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Sources of Korean Tradition Sources of Korean Tradition VOLUME I From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century Edited by Peter H. Lee and Wm. Theodore de Bary with Yongho Ch'oe and Hugh H. W. Kang COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Preface xvii Explanatory Note xxi Contributors XXV PART ONE Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla 1 CHAPTER ONE • ORIGINS OF KOREAN CULTURE 3 The Foundation Myth 4 Tangurt 5 Korea in the Chinese Dynastic Histories ^ 6 Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians 7 Puy8 7 KoguryS 9 Eastern Okch8 io Ye ii The Han 12 Founders of Tribal Federations 13 King Suro 14 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER TWO • THE RISE OF THE THREE KINGDOMS 18 King Chinhung's Monument at Maun Pass 19 Development of Agriculture 20 Record of Repair of Luxuriant Dike in YQngch'on 20 Political Thought 21 Ch'ang Chori 22 Tribal Councils 22 Four Sacred Places (Silla) 23 King Kwanggaet'o Stele 23 The Kwanggaet'o Inscription 24 Social Structure 26 King Hungddk's Edict on Clothing, Carts, and Housing 27 SOl Kyedu 27 Ancient Customs 27 King Sansang: The Levirate Custom 30 Kim Yusin: Worship of the Three Guardian Spirits 32 CHAPTER THREE «• THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM 34 Koguryo Buddhism 36 Uiydn's Research into a History of Buddhism 36 Paekche Buddhism 38 Kydmik and the Disciplinary School 39 Hydngwang and the Lotus Scripture 39 Silla Buddhism 41 Pdpkong Declares Buddhism the National Faith 41 WSngwang Goes to China for Study 44 Chajang Establishes the Monk's Discipline 46 Maitreya and Esoteric Buddhism 48 Maitreya's Incarnation as a Hwarang 49 Rapprochement Between Buddhism and Shamanism 51 Holy Mother of Mount Fairy Peach 51 The Bodhisattva Who Observes the Sounds of the World on Mount Nak 53 The Hwarang 54 Origins of the Hwarang 55 Kwanch'ang 55 CHAPTER FOUR • CONSOLIDATION OF THE STATE 57 Unification of the Three Kingdoms 57 Account of the Silla-Tang War 58 Contents VII The Life of Kim Yusin 59 The Three Prophecies of Queen Sdndok 61 Confucian Political Thought 63 Posthumous Epithet for King Muyol 63 King Sinmun's Proclamation of His Accession 64 Confucian Learning 65 The Royal Confucian Academy 65 Chinese Learning and the Growth of the Educated Class 66 Kangsu 67 Nokchin 69 Ch'oe Ch'iwon 71 Preface to the Kyewon p'ilgyong chip 72 Record of the ManjusrT Stupa at Haein Monastery 73 Taoism 73 Yon Kaesomun (Koguryo) 75 Poddk (Koguryo) 75 Inscription on an Image at Kamsan Monastery (Silla) 76 CHAPTER FIVE O THE RISE OF BUDDHISM 78 Wonhyo's Buddhist Philosophy 80 Introduction to Exposition of the "Adamantine Absorption Scripture" 82 Narration of Its Principal Ideas 82 Analysis of the Theme 83 Arouse Your Mind and Practice! 