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CYCLING ROUTES in the CAPITAL AREA G N
sá 97 km BORGARNES via Hvalörður www.cyclingiceland.is vog 1 Leir 15 km to 1/47 Mosfellsdalur a MAIN CYCLING ROUTES IN THE CAPITAL AREA g n Leirvogstunga u 3 t 3 - www.publictransport.is Kvíslar- 36 SUMMER 2016 i Elli ðaár dal MOSFELLSBÆR Mosskógar ur 1.9 2.4 Helgafell 36/48 14 km Leiruvogur 4.4 30 km Hornstrandir Area Elliða ÞINGVELLIR Grótta ár Scheduled Buses i Bolungarvík Grímsey 4 Kópasker Raufarhöfn V lur The STRÆTÓ System Hnífsdalur 641 da 0.4 mi 78 Flatey 650 SELTJARNARNES Viðey Mjódd am This is the main official bus system. Ísafjörður Vigur Dranga- k jökull Siglufjörður TRANSPORT PUBLIC C S MOSFELLSBÆR Drangey 79 Tel. 540 2700 - www.bus.is Suðureyri Súðavík Hrísey Geldinganes á Ólafsfjörður .7 m Reykir 3 r Flateyri Skagaströnd Hofsós 85 Ásbyrgi Þórshöfn Grandi N a 4 Dalvík Húsavík REYKJAVÍK V Þingeyri Gjögur 84 79 9.5 i Reykjanes Hólar A V Árskógssandur Aðaldalsvegur Hljóðaklettar 79 ICELAND ON YOUR OWN Bíldudalur Crossroads Sauðárkrókur Crossroads B 2.0 T Skóla- Tálknafjörður Old Harbour A system operated by REYKJAVIK EXCURSIONS and SBA-Norðurleið. Skriðuland 650 641 C C Skarfabakki r braut i 1.5 r u Patreksfjörður Dettifoss u g Örlygshöfn Hólmavík 661 Vopnafjörður D Harpa eg e olt Reykjavik Office: Tel. 580 5400 - www.ioyo.is 59 Blönduós 84 Akureyri FnjóskárbrúNorðaustur- i v sv -h Brjánslækur vegur - g C 70 r á- Víðigerði Krafla Islands the Faroe to SMYRIL LINE Sundahöfn Víkur 8.9 a H Akureyri Office: Tel. 550 0700 - www.ioyo.is Látrabjarg Rauðasandur .6 - Bj Hvammstangi Goðafoss/Fosshóll 661 5 Vesturbær d Úlfarsfell 5 57 60 56 79 and Hirtshals in Denmark n Svartá Varmahlíð a Álafoss r Króks- 83 Laugar C 2.0 t Hvammstangi 62 641 Jökulsá Vopnafjörður G S á E 1.0 H Spöng lfars 1 Notes on alternative routes N fjarðarnes Crossroads Mývatn á Fjöllum Borgarfjörður eystri S N L Ú Crossroads ör a The STERNA System Flatey 70 N las u kj Miðbær g Straumsvík – Hfj. -
Northern Lights Tours Drangsnes BLÖNDUÓS AKUREYRI Látrabjarg
Hornbjarg Grímsey Melrakka- Raufarhöfn slétta Kópasker BOLUNGARVÍK DRANGA- Öxar JÖKULL Flateyri Skjálf- HÚSAVÍK Hrísey andi DALVÍK HÚNA- Grenivík Árskógssandur FLÓI Hofsós Hauganes Skagaströnd Bíldudalur Dettifoss Incentives and Conferences Hólmavík Northern Lights Tours Drangsnes BLÖNDUÓS AKUREYRI Látrabjarg Jö F Reykhólar jöllumku Looking to impress and be impressed ? lsá á The Aurora Borealis Hvammstangi B la n d Then Iceland is the answer! Laugarbakki a Been dreaming to see the Northern lights in breath-taking surroundings? The Northern lights have fascinated travellers to Iceland and locals alike. Experience nature’s highlights in its STYKKISHÓLMUR Raw and untouched, make your visit a spectacular and unique experience. Iceland, a land of Gerpir winter costume during the day and dancing Northern Lights at night. Rif Askja contrasts, wide open spaces, clean air, peace and tranquillity, yet providing the sophistication Hellissandur We offer various Northern Lights holiday packages and tailor made tours for special occasions. ÓLAFSVÍK of fine hotels and dining. Visiting Iceland will offer you “once-in-a-lifetime” experience; with Snæfells - jökull Come to Iceland this winter and be inspired! its geysers, glaciers and hot springs. Kjölur HOFSJÖKULL rengisandur Snæfell Sp Fancy a glacier hike and snow scooters, driving on top of volcanoes where one can cook food ULL Djúpivogur For a larger selection of our holidays please visit www.icelandprotravel.co.uk on the hot lava, enjoy delicious seafood on a glacier? Perhaps an adrenaline filled self drive in BORGARNES LANGJÖK 4WD Super Jeeps is the right thing for you or a stunning helicopter flight up-on and above FAXAFLÓI NORTHERN LIGHTS AND HOT SPRINGS GUIDED TOUR 8 DAYS / 7 NIGHTS NORTHERN LIGHTS LUXURY SELF DRIVE 5 DAYS / 4 NIGHTS glaciers and volcanoes. -
