Attitude of the Public Towards the Coexistence of Industry and Tourism

Mathematics and Computers in Business, Manufacturing and Tourism

Attitude of the public towards the coexistence of industry and tourism

MERICA PLETIKOSIĆ

Cesta dr.Franje Tuđmana 45, Kaštel Sućurac, CROATIA

Abstract: - Concerned public is worried about the consequences of the industrial legacy in the environment of the Solin-Kaštela Basin and they have no confidence in new projects which would affect the environment. The aim of this research was to determine the differences in the awareness and attitudes among concerned public towards the existing ecological problems and the possibility of coexistence of industry and tourism in the Kaštela Basin.

Key-Words: - concerned public, environmental protection, industrial legacy, concern

1 Introduction problems and the possibility of coexistence of industry and tourism in the Kaštela Basin.

Throughout its history to the present, as a result of strong anthropogenization, significant changes have 3 Methods been recorded in the area of Solin-Kaštela Basin. Industrialization reached its peak during the eighties; however, a trend of deindustrialization has also had The subject sample was defined by 100 entities, 55 of its impact in this area. The coastal area has changed which were male and 45 were female. Mean age of subjects was 47.9 years. Subjects’ age, education its structure due to immigration, and the number of level, employment status and place of residence are inhabitants in Solin and Kaštela has almost doubled presented in Table 1. in the last twenty years, creating the pressure of finding new areas for residence and tourism. The Table 1 Subjects’ age, education level, employment factories have become a nuisance for those living in status and place of residence their surroundings. N TOTAL SAMPLE 100

Male 55 2 Problem Formulation Gender Female 45

Is there a relation between the resistance of Under 30 3 concerned public towards the coexistence of industry Age Between 31 and 44 22 and tourism and insufficient awareness of ecological Between 45 and 60 62 problems in the Solin-Kaštela Basin? Over 60 13 The aim of this research was to determine the High school 28 differences in the awareness and attitudes among Education concerned public towards the existing ecological Undergraduate/Graduate 72

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1. What are major ecological problems in the Solin- Unemployed 7 Kaštela Basin area?

Employed 82 The second variable, which was code-named Employment coexistence_ industry-tourism_Kaštela Basin, was status Retired 6 defined based on the second question:

Students 5 2. Is the coexistence of industry and tourism in Kaštela Basin possible? Kaštela 39 A problem-oriented in-depth interview was Town Solin 36 conducted with 100 subjects divided into nine target Split 25 groups and three control sector groups representing a LEGEND:N- the number of subjects target sample of concerned public which is rich in information and, in its activity, involved in forming The subjects were divided into nine subsamples the attitudes of others. After being presented with the (target groups) which were qualitatively defined as: problem and the aim of the research, all subjects gave ORGANIZATIONS – representatives of non- a willing consent for participation in the research. governmental environmental organizations of Split- Based on written transcripts, numerical coding of Dalmatia County, 10 subjects; TOWNS – responses was performed for the purposes of forming representatives of local government employees from the entity matrix, defined by the overall subject Kaštela, Solin and Split, 10 subjects; sample and coded variables, for further statistical BUYERS/SUPPLIERS – representatives of buyers analysis. By descriptive analysis, frequency of both and suppliers of CEMEX Croatia, 10 subjects; code-named variables, applied for both questions, POLITICS/SCIENCE – representatives of local was determined, as well as their relative and political structures and scientists, 10 subjects; cumulative values. The analysis of differences SPONSORSHIP AND DONATIONS RECIPIENTS – between the defined subsamples (target groups), as representatives of beneficiaries and recipients of well as between the three classified clusters (sectors), CEMEX sponsorships and donations, 10 subjects; was also conducted. KAŠTELA RESIDENTS – representatives of Quantification of qualitative empiric material and neighbours of the plant “Sv. Juraj” in Kaštel Sućurac, transformation to the numerical form was performed 15 subjects; SOLIN RESIDENTS – representatives of for the purposes of further statistical analysis. neighbours of the plant “Sv. Kajo” in Solin, 15 Complete statistical analysis was performed by subjects; CEMEX EMPLOYEES – representatives of STATISTICA, Ver.10.00 software package. SWOT Cemex employees, 10 subjects; THE COUNTY – analysis was also used in this research. representatives of local government employees of Split-Dalmatia County, 10 subjects. Out of the abovementioned subsamples, three new 4 Results and Discussion clusters (sectors) consisting of the total of 70 subjects were classified, which were qualitatively defined as: PUBLIC SECTOR – 30 subjects from the target Quantitative analysis of the entity matrix and the first groups: TOWNS, POLITICS/SCIENCE and THE variable was based on the responses obtained by COUNTY. qualitatively defined first interview question: CIVIL SECTOR – 20 subjects from the target groups: 1. What are major ecological problems in the Solin- ORGANIZATIONS and SPONSORSHIP AND Kaštela Basin area? DONATIONS RECIPIENTS. The respondents expressed their opinion and attitude ECONOMIC SECTOR – 20 subjects from the target about major ecological problems in the Solin-Kaštela groups: BUYERS/SUPPLIERS and CEMEX Basin area. EMPLOYEES. Their responses were defined at four levels: The variable sample is represented by a set of 2 The first group classified those entities who believe qualitatively defined questions which were used in an that the biggest ecological problem is the traffic, open and/or indirect interview. The first variable, namely land and sea traffic. Quantitatively, these which was code-named eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela responses were coded by the number one (1). Basin, was defined based on the first question: The second group defined their answer as: The

