DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Geological Sciences 101 Lab #9

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Geological Sciences 101 Lab #9 Geological Sciences 101 Lab #9 - Records of Past and Present Climate Change INTRODUCTION This lab has several parts. First, we will access a number of paleoclimate data sets acquired by drilling into layers of ice preserved in Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets. We will plot them with Excel and examine the changes in temperature and atmospheric composition that occurred during the last ice age. We will also examine changes in sea level recorded by tropicl coral reefs. After graphing the data to understand their temporal changes will use ArcView to examine these changes spatially. Finally, we will explore modern changes in atmospheric composition that are due to anthropogenic influence. PART I - GATHERING DATA ON PAST CLIMATES First we will work with data collected by researchers who have drilled into Arctic and Antarctic ice caps to learn about Earth's past climate changes. Just as layers of rock preserve the record of conditions on the ancient Earth, layers of ice preserve a great deal of information about conditions over the last 200,000 years. Especially important are the tiny samples of ancient atmosphere preserved in bubbles trapped in the ice, as well as the chemical composition of the ice itself, which contains a record of temperature variation. You will gather data from the Vostok site in Antarctica, where a joint French-Russian team drilled a 2000 meter long ice core, containing paleoclimate information back almost 250 thousand years before present. We will also look at sea level data from part of this time interval. The record of ancient sea level is obtained from dating fossil corals found in the world's coral reefs. Since many corals must live just below the surface of the ocean they provide a good measure of ancient sea levels. Getting & Graphing the Data PLEASE NOTE: If you are using a computer in Upson, you must save all your work on a floppy diskette on the A: drive. You will use your browser to visit the National Geophysical Data Center in order to download data on climate change. These data are posted and utilized by the world's leading researchers in order to study how climate has changed in the geologic past, and to predict how it might change in the near future. Use your browser to go to: • http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov • Once there, click on the "Paleoclimatology" link. • On the Paleoclimate page, choose the "Paleoclimate Data" link. • In the section titled, "Obtaining Data by Discipline," choose "Ice Cores." • On the ice core page, scroll down to the link, "Download Ice Core Data." 1 Now you have accessed the data server (note that it has no graphics, just lists of files and folders). Click on the word "antarctica." • From this new directory, choose "vostok." Finally, you have found the data files. You will download two files: • Click on Vostok.Dd • Use the "Save As" command to store the file on the A drive (note--make sure you don't save the file in HTML format, save it as text). • Use the back button to return to the file list. Save co2.dat in the same way. Open the files with Excel: • Find Excel under the Start button. Start Excel. • Use the open command to import the file Vostok.Dd. You may have to switch to "All Files (*.*)" in the "Files of Type" box, if you don't see your files listed in the Open window. • In the Text Import Wizard window, choose "Delimited" from the Original Data Type window. Click Next. • Choose "Space" in the Delimiters box. Click Finish. You should have a spread sheet with a whole bunch of text placed in boxes. Scroll down below the text and make sure that you also have eight columns of data. You may delete everything above the rows that contain the labels "column1," "column2," etc. To do so, use the Delete command under the Edit window (or right-mouse). You should also delete columns 1-5 and column 7. You may also delete any extra text that is still lying around. • Rename column6 "Age (kyr)." These data are the ages of the samples, in thousands of years (so 0.014 kyr = 14 years before present; 10 kyr = 10,000 years before present). • Rename column8 "Temp (C) +/- present." These data are temperature measurements, made relative to present average temperature (so -0.07 is 0.07 degrees celsius colder than the average temperature now). • Now open co2.dat. Use the same procedure--"delimited," "space," etc. We only need two columns from this data set as well. Delete everything except the column that begins with 4050 and the column that begins with 274.5. • Label the 4050 column "Age (yr)." This is the age of the sample in years before present. • Label the 274.5 column "CO2 (ppm)." These data are measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere throughout the past 150,000 years. Ppm stands for "parts per million." A measurement of 274 ppm means that for every million molecules of atmosphere, 274 of those are carbon dioxide. 