Open Jancin Phd.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Geosciences VOLCANO-TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF FLATEYJARSKAGI, NORTH CENTRAL ICELAND A Dissertation in Geosciences by Mark D. Jancin © 2010 Mark D. Jancin Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2010 The dissertation of Mark D. Jancin was reviewed and approved* by the following: Barry Voight Professor of Geology and Geological Engineering Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Terry Engelder Professor of Geosciences Derek Elsworth Professor of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering Donald M. Fisher Professor of Geosciences Katherine H. Freeman Professor of Geosciences Graduate Programs Director *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and K/Ar ages from Flateyjarskagi, north central Iceland, reflect tectonic reorganization of crustal accretion zone activity ~ 7 Ma. Two flood basalt piles are in unconformable contact along this western flank of the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ). The older ranges in age from ~ 9.5 to 13 Ma and is largely composed of tholeiite flows. In eastern Dalsmynni the upper to middle portions of this older basaltic pile define a 15°-35° SE dipping, monoclinal flexure developed ~ 6- 7 Ma during early development of the present NVZ. Lavas of a flood basalt group younger than about 6.5 Ma were deposited uncomformably on the older, flexured basalt pile. These postflexure age flows mostly consist of compound doleritic basalts and olivine tholeiites; possible tillites are found in the upper portion of this sequence. The unconformity between the older and younger basalt piles represents a major structural, temporal, and lithological boundary in north central Iceland. -
ICELAND 2006 Geodynamics Field Trip May 30 – June 8, 2006
ICELAND 2006 Geodynamics Field Trip May 30 – June 8, 2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography This field trip guide was compiled by Karen L. Bice using information from Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Richard S. Williams, Helgi Torfason, Helgi Bjornsson, Oddur Sigurðsson, the Iceland Tourist Board and World W. Web Maps from Thordarson and Hoskuldsson, 2002, Iceland (Classic Geology in Europe 3), Terra Publishing, UK. Logistical genius: Andrew T. Daly Field trip participants: Mark Behn, Karen Bice, Roger Buck, Andrew Daly, Henry Dick, Hans Schouten, Martha Buckley, James Elsenbeck, Pilar Estrada, Fern Gibbons, Trish Gregg, Sharon Hoffmann, Matt Jackson, Michael Krawczynski, Christopher Linder, Johan Lissenberg, Andrea Llenos, Rowena Lohman, Luc Mehl, Christian Miller, Ran Qin, Emily Roland, Casey Saenger, Rachel Stanley, Peter Sugimura, and Christopher Waters The Geodynamics Program is co-sponsored by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Academic Programs Office and Deep Ocean Exploration Institute. TUESDAY May 30 Estimated driving (km) Meet at Logan Airport, Icelandair ticket counter @ 7:00 PM (80 km ≈ 50 mi) Depart BOS 9:30 PM Icelandair flight Day 1 - WEDNESDAY May 31 Arrive Keflavík International Airport 6:30 AM (flight duration 5 hours) Pick up 2 vans, 2 trailers (Budget) Free day in Reykjavík Night @ Laugardalur campground, Reykjavík Dinner: on own in town Day 2 - THURSDAY June 1 270 Late start due to trailer problems (2 hrs @ AVIS) To Þingvellir N.P., then north to Hvalfjörður fjord, stop at Skorradalsvatn Night @ Sæberg Hostel (1 km. off Rte 1 in Hrútafjörður, west side of road) Tel. 354-4510015 Fax. 354-4510034 [email protected] Dinner: mexican-style chicken (Rachel, Trish, Chris) Day 3 - FRIDAY June 2 320 To Lake Myvatn Lunch stop in Akureyri, stop at Godafoss, stop at Skutustadir pseudocraters Night @ Ferdathjonustan Bjarg campsite, Reykjahlid, on shore of Lake Myvatn Tel. -