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biggest ecological problem is the sewerage system, land and sea traffic, is the biggest pollutant of the sea pollution, the unfinished ECO-Kaštela Bay Solin-Kaštela Basin. project, wastewater, ‘wild building’ with inadequate sewerage system, water supply and wastewater Table 2 Relative and cumulative frequencies of the drainage, etc. Quantitatively, these responses were variable eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela Basin, N=100 coded by the number two (2). The third group was classified according to the RESPONSES FREQ. CUMUL. % CUMUL answer: The biggest ecological problem is waste, FREQ. .% municipal waste, asbestos, mercury and slag as 1 8 8 8% 8% lingering problems, waste disposal, waste treatment, 2 28 36 28% 36% Karepovac, etc. Quantitatively, these responses were 3 36 72 36% 72% coded by the number three (3). 4 28 100 28% 100% The fourth group of respondents was classified Legend: 1 - traffic; 2 - sea pollution, wastewater, according to the answers: The biggest ecological sewerage system, ECO-Kaštela Bay; 3 - municipal problems are industrial pollutants, the existing waste, asbestos, mercury, Karepovac; 4 - the existing industry, Ina silos, Coca-Cola installations, the industry ironworks, Cemex, cement plants, the industry, etc. Quantitatively, these responses were coded by the By analyzing the quantitative results of the first number four (4) for the purposes of further statistical variable according to the target groups, it can be data analysis. established that the subjects differ depending on the In statistical analysis, the name of the response to the group to which they belong. All representatives of first question was defined by the variable code- the CEM/EMP share the attitude that the biggest named: eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela Basin. pollutant is waste, municipal waste, asbestos, By descriptive analysis, frequency of each coded mercury and slag as lingering problems, waste answer for the overall sample was determined, and disposal, waste treatment, Karepovac, etc. The then for the nine target groups, which have been subjects defining the target groups POL/SCI and redefined in the analysis process as three new sectors, RES/SOL mostly share the same opinion. However, so statistical analysis was performed on all classified representatives of the groups TOW and RES/KAŠ subsamples. believe that the biggest ecological problem is The results of frequencies for all entities and the first wastewater, inadequate sewerage system, and the variable eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela Basin are unfinished ECO-Kaštela Bay project. The presented in Table 2. respondents in the group BUY/SUP are ambivalent The subjects quantitatively defined by 36% think that about the ecological problem being the result of the biggest pollutant of the Solin-Kaštela Basin is traffic or the existing industry, whereas the entities in waste, municipal waste, asbestos, mercury and slag the target group COU are divided on the cause and as lingering problems, waste disposal, waste the biggest pollutant of the Solin-Kaštela Basin. treatment, Karepovac, etc. Two groups defined by Some of them point out polluted sea and wastewater, 28% of entities each differ considerably. One group and the others think that the biggest pollutant is includes entities who believe that the biggest municipal waste and its treatment. ecological problem of the Solin-Kaštela Basin is The results of frequencies of the variable exclusively the sewerage system, sea pollution, the eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela Basin according to the unfinished ECO-Kaštela Bay project, wastewater, target group are presented in Table 3. ‘wild building’ with inadequate sewerage system, Subsequently, there are differences in frequencies of water supply and wastewater drainage, whereas the the variable named eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela Basin other group believes that the biggest ecological according to the sector group. In this analysis of the problems in the Solin-Kaštela Basin are industrial quantitative description of the coded answers, the pollutants, the existing industry, Ina silos, Coca-Cola public sector is divided in their opinion about the installations, the ironworks, Cemex, cement plants, major ecological problem in the Solin-Kaštela Basin. the industry, etc. The remainder of the subjects or 8% The subjects chose wastewater and sewerage system of the total sample, believe that the traffic, namely on one hand (15 entities or 21% of the total sample)