2 • Copy the two columns of CO2 data and paste them into the Vostok.Dd spreadsheet beside the two previous columns of data. There is one small inconsistency between these two data sets: the temperature data is given in thousands of years while the CO2 data is given in years. We want to plot both data sets on a single graph, so we'll have to adjust the age of the CO2 data to be consistent with the temperature data. • Insert a column between the Age (yr) and CO2 (ppm) columns. • Divide the age data by 1000 so that it is in ka (thousands of years). Do this by typing an equals sign, then click on the first age value, then type "/1000" and hit enter. You may then drag this formula down to fill all the cells below. Label this column "Age (kyr)." • Save your work on the A drive. Graph the data: • Begin with temperature. Use the cursor to select the two columns of temperature data, "Age (kyr)" and "Temp (C) +/- present." • Use the graph tool to insert a graph on this page of your Excel spreadsheet. Choose a scatter plot. • Label the graph "Vostok Ice Core," label the X-axis "Age (kyr)," label the Y-axis "Temp (C) +/- present." • Re-scale the X-axis so that is has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum values of 250, in increments of 10 ka. • Now add the CO2 data to the temperature graph. Under the Chart menu choose Add Data. Use the cursor to select the new data to add (Age (kyr) and CO2). Note that this squashes all of your temperature measurements (because the range of values in the two data sets is very different). We'll fix this by switching the CO2 data to a "secondary axis." • Double-click on any CO2 data point on your graph in order to access the "Format Data Series" screen. • Choose "Axis," and tell it to plot the series on the secondary axis. • Once this is done, double-click on the secondary axis and re-scale the CO2 data from 150 - 300. • Make your graph "look pretty," and print it. 3 QUESTIONS 1) Examine the record of CO2 and temperature over the last 170,000 years. Are the trends similar or different? Describe. What can you conclude about the behavior of CO2 and temperature over time? 2) Ice ages are identified by their colder temperatures. When was the last ice age? What was the temperature difference in Antarctica at that time with respect to the present temperature? What was the atmospheric CO2 concentration during the last ice age? 3) Are there any other ice ages recorded in this data? How many? When? 4) When Earth enters an ice age does the climate cool relatively quickly or relatively slowly? When it warms is it fast or slow? 5) Calculate the rate at which atmospheric CO2 increased (in ppm/year) during the warming period that followed the last ice age (show your work). PART II - COMPARISONS WITH OTHER DATA SETS • Open the 101_climate.xls file from your diskette. Begin with the GRIP data. These are also temperature measurements made from and ice core in Greenland. • Examine the two graphs; the first shows the entire ice core record, the second graph shows only the last 40,000 years of the data. 6) Do the same ice ages appear in both the Greenland and Antarctic data sets? Was the temperature change in Greenland more/less/the same during the last ice age as it was in Antarctica? 7) Examine the graph of the last 40,000 years. Describe the climate from 10,000 years to the present. Describe the climate prior to 10,000 years ago. 8) Ancient humans switched from a hunter-gatherer style of existence to and agriculture-based existence approximately 8,000 years ago. Would agriculture have been a viable lifestyle prior to this time? Why/why not? • Switch to the Mauna Loa CO2 measurements. These are modern analyses made in the unpolluted central Pacific ocean. The data record monthly changes in CO2 from March 1958 - December 1995. • Examine the two graphs, the monthly CO2 data and the yearly average CO2 concentrations from 1958-1995. 9) Describe the monthly CO2 data. What process is responsible for the pattern you observe? 10) Calculate the rate of change in the yearly average CO2 from 1958 to 1995 (in ppm/year). Show your work. Compare this rate with the post-ice age change you calculated above. Outline a hypothesis that explains your result.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Speleothem Paleoclimatology for the Caribbean, Central America, and North America
