1944 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8867 1s a 40-percent lag in production on the home EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. such cemeteries; to the Committee on Mili­ front. But even when I was in the European tary Affairs. theaters of war in September, I was told there 2060. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV a By Mr. PLOESER: was a lack of supplies at the front and a.s I letter from the President of the United H. J. Res. 322. Joint resolution proposing stated several times at London, and at the States, transmitting a report on the re­ a.n amendment to the Constitution of the front; and after my return• to the United quirement for water for military and limiting the tenure of office States, that there was great need of ammuni­ civilian use in San Diego County, Calif., of President of the United States; to the tion and wire. After the optimistic state­ was taken from the Speal{er's tab!e and Committee on Election of President, Vice ments by General Eisenhower and Prime referred to the Committee on Irrigation President, and Representatives in Congress. Minister Churchill last summer that war and Reclamation. By Mr. JARMAN: would soon be over and there was no general H. Res. 669. Resolution authorizing the appeal for war supplies, it cannot be wondered printing of the. prayers of the Chaplain of at, that industry began to give thought tore­ REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC the House of Representatives; to the Com- conversion and the workers began to think of BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS mittee on Printing. · peacetime jobs. If mistakes have been made Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of in production it is largely due to the lack of PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS franknes.s-this filtering of news-this less committees were delivered to the Clerk than the whole story that is given to the for printing and reference to the proper Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private public. The public is losing faith in the calendar, as follows: bills and resoiutions were introduced and stories of our victories. It is time that the Mr. LEMKE: Committee . on the P'.lblic severally referred as follows: half-truth stop and the public be told the Lands. S. 209. An act authorizing the con­ whole truth. veyance of certain property to the State of By Mr. CURLEY: It is the only way we shall secure full war H. R. 5585. A bill for the relief of Evelyn North Dakota; without amendment (Rept. DeNunzio, Mrs. Mary Capodanno, and the production for our fighting forces. No. 2019). Referred to the Committee of the legal guardian of Vincent Capodanno; to the Whole House on the state of the Union. Committee on Claims. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time Mr. MURDOCK: Committee on Irrigation of the gentlewoman from Massachusetts By Mr. WILLEY: and Reclamation. H. R. 4795. A bill to au­ H. R. 5586. A bill for the relief of the estate has again expired. thorize the undertaking of the initial st~ge of of James W. Taylor III; to the Committee on EXPLANATION OF ABSENGE FROM ROLL the comprehensive plan for the conservation, Claims. CALL control, and use of the water resources of the Missouri River Basin; with amendment Mr. PFEIFER. Mr. Speaker, I ask (Rept. No. 2020). Referred to the Committee PETITIONS, ETC. unanimous consent to address the House of the Whole House on the state of the Union. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions for 1 minute. Mr. LEMKE: Committee on Irrigation and and papers were la:l.d on the Clerk's desk The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Reclamation. H. R. 4.808. A bill to amend and referred as follows: the Fact Finders Act; with amendment (Rept. objection to the request of the gentleman No. 2021). Referred to the Committee of the 6231. By Mr. ROLPH: Resolution of the from New York? · Whole House on the state of the Union. Citizens Advisory Committee on Agricultm·e There was no objection. of the California State Reconstruction and Mr. PFEIFER. Mr. Speaker, I wish to Reemployment Commission, Sacramento, inform the House of the reason why I am REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE Calif., relative to making more equitable BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS price stabilization provisions for agricul­ not recorded on the vote this afternoon. tural production; to the Committee on Bank­ The bells in my o:C'ice failed to ring. I Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of ing and Currency. was on the floor until 3 p. m., but then committees were delivered to the Clerk 6232. Also, resolution of the Citizens Ad­ had gone to my office. When I came over for printing and reference to the proper visory Committee on Agriculture of the Cali­ the roll call had been finished. Never­ calendar, as follows: fcrnia State Reconstruction and Reemploy­ theless, had I been present I would have Mr. PETERSON of Florida: Committee on ment Commission, Sacramento, Calif., rela­ voted "no." tive to dates for establishing ceiling prices the Public Lands. H. R. 4857. A bill to con­ on farm products; to the Committee on ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED firm the claims of Charles Gaudet under Banking and Currency. Spanish patents to section 18, township 11 Mr. KLEIN, from the Committee on south, range 5 east, and section 21, township Enrolled Bills, reported that that com­ 12 south, range 5 east, St. Helena meridian, mittee had examined and found truly Parish of St. James, State of Louisiana, to­ enrolled bills of the House on the fol­ gether with all accretion; ·with amendment SENATE lowing titles, which were thereupon (Rept. No. 2022). Referred to the Commit• signed by the Speaker: tee of the Whole House. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1944 H. R. 4366 . An act for the relief of Alex Wylie and the estate of James Evans; and PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS (Legislative day of Tuesday, November ' H. R. 4917. An act conferring upon the 21, 1944) State of Montana authority to excha1:1,ge for Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public other lands certain lands selected by the bills and resolutions were introduced The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, State of Montana for the use of the Univer­ and severally referred as follows: on the expiration of the recess. sity of Montana for btological station pur­ By Mr. MURDOCK: The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown poses pursuant to the act of March 3, 1905 .H. R. 5581. A bill to authorize the Secre­ Harris, D. D., offered the following (33 Stat. 1080). tary of the Interior to modify the provisions prayer: ADJOURNMENT of a contract for the purchase of a power plant for use in connection with the San 0 God, infinite in mercy, love, and Mr. PFEIFER. Mr. Speaker, I move Carlos irrigation project; to the Committee power, we come knowing that all else is that the House do now adjourn. on Irrigation and Reclamation. vanity, that all other cisterns are empty The motion was agreed to; accord­ By Mr. CASE: and broken and in Thee alone is the ingly (at 4 o'clock and 50 minutes p. m.) H. R. 5582. A bill authorizing an appropri­ fountain of life. Thou knowest the stern the House, pursuant to its previous order, ation to carry out the provisions of the act responsibilities that confront us and the adjourned until tomorrow, Wednesday, of May 3, 1928 (45 Stat. 484), and for other pathetic limitations of our knowledge, December 6, 1944, at 11 o'clock a. m. purposes; to ·the Committee on Indian Af­ Thou knowest, too, our deep necessities fairs. and our unutterable desires. We can COMMITTEE HEARINGS By Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina: H. R. 5583. A bill establishing wage differ­ bring to Thee but unfulfilled aspirations COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF THE LAWS ential for leadingmen and quartermen at and many a failure that makes us The committee will hold a hearing on all naval establishments; to the Committee ashamed. When we foolishly endeavor Wednesday, December 6, 1944, at 10 a.m., on Naval Affairs. · to live our lives without Thee, we deny in the committee room of the Committee By Mr. WICKERSHAM: our reason, we blot out our hope, and H. R. 5584. A bill to enable the mothers, destroy our joy. on Agriculture, to consider H. R. 5450, fathers, and widows of deceased members of to revise and codify the criminal laws the armed forces now interred in cemeteries Forbid that our lives should be so busy of the United States and to hold public outside the continental limits of the United with the trivial traffic of the common hearings thereon. States or in Alaska to make a pilgrimage to days that, as in the Bethlehem inn of long 8868 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 6 ago, the highest and best should · be S. 1968. An act for the relief of Elizabeth CALL OF THE ROLL crowded out of our reckoning. As the A. Becker; S.1987. An 'act for the relief of Gordon Mr. HILL. I suggest the absence of a advent month brings a song that soars Lewis Coppage; quorum. above the sobs and a flutter of wings s. 1993. An act for the relief of the estates The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk above the woe of a warring world, lead of Joseph B. Gowen and Ruth V. Gowen; will call the roll. our jaded and worldly wise spirits out S. 1997. An act for the relief of Jack Stow­ The Chief Clerk called the roll, and to the peaceful plains where with the ers, B & 0 Store, and Cotton County Poultry the following Senators answered to their simple faith of shepherds we may hear & Egg Co.; names: 2006. An act for the relief of J. A. Davis; the angels sing. So pour upon our N a­ s. Aiken Green Overton tion's leaders Thy spirit of counsel and S. 2008. An act for the relief of Herman Austin Guffey Radcliffe understanding that they may follow the Philyaw; Bailey Gurney Reed S. 2042. An act for the relief of the legal Ball Hall Revercomb star of their highest designs to a future guardian of Nancy Frassrand, a 'minor; Bankhead Hatch Reynolds 'for an humanity glorified by the light S. 2064. An act for the relief of Richard Bilbo Hayden Robertson which comes from Thee. In the dear Buck Hill Russell H. Beall; and Burton Holman Shipstead · Redeemer's name. Amen.· S. 2168. An act for the relief of certain Bushfield Jenner Stewart THE JOURNAL . disbursing officers of the Army of the Uni~ed Butler Johnson, Colo. Taft States, and for other purposes. Byrd Kilgore Thomas, Okla. On request of Mr. HILL, and by unani­ Capper La Follette Thomas, Utah The message also announced that the Caraway Langer Tunnell mous consent, the reading of the Journal Chandler Lucas Tydings of the proceedings of the calendar day House had disagreed to the amendments Clark, Mo. McClellan Vandenberg Tuesday, December 5, 1944, was dispensed of the Senate to the bill

COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS DECEMBER 6, 1944. name of persons employed by the committee of Senate Resolution 319, agreed to August To the Senate: who are not full-time employees of the Sen­ 23, 1944: The above-mentioned committee hereby ate or of the committee for the month of submits the following report showing the November 1944, in compliance With the terms , Annual Naine of individual Name and address of department or organization rate of Address by whom paid compensa· tion

'l'heodore B. Stothart ••••••••••• 3801 Fourth St. SE •••••• ·--·-·-·--··-·------··-·~- War Department, Adjutant General's Office·------·------­ $1,800 Amy J. TisbendOI·L-·------··-- 4434 First St. NE·--·------·-··----··------·-·---- War Department, Legislative and Liaison Division, Office of Chief of Staff_ 2,000 6,000 8~}: ~~~)~ ~~W~1t~~~:::::::~:: ~r\~t;n~tM~~:::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: -~-~d~~~~r-t~~~~-.:~::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6,000

ROBT. R. REYNOLDS, Chairman, REPORTS OF COMMITTEES By Mr. ELLENDER, from the Committee on By Mr. STEWART, from the Committee on Claims: Claims: The following reports of committees H. R. 3191. A bill for the relief of Lillian H. R. 1556. A b1ll for the relief of Archie were submitted: Hill; -without· amendment (Rept. No. 1323}: Barwick; without amendment (Rept. No. By Mr. RADCLIFFE, from the Committee H. R. 3414. A bill for the relief of Edward 1330); on Commerce: . . C. Robbins; without amendment (Rept. No. H. R. 2543. A bill for the relief of Mrs. . H. R. 4968. A bill to amend section 511 (c) 1345): Nelle Jones; without amendment (Rept. No • of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as H. R. 3467. A bill for the relief of Miss Anne .1331); amended, relative to deposit of vessel pro­ Watt; without amendment (Rept. No. 1346): H. R. 4049. A bill for the relief of Alfred F. ceeds received from the United States in cer­ H. R. 4101. A bill for the relief of P. E. Ross; without amendment (Rept. No. 1332); tain. cases, and for other purposes; without Brannen; with an amendment (Rept. No. H. R. 4367. A b1ll for the relief of Mrs. amendment (Rept. No. 1315)'. · 1350); Julia Toler; with an amendment (Rept. No. By Mr. ROBERTSON, from the Committee H. R. 4451. A bill for the relief of John Mc­ 1334); on Claims: Laughlin, Sr., and John McLaughlin, Jr.; H. R. 4481. A bill for the relief of William . H. R. 2150. A bill for the relief of Diemer without amendment (Rept. No. 1347); H. Crompton; with an amendment (Rept. No. Adison Coulter and Frances Andrews Coul­ H. R. 4525. A bill for the relief of M. Grace 1353); and 'ter; without amendme:nt (Rept. No. 1316); Murphy, administratrix of the estate of John H. R. 4593. A bill for the rErl.ief of Thomas H. R. 3218. A bill for the relief of Enid M. H. Murphy; without amendment (Rept. No. R. Clark; without amendment (Rept. No. Albertson; without amendment (Rept. No. 1348); and 1333). H. R. 4542. A bill for the relief of Harold 1317); PRINTING OF REPORT OF NATIONAL SO~ Miller; without amendment (Rept. No. 1349). H. R. 3484. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Pearl CIETY OF DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERI· W. Peterson; without amendment (Rept. No. By Mr. O'DANIEL, from the Committee on 1318); Claims: CAN REVOLUTION (S. DOC. NO. 251) H. R. 3781. A bill for the relief of Hall Far­ H. R. 2300. A bill for the relief of Rose B. Mr. HAYDEN, from the Committee on tis; without amendment_ (Rept. No. 1319); Luzar; without amendment (Rept. No. 1339); Printing; reported an original resolution H . R. 3880. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Anna H. R. 3369. A bill for the relief of Harry V.

Pennsylvania [Mr. DAVIS] says also from sheet finally becomes a liability or an Those who sought to protect monopoly Russia. I presume he is correct. But if asset, I cannot help but constantly think privileges and profits through postpon­ the entire capacity of the St. Lawrence of what happens in the city of Detroit. ing its construction knew that it ·was-a were devoted-to the importation of coal When the great automobile industry of vital necessity to this country in the it would amount to only a fraction of 1 Detroit can reach the world with tide­ event of war as well as in times of peace. percent of our total production. In fact water transportation it is perfectly ob­ In 1941 the President of the United. the claim is made by proponents of the vious that the industry of that area and . States, the Secretary of State, tL;'! Sec­ St. Lawrence seaway that it would per­ everything related to industry, transpor­ retary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, mit more of our coal to be sold. I think tation, and everything else, is certain to the Chairman of the Maritime Com­ there is significance in the fact that the be served in a degree which multiplies mission, and virtually every high Gov­ city of Lorain, Ohio, which is the largest the total economy of the area and the ernment official, pleaded with the Con­ . coal shipping port on the Great Lakes, as total economy of the country, and it gress even while the clouds of war gath­ I understand, is officially on record as could not have any other result. ered on the horizon, to authorize this favoring the development of the St. Mr. AIKEN. I thank the Senator from development so that its resources would Lawrence seaway. Michigan for his observation, and I will be ready for the defense of America. Mr. WHERRY. I thank the Senator. add that when the products of the motor­ Let me quote now from the statements · Mr. AIKEN. Opponents of the seaway car companies of Detroit reach the mark­ which some high officials made at that ·have sought ~o divide the people of this ets of the world in greater quantities time. I have . first the testimony of the Nation against themselves. They have there will be an increased benefit to Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Knox, a mem­ told the people of the Atlantic and Gulf every State in the United States. ber of the War Production Board, who coast ports that an increase in agricul­ Mr. VANDENBERG. Will the Senator said, on June 18, 1941: ture and industry and employment and yield to permit me to say a word on that What a great boon it would have been to ·purchasing power throughout the great point? national defense now if when this project was central portions of our country would Mr. AIKEN. Yes. first proposed it had been agreed to and put Mr. VANDENBERG. Furthermore, into effect. If that had been done it would · reduce the amount of business done by not have been only along the 12,000 miles those ports. since we are constantly warned that the of coastline that we now have scattered our Nothing could be further from the post-war economy of the world has got shipyards for building combatant ships, but truth. Even now with $10,000,000,000 to produce a -freer flow of commodities it would have been along additional thou­ of lend-lease exports, the total export pro and con, exports and imports, it sands of miles of inland waters, completely business of the United States amounts again, it seems to me, becomes an axiom safe from any dangers from without, where to only 8 percent of our total economy, that the development of a-transportation we could be building cruisers, destroyers, facility of this nature which is so inevita­ submarines right now • • • It may be of interest to note that as far It is driven home to me • • • that we back as 1920 the export business of this bly sure to facilitate exports and imports are going to live in a disturbed world for a country amounted to 12 percent of our must be of fundamental service not only long time, no matter what the outcome of the total economy, whereas now, including to the economy of the United States but war may be, and in that world which is out lend-lease and all, it is only 8 percent. to that of the world. of balance and struggling for a new and Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Mr. AIKEN. The Senator is entirely secure footing the control of the seas is going correct. to be of immense importance. Senator yield. Along with the development of modern ·• Mr. AIKEN. I yield. I readily admit that a few people in sea power has come a new power-that of Mr. WHERRY. Does the Senator state this great Nation of ours will have to the air. To have a region in a time of that the entire national volume of ex­ change their ways of doing business turmoil and disturbance and of possible port trade decreased from 12 percent· when the St. Lawrence seaway is con­ threatened war, where we could proceed with in 1920 to 8 percent at present, includ­ structed. But I hold that the easier reasonable security in maintaining that pre­ ing lend-lease? it is for people of one part of this Nation dominance in sea power, which such a state to do business with the people of every of the world might require, would be an im­ Mr. AIKEN. Yes, but in 1920 our total mensely invaluable national asset. • • • national economy amounted to $70,000,- other part of this Nation, the greater The other phase of shipbuilding, which is 000,000, compared with one hundred and wealth and prosperity and security will under pressure, is the construction of mer­ fifty-eight or one hundred and sixty bil­ redound to all. chant vessels. For this type of vessel there lion dollars today, so even though there If the special interests, the apostles of are a number of very well organized, efficient has been a decrease in the percentage of scarcity and high prices, who today are yards in the Great Lakes. • • • fighting the St. Lawrence seaway would If I could be sure, say 2 years hence, that export, there has been an increase in the a deep waterway, which would accommodate dollar amount. I simply called attention have their way, the United States would a vessel 500 or 600 feet in length with a to the decrease in percentage. soon become a stagnant and decadent draft of 20 to 25 feet, would be available, Most of our business is done with our­ nation. As I have said, they fight this the Navy could utilize the Great Lakes yards selves. Yet, the people of Baltimore and proposal because they are . afraid of a as well as the coast yards, which would pro­ Philadelphia and New ·York and Boston change. vide a means of promoting ship construction and New Orleans and Mobile are told There are many reasons why we must and distributing this work. The work is now not permit the selfish interests opposing confined as you know, to a narrow strip along · that the development of the St. Lawrence, the coasts. If we could establish this means which will make it easier for them to do the St. Lawrence development to -delay of communication to salt water we would more business with the people of Buffalo it any longer. They have done damage insure a future means of construction which and Cleveland and Toledo and Detroit enough already. would be a very marked military advantage to and Milwaukee and Duluth, is going to We have known for 20 years that we us. (Vol. I, pp. 95, 96, 97, hearings.) hurt