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and municipal waste disposal as the second pollution RESP PUBLIC CIVIL ECONOMIC TOTAL source and problem of the Solin-Kaštela Basin (12 1 0 3 5 8 entities or 17% of the total sample). 2 15 5 0 20

Table 3 Frequencies of the variable 3 12 5 10 27 eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela Basin according to the 4 3 7 5 15 target group, N=100 TOTAL 30 20 20 70

Legend: 1 - traffic; 2 - sea pollution, wastewater, BUY/ POL/ SPO/ RES/ RES/ CEM/ COU TOTAL RESP ORG TOW SUP SCI D.REC KAŠ SOL EMP sewerage system, ECO-Kaštela Bay; 3 - municipal 1 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 waste, asbestos, mercury, Karepovac; 4 - the existing industry 2 2 6 0 4 3 8 0 0 5 28 3 2 1 0 6 3 0 9 10 5 36 Quantitative analysis of the entity matrix and the 4 3 3 5 0 4 7 6 0 0 28 second variable is based on the answers obtained by the qualitatively defined second question which TOTAL 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 10 10 100 reads: Legend: 1 - traffic; 2 - sea pollution, wastewater, 2. Is the coexistence of industry and tourism in sewerage system, ECO-Kaštela Bay; 3 - municipal Kaštela Basin possible? waste, asbestos, mercury, Karepovac; 4 - the existing The respondents expressed their attitude about the industry possibility of coexistence of industry and tourism in the Kaštela Basin. The civil sector did not express a unanimous opinion The respondents’ answers were defined at two levels: about the biggest ecological problem in the defined The first group was classified according to the area either. Among the representatives of the civil negative response, representing those entities who sector, 7 entities or 10% of the total subject sample responded: No, the coexistence is not possible; believe that the existing industry is the biggest Industry and tourism do not go together. pollutant in the Solin-Kaštela Basin, 5 entities or 7% Quantitatively, these negative answers were coded by believe it is the municipal waste, and 5 entities or 7% the number zero (0) for the purposes of further of the total sample think that by solving wastewater statistical data analysis. treatment problems and finishing the ECO-Kaštela The second group defined their answer affirmatively: Bay project, ecological problems of the Solin-Kaštela Yes, the coexistence of industry and tourism is Basin would disappear. possible; it is certainly possible; Yes, they can go Among the representatives of the economic sector, together, etc. 14% of the total subject sample think that the biggest Quantitatively, these affirmative answers were coded ecological problem of the Solin-Kaštela Basin is by the number one (1) for the purposes of further waste, municipal waste, asbestos, mercury and slag statistical data analysis. as lingering problems, waste disposal, waste In statistical analysis, the name of the answer to the treatment, and Karepovac. Five entities or 7% of the second question was defined by the variable code- total subject sample believe that the problem lies in named: the land and sea traffic, whereas 5 entities or 7% of coexistence_industry-tourism_Kaštela Basin the total subject sample belonging to the economic By descriptive analysis, frequency of each coded sector consider the existing industry, such as Ina answer for the overall sample was determined, and silos, Coca-Cola installations, the ironworks, Cemex, then for the nine target groups, which have been etc., to be the biggest pollutants in the Solin-Kaštela redefined in the analysis process as three new sectors, Basin. so statistical analysis was performed on all classified All quantitative results are presented in Table 4. subsamples. Analysis of the frequency results of all subjects and Table 4 Frequencies of the variable the second variable code-named coexistence eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela Basin according to the _industry-tourism_Kaštela Basin shows a relative sector group, N=70 value of 45% of the subjects who expressed a

