ASSESSMENT & MARINE COMPLIANCE REPORT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY MWAMBAO COASTAL COMMUNITY NETWORK Mwambao Coastal Community Network was established in 2010 to This report represents the work of a multi-national team that was help communities in Tanzania’s coastal areas develop strong and completed in October 2019. Research methods were developed and effective local resource management systems that support liveli- applied by WildAid in cooperation with Mwambao Coastal hoods and sustain marine ecosystems. Mwambao works to Community Network. Interviews were carried out with the follow- empower local communities and enable them to learn from each ing actors: Department of Fisheries Development (DFD) staff in other through a community-based network spanning different Unguja and Pemba, Pemba Channel Conservation Area (PECCA) coastal areas and communities. This network structure fosters Rangers, District Fisheries Officers from Micheweni, Wete, Chake, learning as well as collective action on shared interests such as Mkoani, Deep Sea Fishing Authority (DSFA), SWIOFish, ZAFICO, influencing policy. MWAMBAO focuses on building the capacity of Kukuu, Makongwe and Fundo Island SFCs, the Manta Resort, coastal community institutions for engaging in sustainable marine Fundu Lagoon Hotel and Swahili Divers. The 2010 PECCA man- resource management. agement plan and the 2016 Zanzibar Fisheries Frame Survey MWAMBAO.OR.TZ served as vital source documents for maps, baseline data and bio- diversity statistics. This report was carried out jointly by WilAid and Mwambao with USAID funding for DFD. ACRONYMS INVESTIGATIVE LEAD AND REPORT WRITING AG Attorney General Marcel Bigue, Senior Advisor AIS Automatic Identification System CAPEX Capital Expenses Gregg Casad, Exulans Managing Director C&V Control and Vigilance DFD Department of Fisheries Development CO-INVESTIGATORS EMS Electronic Monitoring Systems MWAMBAO COASTAL COMMUNITY NETWORK EEZ Economic Exclusive Zone FFI Lorna Slade, Executive Director Fauna & Flora International GMP General Management Plan Ali Thani, Country Coordinator GT Gross Ton Ali Saidi, Pemba Field Officer HP Horse Power IMO COLLABORATORS International Maritime Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Fauna & Flora International KMKM Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo (Zanzibar Navy) Hugo Ugaz, Graphic Designer KPI Key Performance Indicator LE Law Enforcement MCA Marine Conservation Area MACEMP Marine Coastal Management Project ABOUT MCU Marine Conservation Unit DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT MCS Monitoring, control and surveillance The key fishery responsibilities in Zanzibar fall under Zanzibar’s MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Marine Protected Area Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. The mandate of the fisheries NM Nautical Miles administration covers a large spectrum of fisheries governance and NGO Non Governmental Organization management functions including fisheries planning, the licensing NTZ No-take Zone of vessels & fishers, fisheries monitoring & research, promotion of IMO International Maritime Organization Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), capacity-building of stakeholders OBM Outboard Motor among other functions. OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OPEX Operating Expenses KILIMOZNZ.GO.TZ PECCA Pemba Channel Conservation Area SFC Shehia Fisher Committee SOP Standard Operating Protocols WILDAID SWIOFish Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Governance WildAid’s mission is to end the illegal wildlife trade in our life- and Shared Growth Program times by reducing demand through public awareness campaigns URT United Republic of Tanzania and providing comprehensive marine protection. We have success- VHF Very High Frequency VMS Vessel Monitoring System fully developed a comprehensive marine enforcement model that WOT Wide Open Throttle strengthens the key elements of the law enforcement chain: sur- ZAFICO Zanzibar Fisheries Company veillance, interdiction, prosecution, and sanctions in several MPAs throughout the developing world. WILDAID.ORG 03 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 04 OBJECTIVES 05 MARINE PROTECTION SYSTEM 05 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA 06 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING COMPLIANCE CAPACITY 10 FINDINGS/RECOMMENDATIONS 15 BLUEPRINT FOR COMPLIANCE 16 BUDGET 27 THE PECCA ASSESSMENT & MARINE COMPLIANCE REPORT 04 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Zanzibar’s extensive and resource-rich coastal and marine envi- strengthening its capacity and make critical investments in staff, ronment supports the livelihoods of thousands in the country and infrastructure and training to dramatically improve communica- is the mainstay of the artisanal fishing industry and coastal tour- tion with