87 Commentary on the Awakening of Faith 89 On Revealing the Essence of the Doctrine 89 Uisang and the Flower Garland School 90 Diagram of the Dharmadhdtu According to the One Vehicle 91 Wonch'uk and the Consciousness-Only School 93 Sung Fu: Memorial Inscription to Wonch'uk 93 Wonch'uk: Commentary on the Explanation of Profound Mysteries Scripture 94 The Promotion of the Various Teachings of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Title of This Scripture 95 The Life of Sungydng 96 The Life ofT'aehyon 98 T'aehydn: Study Notes to the Treatise on the Completion of Consciousness-Only 98 Belief in the Pure Land 101 Ungmyon 103 Kwangdok 104 Vlll CONTENTS Divination Ceremonies 105 Chinp'yo 105 Copying Scriptures 107 Postface to the Flower Garland Scripture 107 CHAPTER SIX • POETRY AND SONG 109 Master Gh'ungdam: "Statesmanship" and "Ode to the Knight Kip'a" 110 Master Wolmydng: "Song ofTusita Heaven" and "Requiem" 112 Ch'dyong: "Song of Ch'dyong" 113 Great Master Kyunyd: Eleven Poems on the Ten Vows of the Universally Worthy Bodhisattva 114 Worshiping and Honoring the Buddhas 115 Rejoicing in the Merit of Others 115 Constant Harmony with the Living 116 Transfer of Merit 116 CHAPTER SEVEN • LOCAL CLANS AND THE RISE OF THE MEDITATION SCHOOL 117 The Rise of Local Chiefs 118 Chang Pogo 120 Establishment of the Meditation School 120 The Life of Musang 120 The Life ofToui 122 Toui: Questions and Answers with Chief of Clerics Chiwon 124 The Life of Sunji 125 Summary of Sunji's Teachings 126 Eight Symbols in Four Sets to Explain the Noumenon 126 Three Levels of the Attainment of Buddhahood 127 Three Types of Attainment of the Reality Limit 129 Geomancy 131 Ch'oe Yuch'dng: Stele Inscription at Jade Dragon Monastery 132 PART TWO Koryo 137 Introduction 139 CHAPTER EIGHT « EARLY KORYO POLITICAL STRUCTURE 143 Founding of the Later Three Kingdoms 144 Yi Kydnhwdn 145 Kim Kungye 147 Contents Founding of Kory6 Wang K6n: Enthronement Proclamation Formation of Government Wang Kon: Edict at Yesan-jin Wang Kon: Ten Injunctions Development of Confucian Polity I Ch'oe Sungno: On the First Five Reigns Ch'oe Sungno: On Current Affairs Ch'oe Sungno: On Buddhism Development of Confucian Polity II Yi Chehyon: The Etiquette of Privy Council Meetings King Hydnjong: Six Instructions to Magistrates Koryo's Foreign Relations So Hui: Arguments on War v Kim Puui: Relations with Chin Memorial on Relations with Sung CHAPTER NINE • KORYO SOCIETY The Confucian Scholar Ch'oe Ch'ung's Academy Ch'oe Cha: Teachers and Disciples Life of the Aristocrat The Splendors of the Yi Clan of Kydngwon The Scholar and Buddhism Kim Puch'dl: The Disciplined Life ofYi Chahydn The Family King Sdngjong: Rescript on Filial Piety Ch'oe Nubaek: Tomb Inscription ofYdm Kyongae Social Status The Career of An Hyang The Career of Chdng Kasin Hsu Ching: The Life of the People Peasants and Slaves The Burden of Corvee Labor Inheritance of Slave Status Social Mobility of Slaves CHAPTER TEN • MILITARY RULE AND LATE KORYO REFORM Establishment of Military Rule CONTENTS The njo Military Coup 193 Ch'oe Ch'unghdn: The Ten Injunctions 194 Establishment of the Personnel Authority 197 Private Armies 197 The Estates of Kim Injun 197 Civilians Under Military Rule 198 Yi Chehydn: Education Under Military Rule 198 Peasant and Slave Unrest 199 The Slave Leader Mangi's Protest 199 ManjOk's Slave Rebellion 200 Relations with the Mongols 200 Resistance to the Mongol Invasion 202 Yi Chehydn: Opposition to Yuan Policies 203 Late Koryo Reforms 205 The Reforms of King Kongmin and Sin Ton 206 Yi Chehydn: Reform Proposals 208 Yi Saek: Memorial on Current Affairs 210 Pak Ch'o: Anti-Buddhist Memorial 212 Chdng Tojdn: Discourse on Buddhism and Confucianism 214 CHAPTER ELEVEN • BUDDHISM: THE CH'ONT'AE AND