    quaternary Review Speleothem Paleoclimatology for the Caribbean, Central America, and North America Jessica L. Oster 1,* , Sophie F. Warken 2,3 , Natasha Sekhon 4, Monica M. Arienzo 5 and Matthew Lachniet 6 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 4 Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; [email protected] 5 Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 December 2018; Accepted: 21 January 2019; Published: 28 January 2019 Abstract: Speleothem oxygen isotope records from the Caribbean, Central, and North America reveal climatic controls that include orbital variation, deglacial forcing related to ocean circulation and ice sheet retreat, and the influence of local and remote sea surface temperature variations. Here, we review these records and the global climate teleconnections they suggest following the recent publication of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database. We find that low-latitude records generally reflect changes in precipitation, whereas higher latitude records are sensitive to temperature and moisture source variability. Tropical records suggest precipitation variability is forced by orbital precession and North Atlantic Ocean circulation driven changes in atmospheric convection on long timescales, and tropical sea surface temperature variations on short timescales. On millennial timescales, precipitation seasonality in southwestern North America is related to North Atlantic climate variability.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change
    Optional EffectWhatAddendum: Isof Causing Climate Weather Climate Change and Change,on HumansClimate and and How the DoClimate Environment We Know? Change Optional EffectWhatAddendum: Isof Causing Climate Weather Climate Change and Change,on HumansClimate and and How the DoClimate Environment We Know? Change Part I: The Claim Two students are discussing what has caused the increase in temperature in the last century (100 years). Optional EffectWhatAddendum: Isof Causing Climate Weather Climate Change and Change,on HumansClimate and and How the DoClimate Environment We Know? Change Part II: What Do We Still Need to Know? Destiny Emilio Know from Task 1 Need to Know • Has this happened in • Is more carbon the past? dioxide being made • Are we just in a now than in the past? warm period? • Are humans responsible? Optional EffectWhatAddendum: Isof Causing Climate Weather Climate Change and Change,on HumansClimate and and How the DoClimate Environment We Know? Change Part III: Collect Evidence To support a claim, we need evidence!!! Optional EffectWhatAddendum: Isof Causing Climate Weather Climate Change and Change,on HumansClimate and and How the DoClimate Environment We Know? Change Climate Readings to the Present Data: Petit, J.R., et al., 2001, Vostok Ice Core Data for 420,000 Years, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2001-076. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/deutnat.tXt, …/co2nat.tXt Optional EffectWhatAddendum: Isof Causing Climate Weather Climate Change and Change,on HumansClimate and and How the DoClimate Environment We Know? Change How do we know about the climate from thousands of years ago? Optional EffectWhatAddendum: Isof Causing Climate Weather Climate Change and Change,on HumansClimate and and How the DoClimate Environment We Know? Change Measuring Devices • Thermometers were not invented until 1724.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 1 Lesson 4: Coral Reefs As Indicators of Paleoclimate
    CORAL REEFS Unit 1 Lesson 4: Coral Reefs as Indicators of Paleoclimate esson Objectives: Students will gain knowledge of how the marine environment can tell a story about years past through naturally recorded geographic and environmental phenomenon. Vocabulary: Paleoclimate, greenhouse effect, proxy data information gathered from www.noaa.gov Paleoclimatology is the study temperature increases may of the weather and climate from have a natural cause, for ages past. The word is derived example, from elevated from the Greek root word volcanic activity. "paleo-," which means "long ago" with combined with Gases in the earth’s "climate," meaning weather. atmosphere which trap heat, Scientists and meteorologists and cause an increase in have been using instruments to temperature cause the measure climate and weather greenhouse effect. Carbon for only the past 140 years! dioxide (CO2), water vapor, How do they determine what and other gases in the the Earth's climate was like atmosphere absorb the infrared before then? They use rays forming a kind of blanket historical evidence called proxy around the earth. Scientists data. Examples of proxy data fear that if humans continue to include tree rings, old farmer’s place too much carbon dioxide diaries, ice cores, frozen pollen in the atmosphere, too much and ocean sediments. heat will be trapped, causing the global temperature to rise Scientists know the Earth's and resulting in devastating average temperature has effects. increased approximately 1°F since 1860. Is this warming Some scientists speculate that due to something people are natural events like volcanic releasing into the atmosphere eruptions or an increase in the or natural causes? Many sun's output, may be people today are quick to influencing the climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoclimatology
    Paleoclimatology ATMS/ESS/OCEAN 589 • Ice Age Cycles – Are they fundamentaly about ice, about CO2, or both? • Abrupt Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period – Lessons for the future? • The Holocene – Early Holocene vs. Late Holocene – The last 1000 years: implications for interpreting the recent climate changes and relevance to projecting the future climate. Website: faculty.washington.edu/battisti/589paleo2005 Class email: [email protected] Theory of the Ice Ages: Orbital induced insolation changes and global ice volume “Strong summer insolation peaks pace rapid deglaciation” Theory of the Ice Ages: Ice Volume and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide are highly correlated •Summer (NH) insulation tends to lead ice volume. •Ice Volume and Carbon Dioxide seem to be in phase (except for in rapid deglaciation, when Ice volume leads Carbon Dioxide) CO2 measured at Vostok, South Pole The Ice Age Cycles: Some big unsolved questions we will examine • Is the Ice Age cycle fundamentaly about cycles in ice volume induced by high latitude insolation changes (with CO2 being a weak positive feedback)? • Or, is the Ice Age cycle fundamentally about changes in CO2 that are driven by insolation changes (with weak positive feedbacks associated with ice albedo feedbacks)? • Why do (high latitude) insolation changes cause changes in atmospheric CO2? Why is it CO2 so highly correlated with ice volume? Abrupt Climate Change during the Last Glacial Period During Glacial stages, the climate system featured large rapid rearrangements. Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) events show: – Rapid onset of warming at Greenland ( 10 K in < 30 years!) – Long-lived (~ 200 - 600 years) Greenland Temperature Tropical-Extratropical Linkages during Glacial Times: Extratropics forcing Tropics • Paleo data show strong linkages between the millennial variability in the North Atlantic, the tropical Atlantic and the Northern Hemisphere during the last Glacial Period.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate and Deep Water Formation Regions
    Cenozoic High Latitude Paleoceanography: New Perspectives from the Arctic and Subantarctic Pacific by Lindsey M. Waddell A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Oceanography: Marine Geology and Geochemistry) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Assistant Professor Ingrid L. Hendy, Chair Professor Mary Anne Carroll Professor Lynn M. Walter Associate Professor Christopher J. Poulsen Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................v List of Appendices............................................................................................................ vi Abstract............................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................1 2. Ventilation of the Abyssal Southern Ocean During the Late Neogene: A New Perspective from the Subantarctic Pacific ......................................................21 3. Global Overturning Circulation During the Late Neogene: New Insights from Hiatuses in the Subantarctic Pacific ...........................................55 4. Salinity of the Eocene Arctic Ocean from Oxygen Isotope
    [Show full text]
  • The Palaeocene – Eocene Thermal Maximum Super Greenhouse
    The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum super greenhouse: biotic and geochemical signatures, age models and mechanisms of global change A. SLUIJS1, G. J. BOWEN2, H. BRINKHUIS1, L. J. LOURENS3 & E. THOMAS4 1Palaeoecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]) 2Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 3Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Center for the Study of Global Change, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520-8109, USA; also at Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA Abstract: The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a geologically brief episode of global warming associated with the Palaeocene–Eocene boundary, has been studied extensively since its discovery in 1991. The PETM is characterized by a globally quasi-uniform 5–8 8C warming and large changes in ocean chemistry and biotic response. The warming is associated with a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE), reflecting geologically rapid input of large amounts of isotopically light CO2 and/or CH4 into the exogenic (ocean–atmosphere) carbon pool. The biotic response on land and in the oceans was heterogeneous in nature and severity, including radiations, extinctions and migrations. Recently, several events that appear
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Cores: Unlocking Past Climates Module 1: Climate and Ice