Shehia Fisher Committees (SFCs) and ensure a presence ism. The Pemba Channel Conservation Area (PECCA) is home to throughout the PECCA. A strong authority is a respected authority the deepest and most diverse coral reefs of East Africa. In addition and a continuous presence serves as a deterrent in the long run. to the high level of biodiversity, the area is home to IUCN red-list- Our key recommendations include the decentralization of ed species, including four species of sea turtles, Indian Ocean patrolling and compliance efforts to the District level and the humpback dolphins, humphead wrasse, bumphead parrotfish, and strengthening of ties to the SFCs. The SFC community manage- blacktip reef sharks. Of note, PECCA serves as a nesting site for the ment models should be incorporated into the overall enforcement critically endangered hawksbill and endangered Green turtles. Yet, and compliance strategy. Select communities have already demon- management and governance are challenged by geographical loca- strated their commitment to the vision of PECCA and must be tion, a growing population, a changing climate, improved and carefully inserted into the compliance framework. As no agency changing fishing gears, and increasing demands for coastal can do it alone, we also recommend the negotiation of a bilateral resources are pushing the environment to its limits. agreement with KMKM in order to strengthen and better coordi- nate surveillance and patrol efforts. All CAPEX and OPEX deci- In this report, we analyze the legal framework, competencies and sions were made in consideration of a highly limited budget. More jurisdictions of all marine enforcement agencies and stakeholders importantly, we have defined a blueprint of critical steps for the in order to design a compliance system for the PECCA that is prac- capacity building and professionalization of the DFD personnel, tical, affordable and feasible to implement over a five-year time- who truly are the core component of the PECCA marine compli- frame. As the lead agency of PECCA, DFD must focus on ance program. Konde Kiuyu Maziwa Ngombe PEMBA ISLAND Wete Fundo Island Kojani Island Chwale Kongo Mkwajuni Misali Island Chake Chake LEGEND PECCA Boundary (est.) PECCA Boundary (Est.) Key Fishing Areas Mkoani Known Beach Seine Activity Key Landing Sites Mkanyageni Fishing Camps Kangani Beach Seine Villages Decentralized Patrol Strategy Panza Island 05 OBJECTIVES The primary objectives of this report are to document assessment findings of current compliance efforts in PECCA and to develop a comprehensive marine protection system. MARINE PROTECTION SYSTEM An effective compliance program should dissuade potential law- • Surveillance and Enforcement. Poachers will be found breakers from committing illegal activities as the consequences and caught. Sites need surveillance systems (such as cameras (punitive or societal pressure) associated with apprehension out- and radar) patrol resources (such as boats) to find and appre- weigh the economic gain. Compliance entails two different facets: hend poachers. We tailor each system design, based on local the hard and soft approach. The hard approach achieves compli- needs. ance by increasing monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) • Policies and Consequences. Poaching has consequences. investment and creating strong penalties that are uniformly We work with lawyers, judges and governments to strengthen enforced. The soft approach achieves compliance through educa- laws and ensure meaningful penalties for illegal activities. tion and outreach and by generating incentives through manage- • Training and Mentorship. Comprehensive Training is ment that benefit the community as a whole. We advocate for a essential. Staff and local fisher committees must understand the combination of the two. system, their responsibilities within it, and how to operate and There are five components necessary for a complete and successful maintain tools. We provide training, mentorship, and profes- Marine Protection System that will discourage illegal activity and sional development. encourage law-abiding behavior. • Community Engagement: Poaching hurts the whole com- munity. We integrate fishers, tourism operators, and local peo- ple in the protection of marine resources. We train rangers to educate their communities, design awareness campaigns to fos- ter understanding and buy-in, and support community-based management strategies. • Consistent Funding. Protection requires consistent funding. We develop long-term budgets that streamline operating costs, and create new revenue streams to ensure the protection sys- tem has long-term funding. Protected area management cannot succeed without effective law enforcement and compliance efforts. In the absence of enforce- ment and a governance framework, open access and marine resource conflicts will only continue to promote unsustainable