cloud Grotto Academy 298 Office of Special Advisers ' 299 The Recruitment Examinations 300 Song Hydn: On the Civil Service Examination 300 Compilation of History 301 Chdng Inji: Dedication of the History of Koryo 303 Yi Kukton: Preface to the Comprehensive Mirror of the Eastern Kingdom 304 Printing Books 305 Sdng Hydn: On Printing 305 Science and Technology 306 The Automatic Striking Clepsydra 307 • Contents • xiii

Kim Ton: Instruments to Measure Days and Nights 308 Invention and Use of Rain-Gauges 308 Compilation of Medical Books 309 Kwdn Ch'ae: Preface to Compilation of Native Korean Prescriptions 310

CHAPTER SIXTEEN <> SOCIAL LIFE 311 Opposition to Buddhism 312 Yun Hoe: On the Harm fulness of Buddhism 312 Sin Ch'djung: On the Deceitfulness of Buddhism 313 The Role of Rites 313 Sdng Hydn: The Fundamental Role of Rites 314 Funerary and Ancestral Rites^ 315 Yi Chi: On the Establishment of Domestic Shrines 315 Reform of Funerary Practices 3x6 The Position of Women 316 On Differentiating Between Main Wife and Concubine 317 On Treating the Main Wife 318 Ch'oe Hang: On Remedying the Wedding Rite 318 Prohibition Against Remarriage of Women 319 6 Sukkwdn: Critique of Discrimination Against Secondary Sons 321 Propagation of Confucian Values 321 Kwdn Ch'ae: Preface to Illustrated Conduct of the Three Bonds 322 S8 Kojong: Preface to the Genealogy of the KwSn 322 Sin Sukchu: House Rules 323 Rule One: Make the Mind Discerning 324 Rule Two: Be Circumspect in Behavior 324 Rule Three: Be Studious 324 Rule Four: On Managing a Household * 325 Rule Five: On Holding Office 325 Rule Six: On Instructing Women 326

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN * ECONOMY 327 The Land System 328 Chdng Tojon: On Land 328 Promotion of Agriculture 329 Chdng Ch'o: Preface to Straight Talk on Farming 331 King Sejong: Edict for the Promotion of Agriculture 331 King Munjong: Edict on Irrigation Works 332 Wealth and Commerce 333 XIV CONTENTS

Yi I: On Economy 334 Yu Paeksun: On Commerce 335 Circulation of Currency 336 Efforts to Introduce and Encourage the Use of Paper Currency and Metal Coins 336 Trading in Silver 338 Question of Allowing Silver in Trade with the Japanese 339 Development of Rural Markets 339 Rural Markets 340

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN « THOUGHT 342 Kwon Kun (1352-1409) 343 Diagrammatic Treatises: Explanation of the First Diagram 343 So Kyongdok (1489-1546) 345 The Theory of the Great Void 346 Discussion on Life and Death, Ghosts and Spirits 346 Yi Onjok (1491-1553) 347 Third Letter to Manggidang 347 Yi Hwang (1501-1570) and the Sage Learning 349 Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning 350 Section 1: Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate 350 Section 2: Diagram of the Western Inscription 353 Section 3: Diagram of the Elementary Learning 355 Section 4: Diagram of the Great Learning 359 Section 5: Diagram of Rules of the White Deer Grotto Academy 362 Section 6: Diagram of the Saying "The Mind Combines and Governs the and the Feelings" 364 Section 7: Diagram of the Explanation of Humaneness 365 Section 8: Diagram of the Study of the Mind 368 Section 9: Diagram of the Admonition for Mindfulness Studio 371 Section 10: Diagram of the Admonition on "Rising Early and Retiring Late" 372 Yi I (1536-1584) 375 Letter to Sdng Hon 375

CHAPTER NINETEEN • BUDDHISM 382 Kihwa (1376-1433) 383 Treatise on Manifesting Rightness 384 Kim Sisup (1435-1493) 388 On No-Thought 388 Contents xv

Hyuj5ng (1520-1604) 388 Secrets of Meditation and Doctrine 389

Notes 393 Bibliography 403 Index 407 CONTENTS

Preface xiii Explanatory Note xvii • Contributors xix

PART FOUR Middle and Late Choson 1

Introduction 3

20. Politics 12

Yi Ik: On Factionalism 13

Yu Suw8n: Youth, the Censorate, and the Intractability of Factional Disputes 17

Pak Chega: A Reexamination of the Civil Service Examination System 20

Chong Yagyong: False Forms of Confucian Scholarship 23

ChSng Yagyong: The Roots of Royal Authority 26

Yi Chunghwan: Moral Character and Geography 27

King Y5ngjo: Eliminating Factionalism 30 CONTENTS

21. Education 34

Yi I: The Neo-Confucian Curriculum 35

Pak Sem'u: Primer for Youth 37 Local Education 43

Cho Hyonmyong: County Magistrate's Guide for Promoting Education Women's Education 46 Queen Sohye: Instructions for the Inner Quarters 46