    Ice Cores: Unlocking Past Climates Module 1: Climate and Ice Overview Part I of this lesson begins with a video that explains the difference between weather and climate, describes glacier formation, and identifies the types of information that can be found in the glacial record. The video is followed by an exploration of current weather conditions at various locations around the world. The locations represent a variety of climate types and each is located near a glacier or ice sheet. Students then differentiate between weather and climate and examine climate data for their location. In Part II students visit websites to learn what glaciers are and how they are formed. Students conduct additional internet research in Part III to discover what types of substances can be trapped in glaciers. In the final activity students locate a glacier or ice sheet closest to the city they collected weather data for and create a model that tells the story of several years in the life of their glacier. The story includes weather information and information about any natural or human-induced events that contributed materials to the glacier’s record. Content Objectives Students will Differentiate between weather and climate Investigate how glaciers are formed and where they are found Build a glacier model that illustrates several years of the glacial record Grade Level: 5-8 Suggested Time: 2-3 class periods Multimedia Resources [link to video] http://www.wunderground.com/ http://www.weatherbase.com The Life Cycle of a Glacier, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vinson/glac-flash.html How Glaciers Work, http://science.howstuffworks.com/glacier.htm Glacier Formation, http://science.howstuffworks.com/glacier1.htm.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Terrestrial Runoff During Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 on the North 2 Carolina Coastal Plain, USA 3 Christopher M
    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-25 Preprint. Discussion started: 15 March 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Enhanced Terrestrial Runoff during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 on the North 2 Carolina Coastal Plain, USA 3 Christopher M. Lowery1, Jean M. Self-Trail2, Craig D. Barrie3 4 1University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA 5 2United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA 6 3GeoMark, LTD, Houston, TX, USA 7 Correspondence to: Chris Lowery [email protected] 8 Abstract 9 A global increase in the strength of the hydrologic cycle drove an increase in flux of terrigenous 10 sediments into the ocean during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) and was an 11 important mechanism driving nutrient enrichment and thus organic carbon burial. This global change is 12 primarily known from isotopic records, but global average data don’t tell us anything about changes at 13 any particular location; such reconstructions of local terrigenous flux can help us understand the role of 14 regional shifts in precipitation in driving these global trends. The North Atlantic basin was one of the 15 epicenters of enhanced organic carbon burial during OAE2, and so constraining terrigenous flux is 16 particularly important in this region; however, few local records exist. Here, we present two new OAE2 17 records from the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA, recognized with calcareous 18 nannoplankton biostratigraphy and organic carbon isotopes. We use carbon/nitrogen ratios to constrain 19 the relative contribution of marine and terrestrial organic matter; in both cores we find elevated 20 contribution from vascular plants beginning just before OAE2 and continuing through the event, 21 indicating a locally strengthened hydrologic cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • A Research Program for Projecting Sea-Level Rise from Land-Ice Loss
    A Research Program for Projecting Sea‐Level Rise from Land‐ice Loss Edited by Robert A. Bindschadler, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Peter U. Clark, Oregon State University; and David M. Holland, New York University This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF 10‐36804. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 1 A Research Program for Projecting Future Sea-Level Rise from Land-Ice Loss Coordinating Lead Authors: Robert A. Bindschadler, Peter U. Clark, David M. Holland Lead Authors: Waleed Abdalati, Regine Hock, Katherine Leonard, Laurie Padman, Stephen Price, John Stone, Paul Winberry Contributing Authors Richard Alley, Anthony Arendt, Jeremy Bassis, Cecilia Bitz, Kelly Falkner, Gary Geernaert, Omar Gattas, Dan Goldberg, Patrick Heimbach, Ian Howat, Ian Joughin, Andrew Majda, Jerry Mitrovica, Walter Munk, Sophie Nowicki, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Tad Pfeffer, Thomas Phillips, Olga Sergienko, Jeff Severinghaus, Mary-Louise Timmermans, David Ullman, Michael Willis, Peter Worcester, Carl Wunsch 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Background 4 Objective 5 Research Questions 1. What is the ongoing rate of change in mass for all glaciers and ice sheets and what are the major contributing components to the mass change? 6 2. How do surface processes and their spatial and temporal variability affect the mass balance and behavior of land ice? 8 3. What are the geometry, character, behavior and evolution of the ice/bed interface, and what are their impacts on ice flow? 11 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in the Eastern North Sea