Viðauki 4. Tækjarými Mílu
Viðauki 4. Tækjarými Mílu Nr. Tækjarými Póstnr Staður Staðsetning Svæði Tegund 95 Breiðholt 111 Reykjavík Norðurfell 15 Höfuðborgarsv. Blandaðir salir 98 Hafnarfjörður 220 Hafnarfjörður Strandgata 24 Höfuðborgarsv. Blandaðir salir 100 Kópavogur 200 Kópavogur Digranesvegur 7 Höfuðborgarsv. Blandaðir salir 103 Mosfellsbær 270 Mosfellsbær Skólabraut 1A (Háholt 4) 1A Höfuðborgarsv. Blandaðir salir 191 Akureyri 600 Akureyri Hafnarstræti 102 Norðurland E Blandaðir salir 253 Múlastöð 108 Reykjavík Suðurlandsbr. 28/Ármúli 25-28Höfuðborgarsv. Blandaðir salir 518 Landssímahús 101 Reykjavík Thorvaldsensst. 4-6 Höfuðborgarsv. Blandaðir salir 8 Arnarstapi 356 Snæfellsbær Arnarstapi Vesturland Dreifbýli 9 Axlarhólar 356 Snæfellsbær Axlarhólar Vesturland Dreifbýli 11 Oddstaðir 311 Borgarnes Oddstaðir Vesturland Dreifbýli 13 Fíflholt 311 Borgarnes Fíflholt Vesturland Dreifbýli 15 Fróðárheiði 356 Snæfellsbær Fróðárheiði Vesturland Dreifbýli 16 Furubrekka 356 Snæfellsbær Furubrekka Vesturland Dreifbýli 17 Gildruholt 360 Hellissandur Gildruholt Vesturland Dreifbýli 18 Grund 311 Borgarnes Grund Skorradal Vesturland Dreifbýli 19 Gröf Miklaholtshrepp 311 Borgarnes Gröf, Eyja- og Miklaholtshrepp Vesturland Dreifbýli 20 Haukatunga 311 Borgarnes Borgarbyggð Vesturland Dreifbýli 21 Háls Skógarströnd 340 Stykkishólmur Háls Vesturland Dreifbýli 22 Hellur 311 Borgarnes Hellur Vesturland Dreifbýli 23 Hrútsholt 311 Borgarnes Hrútsholt / Söðulsholt Vesturland Dreifbýli 24 Hnúkur 371 Búðardalur Hnjúkur Vesturland Dreifbýli 25 Hreðavatn 311 Borgarnes Hreðarvatn Vesturland -
2020 GUIDEBOOK #Siminncyclothon
2020 GUIDEBOOK #siminncyclothon PLEDGES SUPPORT A GOOD CAUSE! We are starting an amazing journey together around the country! While we are at it we are going to raise funds for Landvernd nature conservation society. Landvernd, the Icelandic Environmental Association, is the oldest and largest environmental association in Iceland with 6000 members. The main aim of the association is the conservation of Icelandic nature, protection of the environment in Iceland, ecological restoration, sustainable development and active participation in international collaborations. The issues Landvernd focuses on 2019-2021 are the climate crisis, conservation of Icelandic nature and sustainable societies. Environmental education is the main activity of Landvernd. The association emphasizes public participation in decision making regarding the environment. Generous gifts, support, benefactors and fundraising have been fundamental to supporting their tireless efforts in protecting the amazing nature of Iceland. WE ARE PROUD TO BE A PART OF THEIR FUTURE! PARTY AND AWARD CEREMONY! Most definitely we will need a celebration for Síminn Cyclothon finishers. We are all looking forward to hearing your stories and sharing our own. Just know that when you say “this was incredible” you will be understood by each participant. Riders’ party, staff, supporters and organizers will be held Saturday June 27th in Listasafn Reykjavíkur from 20:00 - 24:00. Winners of each category will also be awarded their prizes. Please demonstrate sportsmanship at all times and respect your fellow riders and participants. Let’s have fun having fun! Itinerary 23. June 18:00 Team meeting (in English) and race expo in Ölgerðin, Grjóthálsi 7-11, 110 Reykjavik. All riders are welcome but presence of team managers is mandatory. -