them. Those people are afraid to­ needed the St. Lawrence development. ·That was testimony given by Secre­ day. They do 'not want to change their We needed it in 1934 when the Senate tary Knox on June 18, 1941, before we ways of doing business, but they com­ failed to cast a two-thirds vote in favor had entered the war; and even at that prise only a very small segment of our of the treaty which was then before the time, although there was disagreement total population, and I maintain that Senate. We needed it just as surely as in the Congress and very strong dis­ even though a few might have to change we should have known that sooner or agreement in the country as to what their ways, we should consider this sub­ later we wo11ld have to provide for the America should do about the war and ject in the light of what is good for 135,- defense of this Nation, in a world at how she should do it, yet we all knew that 000,000 people rather than what may be war, and that we would need t-attleships we should be preparing for it. good for 135,000. and airplanes,, power, and aluminum This is the testimony of Mr. Stimson, Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, plants for war production. Secretary of War, on June 17, 1941: will the Senator yield? We knew that the St. Lawrence navi­ Mr. AIKEN. I yield. gation and power facilities were needed The engineers inform me that the project can now be built in 4 years, and possibly 1n Mr. VANDENBERG. On the question in 1940 and 1941. The supporters of the 3 working seasons. • • • · of the relative value of the St. Lawrence seaway knew it and the enemies of the So far as the benefits to this country at development, and whether the balance seaway knew it. this time o! emergency are concerned, as I 1944 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8887 see them in my Department, they are: First, There being no objection, the state. times during the past half century. Interest the increase in our shipbuilding capacity ment was ordered to be printed in the in the proJect has been considerably in­ by taking in the shipbuilding capacity on the creased in recent years because of the hydro­ Great Lakes; second, so far as transportation RECORD, as follows: electric power potentialities -of the St. of munitions to Great Britain is concerned, UNITED STATES MARITIME COMMISSION, Lawrence development. The President, in there is a slight improvement, comparatively, Washington, August 6, 1941. his message of June 5, 1941, recommending in the distance which such munitions could Hon. J. J. MANSFIELD, authorization of the construction of the St. be transported on a protected route. • • • Chairman, Committee on .Lawrence seaway and power project in the Third. The great advantage is the fact Rivers and Harbors, interest of national defense, places the gen­ that this waterway will produce an esti­ House of Representatives. eration of electric power on a parity with mated total horsepower of 2,200,000. Now, DEAR CONGRESSMAN MANSFIELD: You have the transportation facilities of the project. that is a very important matter at this time requested the views and recommendations of Extensive surveys have been made over a of strain. the Maritime Commission with respect to period of many years by various department~ This horsepower produced by this proposed H. R. 4927, a bill to provide for the im­ and agencies of the Government to determine project is, I am informed by the engineers, provement of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence the feasibility, potentialities, and cost of the the largest block of undeveloped power at Basin in the interest of national defense, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence waterway and one site in the United States, as well as the and for other purposes. power development. The results of these cheapest in its operation. Section 1 of the bill would declare the studies have been reviewed and correlated, Speaking generally, it takes advantage of approval of Congress of the agreement made and their data brought down to dat e in the this enormous reservoir constituted by the between the Governments of the United St. Lawrence survey recently undertaken and five Great Lakes, of water power, and pro­ St ates and Canada published in House Docu­ now nearing coll').pletion by the Secretary duces in the St. Lawrence River a flow of ment No. 153,. Seventy-seventh Congress, of Commerce. water wl:lich is steady throughout all seasons providing for the construction of dams and The Maritime Commission has reviewed and does not have to be supplemented with power works in the International Rapids sec­ those portions of the St. Lawrence survey steam power, and is, therefore, the most cheap tion of the St. Lawrence River, and the com­ that have been published, with particular at­ to operate. • • • pletion of the St. Lawrence deep waterway, tention to those phases of the ~>tudy which Benefit in transportation, whatever the and would authorize and empower the Presi­ pertain to the activities and responsibilities dent to fulfill the undertakings made in that of the Commission under the Merchant Ma­ immediate disturbance that may be pro­ rine Act of 1936 and related authority for duced, ultimately inures to the benefit of the agreement on behalf of the United States. The section would f'\lrther direct that the emergency maritime programs. entire people of the country and to me it Much of the statistical data contained in seems inconceivable that when we take into work allocated for construction by the United States under the agreement shall be under­ part II of the survey, on Shipping Services on consideration the long view, that we should taken immediately under the direction of the the St. Lawrence River, is available to the not have the benefit of this great possibility Secretary of War and the supervision of the Maritime Commission by reason of its own of cheapened transportation and increased Chief of Engineers in accordance with the studies, and some of the data in that part power. laws, regulations, and procedures applicable of the survey was supplied by the Commis­ That statement by Secretary Stimson to river and harbor projects, and that such sion, as indicated in the survey. work shall be diligently prosecuted with a The conclusions drawn by the survey from will be found in volume I, pages 4 and view of making essential facilities of the its studies on shipping services on the St. 5, of the hearings before the House Com· projects available for national defense uses Lawrence River are considered by the Com­ mittee ·on Rivers and Harbors. at the earliest possible moment. mission to be conservative and sound. As Mr. President, I have read statements Under the terms of section 2 of the bill, set forth on page 6 of the letter of submittal, by Secretary Knox and Secretary Stirn· the President would be authorized and di­ they are: rected to negotiate an arrangement with the "On the basis of all the facts contained son, statements which came to naught. power authority of the State of New York in this report, the survey draws the following I ask unanimous consent to have printed for the transfer to such power authority of conclusions from its study of the conditions in the RECORD at this point as a part of the power facilities constructed pursuant to and limitations of navigation on the St. my remarks a statement by Admiral the authorization and the right to use the Lawrence seaway: Land, Chairman of the United States United States share of the waters at the "1. The development of the upper St. Law­ Maritime Commission. I shall not read projects for hydroelectric-power purposes rence to a depth of initially 27 'feet would upon such terms and conditions as may be provide a satisfactory waterway 2,350 miles all of that statement. . I read an excerpt agreed upon. The arrangement would in­ into the heart of the North American Con­ from Admiral Land's statement: clude provisions protecting the interests of tinent. Over this distance there would be There· can be little doubt but that the pro­ the United States and assuring a widespread only 67 miles of canals, 8 miles of restricted jected seaway would benefit oceangoing trans­ equitable disposition of the power to do­ channels, and 18 locks. portation in merchant vessels in both the mestic and rural consumers within economic "2. Though by no means as unencumbered foreign and domestic trades, since the sea­ transmission distances, and provisions for as shipping on the high seas, yet the condi­ way would open to such vessels thousands the prior use of such water for the purposes tions of navigation on the St. Lawrence are of navigation and the delivery, · without not so difficult or hazardous as to make ex­ of miles of additional coast line and would tensive utilization impossible. per!Ilit them direct access to one of the most charge to the War Department, of so much power as the War Department shall need for "3. The season of navigation, though re­ highly industrialized and agricult~ally pro­ stricted, ls not so short, considering the lific regions ln the United States. the operation of navigation facilities. The arrangement negotiated pursuant to this length of revenue-producing operations per­ The Commission is constantly studying section would be reported to Congress upon mitted, as to make the St. Lawrence route how to use to the maximum for defense the the convening of its next session, and would unattractive to shipping lines. shipbuilding resources of the country. There become effective when ratified by Congress "4. There are, in normal times, enough are many shipbuilding sites and prospective and the State of New York. ships of required draft to navigate a 27-foot supplies of labor in the Great Lakes area not Section 3 would authorize the Secretary channel as proposed. In the light of the now fully utilized. Temporary expedients of War, when he deems it necessary for the factors here cited, it can be confidently ex­ are being devised to utilize some ways on the purpose of expediting the construction of the pected that there will be enough ships able Lakes to build ships to be floated down the project, to enter into contracts without ad­ to navigate from the ocean to the Lakes to Mississippi River. The construction of the vertising or competitive bidding. The cost­ take care of available traffic. St. Lawrence waterway will make possible a plus-a-percentage-of-cost system of con­ "There are, then, no physical or climatic much greater use of the Great Lakes yards tracting would be forbidden, but the use reasons why the .St. Lawrence route should and will add to our national shipbuilding of the cost-plus-a-fixed-fee form of contract be unattractive to shipping lines a good part resources capacity to build large ships now of each year." would be permissible when such use is According to the plan, the seaway would landlocked from the sea. The sooner the deemed necessary by the Secretary of War. St. Lawrence waterway is built, making the have a depth of 27 feet, extending from