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negative attitude about the coexistence of industry The frequencies of the variable coexistence_industry- and tourism in the defined area. The remaining 55% tourism_Kaštela Basin according to the sector group of the subjects believe that the coexistence is possible differ depending on the defined cluster. and do not see a reason why Kaštela Basin should not The public sector supports the coexistence of be a tourist destination with developed industry industry and tourism in the Kaštela Basin with which meets the criteria of healthy living. quantitative value of 25 entities or 36% of the All quantitative frequency results of N=100 and the relative value of the total sample, whereas those of coded variable coexistence_industry-tourism_Kaštela contrary opinion represent 5 entities or 7% of the Basin are presented in Table 5. total sample. In the economic sector, 11 entities or 16% of the total Table 5 Relative and cumulative frequencies of the subject sample accept the coexistence of the variable coexistence_industry-tourism_Kaštela aforementioned economy sectors, whereas 9 entities Basin, N=100 or 13% of the total subject sample do not. The civil sector is defined by a contrary opinion, with RESPONSES FREQ. CUMUL. % CUMUL 4 entities or 6% of the total subject sample accepting FREQ. .% the coexistence, and 16 entities or 23% not accepting 0 45 45 45% 45% it (Table 7). 1 55 100 55% 100% Legend: 0-no; 1-yes; Table 7 Frequencies of the variable coexistence_industry-tourism_Kaštela Basin The analysis of the results shows that among the according to the sector group, N=70 representatives of the target group RES/KAŠ, 11% of the total sample of entities believe that the coexistence is not possible and 4% of entities believe RESP. PUBLIC CIVIL ECONOMIC TOTAL that the coexistence is acceptable. Representatives of 0 5 16 9 30 the target group target group RES/SOL express the 1 25 4 11 40 opposite opinion. In this group, 11% of the total TOTAL 30 20 20 70 sample of entities supports the coexistence of industry and tourism, whereas 4% of entities have a Legend: 0-no; 1-yes; negative attitude regarding the same question.

Table 6 Frequencies of the variable coexistence- 5 Conclusion _industry-tourism_Kaštela Basin according to the target group N=100 SWOT analysis of the frequency results of the BUY/ POL/ SPO/ RES/ RES/ CEM/ COU TOTAL RES ORG TOW variable code-named eco.problem_Solin-Kaštela SUP SCI D.REC KAŠ SOL EMP Basin supports the harvest strategy in which the 0 9 2 9 0 7 11 4 0 3 45 weaknesses overcome the strengths: the respondents 1 1 8 1 10 3 4 11 10 7 55 in the group BUY/SUP (buyers and suppliers) are ambivalent about the biggest ecological problem in TOTAL 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 10 10 100 the Solin-Kaštela Basin being the consequence of Legend: 0-no; 1-yes; traffic or the existing industry, whereas 4/10 respondents in the target group SPO/DON.REC Target groups POL/SCI and CEM/EMP fully support (sponsorship and donations recipients) think that the the coexistence of industry and tourism, whereas biggest ecological problem in the Solin-Kaštela Basin among the representatives of the target groups ORG is the existing industry. and BUY/SUP, 9% of all entities express the opposite In the same variable, the opportunities overcome the opinion. Seven entities or 7% of the total sample threats: the frequency results of all entities show that among the representatives of COU, as well as 8% of entities quantitatively defined by 64% believe that all entities in the target group TOW, also support the the biggest ecological problem in the Solin-Kaštela coexistence of industry and tourism (Table 6).