Direct Use of Geothermal Water for District Heating in Reykjavík And
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Direct Use of Geothermal Water for District Heating in Reykjavík and Other Towns and Communities in SW-Iceland Einar Gunnlaugsson, Gretar Ívarsson Reykjavík Energy, Bæjarháls 1, 110 Reykjavík, Iceland [email protected] Keywords: Direct use, District heating, Reykjavík, Iceland 3. GEOTHERMAL WATER FOR HOUSE HEATING In the Icelandic sagas, which were written in the 12th – ABSTRACT 13th century A.D., bathing in hot springs is often The geothermal district heating utility in Reykjavík is the mentioned. Commonly bath was taken in brocks where hot world´s largest geothermal district heating service. It started water from often boiling springs would be mixed with cold on a small scale in 1930 and today it serves the capital of water. The famous saga writer Snorri Sturluson lived at Reykjavík and surrounding communities, about 58 % of the Reykholt in west Iceland in the 13th century. At that time total population of Iceland. All houses in this area are there was a bath at his farm but no information about its heated with geothermal water. Three low-temperature age, size or structure. There are also implications that fields, Laugarnes, Elliðaaár and Reykir/Reykjahlíð are used geothermal water or steam was directed to the house for for this purpose along with geothermal water from the high- heating (Sveinbjarnardóttir 2005). temperature field at Nesjavellir. Reykjavík Energy is also operating district heating utilities in 7 other towns outside In a cold country like Iceland, home heating needs are the capital area with total 15.000 thousand inhabitants and 7 greater than in most countries. -
Living and Working in Iceland Grímsey
Living and working in Iceland Grímsey 85 Raufarhöfn 85 Kópasker Reykjafjörður Þórshöfn Bolungarvík Suðureyri 61 Hnífsdalur 76 65 Flateyri Ísafjörður Siglufjörður Lundarskóli 64 Bakkafjörður 91 Súðavík Krossnes 624 76 Ólafsfjörður Húsavík 635 61 Sólgarðar 85 Gjögur Hrísey 82 745 Dalvík Grenivík 622 Reykjanes 643 Litli-Árskógssandur 83 60 Þingeyri Hofsós Hauganes 745 Húsabakki Árskógsskóli Heiðarbær Selárlaug Hjalteyri Hafralækjarskóli Vopnafjörður Skagaströnd 82 61 619 Laugarhóll/Klúka 85 744 Laugar Bíldudalur Þelamörk Svalbarðseyri Tálknafjörður 63 Hólmavík Sauðárkrókur Hólar 615 1 87 74 76 Stórutjarnir Drangsnes 60 Reykjahlíð 1 Reykjafjörður 711 Blönduós Akureyri Patreksfjörður Illugastaðir 612 Borgarfjörður Djúpidalur eystri 1 75 Birkimelur Kristnes 614 Laugaland Skútustaðir 94 Varmahlíð Hrafnagil 62 Húnavellir 607 711 Reykhólar 68 1 Króksfjarðarnes Steinsstaðir Eiðar Hvammstangi 72 F88 60 Fellabær Seyðisfjörður Laugabakki 93 1 Egilsstaðir Laugar Reykir Neskaupstaður F72 Borðeyri 92 590 Hallormsstaður 92 F98 F82 Eskifjörður Stykkishólmur Búðardalur F28 Reyðarfjörður 96 58 F78 Fáskrúðsfjörður Rif F37 Hellissandur Ólafsvík 1 Grundarfjörður Stöðvarfjörður F28 54 60 574 F72 Lýsuhóll Lauga- Breiðdalsvík gerðis- skóli Djúpivogur Varmaland Húsafell Reykholt 54 Klepp- járns- reykir 50 1 Borgarnes Hvanneyri 53 Hreppslaug Brautartunga 52 50 F28 F35 F37 Heiðarborg Hlaðir Nesjahverfi Akranes 51 Geysir Hlíðarlaug 1 Höfn Grundarhverfi 48 1 30 Laugarvatn 37 36 36 Reykjavík Reykholt Þjórsárdalur Seltjarnarnes Mosfellsbær Kópavogur Garðabær Flúðir Garður Álftanes Ljósifoss Laugarás Hafnafjörður 31 45 Sandgerði Árnes Keflavík 41 Hvera- Hraun 32 Skaftafell 1 gerði Brautarholt 26 Vogar Svínafell 44 Njarðvík 30 Hafnir 39 43 Selfoss 1 Laugaland Bláa Lónið 38 34 Eyrar- 42 Þorlákshöfn bakki Stokkseyri Rauða- Hella Grindavík lækur 25 F22 Kirkjubæjarklaustur Hvolsvöllur 204 Seljavellir Skógar Vestmannaeyjar Vík 0 10 20 30 km Welcome to Iceland Moving to a new country takes courage. -