Mon­ The concluding sentence of section 3 de­ treal through the Great Lakes. The situa­ lake yards directly accessible to the sea, the clares the prior use of all waters of the St. more rapidly can the vast fieet of ships dis­ tion with respect to the capacity of the sea­ Lawrence River within the · boundaries of way to accommodate oceangoing ves~els is turbed world conditions make necessary be the United States and all lands, dam sites, secured. summarized below. and easements required for the purposes of On December 31, 1939, the world's ocean­ That is the statement which Admiral the act to be necessary for the regulation going fleet of merchant vessels of 2,000 gross Land made before the House Committee of interstate and foreign commerce. tons and over comprised 9,161 ships, totaling on Rivers and Harbors on August 6, 1941. The feasibility of a waterway to accom­ 52,000,000 gross tons. Of these vessels, 1,296 modate oceangoing vessels, plying between were under the American flag, a total of I ask unanimous consent to have the en­ midcontinent, Atlantic coast, and world 7,800,000 gross tons. The proportions of these tire statement printed in the RECORD at markets has been under consideration by vessels (fully loaded), by groups, drawing 25 this point as part of my remarks. both the United States and Canada at various feet or less appear in the following tables: 8888 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 6 iliaries in time of war or national emergency Total gros~ Vessels of Percent of Gross tons. can only be maintained in normal times by T¥Jle or vessel Totablenrum- tons (mil- 25-foot draft total ves- 25-foorotledssraft Ptercent of absorption into the Nation's foreign and lions) or less sels (millions) onnage domestic commerce, it is evident that any op­ portunity to provide for the expansion of the use of merchant vessels in normal trades WORLD FLEET is worthy of serious consideration. Freighters.. . ______------_------6, 043 30.0 4, 541 71 17.7 59 This is particularly true in the domestic Combination passenger and freight ••••.• 1, 202 10.8 563 47 2. 9 27 trades. Vessels serving coastwise and inter­ Tankers. _------1, 556 11. 1 341 22 1. 36 12 coastal routes accounted for 64 percent of 9,161 51.9 5, 445 59 21.96 42 the number and 60 percent of the tonnage Total.------of the vessels (1,000 gross tons and over) in UNITED ST..A TES FLEET our merchant fleet in 1939. Thus, the do­ mestic trades normally represent nearly two­ Freighters. ______------~ 802 4. 07 519 65 +27 56 Combination passenger and freight. ••.. 141 1. 22 76 li4 . 42 34 thirds of our water-borne transportation. Tankers._------353 2. 59 46 13 . 21 8 Sound planning for the expansion of our Total. ______• ______merchant marine must therefore include the 1, 296 7.88 641 49 2. 90 37 further development of water-borne trans­ portation in the coastwise and intercoastal The foregoing table is based upon the ves­ constitute a reasonably accurate and effec­ trades. · sels being fully loaded. It has been esti­ tive yardstick for practical purposes. Although vessels engaged in the coastwise mated that the preponderant proportion of Even allowing for an additional 6 inches, and intercoastal trades are protected from vessels transiting the Panama Canal is com­ the difference betw£en immersion in salt foreign competition by the coastwise laws prised of vessels loaded only to two-thirds of and fresh water, it is estimated that vessels (and therefore are not included in the sub­ capacity. Allowing an additional 8 or 9 per­ with loaded drafts up to 27 feet loaded to sidy programs of the Merchant Marine Act cent of the total dead-weight capacity for 75-percent capacity on a weight basis could of 1936), the operators have had difficulty in fuel, water, and supplies a load of 75 percent use the proposed seaway. The table would mai:n,taining their services in recent years. of dead-weight capacity would appear to then read as follows: Virtually all of the vessels engaged in those trades (before the recent withdrawal as well as at the present time) are obsolete or ap­ proaching obsolescence. No means are in Totalnum- Total gross Vessels of Percent of ~-~~ ~~ ~~sr't P ercent of T ype of vessel ber to~s (m) il- 27-foot. draft total ves- 2 or less tonnage sight at the moment for the orderly replace­ lions or 1ess scls (millions) ment of these vessels by new construction, although such a replacement program should be undertaken as soon as emergency needs WORLD FLEET will permit. Freighters __ ------6,403 30. 0 5, 724 89 24.7 82 While the foregoing review sketches the Combination passenger and freight_ ____ 1, 202 10. 8 804 67 5 46 over-all problem of the development of Tankers __ ------1, 556 11. 1 931 60 5. 4 49 water-borne transportation, it is evident, as heretofore noted, that any opportunity to TotaL------_------__ .-----•• _ 9,161 51.9 7, 459 81 35.1 68 provide for the expansion of the· use of UNITED STATES FLEET merchant vessels in normal trades is worthy of serious consideration. There can be lit­ Freii!hters ______------802 4. 07 728 91 3. 5 86 tle doubt but that the projected seaway would Combination. passenger and freight. ____ 141 1. 22 97 69 .6 49 Tankers. _------353 2. 59 220 62 1. 4 54 benefit oceangoing transportation in mer­ chant vessels in both the foreign and do­ 'l'otal .• ------_------1, 296 7. 88 1, 045 81 5. 5 70 mestic trades, since the seaway would open to such vessels thousands of miles of addi­ On the -same basis, the vessels constructed War No. 1 created severe transportation tional coast line and would permit them di­ by the Maritime Commission, in both the rect access to one of the most highly indus­ shortages. The entry of the United States trialized and agriculturally prolific regions long-range and emergency programs, with into that war brought on a gigantic ship­ in the United States. the exception of the America and the tankers, building program-nearly $3 ,500,000,000, for would be able to utilize the St. Lawrence more than 3,000 ships, of 18,500,000 gross The Commission is constantly studying seaway. tons. 'how to use to the maximum for defense the Part V of the survey is devoted to the St. After the war the effort t o assimilate our shipbuilding resources of the country. There Lawrem;e seaway and future transportation newly constructed merchant vessels into the are many shipbuilding sites and prospective requirements. Since this portion of the commerce of the Nation, and to make an ef­ supplies of labor in the Great Lakes area survey is concerned with the probable effect fective merchant marine of them proved dif­ not now fully utilized. Temporary expedi­ of the seaway upon other modes of trans­ ficult and complex in the extreme. Never­ ents are being devised to utilize some ways portation, principally the railroads, no crit­ theless, at the end of 10 years, in 1929, 33.4 on the Lakes to build ships to be floated ical comment is offered on the conclusions percent of the value of our foreign com­ down the Mississippi River. The construc­ contained in it. Inasmuch, however, as the merce was carried in American bottoms. tion of the St. Lawrence waterway will make progress and development of the American The long-range replacement program of possible a much greater use of the Great merchant marine are intimately related to the Maritime Commission, under the Mer­ Lakes yards, .and will add to · our national the future transportation needs and services chant Marine Act of 1936, got under way in shipbuilding resources capacity to build large of the Nation, the following observations are 1937. The program called for the construc­ ships now landlocked from the sea. The d"emed pertinent: tion of 50 ships a year for 10 years. The out­ sooner the St. Lawrence waterway is built, Twice within 25 years experience has break of World War No.2, and the menacing malting the lake yards directly accessible demonstrated that the needs of our national aspects of that spreading conflagration, have to the sea, the more rapidly can the vast fleet defense for a merchant marine capable of resulted in the acceleration of the long-range of ships disturbed world conditions make serving as a naval and military auxiliary in shipbuilding program of the Maritime Com· necessary be secured. time of war or national emergency call for mission under the 1936 act, and in the in­ In the meanti~e to any ·extent that the more merchant vessels than have been built auguration of an additional emergency pro­ long-range naval construction program per­ by American operators for use in commercial gram for the construction of merchant ships mits the u se of the lake shipyards, thus traffic in time of peace. to serve our own commercial needs and na­ freeing coastal facilities, to that extent cargo­ Present plans for the development of a tional defense and to promote the national ship const ruction in coastal yards can be two-ocean Navy accentuate this problem. An defense through aid to nations resisting ag­ accelerated. expanded Navy will be severely crippled un­ gression. In view of these considerations, and in the less the merchant marine is able to provide No one can foresee with accuracy the con­ light of the exhaustive analyses of the St. it with auxiliaries in time of emergency. ditions that will exist when the present hos­ Lawrence survey, which indicate that the This means that a great expansion of the tilities cease. World conditions, however, great preponderance of expert opinion attests merchant marine is also necessary. have placed beyond question the importance the feasibility and value of the projected The problem is to maintain, in normal to the United States of maintaining access development, the Maritime Commission fa­ times through the absorption into normal to the seas. Such access can only be assured vors the proposed legislation. domestic and foreign commerce, a merchant through the maintenance of a powerful navy, This report has been submitted to the fleet adequate to the needs of national de· served by an adequate merchant marine. Director of the Bureau of the Budget and the tense. · When the present hostilities cease, it will Commission is now advised that there would In 1914 less than 10 percent of the value again be necessary to provide for the assimi­ be no objection to the submission of the of our export and import trade was carried lation of an expanded merchant marine into report to your committee. 