Song Siyol: Instructions to My Daughter 49 Family Instructions 52 Lady Hyegyong; A Letter to My Nephew 52

Chong Yagyong (Tasan): Letters to His Sons 54

Chong Yagyong: A Letter to My Son Hagyon 58 Etiquette and Household Management 60 Yi Tongmu: Small Manners for Scholars (Sasojol) 60

Yi Pinghogak: Preface to Encyclopedia of Women's Daily Life 67

22. Reform Proposals 70 Land Reform 71 Yu Hyongwon: A Proposal for Land Reform 74

Yi Ik: On the Equal-Field System 81

ChOng Yagyong: On Land 84 Currency and a Growing Market Economy 88

Kim Yuk: Proposing a Tribute Replacement Surtax 90

Yu Hyongwon: The Advantages of Using Cash 91

Yu Suwon: On Getting People to Use Cash 93

. Yi Ik: On Currency 95

Technology 99 Yi Ik: The Benefits of Irrigation 99

Pak Chega: On Revering,China 101

Pak Chega: On Agriculture and Sericulture 104

Pak Chega: Memorial of 1786 107

Chong Yagyong: Tools and Techniques 113

23. The Encounter with the West 117

The Western Calendar 118

Kim Yuk: Memorial on Western Calendrical Science 118 ' Contents vii

Yi Ik: The Western-Style Calendar 120

Yi Ik: On Giullo Aleni's World Geography 121

Criticism of Catholicism 124

Yi Ik: Matteo Ricci's Catechism 125

Sin Hudam: European Values and European Education 127

An Chongbok: A Conversation on Catholicism 130

The Persecution of Catholicism 133

King ChSngjo: How to Combat the Spread of Catholicism 134

Hwang Sayflng: An Appeal for Aid 135

ChOng Hasang: A Confucian Defense of Catholicism 138

Yi Hangno: Sinify the Western Barbarians 140

24. Society 143

Community Compacts 144

Yi I: Community Compact for Sowon County 145

Yi I: Community Compact for County 146

The Revised Lti Family Community Compact 149

Slavery 157

Yu HySngwon: Slaves 159

Yi Chunghwan: The Status System 161

Secondary Sons 162

Yu Suwon: Secondary Sons and Public Office 163

Yi Suduk: A Petition on Behalf of Secondary Sons 165

Inheritance Practices 168

Kim Myongyol: Favoring Sons 168

Kim P5n: Disinheriting Daughters 170

Kim Sujong: To a Daughter-in-Law 170

Government Corruption 171

Chong Yagyong: Wicked Petty Officials 171

Popular Unrest 173

A Buddhist Rebellion 174

An Chongbok: A Buddha Incarnate 176

Kim Ch'angsi: Manifesto for the Hong Kyongnae Rebellion 177

1 viii CONTENTS

25. Culture and National Identity 181

New Perspectives on History 182 Yi Ik: On the Legitimacy of the Three Han 182

Yu Tukkong: Parhae in Korean History 186

Literature, Music, and Song 188 Chong Naegyo: Preface to Ch'dnggu yongon 189

Chong Yagyong: On Music 191

26. Neo-Confucian Philosophy 194

The Horak Controversy 195

Han Wonjin: Explanation of the Original Nature and the. Physical Nature 196

Yi Kan: Principle, Material Force, and Reality 197

Yi Kan: Exclusive Reference 198

Yi Kan: Mind and Material Force 199 The Continuing Debate Over Principle and Material Force 200 Chong Yagyong: What the i/ki Debate Is Really All About 200 Wang Yang-ming in Korea 203

PART FIVE The Modern Period 205

Introduction 207

27. Domestic Disquiet and Foreign Threats 212

Internal Reforms Under the Taewongun 212 Kang Wi: Preface to Proposals for Remedying Samjong 213 Pak Chehyong: Political Reforms of the Taewongun 216

Western Incursions 221 / Pak Chehyong: Conflicts with the West 222

28. Negative Responses to Western Civilization 227

The Emergence of the Tonghak Religion 228

Ch'oe Cheu: On Spreading Virtue 230

Ch'oe Cheu: On Learning Truth 232

Ch'oe Sihyong: On Practicing Truth at Home 234 The Defense of Confucian Orthodoxy 235 Contents ix