Power to the People Isavia – New Master Plan for the Growing Tourism Explore Greenland‘S Idyllic Nature Vast Volcanic Hot Spots
TOURISM, CULT URE AND BUSINESS ISSUE 33 • 2016 ISSUE 33 • 2016 Power to the people Isavia – New master plan for the growing tourism Explore Greenland‘s idyllic nature Vast volcanic hot spots 1 www.icelandictimes.com Daily horse theater at 7 pm Live presentation daily at 1 pm and 4.30 pm Barn tour every 30 minutes 3 GRANDAGARÐI 8 101 REYKJAVwww.icelandictimes.comÍK * 00354 456 4040 * WWW.BRYGGJANBRUGGHUS.IS TOURISM, CULT URE AND BUSINESS ISSUE 33 • 2016 Take part in a great adventure. t’s a sad testimony of today’s society that the political and banking elite It was ironic that the country with the seem to feel that they alone know what is best for the world, leaving world’s longest running parliament should the general public to submissively follow their dictates, even if that be the one to stand up for democracy to leads to disastrous decisions and a dramatic decline in living standards. bring power back to the people. IWhen one man stood up for what was right for his country and let Building on his belief that the people the people decide on a major issue, he unleashed a torrent of criticism had an important part to plan in deciding from that international elite and the media they control. However, he was the world’s future, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson proven both ethically and legally correct in the court case that ensued. announced the founding of Arctic Circle in That man was the President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson and Spring 2013. the the event was the collapse of one of its private banks in the Icesave Icelandic Times has an in-depth interview and review of the man Inside Volcano debacle in 2008. -
Good Service a SIGHT NOT to BE MISSED! and Great Emphasis on Our Customer’S Safety
only new models 2015 WE’LL TAKE RENT A CAR cars YOU THERE! ALL THE MOST EXCITING PLACES IN ICELAND GREAT VARIETY OF NORTHERN LIGHTS EXPERIENCE! Good service A SIGHT NOT TO BE MISSED! and great emphasis on our customer’s safety Whether you need a car to run you business in Reykjavik or plan a trip around Iceland we make it easy for you FREE EXPERIENCE A GREAT DAY WITH US! Shuttle Service in Reykjavik area More tours available on We our website www.re.is try to offer the lowest AND IN OUR BROCHURES! Free WiFi prices in Reykjavík We look forward being at your service! OR Our office is located in Kópavogur Check our website for great prices Skemmuvegur 4a | Tel. +354 578 8200 www.carkey.is BSÍ Bus Terminal • 101 Reykjavík • +354 580 5400 • [email protected] • www.flybus.is • www.re.is CK-A4-Final.indd 1 15.4.2015 10:46 TOURISM, CULT URE AND BUSINESS ISSUE 28 • 2015 If you are under the impression that the scenery in Iceland guesthouses, restaurants and shops open all year round to meet is less vibrant in colour in the fall than in the summer time, your needs. Of course, there are plenty of tour guides and travel you are soon to find out otherwise. This time of the year agencies in every region, where you will find expert knowledge the countryside is characterised by colours covering the of the area and the activities available, ensuring that you will have whole of the warmer side of the colour spectrum, ranging from the most enjoyable holiday possible. -
Act on the Judiciary No. 15, 25 March 1998