1n American vesse!s. The withdrawal of ships the normal commerce of the country. Since Sincerely yours, from our commerce at the outbreak of World the ships needed fox: naval and military au~- E. S. LAND, Chairman. ~------__ , 1944 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8889 Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the ated. It is no secret that in the last alumi­ of war is, recent developments make it im­ Senator yield for a question? num expansion we had to arrange for a cer­ perative that we be prepared to meet it on Mr. AIKEN. I yield. tain amount of power to be piped ~ over from any basis at any time. And no time should New York City, after we could not get any be lost. Mr. WHERRY. I do not wish to dis .. more from Canada. I tried to inquire in tract the able Senator from his address. Canada 'whether we could get more and they That is what Jesse Jones told Congress However, I am wondering if he has any said, "No; we have none to spare; it is all on June 23, 1941. I ask unanimous con­ further comment or observation to make allocated~" So there is going to be a demand sent to have his statement printed in full relative to whether this project is to be for power in the United States. Even after at this point in the RECORD. accomplished by treaty or by agreement. the emergency is over, I think there is go­ There being ·no objection, the state­ A few moments ago the Senator stated ing to be a greater demand for power, and I ment was ordered to be printed in the think that any investment you can make in that in 1934 the treaty did ·not receive a power for the future is a good investment for RECORD, as follows: two-thirds vote in the Senate. I am very the United States and for the future of the The Department or Commerce has been much interested to know whether the United States. engaged for over a year in an extensive study able Senator has any observations to of the St. Lawrence navigation and power make on the question whether this de­ To show how truly Mr. Knudsen knew project. • • • In conducting this inves­ velopment can be accomplished by what he was talking about, I call atten­ tigation the Department has had the cooper­ agreement rather than by treaty. tion to the fact that the great aluminum ation of many agencies of the Government, plant at Massena, N.Y., employing 3,500 among others the United States Maritime Mr. AIKEN. Personally, I am abso­ Commission, the Board of Engineers for Riv­ lutely satisfied that the agreement is persons, recently closed down because it ers and Harbors of the War Department, the satisfactory. I agree with former Secre­ did not have sufficient power to operate; Bureau of Ships of the Navy Department, the tary of State Cordell Hull. I do not, and yet there is 2,000,000 horsepower Department of State, the Department of Agri­ however, wish to discuss that matter at running by that plant, absolutely un­ culture, and the Department of Labor. The this time. I wish to present the merits harnessed except for a small ~ diversion survey has considered the navigational of the St. Lawrence development itself, which the aluminum company itself aspects, the economic and commercial phases, takes out of the river. the shipbuilding facilities of the Great Lakes, and then I rather presume there will be a and the relationship of industrial develop­ discussion as to whether ft should be After Mr. Knudsen's testimony Mr. ment to low-cost electric power. done by treaty or agreement. However, CARTER, a Representative in Congress· As a result of these studies, the experts of I wish to have as many Senators as will from the State of California, and one of the Department of Commerce have found listen realize the tremendous benefits the bitterest opponents of the seaway, that extensive commercial navigation of this great project before we take up for reasons which I do not know, said- 1 through the proposed St. Lawrence route is· any other phase of the question. Your contention, then, is that the steam wholly fea"'Mble. • • • Mr. WHERRY. I thank the Senator. plants could not be built; is that it? The survey of the power requirements in Mr. KNUDsEN. No, sir. A steam plant can the New York State area indicates that the Mr. AIKEN. Let me read the state­ power is needed and would in any event soon ment of William S. Knudsen, lieutenant be built at any time. Mr. CASTER. And they can be built quicker be absorbed in the industrial progress of this general, United States Army, Director region. Power to meet defense needs at this 1 of War Production, War Department, than this project can be completed; is that time and for any possible recurring emer­ right? gency is of course vital. and member of the War Production Mr. KNUDsEN. If that amount of Sfearo Board. This statement was made on power was to be generated, I don't believe As a means of commercial intercourse, July 2, 1941, before. the Committee on just as the Panama Canal linked the east it could be produced in that iime. There and west coasts, the St. Lawrence route Rivers and Harbors of the House of are about 1,640,000 kilowatts, I understand. would link the Middle West with the At­ Representatives. It is found on pages Mr. CARTER. Is there a shortage of power in lantic, the Gulf, and the west coasts. 813 to 830 of the hearings: that area at the present time? This enterprise, in my opinion, shoUld be Warfare today is mainly a matter of pro­ Mr. KNUDSEN. Yes, sir. considered ln relation to its importance to duction of mechanical equipment. No war I feel our way of living, our standat:d of the Nation as a whole, just as power dams can be carried on without it, and the power living, demands that we do more and more and other waterways have been consid~red. that hds the predominance of mechanical to have power perform the work now done We develop and maintain inland water­ equipment has the advantage in the field. So by manpower. I think power ~is progress. ways and intercoast~l canals. • ·• • we need production and we need ships to Power makes for a better standard of living. While each of these is of importance to its carry the material in. • • • I am not a power engineer, nor can I pose as particular locality, they are also important I believe it is a mistake to have an area like a power expert, but I bought a great deal of to the Nation as a whole. • • • the Great Lakes landlocked, limiting the size power during my 20 years with General We cannot have too many inland water­ of ship you can take out. • • • I believe Motors, and my 10 years with Mr. Ford. ways, bot:Q. in the interests of agriculture, we should have full access to that great area Whenever I bought water power I got it trade and industry, and for national de­ of skill and material. cheaper than I could get steam power, even if fense. The value of the St. Lawrence proj­ When it comes to power, I don't believe we I generated that steam power myself. e<:t as a defense measure cannot be too will ever have power enough in the United strongly stressed, and I am not thinking just States. Mr. ANGELL, another member of the of the immediate emergency, although that, Hydroelectric power has its advantages. committee, then said: of course, is vital. Regrettable as the While the first cost is heavy, it is cheaper to Production of aluminum requires large thought of war is, recent developments make produce. Nobody can produce steam power bodies of electric power? it imperative that we be prepared to meet at the cost of hydroelectric power, and wher­ it on any basis at any time. And no time ever it is available, it seems to me, we ought Mr. KNUDsEN. Yes, sir. In the production of aluminum, the main factor is electric should be lost. to take advantage of lt. There would still be It is the Department's conclusion, there­ room for the use of an the steam power we power. Mr. ANGELL. And this project has your en­ fore, that the project should be under­ could make. • • • taken. • • • Our defense industries are in constant dorsement for one reason, because it does have the possibility of power coming in later? Regardless of what happens in the ¥nme­ need of more power. • • • We need power diate war, it seems if we do not make up our for manufacturing; we need power for do­ Mr. KNUDSEN. Yes, sir. minds that war is apt to recur at any time, mestic use, and wherever we can obtain such That is what Mr. Knudsen said to the then I do not think we are smart. I can power at low cost, I think we should take see nothing except a future, in the lifetime advantage of the opportunity. Committee on Rivers and Harbors in of those of us who are now living, and prob­ Mr. President, I wish to call attention 1941. ably more further on, than a war-torn coun- to the fact that while Mr. Knudsen, who Mr. President, I have before me testi­ ~ try or at least a country in a world sus­ knew what he was talking about, was mony from the Secretary of Commerce, ceptible to war at any time. • • • pleading for the construction of this great Mr. Jesse Jones, before the same com- · Mr. CULKIN. From your examination of the development because we did not have mittee, in 1941. I will read oruy an ex­ bill, Mr. Secretary, you, of course, find that cerpt from his testimony. During the New York State participates in the cost of power enough, the opponents of the St. this project to an amoun~ of $93,375,000. Lawrence waterway development were course of his remarks, Mr. Jones said: · You have viewed the national picture from insisting that we did not need more We cannot have too many inland water­ an economic standpoint more closely, I power, and that we had more than we ways, both in the interests of agriculture, think, than any roan in the country. "' • • would ever use. trade, and industry, and for national defense. What I wish to inquire of you, Mr. Secre­ The value of the St. Lawrence project as a tary, is as to the present financial status Continuing with the Knudsen state­ defense measure cannot be too strongly of New York State and its ability to carry ment: stressed, and I am not thinking just of the out any of its promises. Many of our defense plants are located immediate emergency, although that, of Secretary JoNES. Is that a question? right around where this power is to be gener·~ 90urse, is vital. Regrettable as the thought 1\¥. CULKIN. Yes. 8890 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 6 Secretary JoNES. You mean, what· do I · Senator FERGUSON. Is it in the hature of They knew; .as everyone familiar. with think of the ability of New York State to a subsidy? the situation knew, that we as a nation carry it out? Secretary JoNES. No. were going to be short of electric energy; Mr. CULKIN. Yes. Senator FERGUSON. Are you selling it, when Secretary JoNES. I think it is ample. you say "cheap," under cost of production? that we were going to be short of ships; Secretary JoNES. Oh, no; it is not sold that we were desperately short of inland Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, on De­ under cost of production. transportation and yet they said there cember 3, 1943, Mr. Jones appeared be­ The CHAIRMAN. They are paying just what would be power enough for all our needs. fore the Committee on Expenditures in other users would be paying who were using They fought against the building of the Executive Departments. The follow­ that particular type of manufacture? more ships in the Great Lakes and the ing colloquy took place between him and Secretary JoNES. ~lcoa has some cheap means by which those ships could be myself. - power on this side in northern New York State that is as cheap, or a little cheaper gotten to the 'sea. Senator AIKEN. Mr. Jones, what are the probably, than Bonneville, at