Yi Hangno: Memorial to Express Private Thoughts 236

. Yi Hangno: Three Memorials 239

Ch'oe Ikhy8n: Memorial Against Peace 240

Yi Manson and others: Memorial Submitted by Ten Thousand Men 242

29. Development of Enlightenment Thought 245

Learning from the West 245

Chi Sogyong: Memorial on Current Tasks (1882) 247

Yu Kilchun: Levels of Enlightenment 248

Leaders of the 1884 Coup 254

Kim Okkyun: Kapsin Reform Edict 255

Kim Okkyun: Memorial 256

Pak Yonghyo: Memorial on Domestic Political Reforms 258

30. The Tonghak Uprisings and the Kabo Reforms 261

The 1894 Uprisings 262

A Call to Arms Issued at Paeksan 263

The Tonghak Peasant Army Manifesto at Mujang 264

Twelve Reforms Proclaimed by the Tonghak Overseer's Office 265

The Tonghak Proclamation to Soldiers and Civilians 266

Interrogation of Chon Pongjun, First Session (9 February 1895) 267

Reforms from Above, 1894-1895 272

Kabo Reform Edicts 273

The King's Fourteen-Article Oath 275

31. The Independence Club and the People's Assembly 277

The Independent and the Independence Club 278

Inaugural Message of The Independent 279

Chu Sigyong: Essay on the 280

Essay on Working Only for Korea 281

Essay Against War 282

Demands for Democratic Reform 282

Yi Sangjae and others: Memorial on National Salvation 283

Six Proposals Submitted by a Joint Assembly of Officials and People 285

So Chaep'il: People Are the Masters 286 CONTENTS

32. Patriotic Movements 289

The Righteous Army Movement 290 Ch'oe Ikhyon: An Appeal to Arms 292 Yi Kangnyon: Open Letter to Ito Hirobumi 294 The Patriotic Enlightenment Movement 295 Syngman Rhee: The Spirit of Independence 299

Establishing Relations with Foreign Countries 301 Chang Chiyon and others: Manifesto of the Korean Association for Self-Strengthening 306 Manifesto of the New People's Association of Korea 307 Pak Onsik: Essay on Education 309 Pak Unsik: Essay on Technological Innovation 310 Chang ChiyOn: We Wail Today 312 . • Chu Sigyong: Essay on Korean Language and Letters 313

33. National Culture During the Colonial Period 315 r The Study of Korean History 316 Sin Ch'aeho: What Is History? What Shall We Study in Korean History?

Mun Ilp'yong: New Challenges for a Nation with Old Culture 319 The Study of the Korean Language and 321

Yi Yunjae: Inaugural Editorial for Hangul 321 Development of New Literature 322 Yi Sanghwa: "Does Spring Come to Stolen Fields?" 324

Sim Hun: "When That Day Comes" 325 Developments in Religion 326

Kim Kyosin: Inaugural Editorial in Biblical,Korea 326

Han Yongun: On Revitalizing Korean Buddhism 329

34. The Nationalist Movement 333

The March First Movement 334 Son PyonghOi and others: Declaration of Independence 336

Provisional Constitution of the'Korean Government in Exile 339

Provisional Constitution of the Korean Republic 339 Strategies for Regaining National Independence 340 The Korean Congress in the U.S.: An Appeal to America 341

An Ch'angho: Grand Strategy for Independence 344 Contents xi

SinCh'aeho: Declaration of Korean Revolution 346

Kim Ku: Declaration.of the Korean Restoration Army 349

Demand for International Recognition 350 Provisional Government of the Korean Republic: Declaration of War on Japan (9 December 1941) 350

35. The Communist Movement 352

Radical Political Organizations 353 Manifesto of the Korean Communist Party in Shanghai 354

Slogans of the Korean Communist Party 357

Platform of Action of the Korean Communist Party 359

Communist Military Organizations 360 Declaration of the Korean Fatherland Restoration Association in Manchuria 361

Programs and Platforms of the North China Korean Independence League 365

36. Korea Since 1945 367

Liberation and Division 367

Korean War 369 Politics and Economy in 370

North Korea 373

Two 375 Foreign Relations 375

Religions 376

Education 380

The Constitution of the Republic of Korea, 1948 382

President Syngman Rhee's Inaugural Address, 15 August 1948 384 Kim Ku (1876-1949) and Korean Nationalism 387

Kim Ku: "My Wish" 388

Declaration of the National University Students Association, April i960 393 Pak Chonghui [Park Chung Hee] and Economic Development in South Korea 395 Pak Chonghui: To Build a Nation 396 Kim Chiha and Protest Against Authoritarian Rule 400 Kim Chiha: "Five Bandits" 401 Ham Sokhon and the Suffering of Korea 411

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[ xii CONTENTS

Ham Sokhon: The Meaningof Suffering 412

Songch'ol and the Great Debate in Korean Buddhism 416 Introduction to The Right Way of Sort 416 Kim Ilsong [Kim II Sung] and Chuch'e (Juch'e) Thought in North Korea; - 419 Kim Ilsong: "On Eliminating'Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juch'e [Chuch'e] in Ideological!Work" 420 Dialogues Between North and South Korea 425 North-South Joint Communique, Issued on 4 July 1972 426 Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression, and Exchanges and Cooperation Between the North and the South, Signed on 13 December 1991 and to Become Effective as of 19 February 1992 428 Kim Taejung [Kim Dae Jung] and His Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in South Korea ' 431 Kim Taejung: Prison Writings' '432 Kim Taejung: "My Country, My Aspiration" 439

Kim Taejung: Presidential Inaugural Address, February 1998 445

Bibliography 453 Index 459