Act on the Judiciary No.15/1998 Translation from Icelandic Act on the Judiciary No. 15, 25 March 1998 Entered into force on 1 July 1998, with the exception of Article 34. Amended by Act No. 47/2006 (entered into force on 1 July 2006), Act No. 88/2008 (entered into force on 1 January 2009, with the exception of transitional provision VII which entered into force on 21 June 2008), Act No. 147/2009 (entered into force on 1 January 2010), Act No. 45/2010 (entered into force on 29 May 2010), Act 162/2010 (entered into force on 1 January 2011) and Act 12/20111(entered into force on 17 February 2011). Chapter I Judicial Organisation Section 1 The Supreme Court of Iceland shall be the highest judicial authority in Iceland. The Court shall be a court of appeals, based in Reykjavík. Section 2 The district courts shall be eight in number. Their names, places and areas of office shall be as follows: 1. The District Court of Reykjavík shall be based in Reykjavík, serving the areas of the following municipalities: Reykjavík, Seltjarnarnes, Mosfellsbær and Kjósarhreppur. 2. The District Court of Western Iceland shall be based at Borgarnes, serving the areas of the following municipalities: Akranes, Hvalfjarðarstrandarhreppur, Skilmannahreppur, Innri-Akraneshreppur, Leirár- og Melahreppur, Andakílshreppur, Skorradalshreppur, Lundarreykjadalshreppur, Reykholtsdalshreppur, Hálsahreppur, Hvítársíðuhreppur, Þverárhlíðarhreppur, Borgarhreppur, Borgarbyggð, Álftaneshreppur, Kolbeinsstaðahreppur, Eyja- og Miklaholtshreppur, Snæfellsbær, Eyrarsveit, Helgafellssveit, Stykkishólmsbær, Dalabyggð and Saurbæjarhreppur. 3. The District Court of the West Fjords shall be based at Ísafjörður, serving the areas of the following municipalities: Reykhólahreppur, Vesturbyggð, Tálknafjarðarhreppur, Bolungarvík, Ísafjörður, Súðavíkurhreppur, Árneshreppur, Kaldrananaeshreppur, Hólmavíkurhreppur, Kirkjubólshreppur, Broddaneshreppur and Bæjarhreppur. -
Living and Working in Iceland
Living and working in Iceland Welcome to Iceland Moving to a new country takes courage. It also creates exciting opportunities and new beginnings. This brochure deals with Taking the time to learn what to expect - and what is the following topics: expected of you - will help you make the most of your Introduction to Iceland ……………………………… 4 opportunities. This brochure is intended to help you Working in Iceland …………………………………… 8 Taxes and workers rights …………………………… 14 over the many hurdles faced when moving to a new Housing and cost of living ………………………… 19 country. It answers the questions most frequently Registering as a legal resident in Iceland ………… 22 asked by those moving to Iceland. It focuses on Unemployment benefits and social security ……… 26 employment and working life and aims at giving the Education in Iceland ………………………………… 30 basic facts as well as guiding you to the sources of Icelandic for foreigners ……………………………… 33 accurate information. Important Contact Information …………………… 35 Introduction to Iceland – general information $ Geography History Iceland is located in the North Atlantic, and is the second largest According to ancient written sources, the Norwegian chieftain island in Europe, with an area of 103,000 square kilometres. Ingólfur Arnarson was the first permanent settler in Iceland in About 75% of the land is more than 200 meters above sea level 874. Over the next centuries, people of Nordic and Gaelic origin with most of the land being high plateaus and mountains. Gla- settled in Iceland. Iceland went under the Norwegian king in ciers cover 11,200 square kilometres while suitable agricultural 1262 and later the Danish king.