least just as We have· been told on this floor time arrangements with the 'Aluminum Co. of cheap. and time again that aluminum is the Canada, with regard to the output of the Senator AIKEN. Would not the St. Law­ basic metal of the airplane industry, and Shipshaw development? Do we have the rence power be the cheapest of all if it had that without airplanes a nation cannot contract there for over a period of years, and been developed? wage war. if so, for how long and at what price? Secretary JoNES. Yes; I think it would. Secretary JoNEs. Yes; we bought a total of It takes 10 kilowatt-hours of elec­ 1,370,000,000 pounds from the Alumin~m Co. Mr. Pres_ident, in spite of the feeling tricity to produce each pound of of Canada-about 600,000,000 pounds have ~hat we had plenty of power, as. I have aluminum. been delivered. It is being delivered a:t the · The St. Lawrence power development rate of about 40,000,000 pounds a month, and said, the aluminum plant at Mass~na, should be completed in 1944, maybe just a N. Y., on the banks of the St. Lawrence would have generated 2,200,000 horse­ little in 1945. River, right on the site of the proposed .power of electricity, haif in Canada and _deve_lopment, was closed ~ot ·long ago. half in the United States. That was last December. As I understand, 3,500 persons have been · Because this power was not .. ready we I continue to read the testimony: .thrown out of employment there; and were forced tQ buy power from Canada Senator AIKEN. As I understand it, there ·some of them will find it difficult to go on a day-to-day basis, t.o generate steam have been substantial loans made to the anywhere else to obtain employment. power. in the face of a coal shortage, and Aluminum Co. of Canada: How are they to Mr. President·, I have presented some .transmit that power hundreds of miles be paid off? · Secretary JoNES._ They are paid off at so of the testimony from high officials of to Massena, N. Y., within sight of the much a pound out of the purchase price of the .United States, . when they pleaded St. Lawrence River where over 2,000,000 the aluminum. * * * · with Congress in 1941 to construct the horsepower rushes by unharnessed. Senator AIKEN. What was the amount that St; Lawrence seaway because it looked 'This power transmitted from a distance was loaned for the Shipshaw development? as if we were going to get _into war and was desperately needed for other pur­ Secretary JoNES. I think advances· were would need that development to help us poses and cost over three times as much made in the neighborhood of $68,000,600 but ·win the war. ·as Bonneville power or as St. Lawrence I do not think that the money was used to power would cost had it been avail­ develop the power ·plant. At least; we are The. opponents killed the seaway .at hiwe advised by them that it was not. They al­ that time. They killed it largely through able. ready had that in contemplation and prob- delaying tactics. They demanded hear­ The.... power transmitted to Massena ably under way, • ings and hearings and hearings, and they costs between 6 and 7 mills per kilowatt Senator FERGUSON. Did they get money used those hearings to put into circula­ as compared with between 3 and 4 mills which they did not use in the development? tion half-truths and untruths, to put in the Tennessee Valley, and 2.2 mills ori Secretary JoNES. Not for the power but in confusion in the minds of the people. the Pacific coast. building the plants to manufacture the metal. Senator FERGUSON. They did use it then in Anything for delay was-the objective All along the Great Lakes were ship­ the building of the plants? then, for they knew that when the war yards which could have been expanded Secretary JoNES. Yes, that is what it was clouds broke, the project would have to to increase our merchant marine.' Ships for; otherwise they could not give us the be postponed. · have been built .on the Great Lakes­ metal. * * • Their delaying tactics were successful. small warships-and many more could Senator FER.GUSON. The reason I asked, I have been quickly and readily built had wondered if this plant in Canada, the Ship- The House Rivers and Harbors Com­ . shaw, would be able, after the war, to pro­ mittee reported the bill on November 21, there been easy access to the sea. duce aluminum so cheaply that the plants ·1941, ·and on December 7, 1941, came As it is, those that have been con­ constructed in this country would be unable Pearl Harbor, and the benefits of the structed on the Great Lakes have been to compete with it without protection? St. Lawrence development again wer.e taken to . Chicago, dismantled, floated Secretary. JoNES. I do not think it would lost to our country for the duration of down the 9-foot canal to the lower Mis .. need any protection, as against our plants this"war. sissippi ·River and put together again in the Tennessee Valley, some on the Cana­ dian border, and the West because we have In the hearings at that time, they .there. just as cheap power as anyone else. dragged out the same red herring of I was in Chicago iii October and I saw Senator FERGUSON. Are those Government treaty versus agreement. Those tac-;. two of those ships. I do not know the plants or privately owned plants that you tics-the treaty versus Executive agree­ proper nautical term, but we would say are speaking of now, that have the cheap -ment technicality-were unsuccessful be. they were "knocked down." Everything power? cause the House Rivers and Harbors above the deck was being taken off. Secretary JoNES. Both. For instance, in Comq1ittee knew that the special privi­ the Tennessee Valley, Reynolds has"the prin• Floats were put under the ships and cipat property. lege interests of this country were raising they were floated down the canal into In Arkansas we have a big plant and about the issue solely to defeat the St. Law­ the Mississippi River, down to New half of that plant-it is a very big one­ rence, and not from any high-minded Orleans, and there put together. The can be run with cheap power. The other concern for constitutional principles. ships had to be sent by that route because half is high power. We are buying that from The House committee turned them down the locks at the International Rapids the power companies. by a vote of 17 to 8. Even Representa­ are only 260 feet in length. I understand In the West, all of those plants are oper­ ated with cheap power. tive CARTER, from California, the leading that it costs approximately $250,000 a The CHAIRMAN (Senator HILL), They get opponent, I may say, of the St. Lawrence ship to take them apart, put them to­ Bonneville power? seaway on that committee, readily ad­ gether again, in addition to the expense Secretary JoNES. They get the Bo:q.nevllle mitted that a treaty was not necessarily of extra manpower necessary to do the power. required. work. I have no figures to prove that Then there is some cheap power, as I say, · ·I am proud of the work of the House statement, but the amount seems reason­ on the Canadian border, so we will have Committee on Rivers and Harbors in able. cheap power enough to much more than supply the demands in this country. 1941. My feeling of pride for the com­ Mr. President; had the St. Lawrence Senator FERGUSON. Does this cheap power mittee is as keen as is my sense of shame seaway been constructed, millions of tons from Bonneville Dam apply to private in­ that here in America we had men whose of beef, of grain, of industrial machines, dustry? greed outweighed in the balance the and other essential material for prose­ Secretary JoNES. Yes, needs of their country. cuting this war could have been shipped 1944 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE 8891' directly from Duluth, Chicago, Detroit, could not have been raised a year ago whether the Commerce Committee Milwaukee, Toledo, Cleveland, or Buffalo just as well as on November 21, 1944? should take jurisdiction. I immediately to the war areas where our men have Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I maintain took up the matter with the chairman heroically waited for it. But this could that the matter has never been before of the Committee on Foreign Relations, not be done. Instead, this material has the Commerce Committee. I have al­ who is now present, and I proposed to had to be unloaded at terminal ports at ways publicly and privately maintained come onto the fioor of the Senate at that the Great Lakes, transported overland by the position that a treaty was involved, time and ask that the Commerce Com­ overburdened railroads, reloaded at At­ as it was when the subject was put be­ mittee be dischargeq from further con­ lantic coast ports, incurring the terrible fore the Senate in 1933, and as it should sideration of the bill and that it be consequence of delay as well as increased be at this time, and that the Commerce referred to the Committee on Foreign cost of shipping. Committee has no jurisdiction. I in­ Relations. That ·would have been the I cannot understand how men respon­ tended to raise that point in the form of course but for two facts, namely, that sible for blocking the construction of the an objection whenever the matter came the chairman of the Committee on For­ St. Lawrence seaway in 1941-men who before the Committee on Commerce for eign Relations informed me that I might themselves may have sons fighting on the consideration. The matter has never go ahead; and if the Commerce Commit­ Rhine or dying in the jungles of the come before the committee for consid­ tee should reach the conclusion that the South Pacific-can ever sleep at night. eration. That is, it did not come until matter involved was a treaty, I could We know now that the completion of last week, when a committee was ap­ then take the action I have indicated. the Great Lakes-St. Lawre_nce seaway pointed _to consider the question of About that time there came about quite was a vital war necessity. We know just whether the matter involved an Execu­ an agitation to the effect that the treaty­ as well that it is equally vital to our post­ tive agreement or a treaty. But irre­ making power was not involved. So I war peacetime economy. spective of what the subcommittee or the decided that I would wait until I heard The Committee on Commerce, which full committee might say, I still insist, .as from the State Department. We did not now questions its own jurisdiction over a member of the Foreign Relations Com­ hear from the State Department until S. 1385, apparently has not always done mittee, that a treaty is involved, and that about the middle of April. That is the so, for it has successively requested some . it should be considered by the Foreign whole situation; but, of course, if the of our most important Government agen­ Relations Committee. Senator wishes to take the view that we cies to submit their written opinions on · Mr. AIKEN. I think the Senator per­ have taken jurisdiction-- the bill. haps was not on the fioor when I began Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The com­ It appears to me that had there been speaking and invited the attentiom of the mittee did not assume jurisdiction. any question in the minds of the com­ Senate to the fact that an amendment Mr. BAILEY. I understand; but I mittee over its jurisdiction, it would have providing for work in the development am saying that if the Senator from Ver­ been raised over a year ago. In request­ of waterways on international bound­ mont wishes to take that view I shall not ing these reports from Government de­ aries, or even in Can!