CHOGYE SCHOOLS 216 Buddhism in Early Koryo 217 The Monk Yi6m and King T'aejo 218 Teachings of Great Master Kyunyd 219 Uich'on: Instruction to the Disciple Ch'isu 220 Buddhism and Koryo Society 221 Ch'oe Chean: On Endowing a Buddhist Monastery 222 Landholdings of T'ongdo Monastery 223 The Monk Irom 223 Resurgence of Buddhism 224 YI Kyubo: On a Trip to Ch'angbok Monastery 225 Chinul: The Compact of the Samddhi and Prajna Community 226 Chinul and the Chogye School 228 Chinul: Excerpts from the Exposition of the Flower Garland Scripture: Preface 231 Chinul: "Straight Talk on the True Mind" 233 Chinul's Preface 233 Right Faith in the True Mind 233 Contents xi Chinul: "Secrets on Cultivating the Mind" 234 Hyesim: Preface to Collection of the Meditation School's Explanatory Verses 235 Hyesim: "Letter in Reply to Ch'oe Hongyun" 236 Publication of the Tripitaka 237 Oich'dn: Preface to a New Catalog of the Teachings of All the Schools 238 Yi Kyubo: Royal Prayer on the Occasion of the Production of the Tripitaka 239 CHAPTER TWELVE • POPULAR BELIEFS AND CONFUCIANISTS 240 Native Beliefs 241 Yi Chibaek: Memorial on Territorial Integrity 242 King Uijong: Rescript on Native Traditions 242 Geomancy 243 King T'aejo's Reliance on Buddhism 244 King T'aejo and Confucian Advice 245 Kim Wije: On the Selection of a Site for the Capital 245 The Monk Myoch'dng's Use of Ceomancy 246 Im Wan: Memorial on Calamities 247 Taoism and Shamanism 248 Hsti Ching: History of Koryo Taoism 249 The Popularity of Shaman Customs 250 Yi Yong s Corpse 250 Neo-Confucianism 251 An Hyang: The Introduction of Neo-Confucianism 252 The Spread of Neo-Confucianism 253 Chdng Mongju and the Development of Neo-Confucianism 254 Chdng Tojdn: Philosophical Rebuttal of Buddhism and Taoism 254 History 256 Kim Pusik: On Presenting the Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms to the King 257 Paek Munbo: Explanation ofTangun's Significance 258 PART THREE Early Choson 259 Introduction 261 CHAPTER THIRTEEN • FOUNDING THE CHOSON DYNASTY 271 King T'aejo: Founding Edict 272 Admonition to the New King 274 Moving to the New Capital 277 CONTENTS CHAPTER FOURTEEN » POLITICAL THOUGHT IN EARLY CHOSON 279 Ruling the New Dynasty 280 Kw6n Kun: On Royal Action 280 On Treating Court Officials 280 On Attending Royal Lectures 281 On Rewarding Loyalty 281 New Government 281 Chdng Tojdn: On the Prime Minister 282 v The Kingly Way 283 Yang Sdngji: Discussion on the Kingly Way 283 The Way of Principle 285 Cho Kwangjo: On Problems of the Time 285 Cho Kwangjo: On the Superior Man and the Inferior Man 286 On Sage Learning 286 Yi Hwang: Memorial on Six Points 288 Third: By Esteeming Sage Learning, the Basis of Good Rule Is Built 288 Yi I: Memorial in Ten Thousand Words 290 CHAPTER FIFTEEN • CULTURE 293 Invention of the Korean Alphabet 294 King Sejong: Preface to Correct Sounds to Instruct the People 295 Ch6ng Inji: Postscript to Correct Sounds to Instruct the People 295 Ch'oe Malli: Opposition to the Korean Alphabet 296 Education and Scholarship 296 Chdng Tojdn: Establishment of Schools 297 Royal Confucian Academy 298 White Cloud Grotto Academy 298 Office of Special Advisers ' 299 The Recruitment Examinations 300 Song Hydn: On the Civil Service Examination 300 Compilation
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