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Basin is waste treatment and sea pollution in the Sustainable Development: Fuzzy Logic Reasoning Kaštela Bay. and Sensitivity Analysis Ecol Econ, 48, 2004, 149– The first group of 36% of entities thinks that the 172. biggest ecological problem is exclusively waste, 2. Armand, B. R., Rowley, D. J., Sherman, H., municipal waste, asbestos, mercury and slag as Developing a strategic profile: the pre-planning phase lingering problems, waste disposal, waste treatment, of strategic management, Business Strategy Series, 8, Karepovac, etc. The second group with 28% of the 3, 2007, 170. total subject sample believes that the biggest 3. Autry, C. W., Bond, E. U., Harvey, M., Novicevic, ecological problem is exclusively the sewerage M. M., Dual-perspective SWOT: a synthesis of system, sea pollution, the unfinished ECO-Kaštela marketing intelligence and planning, Marketing Bay project, wastewater, ‘wild building’ with Intelligence & Planning, 22, 1, 2004, 85. inadequate sewerage system, water supply and 4. Building a Better Future 2011, Sustainable wastewater drainage. The representatives of the Development Report CEMEX, Monterrey, Mexico, Economic sector believe that the biggest ecological 2012. problem is traffic and waste treatment. 5. Cifrić, I., Kultura i okoliš, Zaprešić: VŠPU B. A. SWOT analysis of the frequency results of the Krčelić. Zagreb, 2009, In Croat, [Culture and variable code-named coexistence_industry- Environment. Zaprešić: VŠPU B.A.Krčelić, Zagreb, tourism_Kaštela Basin supports the constraint 2009]. strategy in which the weaknesses overcome the 6. Šimunović, I., Komplementarne prednosti Grada strengths: according to the target group, it shows that Kaštela – zbog blizine Gradova Splita, Solina, 9/10 representatives of the target group BUY/SUP Trogira i Zagore ili o „Gradu između“, Sto ljeta (buyers and suppliers), which is 11% of the total turizma u Kaštelima, Turistička zajednica Grada sample, advocate the opinion that the coexistence of Kaštela, Dalmacija papir, Split, 1996. In Croat industry and tourism is not possible. Most of the [Complementary advantages of the Town of Kaštela entities in the target group SPO/DON.REC – due to the vicinity of Split, Solin, Trogir and (sponsorship and donations recipients) share this Zagora or about „the Town in-between“, One attitude (7/10). hundred years of tourism in Kaštela, Tourist Board The threats overcome the opportunities: analysis of Kaštela, Dalmacija papir, Split, 1996]. of the frequency results of all entities for the variable 7. Tafra-Vlahović, M., Održivo poslovanje, Zaprešić: code-named coexistence_industry-tourism_Kaštela VŠPU B. A. Krčelić, Zagreb, 2011, In Croat Bay shows relative value of 45% of entities who [Sustainable business, Zaprešić: VŠPU B. A. Krčelić, express a negative attitude towards the coexistence of Zagreb, 2011]. industry and tourism in the defined area, especially 8. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), the residents of Kaštela (11/15), as well as most of Cleaner Production Section, Cleaner Production – the civil sector (16/20). Key Elements: The definition of Cleaner Production adopted by UNEP, Cleaner Production – Related Concepts, 2001. 6 References 9. UNEP, Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Area Management with a particular reference to Mediterranean Basin. UNEP Regional Seas Reports 1. Andriantiatsaholiniaina, L. A., Kouikoglou, V. S., and Studies, Nairobi: UNEP/MAP-PAP/RAC, 161 Phillis, Y. A., Evaluating in Strategies for 1995.

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