\da, was nothing challenge his right to do so, and he can partments, the committee accepted its new to the Rivers and Harbors Commit­ do anything else of that sort he chooses jurisdiction over the bill and initiated a tee, and that, with few exceptions, every without question from me. I do not study of the bill on the merits of the St. single authorization for the development want it to appear here, however, that Lawrence project itself. of our water transportation on the Great we stepped in and took jurisdiction con­ Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi­ Lakes and on the St: Lawrence has been cerning which we were doubtful. I am dent, will the Senator yield? made in a river and harbor bill, even saying all this in the presence of the Mr. AIKEN. I yield. though the money was to be spent in chairman of the Committee on Foreign Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The Senator Canada or on the international boundary Rehitions. I am not calling on him to from Vermont certainly must know that line. verify the statement, but I know he will the reports requested of various agencies Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi­ do so in case of necessity. , So I am not are merely a part of the routine. The dent, if the Senator can show me any at all disturbed about the Senator claim­ matter is generally taken care of by the constitutional authority for the Con­ ing that by some sort of estoppel, I think, clerk of the committee upon a reference gress of the United States appropriating we have taken jurisdiction. That is his to the committee of a bill. money for the improvement of naviga­ view. As a member of the Committee on tion in any foreign country, I shall be If the Senate of the United States Commerce, I can testify that the mat­ glad to have him show it to me. Many should take the view that the Commerce ter was never submitted in any degree Supreme Court decisions have held that Committee has jurisdiction, then the whatever, and whatever records were re­ the· only justification under the Consti­ Commerce Committee will go right quested were requested by the clerk in tution for ftood control, power develop­ ahead. At the present time, I will say the ordinary course, which certainly ment, or anything else along that line that we have been having hearings­ would not amount to accepting jurisdic­ is on the theory of improving navigation the Senator from Louisiana [Mr. OVER­ tion by the committee. on the navigable streams within the TON] is chairman of the subccmmittee­ I have been a regular attendant of the United States. If the Senator can show on the sole question whether the St. meetings of the Committee on Commerce, me any constitutional authority for Lawrence seaway proposition as referred one of the great committees of the Sen­ spending American money for Canadian to in the bill of the Senator from Ver­ ate, for which I have a great deal of materials and labor to improve a water­ mont is a treaty. We have heard the respect, and n+embership on which I am way in Canada, I shall be very glad to adviser of the State Department, the proud to have. I have been a member of have him point it out. counsel of the State Department, Mr. the committee for approximately 12 Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President,. I think I Hackworth; we have heard Dr. Bor­ years, and I can assure the Senator that can show the Senator that it has been chard, of Yale; and we have received no action of any kind was ever taken done and just how it has been done. briefs from others. looking to the acceptance of jurisdiction Mr. BAILEY. Mr. President-- Mr. AIKEN. I should like to ask the by that committee over this particular The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Senator in whose behalf Dr. Borchard project. At all times it has been the LA FOLLETTE in . the chair) . Does the appeared before the committee? opinion-! will not say of most mem­ Senator from Vermont yield to the Sen­ Mr. BAILEY. I am sorry to confess bers-of a number of the members of ator from North Carolina? my ignorance: - He appeared by invita­ the committee, that it was a matter not Mr. AIKEN. I yield. tion, but if he represented anybody I do within the jurisdiction of the Commerce Mr. BAILEY. I think I should make not know it, and, on the other hand, if Committee and would not be within its a statement as to the so-called Aiken he did represent someone I think it jurisdiction until there had been a treaty bill and the St. Lawrence seaway propo­ would appear in the record. My recol­ which had been considered by the Com­ sition. When the bill was first referred lection is that the chairman of the sub­ mittee on Foreign Relations, as was pre­ to the Commer.ce Committee, it occurred committee invited the State Department viously done. to me at once that, since the matter had to send a representative before the com­ Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator from come before the Senate in 1934 as a mittee. I do not know how Dr. Bor­ Missouri maintain that this question treaty! .there was some question as to chard w~s sent there; I do not know who 8892 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 6 sent him; all I know is I heard him with and would have read the brief. I am happen to oppose his particular view I a great deal of delight. capable of finding the truth, I hope, no am appearing in behalf of somebody else Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi­ matter from what source it may come. as he has to say it about Dr. Bor­ dent, if the Senator from Vermont will I hope I have cleared that with the chard. He has not a scintilla of evidence permit me-- Senator as to myself and my relations that Dr. Borchard is representing any­ , Mr. AIKEN. I do not yield for long with this matter. We will take jurisdic­ body except himself. I can assure the speeches but for reasonable exp!ana- tion if the Senate thinks we should; but Senator that when this matter comes 'tions, and I do not yield for dual we are going to submit a report, and I up ir. the next Congress-and it will be speeches. think it would be a good thing-! will in the next Congress, without any "ifs" ; Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Since the take the liberty of making the sugges­ and "ands"-I repeat, I shall appear here name of Dr. Borchard has been men­ tion to the Senator from Vermont-it before the appropriate senatorial com­ tioned, I should like to say, if the Sen­ would be a good thing if he could wait mittee in my own behalf, as a citizen of ator from Vermont will permit me, that until the report is ·submitted with the the United States, at my own expense, ·1 have been a Member of several differ­ record, and let us go about this matter not representing anybody, and the Sena­ lent committees before which Dr. Borch- 'in an orderly fashion, and ascertain, to tor would have just as much right to say , ard has appeared, the Committee on begin with, whether it involves a treaty about me as he has about Dr. Borchard Foreign Relations, the Committee on Fi­ or not. I assure the Senator that he is now that I was representing some special nance, and the Committee on Commerce, never going to be able to get anywhere interest and being paid. and in every case so far as I ~now­ until that question is ·settled. · Why not Mr. MALONEY. Mr. President, will and I think I am fully advised about the settle that first? the Senator yield to me again? ·matter-Dr. Borchard appeared at his · Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I am sorry · Mr. AIKEN. I yield. own expense, as a public-spirited citizen, that, because of the multiplicity of con­ Mr. MALONEY. I do not think this and not representing anybody except his versations on the floor, I was unable to should be made an issue. own view. I have not always agreed with hear·everything the Senator from North Mr. AIKEN. Absolutely not. Dr. Borchard's views, but I do not think ' Carolina said. However, the Senator Mr. MALONEY. If Dr. Borchard were that anyone until this moment ever ques­ from North Carolina and the Senator chosen by some opponents of the pro­ tioned the public spiritedness and high from Missouri raised a question which -posal, it would be merely a tribute to intelligence of Dr. Borchard. . cau:sed me to digress very briefly from their good judgment. Mr. AIKEN. I still -have not ·heard . the discussion of the St. Lawrence sea­ Mr. AIKEN. The Senator from Con­ for whom Dr; Borchard appeared. Does way. ' necticut is absolutely correCt. This is not . the committee say he . appeared in his First, in regard to· Mr. Borchard, of ·made an issue. I have Dr. Borchard's ·own beh;11f as a public-spirited Citizen? Yale, who appeared before the subcom­ brief in my hand, and a statement signed · Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I did not . mittee of tlie Committee 0~1 Commerce ·by the National St. Lawrence Project !· happen to be at the particular hearing at the hearings .c.>n Treaty versus A'gree­ ·Conference, that they had looked around ·the other day, but in my observation­ ·ment, I think ·we are entirely within ·and decided to get the best man to pre­ !and I have seen him a number of times­ ·our rights in assuming that Mr. Borchard pare this statement for them, and en­ ~ Dr. Borchard has ·always ·appeared in appeared in behalf of the opponents of .gaged him to do it. So I do not see why :his own behalf at his own expense as a the St. Lawrence seaway; first, because there should be .any criticism at all of · public-spirited citizen. As I have said, on November 6, 1944, the chairman of the Dr. Borchard appearing iri behalf of this I have not always agreed with Dr. Borch­ subc,ommittee advised the members of group, composed mostly of public-utility . ard in his public views but I thiLlk it the subcommittee, as well as Secretary people, and one business or another. is only fair that I should make the state- Hull, the Senator from Texas [Mr. CoN­ Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I did not ment I have made. · NALL yJ, and others, that the opponents mean. to say that there would be any re­ Mr. BAILEY. Mr. President, I should would be asked to present their side of ,flection on Dr. Borchard if he did appear like to conclude my statement. I cer:. the case, which was entirely proper. -representing a group. I know Dr. Bor­ tainly do not wish to prolong the dis­ Secondly, I hold in my hand a brief chard well enough to know that if he cussion; the fact is I should like to see which had been prepared by Mr. Bor­ were employed in the matter, represent­ it come to an end and have an end of ·chard for some organization. No name is ing a group of any sort, he would frankly the bill now pending. on it, but I understand it has been in­ ·state that in the very opening statement Mr. AIKEN. I should like to see it corporated under the name of National of his testimony. come to a happy end, too. · St. Lawrence Project Conference. Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, some time Mr. BAILEY. The Senator is plead­ . Mr. MALONEY. Will the Senator ago the question was raised, I think by ing in a very unhappy way to bring about ·yield? . the Senator from Missouri, although I a happy ending, I thibk. Mr. AIKEN. I yield . . am not sure as to that, 'inviting me to I should merely like to say about the Mr. MALONEY. Dr. Borchard is a ·point out any instance in which authori­ appearance of Dr. Borchard that if I resident of my State, and I happen to ·zation of work begun in a foreign coun­ should hear tomorrow that he was paid enjoy his friendship. I should like to try had been made in a rivers and har­ $10,000 by someone to aPPear, it would know whether the Senator thinks there bors bill by the Rivers and Harbors Com­ not affect my mind in the slightest de­ was anything wrong. mittee. In response to that invitation, gree. It did not occur to me to ask if Mr. AIKEN. No; and I do not' see why if it may be called an invitation, I wish he had been paid-! would be glad if anyone should not say right out that he to submit a report which I have received ·Somebody paid him; we had no money to appeared in behalf of utility companies, from the Army engineers· naming proj­ pay him-but I am capable I hope, and because I ·understand they pay the ex­ ects which they have worked on in Can­ I trust I shall always be capable, just as penses of this organization. ada. I asked them to give the name of any judge should be, of hearing a man Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Will the Sen­ the development, the cost of the develop­ on the merits regardless of the source of ator yield? ment, and the authorization under which his compensation. Mr. AIKEN. I yield. the work was done. I have here the list, Dr. Borchard's brief is here, and I in­ Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The Senator which goes back to June 13, 1902, when vite the Senator to study .it, and I would says he thinks he is safe in assuming Dr. there was an authorization involving ask him not to discount the intellectual Borchard appeared in behalf of some­ work on Hay Lake and Neebish Channels, honesty or integrity of a professor in Yale body. I do not see on what he bases that in that section of the river below the University on the ground that he repre­ assumption. In a little less than a month locks. sented somebody or that he received a I shall be out of the Senate, but at a On September 22, 1922, authorization ·fee. I am not saying that he did. My hearing on the St. Lawrence waterway was given for widening the upper ap­ ·impression is he received nothing. But · project I intend to appear before the proach to the canals through Vidal the purport and intent of my statement appropriate Senate committee in my own Shoals. ·is that it would not have made the slight­ behalf, at my own expense, not repre­ J_anu:;~.ry 21, 1927, there was authoriza­ . est difference to me if he had begun his senting any utility or any other company, tion for the removal of · Round Isl!md, . speech. by. saying. that he-had received a ·and· the Senator will ·have-just· as-much -middle ground, extension of northwest ~ee for it. I would have read the speech right to say about me that because I canal pier, and widening channels :r:.iid- 1944 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8893 dle Neebish route. This is all on the St. exchange of notes between the United That, Mr. President, completes the list. Marys River, Mich. States and Canada. It shows that all these projects and de­ On July 3, 1930, an authorization was We come then to Niagara River weir given for deepening channels through­ velopments in Canadian waters have above Goat Island. The United States­ been authorized in simple river and har­ out the down-bound route. St. Lawrence Advisory Committee and August 30, 1935, authorization was the Canadian Temporary Great Lakes­ bor acts, just as we are asking that the given for widening Brush Point turn and St. Lawrence Basin Committee recom­ present project be authorized. the channel from Brush Point to Point mended the nature and design of the Mr. President, I now ask that the table Louise. remedial works and cost allocation, and I have just been discussing be printed in The cost of this work-all United each country spent $342,000. There was the RECORD at this point. States work done in Canada-was $1,- no authorization whatsoever for that. There being no objection, the table was 280,000, the work being on the St. Marys The money was evidently obtained and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, .as River. ·both countries proceeded and spent it. follows: Every one of those projects was au­ thorized after an exchange of notes with ST. MARYS RIVER, MICH. Canada, and then it was approved in a - river and harbor bill. Cost of all River and ·work authorized (existing project involving work Documents United Date of latpst exchanges Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the Harbor acts States work of notes with Canada Senator yield? in Canada) in Canada Mr. AIKEN. I yield. Mr. HILL. I wonder if it is agreeable June 13, 1902 Hay Lake and Neebisb H. Doc. 128, li6th Cong., 2d $1. 280,000 July-August 1936; October for the Senator from Vermont to yield · Channels, work in that sess. 1930-February 1931; Fcb­ section of the river be­ ruary-OC;tober 1928. the floor at this time, so the Senate may low the locks. go into executive session and consider Sept. 22, 1922 Widening upper approach District Engineer Report, to the canals through Oct. 29, 1920. executive business? Vidal Shoals. Mr. AIKEN • . Does. the Senator an­ Jan. 21, 1927 Removal of Round Island H. Doc. 270, 69th Cong., 1st middle g-round, exten­ scss. - ticipate. that consideration of executive sion of northwest canal business will take the remainder of the pier, and widening chan­ day? nels middle Ncebish route. Mr. HILL. I cannot say. It may July .3, 1930 Deepening channels H. Doc. 253, 70th Cong., 1st ------­ take the remainder of the day. Of throughout the down­ sess. bound route. course,· when the Senate goes back into Aug. 30, 1935 Widening Brush Point Riv~rs and Harbors Com------­ legislative session-- turn and the channel mittce Doc. 53, 74th Cong., from Brush Point to 1st sess. Mr. AIKEN. Because of .the discus­ Point Louise. sion which has taken place it has taken me about twice as long as I expected to NOTE.-Prior project authorized by acts datrng back to July 8, 1856. occupy in speaking in behalf of the St. Lawrence seaway. But, with the un­ , ST: CLAIR RIVER, MICH. derstanding that I may have the floor July 13, 1892 20-foot channel in the H. Doc. 207, 51st Cong., 2d $560,000 March-October 1934; April- when the Senate reconvenes tomorrow, river. sess. August 1941. I gladly yield at this time. July 3, 1930 Deepening of channel to .H. Doc. 253, 70th Cong., 1st ------Mr. HILL. I am quite confident that 2& and 26 feet, and com· sess. when the Senate resumes consideration pensating works. of the pending business the Senator from Vermont may obtain the floor to continue DETROIT RIVER, MICH. his remarks. Mr. AIKEN. I chould like to take June 1~, 1902 Amherstburg Channel and H. Doc. 712, 56th Cong., lst ~19, 290, 000· September 1933 - October Mar. 3, 1905 removal of Grosse Isle sess., and H. Doc. 40, 58th 1934; March 1932. about 2 minutes to insert the remainder June 25, 1910 Shoal. Cong., 3d sess. of the list I have before me at this time. Mar. 4, 1913 Fighting Island ChanneL H. Doc. 17, 62d Cong., 1st ------Mr. HILL. Very well. sess. Mar. 2,1907 Livingstone Channel •••••• H . Doc. 266, 59th Cong., 2d Mr. AIKEN. We come to the St. Clair June 25, 1910 . scss .; H. Doc. 676, 61st --·------River in Michigan. On July 13, 1892, a Mar. 2, 1919 Co.ng., 2d sess., and H. Doc. 322, 65th Cong., 1st 20-foot channel in the river was au­ sess. thorized. On July 3, 1930, authorization July 3,1930 Channel depths of 25 and E. Doc. 253, 70th Cong., 1st ------· was granted for deepening of the channel 26 feet. sess. to 25 · and 26 feet, and compensating works. The part of the work which was NoTE.-Prior project authorized by acts dating back to June 23, 1874. done in Canada cost $560,000. The au­ thorizations were placed in river and NIAGARA RIVER WEIR ABOVE GOAT ISLAND harbor acts after an exchange of notes. None ••••••••• The United States St. 1 $342, 000 Oct. 27, 1941. The list contains the dates when ex­ Law renee Advisory change of notes were had, and the docu­ Committee . and the Canadian Temporary ments referring to them. Great Lakes-St. Law­ We come next to the Detroit River, rence Basin Committee recommended the na­ Mich. Work was authorized in river and ture and design of the harbor acts passed June 13, 1902, March remedial works and cost 3, 1905, and June 25, 1910, on the Am­ allocation. herstburg Channel and removal of Grose Isle Shoal. · 1 To June 1944, Canada having spent a like amount. Authorization was contained in the ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BETWEEN OGDENSBURG, N, Y., AND LAKE ONTARIO river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, All United States work confined to that in United States wafers. for work in Fighting Island Channel. All Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I now The motion was agreed to; and the the works to which I now refer are in gladly yield the floor with the under­ Senate proceeded to the consideration of the Detroit River. Other r..uthorizations standing that I may resume tomorrow executive business. for work in the Detroit River are con­ where I left off today. tained in the list. The United States EXECUTIVE MESSAGE REFERRED spent $19,290,000 on projects in the De­ EXECUTIVE SESSION The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. LUCAS troit River in_Canada, and every dollar Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I move that in the chair) laid before the Senate a of it was spent under authorization con­ the Senate proceed to the consideration message from the President of the Unit~ tained in river and harbor acts, after of executive business. States submitting several nominations- XC--561 8894 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 6 and withdrawing a nomination-which purpose have appointed as their Plenipo­ who was at the time of his death a cit izen were referred to the appropriate commit­ tentiaries: of, or domiciled in, the United St ates of Ray Atherton, Ambassador Extraordinary America as the value of the property of such tee. and Plenipotentiary of the United States of decedent situated in the United States of