    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-150 Preprint. Discussion started: 27 November 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Rapid and sustained environmental responses to global warming: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in the eastern North Sea Ella W. Stokke1, Morgan T. Jones1, Lars Riber2, Haflidi Haflidason3,4, Ivar Midtkandal2, Bo Pagh Schultz5, and 5 Henrik H. Svensen1 1CEED, University of Oslo, PO Box 1028, 0315 Oslo, Norway 2Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, NO 0316 Oslo, Norway 3Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway 4Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway 10 5Museum Salling, Fur Museum, Nederby 28, 7884 Fur, Denmark Correspondence to: Ella W. Stokke ([email protected]) Abstract The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~55.9 Ma) was a period of rapid and sustained global warming associated with significant carbon emissions. It coincided with the North Atlantic opening and emplacement of the 15 North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP), suggesting a possible causal relationship. Only a very limited number of PETM studies exist from the North Sea, despite its ideal position for tracking the impact of both changing climate and the NAIP explosive and effusive activity. Here we present sedimentological, mineralogical, and geochemical proxy data from Denmark in the eastern North Sea, exploring the environmental response to the PETM. An increase in the chemical index of alteration and a kaolinite content up to 50 % of the clay fraction indicate an influx 20 of terrestrial input shortly after the PETM onset and during the recovery, likely due to an intensified hydrological cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 February 2016 Feature Volume 97, Issue 4
    VOL. 97 NO. 4 15 FEB 2016 Earth & Space Science News Can Biofuels Cool Our Climate? Space-Themed Stamps A Volcano’s Hidden Plumbing Author Identifi ers for AGU Journals Still Time to Register Call for Abstracts There is still time to register for the 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 21-26 February. Visit the Ocean Sciences Meeting website for the latest information on speakers and events. osm.agu.org/2016/ Earth & Space Science News Contents 15 FEBRUARY 2016 FEATURE VOLUME 97, ISSUE 4 20 Using Sounds from the Ocean to Measure Winds in the Stratosphere Stratospheric winds deflect acoustic waves from the oceans. With the right data and the math to analyze them, these waves tell us about the weather aloft. NEWS Special Delivery: Post 8 Office to Issue Space- Themed Stamps Letter writers will be able to adorn their envelopes this year with full-disk images of the planets, Pluto, and the full Moon, as well as Star Trek icons. RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT 14 COVER 29 How Biofuels Can Cool Our Climate The Coming Blue Revolution and Strengthen Our Ecosystems Managing water scarcity, one of the most pressing challenges society faces today, Critics of biofuels like ethanol argue that they are an unsustainable will require a novel conceptual framework use of land. But with careful management, next-generation grass- to understand our place in the hydrologic based biofuels can net climate savings and improve their ecosystems. cycle. Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 1 Contents DEPARTMENTS Editor in Chief Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., USA; eos_ [email protected] Editors Christina M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Circulation in the Toarcian (Early Jurassic)
    Ocean Circulation in the Toarcian (Early Jurassic): A Key Control on Deoxygenation and Carbon Burial on the European Shelf Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, Alexandre Pohl, Niels van Helmond, Nina Papadomanolaki, Angela Coe, Anthony Cohen, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Yannick Donnadieu, Caroline Slomp To cite this version: Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, Alexandre Pohl, Niels van Helmond, Nina Papadomanolaki, Angela Coe, et al.. Ocean Circulation in the Toarcian (Early Jurassic): A Key Control on Deoxygenation and Carbon Burial on the European Shelf. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, American Geophysical Union, 2018, 33 (9), pp.994-1012. 10.1029/2018PA003394. hal-02902799 HAL Id: hal-02902799 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02902799 Submitted on 17 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology RESEARCH ARTICLE Ocean Circulation in the Toarcian (Early Jurassic): A Key Control 10.1029/2018PA003394 on Deoxygenation and Carbon Burial on the European Shelf Key Points: • The southern European Shelf Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni1 , Alexandre Pohl2 , Niels A. G. M. van Helmond1 , Nina M. remained oxygenated during the Papadomanolaki1 , Angela L. Coe3 , Anthony S. Cohen3, Bas van de Schootbrugge1 , Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 1 • Ocean dynamics, notably the Tethyan Yannick Donnadieu , and Caroline P.
    [Show full text]